.

Mathematics in
the Modern
World
2020

Learning Module
STUDENT
Name:
Student Number:
Program:
Year and Section:

Mathematics in the Modern World

Home Address:
Email address:
Contact Number:

PROFESSOR
Name: Prof: Rafael J. Eusebio Jr., LPT
Academic Department: College of Education
[email protected] / [email protected]
Contact Details: (+639)17 889 4470

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i. Course Code GECS004
II. Course Title Mathematics in the Modern World
III. Module Number
IV. Module Title Logic
V. Overview of the In this module, it will discuss the foundation of logic with
Module topics on proposition or statement, compound statement,
truth tables, tautology and logical equivalence.

VI. Module Outcomes As for the outcome of the module, you are expected to:

Mathematics in the Modern World

i. Provide a formal language for mathematical
statements that is easily translatable into the
natural language and that allows compact and
convenient notation;
ii. Understand the different symbols used in math
logic; and
iii. Describe the importance & application of math
logic.

VII. General Instructions You must allow the necessary time to complete the lessons each
week. If you choose not to complete the lesson using the schedule
provided, you must understand that it is your full responsibility
to complete them by the last day of completion. Time is of the
essence.

The module is designed to assess student understanding of the

assigned lessons found within the associated content of the
midterm and final period of the course. The assessment part of
the module is composed of varied types of questions.

You may see gamified assessment tools like crossword puzzles,

scrambled puzzle figures, traditional assessments mechanical
type of tests, and authentic assessments like reflection or simple
research work. Pay attention to the answer to the assessment
questions as you move through each lesson. After each module,

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 you will be given a summative test. Your responses to the
assessment parts of the module will be checked and recorded.
Because the assessment questions are available within the whole
completion period and because you can refer the answers to the
questions within the content modules, the author-professor will
not release the answers in the module. However, he is happy to
discuss the assessments with you during his consultation time,
should you have any questions.

Mathematics in the Modern World

Good luck.

You may not work collaboratively. This is independent work.

Added instruction with regards to the Progress Tracker

To track your progress in the completion of the module,

each time you completed a task in each part of the
lesson you will earn a badge. Now, to help you not to
skip one of them, you are task to color the badges
earned so that you can easily go back to the activities
you remained idle.

Budget your time wisely and effectively.

Enjoy. Good luck!

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 Module Progress Tracker
Badge Title Progress Badge Information

Motivated Completed the

Badge Motivational Activity

Independent Have read the entire

Mathematics in the Modern World

Reader Badge Discussion.

Practice Answered the Application

Badge part of the Lesson

Have generalized the

Reflection
discussion through a
Badge
reflection

Quizzer Answered all the questions

Badge in the Assessment part

Lesson
Completed all tasks in the
Completer
entire Lesson.
Badge

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 Lesson 1 | Statement, Simple and Compound Statement

Logic is the science of thinking and reasoning correctly. Logic has the power to
influence the development of ideas. Reasoning is an important aspect in our daily lives.
It is used in problem solving and critical thinking.

Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

Mathematics in the Modern World

1. Define and recognize, statement, simple statement and compound statement;
2. Differentiate simple and compound statement;
3. Introduce and illustrate the logical connectives used in compound statements;
4. Find the truth value of compound statements using logical connectives;
5. Define converse, inverse, and contrapositive.

Motivation “Crack the Wi-Fi Voucher Code” Activity

Situation: In a computer shop, Wi-Fi connection for 5 hours can freely be accessed if the
customer can crack the code given the following clues.

Clues:
1. In the sequence 0, -5, -10, -15, what is the 3rd term?
2. If a2 = -3, d = 4, what is the 1st term?
3. If a1 = 4, d = -3, what is the 5th term?
4. If a2 = 18, d = -2, write the first 5 terms.
5. Given the first four terms 7, 14, 21, 28,…., what is the 6th term?
6. Given the sequence 6, 10, 14, 18,…, what is the next term?
7. Given the first four terms -14, -7, 0, 7, 14,…,what is d?
8. If d = 7, the first term is 52, what is the 3rd term?
9. Given the sequence 2 + x, 3 + 3x, 4 + 5x,.., what is the next term?
10. Given the sequence x, 6x, 11x, 16x, what is the common difference?
11. Given the sequence 3x + 2, -x + 5, -5x + 8,…, find the next 2 terms.
12. List down the first 5 terms of the arithmetic sequence whose 5 th term is 27 and d
= -3.

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 Choices
A 20, 18, 16, 14, 12
C -8
D 42
E 39, 36, 33, 30, 27
F -10
G -9x + 11, -13x +14
H 66
I 7

Mathematics in the Modern World

L 22
R -7
S 5X
U 5 + 7X

Wi-Fi Voucher Code:

3 4 2 6 1 2 7 12 5 2 7 3 8 11 4 9 10 10

Congratulations! You earned a Motivated Badge

Discussion Let us Begin!

I. Logic Statements

Sentences can be statements, questions and commands. For instance,

Is it raining? Is a question.
Go to the library? Is a command.
Your bag is nice. Is an opinion.
Manila is the capital of the Philippines. Is a fact statement.

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A statement or proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false,
but not both true and false.

Example 1: Determine whether each sentence is a statement.

a. When is your birthday?
b. x – 5 = 4
c. Today is rainy day.
d. z - 1
e. 33 +2 is a prime number.

Mathematics in the Modern World

Answer:
a. Not a statement
b. Statement
c. Statement
d. Not a statement
e. Statement

II. Simple Statement and Compound Statements

Statements that express single idea is called a simple statement while statement
that express two or more ideas is called the compound statement.

Compound statement was created by connecting simple statements with words

and phrase and, or, if…then, and if and only if. For example, “I will go to the
concert or I will go to the school” is a compound statement. Composed of two
simple statements: “I will go to concert” and “I will go to the school”. The word or
is a connective for the two simple statements.

Commonly, letters p, q, r, and s are the representation of the simple statements

and the symbols ⋀, ⋁ , ~, →, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ↔ to represent connectives. Below is the summary:

Statement Connective Symbolic Form Type of Statement

not p not -p Negation
p and q and p^q Conjunction
p or q or pvq Disjunction
If p, then q if…then p→q Conditional
p if and only if q if and only if p↔q Biconditional

The truth value of a simple statement is either true or false.

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The truth value of a compound statement depends on the truth values of its simple
statements and its connectives.

Logical Operators

1. Quantifiers and Negation

In a statement, the word some and the phrases there exists and at least one
are called existential quantifiers. Existential quantifiers are used as prefixes
to assert the existence of something.

Mathematics in the Modern World

In a statement, the words none, no, all, and every are called universal
quantifiers. The universal quantifiers none and no deny the existence of
something, whereas the universal quantifiers all and every are used to assert
that every element of a given set satisfies some condition.
The statement not P represented by –p is called the negation of P. It can
be expressed by “it is not the case that” or “it is false that”.

For example, the negation of “I have abandoned you” is “It is not true that
I have abandoned you.” Or “I have not abandoned you.”

The proposition “not p” is true when p is false; “not p” is false when p is true.
The rule for negation is presented on the following truth table:

p -p
T F
F T

Table below illustrates how to write the negation of some quantified

statements:

Statement Negation
All X are Y Some X are not Y
No X are Y Some X are Y
Some X are not Y All X are Y
Some X are Y No X are Y

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 2. Disjunction

The proposition “p or q” denoted by p v q is called the disjunction of p and

q. The proposition p and q are called disjuncts. P unless q is another
expression of disjunction.

The proposition p v q is true when at least one of the proposition p or q is

true. It is false when both p and q are false. The rule for disjunction is
presented below:

Mathematics in the Modern World

p q pvq
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

3. Conjunction

The proposition p and q denoted by p ^ q is called the conjunction of p

and q. The proposition p and the proposition q are called conjuncts.
Moreover, although, still, furthermore, also, nevertheless, however, yet, and
but can be used in place of “and”. A comma or semicolon between two
statements may also stand for and.

The proposition p and q is false when at least of the conjucts p or q is false.

When both p and q are true, then their conjunction is true. The rule for
conjunction is presented below:

p q p^q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

4. Conditional

The proposition p implies q denoted by p → q is called an implication or a

conditional statement. P is called the antecedent, premise or hypothesis,
whereas q is called the conclusion or consequent.
Other ways of expressing p implies q include:

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 1. If p then q
2. P only if q
3. P is sufficient condition for q
4. Q is necessary condition for p
5. Q if p
6. Q follows from p
7. Q provided p
8. Q whenever p
9. Q is logical consequence of p

Mathematics in the Modern World

The rule for implication is given below:

p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

5. Biconditional

The proposition p if and ony if q denoted by p ↔ q is called the material

equivalence or biconditional of two propositions p and q. This can be
expressed by p is a necessary and sufficient condition for q, and by p is
materially equivalent to q. The abbreviation iff is used for if and only if. We
note that the biconditional statements puts together the implication of p →
q and q → p in one statement p ↔ q. Thus the material equivalence can
also be written in propositional forms as (p → q) ^ (q → p).

The material equivalence of two propositions is true when these two

propositions are both true and both false. The rule for this logical operator
is shown below.

p q p↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

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The Converse, Inverse, and the Contrapositive

Every conditional statement has three related statements. They are called the
converse, the inverse, and the contrapositive.

The converse of p → q is q → p.
The inverse of p → q is -p → -q.
The contrapositive of p → q is -q → -p.

Example 1: Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of “If I get job, then I

Mathematics in the Modern World

will buy the NMAX motor”.

Solution:
Converse – If I buy the NMAX motor, then I get the job.
Inverse – If I do not get the job, then I will not buy the NMAX motor.
Contrapositive – If I do not buy the NMAX motor, then I did not get the job.

Example 2: Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of “If we have a quiz
today, then we will not have a quiz tomorrow”.

Converse – If we will not have a quiz tomorrow, then we have a quiz today.
Inverse – If we do not have a quiz today, then we will have a quiz tomorrow.
Contrapositive – If we will have a quiz tomorrow, we do not have a quiz today.

Congratulations! You have earned an Independent Reading Badge

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 Application Fact or Bluff!
Test your understanding. Each number has 2 icons, color the fact icon if the statement is
correct, and the bluff icon if otherwise. (10 points)

1. Statement that express two or more ideas

is called the compound statement

Mathematics in the Modern World

2. The contrapositive of p → q is -q → -p

3. Statement or proposition is a declarative

sentence that is both true and false

4. The truth value of a compound statement

depends on the truth values of its simple
statements and its connectives.

5. Universal quantifiers are used as prefixes

to assert the existence of something.

Congratulations! You have earned a Practice Badge

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 Generalization Reflect the use of it!
In an essay no more than 100 words, how do you think learning statements, simple and
compound statements are important in your daily lives?

Mathematics in the Modern World

Congratulations! You have earned a Reflection Badge

Assessment: It is your turn!

I. Determine whether each of the following sentences is a statement or

not.

1. x2 – 9 = 0.
2. Is 2 a positive number?
3. Study mathematics in the modern world
4. If stock prices fall, then I will lose money.
5. 121 is a perfect square.
6. President Arroyo is over 5 feet tall.
7. What time is it?
8. z + 3 is a positive integer.
9. The sum of all integers from 1 to n.
10. 11 is an even number.

II. Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the given statement.

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 1. If a and b are both divisible by 3, then (a + b) is divisible by 3.
2. If they like it, they will return.
3. If x + 4 > 7, then x > 3.

Congratulations! You have earned a Quizzer Badge

Mathematics in the Modern World

List of References:

Icons and Images

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 Lesson 2 | Translation of Compound Statements in Symbolic Form and
Vice Versa

Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. Translate the compound statements in symbolic form; and

Mathematics in the Modern World

2. Translate the symbolic form in compound statements.

Motivation “Pair Me” Activity

Pair each of the following verbal phrase to its variable expression.

Verbal Phrase Variable Expression

1. The sum of a number and 9 a. 48 / n

2. The difference of a number and 21 b. 1/3 n

3. The product of 6 and a number c. n + 9

4. The quotient of 48 and a number d. n – 21

5. One third of a number e. 6n

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 Discussion Let us Begin!

We will often find it useful to write compound statements in symbolic form.

Example 1:

Consider the following simple statements.

p: Today is Friday
q: It is raining

Mathematics in the Modern World

r: I am going to a movie
s: I am not going to the basketball game.

Write the following compound statements in symbolic form.

a. Today is Friday and it is raining.
b. It is not raining and I’m not going to movie.
c. I am going to the basketball game or I am going to a movie.
d. It is raining, then I am not going to the basketball game.

Solution:
a. p ^ q
b. -q ^ r
c. –s v r
d. q → s

Example 2:

Consider the following statements.

p: The game will be played in Araneta Coliseum.
q: The game will be shown in ABS-CBN.
r: The game will not be shown in GMA.
s: The UDM are favored to win.

Write each of the following symbolic statements in words.

a. q ^ p
b. -r ^ s
c. s ↔ -p

Solution:

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 a. The game will be shown in ABS-CBN and the game will be played in
Araneta Coliseum.
b. The game will be shown in GMA and the UDM are favored to win.
c. The UDM are favored to win if and only if the game will not be played in
Araneta Coliseum.

Congratulations! You have earned an Independent Reading Badge

Mathematics in the Modern World

Application Fact or Bluff!
Test your understanding. Each number has 2 icons, color the fact icon if the statement is
correct, and the bluff icon if otherwise. (10 points)

1.

2.

3.

4.

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 5.

Congratulations! You have earned a Practice Badge

Mathematics in the Modern World

Generalization Reflect the use of it!
In an essay no more than 100 words, how do you think learning translation of
compound statements in symbolic form and vice versa are important in your daily
lives?

Congratulations! You have earned a Reflection Badge

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 Assessment: It is your turn!

I. Write each symbolic statement as an English sentence. Use p, q, r, s,

and t as defined below:

p: Regine Velasquez is a singer.

q: Regine Velasquez is not a songwriter.
r: Regine Velasquez is an actress.
s: Regine Velasquez plays a piano.

Mathematics in the Modern World

t: Regine Velasquez does not play the guitar.

1. (p v r) ʌ q
2. –s → (p ʌ -q)
3. p → (q ʌ -r)
4. (s ʌ -q) → t
5. (r ʌ p) ↔ q
6. t ↔ (-r ʌ -p)

II. Write each sentence in symbolic form. Use p, q, r, and s as defined

below.

p: Rafael Eusebio is a football player.

q: Rafael Eusebio is a volleyball player.
r: Rafael Eusebio is a rock star.
s: Rafael Eusebio play for the UDM.

1. Rafael Eusebio is a football player or a volleyball player, and he

is not a rock star.
2. Rafael Eusebio is a rock star, and he is not a volleyball player or a
football player.
3. If Rafael Eusebio is a volleyball player and a rock star, then he is
not a football player.
4. Rafael Eusebio is a volleyball player, if and only if he is not a
football player and he is not a rock star.
5. If Rafael Eusebio plays for the UDM, then he is a volleyball player
and he is not a football player.
6. It is not true that, Rafael Eusebio is a football player or a rock star.

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 Congratulations! You have earned a Quizzer Badge

List of References:

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 Lesson 3 | Truth Table

Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. Describe the truth values of compound statements for all combinations; and
2. Construct the truth tables of simple and compound statements.

Mathematics in the Modern World

Motivation “Complete Me” Activity

Complete the table below:

p q -p p^q p→q p↔q pvq

T T
T F
F T
F F

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Discussion Let us Begin!

The truth table is a table that shows the truth value of a compound statement or
proposition for all possible truth values of its simple statements. The truth value of
a given proposition is always appears in the last column of the truth table.

Proposition with 2 variables, 4 rows are necessary to construct the truth table; for
3 variables, 8 rows are necessary; and in general, for n variables, 2n rows are
required. Below are the examples:

Example 1: Construct the truth table of the proposition (-p v q) v q.

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Solution: Since the given proposition has 2 variables p and q, we need 4 rows.
p q -p -p v q (-p v q) v q
T T F T T
T F F F F
F T T T T
F F T T T

Example 2: Construct the truth table of the proposition (p v q) ʌ -r.

Mathematics in the Modern World

Solution: Since the given proposition has 3 variables p, q, and r, we need 8 rows.

p q r -r (p v q) (p v q) ʌ -r
T T T F T F
T T F T T T
T F T F T F
T F F T T T
F T T F T F
F T F T T T
F F T F F F
F F F T F F

Example 3: Construct the truth table of the proposition (p v q) ʌ (r v s).

Solution: Since we have 4 variables, we will use the 2n to determine the number
of rows required.
2n = 24 = 16 rows

p q r s (p v q) (r v s) (p v q) ʌ (r v s)
T T T T T T T
T T T F T T T
T T F T T T T
T T F F T F F
T F T T T T T
T F T F T T T
T F F T T T T
T F F F T F F
F T T T T T T

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 F T T F T T T
F T F T T T T
F T F F T F F
F F T T F T F
F F T F F T F
F F F T F T F
F F F F F F F

Congratulations! You have earned an Independent Reading Badge

Mathematics in the Modern World

Application Fact or Bluff!
Test your understanding. Each number has 2 icons, color the fact icon if the statement is
correct, and the bluff icon if otherwise. (10 points)

1. Truth table is a table that shows the truth

value of a compound statement or
proposition for all possible truth values of
its simple statements.

2. Proposition with 3 variables, 4 rows are

necessary to construct the truth table.

3. In general, for n variables, n2 rows are

required

4. In statements (-p v q) v q, it has 3

variables.

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 5. In statements (p v q) ʌ (r v s) has 4
variables.

Congratulations! You have earned a Practice Badge

Mathematics in the Modern World

Generalization Reflect the use of it!
In an essay no more than 100 words, how do you think constructing truth tables are
important in your daily lives?

Congratulations! You have earned a Reflection Badge

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 Assessment: It is your turn!

Construct a truth table for the given statement.

1. (-p → q)v (-q ʌ p)

2. (p ↔ q) v (q → p)
3. (r ↔ -q) v (p → q)
4. [p ↔ (q → -r)] ʌ -q

Mathematics in the Modern World

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List of References:

Icons and Images

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 Lesson 4 | Tautology, Contradictions, and Contingency

Mathematics in the Modern World

Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. Define and distinguish tautology from contradiction and contingency; and

2. Apply tautologies in practical situations.

Motivation “4 PICS 1 WORD” Activity

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Discussion Let us Begin!

Propositions are called tautologies if contain only True in the last column of their
truth table, in other words, they are true for any truth values of their variables.
Analogously, a propositions are called contradiction if contain only False in the
last column of their truth table or, in other words, it is false for any truth values of
its variables. Lastly, contingency is a proposition which is neither a tautology nor a
contradiction.

Example 1: Show that the proposition p v –(p ʌ q) is a tautology.

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 p q p ʌ q -(p ʌ q) p v -(p ʌ q)
T T T F T
T F F T T
F T F T T
F F T T T

Since the truth value of p v –(p ʌ q) is True for all values of p and q, therefore, the
proposition is a tautology.

Example 2: Show that the proposition (p ʌ q) ʌ (-p v q) is a contradiction.

Mathematics in the Modern World

p q p ʌ q (p v q) -(p v q) (p ʌ q) ʌ (-p v q)
T T T T F F
T F F T F F
F T F T F F
F F F F T F

Example 3: Show that the proposition (p → q) ↔ (-q → -p) is a tautology.

p q p → q -q -p -q → -p (p → q) ↔ (-q → -p)
T T T F F T T
T F F T F F T
F T F F T T T
F F F T T T T

Example 4: Show that p → [-p ↔ (p →q)] is a contingency.

p q -p p → q -p ↔ (p →q) p → [-p ↔ (p →q)]

T T F T F F
T F F F T T
F T T T T T
F F T T T T

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 Application Fact or Bluff!
Test your understanding. Each number has 2 icons, color the fact icon if the statement is
correct, and the bluff icon if otherwise. (10 points)

1. Propositions are called tautologies if

contain only True in the last column of
their truth table.

Mathematics in the Modern World

2. Propositions are called contingency if
contain only False in the last column of
their truth table.

3. Contradiction is a proposition which is

neither a tautology nor a contingency.

4. (p → q) is a contingency.

5. (p ʌ q) is a tautology

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 Generalization Reflect the use of it!
In an essay no more than 100 words, how do you think learning tautologies,
contradiction and contingency are important in your daily lives?

Mathematics in the Modern World

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Assessment: It is your turn!

I. Use a truth table to determine whether the given statement is a

tautology, contradiction, or a contingency.

1. p ʌ (q ʌ -p)
2. (p ʌ q) v (p → -q)
3. [-(p → q)] ↔ (p ʌ -q)

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 List of References:

Icons and Images

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Mathematics in the Modern World

AAQGDoGCAAQCBAeUJjkBFj6mgVgkpwFaAVwAHgCgAGLA4gBnA-
SAQcyLjYuMS4ymAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=d03wXr
mPNaeGr7wP2qKiSA#imgrc=_nh5wNTYRGcWBM
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 Lesson 5 | Logically Equivalence

Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. Define logically equivalence; and

2. Determine if given statements are logically equivalent or not.

Mathematics in the Modern World

Motivation “Name It” Activity

Guess the word:

1. +G+ = _________________
-CIUM

2. + + = _________________
-lateral - se

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 Discussion Let us Begin!

Two statements are equivalent if they both have the same truth value for all
possible truth values of their simple statements. Equivalent statements have
identical truth values in the final columns of their truth tables. The notation p ≡ q
is used to indicate that the statements p and q are equivalent.

Example 1: Show that –(p v –q) and –p ʌ q are equivalent statements.

Mathematics in the Modern World

Solution:

p q -q p v –q –(p v –q)
T T F T F
T F T T F
F T F F T
F F T T F

p q -p –p ʌ q
T T F F
T F F F
F T T T
F F T F

Since their truth values are equivalent, thus, –(p v –q) and –p ʌ q are equivalent
statements.

Example 2: Show that –(-p v –q) and p ʌ q are equivalent statements.

Solution:

p q -p -q -p v –q –(p v –q)
T T F F F T
T F F T T F
F T T F T F
F F T T T F

p q pʌq
T T T
T F F
F T F

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 F F F

Since their truth values are equivalent, thus, –(-p v –q) and p ʌ q are equivalent
statements.

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Mathematics in the Modern World

Application Fact or Bluff!
Test your understanding. Each number has 2 icons, color the fact icon if the statement is
correct, and the bluff icon if otherwise. (10 points)

1. Two statements are equivalent if they both

have the same truth value for all possible truth
values of their simple statements.

2. (p v –q) and –p ʌ q are logically equivalent.

3. -p → -q ; p v –q are not logically equivalent

4. -p → -q ; p v –q are logically equivalent

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 5. p ↔ q ; (p ʌ q) v (-p ʌ -q) are logically
equivalent

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Mathematics in the Modern World

Generalization Reflect the use of it!
In an essay no more than 100 words, how do you think learning logically equivalence
are important in your daily lives?

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 Assessment: It is your turn!

I. Use a truth table to show that the given pairs of statements are
logically equivalent.

1. -p → -q ; p v –q
2. p ↔ q ; (p ʌ q) v (-p ʌ -q)

Mathematics in the Modern World

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cCegQIABAA&oq=fact+fist&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoCCAA6BggAEAoQGDoEC
AAQGDoGCAAQCBAeUJjkBFj6mgVgkpwFaAVwAHgCgAGLA4gBnA-
SAQcyLjYuMS4ymAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=d03wXr
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 Mathematics in the Modern World

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