2 POLYNOMIALS

INTRODUCTION

An algebraic expression f(x) of the form f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 +...........+ anxn, where a0, a1, a2, ............, an are
real numbers and all the index of ‘x’ are non-negative integers is called a polynomial in x.

A. CLASSIFICATION OF POLYNOMIALS

(a) General Terms

(i) Constant : A symbol having a fixed numerical value is called a ‘constant’.
e.g. ‘2’ has a definite value. So, it is a constant
(ii) Variable : A symbol which takes on various numerical values is called a ‘variable’.
e.g. x, y .......
(iii) Coefficient : In the product of a constant and a variable, each is called the coefficient of the other.
e.g. In 6x, 6 is the coefficient of x.
(iv) Algebraic expression : Combination of constants and variables with (+), (–), (), (  ) is called an
‘Algebraic expression’.
e.g. 17 – x, 3x2 – 4x + 12, etc.
(v) Equation : Two expressions combined with equality symbol (=) is called an equation
e.g. 17 – x = 0, 3x2 – 4x + 12 = 2x2 – 3x. etc.
(vi) Degree of an expression : The highest number of times the variable is present in the terms of an
expression is the degree of an expression.

(b) Identification of Polynomial :

For this, we have following examples :
(i) 3 x2 + x – 5 is a polynomial in variable x as all the exponents of x are non negative integers.
(ii) 3 x2 + x – 5x is not a polynomial as the exponent of second term ( x = x1/2) is not a non
negative integer.
5  5 
(iii) 5x3 + 2x2 + 3x – + 6 is not a polynomial as the exponent of fourth term  − = −5x −1  is not
x  x 
non-negative integer.

(c) Degree of the Polynomial :

Highest index of x in algebraic expression is called the degree of the polynomial, here a0, a1x,
a2x2,............., anxn, are called the terms of the polynomial and a0, a1, a2,.........., an are called various
coefficients of the polynomial f(x).
For example:
(i) p(x) = 3x4 – 5x2 + 2 is a polynomial of degree 4
(ii) q(x) = 5x4 + 2x5 – 6x6 – 5 is a polynomial of degree 6
(iii) f(x) = 2x3 + 7x – 5 is a polynomial of degree 3.

(d) Different Types of Polynomials :

Generally, we divide the polynomials in the following categories.
(i) Based on degrees :
There are types of polynomials based on degrees. These are listed below :

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 → Zero degree polynomial : Any non-zero number (constant) is regarded as a polynomial of degree
zero or zero degree polynomial. i.e. f(x) = a, where a  0 is a zero degree polynomial, since we
can write f(x) = a as f(x) = axº.
→ Linear Polynomial : A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial. The general form
of linear polynomial is ax + b, where a and b are any real constant and a  0.
→ Quadratic Polynomial : A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial. The
general form of a quadratic polynomial is ax2 + bx + c, where a  0.
→ Cubic Polynomial : A polynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial. The general form
of a cubic polynomial is ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, where a  0.
Biquadratic (or quartic) Polynomials : A polynomial of degree four is called a biquadratic (quartic)
polynomial. The general form of a biquadratic polynomial is ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e, where a  0.

Remark : A polynomial of degree five or more than five does not have any particular name. Such a
polynomial usually called a polynomial of degree five or six or ....... etc.

(ii) Based on number of terms

There are types of polynomials based on number of terms. These are as follows :
→ Monomial : A polynomial is said to be a monomial if it has only one term.
e.g. x, 9x2, 5x3 all are monomials.
→ Binomial : A polynomial is said to be a binomial if it contains two terms.
x
e.g. 2x2 + 3x, + 5x3, – 8x3 + 3, all are binomials.
2
→ Trinomials : A polynomial is said to be a trinomial if it contains three terms.
5
e.g. 3x3 – 8x + , 5 –7x + 8x9, 7 x10 + 8x4 – 3x2 are all trinomials.
2
Remark : A polynomial having four or more than four terms does not have particular name. These are simply
called polynomials.

(e) Operation on polynomials

Arithmetic operations over polynomials
(I) Addition : Addition of all like terms in given polynomials gives the sum of polynomials.
(II) Subtraction : The difference between the like term in given polynomials is known as subtraction
of the given polynomials.
(III) Multiplication : multiply each term of the multiplicand by each term of the multiplier and take the
algebraic sum of the products. This gives the product of the given polynomials.
(f) Division algorithm for polynomial
If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x)  0, then we can find polynomials r(x) and q(x) such
that p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)
i.e. Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient) + Remainder
where r(x)=0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x).
(i) If r(x) = 0, g(x) is a factor of p(x)
(ii) If deg(p(x)) > deg(g(x)), then deg(q(x)) = deg(p(x)) – deg(g(x))
(iii) If deg(p(x)) = deg(g(x)), then deg(q(x)) = 0 and deg(r(x)) < deg(g(x))

(g) Value of a Polynomial :

The value of a polynomial f(x) at x =  is obtained by substituting x =  in the given polynomial and is
denoted by f().
Consider the polynomial f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6,
If we replace x by – 2 everywhere in f(x), we get
 f(– 2) = (– 2)3 – 6(– 2)2 + 11(– 2) – 6
f(– 2) = – 8 – 24 – 22 – 6
f(– 2) = – 60  0.
So, we can say that value of f(x) at x = – 2 is – 60.
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(h) Zero or root of a Polynomial :
The real number  is a root or zero of a polynomial f(x), if f() = 0.
Consider the polynomial f(x) = 2x3 + x2 – 7x – 6,
If we replace x by 2 everywhere in f(x), we get
 f(2) = 2(2)3 + (2)2 – 7(2) – 6 = 16 + 4 – 14 – 6 = 0
Hence, x = 2 is a root of f(x).

(i) Remainder Theorem:

Let ‘p(x)’ be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and a be any real number and If
p(x) is divided by (x – a), then the remainder is equal to p(a).

(j) Factor Theorem:

Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and ‘a’ be a real number such that p(a) =
0, then (x - a) is a factor of p(x). Conversely, if (x - a) is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0.

Solved Examples
Example.1 Find the sum of the following : P(x) = 4t3 – 3t2 + 2, Q(x) = t4 – 2t3 + 6 and R(x) = t3 + 4t2 – 4
Solution. P(x) = 4t3 – 3t2 + 2
Q(x) = t4 – 2t3 + 6
R(x) = t3 + 4t2 – 4
P(x) + Q(x) + R(x) = t4 + 3t3 + t2 + 4

Example.2 Subtract g(x) from f(x) where f(x) = 2 + x2 + 4x3, g(x) = x4 + x2 + 3x + 5.

Solution. f(x) = 4x3 + x2 + 0.x + 2 = 0.x4 + 4x3 + x2 + 0.x + 2
g(x) = x4 + 0.x3 + x2 + 3x + 5
f(x) – g(x) = (0.x4 + 4x3 + x2 + 0.x + 2) – (x4 + 0x3 + x2 + 3x + 5)
f(x) – g(x) = (0 – 1)x4 + (4 – 0) x3 + (1 – 1)x2 + (0 – 3)x + (2 – 5)
= – x4 + 4x3 + 0. x2 – 3x – 3 = – x4 + 4x3 – 3x – 3.

Example.3 Multiply : (x2 – 5x + 2) by (3x2 + 2x – 5)

Solution. We have x2 – 5x + 2
x 3x2 + 2x – 5
3x4 – 15x3 + 6x2
+ 2x3 – 10x2 + 4x
– 5x2 – 25x + 10
3x – 13x3 – 9x2 + 29x – 10
4

Example.4 If p(x) = x2 – 2x + 1 and q(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 1. Find p(x)  q(x) and check the degree of
p(x)  q(x)
Solution. p(x)  q(x) = (x2 – 2x + 1)  (x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 1)
= x2(x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 1) – 2x(x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 1) + 1 (x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 1)
= (x5 – 3x4 + 2x4 + 2x3 + 6x3 + x3 – x2 – 4x2 – 3x2 + 2x + 2x – 1
= x5 – 5x4 + 9x3 – 8x2 + 4x – 1
The degree of p(x)  q(x) is ‘5’

Example.5 What must be added to 3x3 + x2 – 22x + 9 so that the result is exactly divisible by 3x2 + 7x – 6.
Solution. Let p(x) = 3x3 + x2 – 22x + 9 and q(x) = 3x2 + 7x – 6
We know if p(x) is divided by q(x) which is quadratic polynomial then the remainder be r(x)
and degree of r(x) is less than q(x) or Divisor.
 By long division method

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 Hence if in p(x) we added 2x + 3 then it is exactly divisible by 3x2 + 7x – 6.

Example.6 What must be subtracted from x3 – 6x2 – 15x + 80 so that the result is exactly divisible by x2 + x – 12.
Example. Let p(x) = x3 – 6x2 – 15x + 80 so that it is exactly divisible by q(x) = x2 + x – 12.
We know if p(x) is divided by q(x) which is quadratic polynomial then the remainder be r(x)
and degree of r(x) is less than q(x) or Divisor.
 By long division method

Hence, if in p(x) we subtract 4x – 4 then it is exactly divisible by x2 + x – 12.

4
Example.7 If x = is a root of the polynomial f(x) = 6x3 – 11x2 + kx – 20 then find the value of k.
3
Solution. f(x) = 6x3 – 11x2 + kx – 20
3 2
4  4  4  4
 f   = 6   − 11  + k   −  = 
3  3  3  3
64 16 4k
 6 − 11 + − 20 = 0
93 9 3
 128 – 176 + 12k – 180 = 0
 12k = 228
 k = 19.

Example.8 If x = 2 & x = 0 are two roots of the polynomial f(x) = 2x3 – 5x2 + ax + b. Find the values of a and b.
Solution. f (2) = 2(2)3 – 5 (2)2 + a (2) + b = 0
 16 – 20 + 2a + b = 0
 2a + b = 4 ...(i)
f (0) = 2(0)3 – 5(0)2 + a(0) + b = 0
 b=0
Put b = 0 in eq. (i)
 2a + 0 = 4
So, 2a = 4
 a = 2.
Hence, a = 2, b = 0.

Example.9 Find the remainder, when f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 2x – 4 is divided by g(x) = 1 – 2x.
Solution. f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 2x – 4
Let, 1 – 2x = 0
 2x = 1
1
 x=
2
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 1
Remainder = f  
2
3 2
1 1 1 1
f   =   − 6  + 2  − 4
 2  3 2  2
1 3
= − +1− 4
8 2
1 − 12 + 8 − 32 35
= =− .
8 8

Example.10 The polynomials ax3 + 3x2 – 13 and 2x3 – 5x + a are divided by x + 2 and if the remainder in
each case is the same, find the value of a.
Solution. p(x) = ax3 + 3x2 – 13 and q(x) = 2x3 – 5x + a
When p(x) & q(x) are divided by x + 2
Let x + 2 = 0  x = – 2.
 Remainder are same.
So, p (– 2) = q(– 2)
 a (– 2)3 + 3 (– 2)2 – 13 = 2 (– 2)3 – 5 (– 2) + a
 – 8a + 12 – 13 = –16 + 10 + a
5
 – 9a = – 5  a = .
9

Example.11 If f(x) = x4 – 2x3 + 3x2 – ax + b is a polynomial such that when it is divided by x – 1 and x + 1, the
Remainders are respectively 5 and 19. Determine the remainder when f(x) is divided by (x – 2).
Solution. When f(x) is divided by (x – 1) and (x + 1) the remainders are 5 and 19 respectively.
 f(1) = 5
 14 – 2(1)3 + 3(1)2 – a(1) + b = 5
 1–2+3–a+b=5
 –a+b=3 ...(i)
and f(–1) = 19
 (–1)4 – 2(–1)3 + 3(–1)2 – a (– 1) + b = 19
 1 + 2 + 3 + a + b = 19
 a + b = 13 ...(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
We have a = 5 and b = 8
So, f(x) = x4 – 2x3 + 3x2 – 5x + 8
The remainder when f(x) is dividing by (x – 2) is equal to f(2).
f(2) = 24 – 2(23) + 3(2)2 – 5(2) + 8
= 16 – 16 + 12 – 10 + 8 = 10.

Example.12 The polynomials ax3 + 3x2 – 3 and 2x3 – 5x + a when divided by (x – 4) leaves remainder R1 &
R2 respectively then find the value of ‘a’ if 2R1 – R2 = 0.
Solution. Let f(x) = ax3 + 3x2 – 3 and g(x) = 2x3 – 5x + a
R1 = f(4) = a(4)3 + 3(4)2 – 3
R1 = 64 a + 45.
R2 = g(4) = 2(4)3 – 5 (4) + a
= 128 – 20 + a
= 108 + a.
Given : 2R1 – R2 = 0
2(64 a + 45) – (108 + a) = 0
128 a + 90 – 108 – a = 0
127 a = 18
18
a= .
127
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Example.13 Show that x + 1 and 2x – 3 are factors of 2x3 – 9x2 + x + 12.
Solution. To prove that (x + 1) and (2x – 3) are factors of 2x3 – 9x2 + x + 12 it is sufficient to show that
3
p(–1) and p   both are equal to zero.
2
p (–1)= 2(–1)3 – 9(– 1)2 + (– 1) + 12 = – 2 – 9 – 1 + 12 = – 12 + 12 = 0.
3 2
3 3  3  3 27 81 3
And, p   = 2   − 9   +   + 12 = − + + 12
2 2  2  2 4 4 2
27 − 81 + 6 + 48 −81 + 81
= = = 0.
4 4
Hence, (x + 1) and (2x – 3) are the factors 2x3 – 9x2 + x + 12.

Example.14 Find the values of a and b so that the polynomials x3 – ax2 – 13x + b has (x – 1) and (x + 3) as
factors.
Solution. Let f(x) = x3 – ax2 – 13x + b
Because (x – 1) and (x + 3) are the factors of f(x),
 f(1) = 0 and f(– 3) = 0
f(1) = 0
 (1)3 – a(1)2 – 13(1) + b = 0
 1 – a – 13 + b = 0
 – a + b = 12 .... (i)
f(–3) = 0
 (– 3)3 – a(– 3)2 – 13(– 3) + b = 0
 – 27 – 9a + 39 + b = 0
 – 9a + b = –12 ....(ii)
Subtracting equation (ii) from equation (i)
(– a + b) – (– 9a + b) = 12 + 12
 – a + 9a = 24
 8a = 24
 a = 3.
Put a = 3 in equation (i)
– 3 + b = 12
 b = 15.
Hence, a = 3 and b = 15.

Example.15 If ax3 + bx2 + x – 6 has x + 2 as a factor and leaves a remainder 4 when divided by (x – 2), find
the values of a and b?
Solution. Let p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + x – 6 be the given polynomial.
Now, (x + 2) is a factor of p(x).
 p(– 2) = 0  a(– 2)3 + b(– 2)2 + (– 2) – 6 = 0
 – 8a + 4b – 2 – 6 = 0
 – 8a + 4b = 8 .... (i)
It is given that p(x) leaves remainder 4 when it is divided by (x – 2).
 p(2) = 4  a(2)3 + b(2)2 + (2) – 6 = 4
 8a + 4b + 2 – 6 = 4
 8a + 4b = 8 .... (ii)
Add equation (i) & (ii)
– 8a + 4b + 8a + 4b = 8 + 8  8b = 16  b = 2.
Put b = 2 in equation (i)
– 8a + 4(2) = 8  – 8a + 8 = 8
 – 8a = 0  a = 0.
Hence, a = 0 and b = 2.

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Check Point - A

1. Classify the following polynomials based on number of terms.

(a) x + 3 (b) x2 + x + 2 (c) x3 + 1 (d) 8x3
3
x x2
(e) 7x2 + 8x + 3 (f) (g) x 4 + (h) x2 + x + 3
12 2

2. Classify the following polynomials based on their degree.

x
(a) 3x2 + 4x (b) 2x 3 + + 3 (c) 7x + 2 (d) 5x2
2
(e) x3 + 2x 2 +1 (f) x3 – 1 (g) 8x + 3

3. Find zeroes of the following polynomials

(a) 7x – 14 (b) 8x + 1 (c) x2 – 5x – 6 (d) 2x2 + 3x + 1

4. Divide 6x2 + 13x + 16 by 2x + 3 and find the quotient and remainder.

5. The polynomial 5x2 + 7x + 3 is divided by x – 2. Find the remainder by using remainder theorem.

6. Examine whether (a – 1) is a factor of a3 – 3a2 + 3a – 1.

Answers
1. (a) binomial (b) trinomial (c) binomial (d) monomial (e) trinomial
(f) monomial (g) binomial (h) trinomial
2. (a) quadratic (b) cubic (c) linear (d) quadratic (e) cubic
(f) cubic (g) linear
1 1
3. (a) x = 2 (b) x = − (c) x = –1 or 6 (d) x = − or –1
8 2
4. q = 3x + 2, r = 10 5. 37 6. Yes, it’s a factor

B. ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES

Some important identities are :

(i) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(ii) (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
(iii) a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
(iv) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(v) a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
(vi) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
(vii) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
(viii) (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
(ix) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac)
Special case : if a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
Value Form :
(i) a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab, if a + b and ab are given.
(ii) a2 + b2 = (a – b)2 + 2ab, if a – b and ab are given.
(iii) a + b = (a − b) 2 + 4ab , if a – b and ab are given.

(iv) a – b = (a + b) 2 − 4ab , if a + b and ab are given.

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 2
1  1 1
(v) a + 2 =  a +  – 2, if a –
2
is given.
a  a a
2
1  1 1
(vi) a + 2 =  a −  + 2, if a –
2
is given.
a  a a
(vii) a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab (a + b), if (a + b) and ab are given.
(viii) a3 – b3 = (a – b)3 + 3ab (a – b), if (a – b) and ab are given.
3
1  1  1 1
(ix) a 3 + =  a +  − 3  a +  , if a + is given.
a 
3
a  a a
3
1  1  1 1
(x) a − 3 =  a −  + 3  a −  if a – is given.
3

a  a  a a
(xi) a4 – b4 = (a2 + b2) (a2 – b2) = [(a + b)2 – 2ab](a + b) (a – b).

Remark : (i) (xn – an) is divisible by (x – a) for all the values of n.

(ii) (xn – an) is divisible by (x + a) and (x – a) for all the even values of n.
(iii) (xn + an) is divisible by (x + a) for all the odd values of n.

Solved Examples

a 2 + ab + b2 b2 + bc + c2 c2 + ca + a 2
 xa   xb   xc 
Example.16  b  c  a =1
x  x  x 
a 2 + ab + b2 b2 + bc + c2 c2 + ca + a 2
 xa   xb   xc 
Solution.  b  c  a
x  x  x 
= (x a −b )a
2
+ ab + b 2
(x b −c )b
2
+ bc + c2
(x c −a )c
2
+ ca + a 2
(
= xa
3
− b3
)( x )( x )
b3 −c3 c3 − a 3

−b3 +b3 −c3 +c3 −a3

= x0 = 1
3
xa

Example.17 Expand :
2
 1 
(i)  2x −  (ii) ( 3x2 + 5y)2
 3x 
2
1 1 
(iii) ( 2x − 3y) ( 2x + 3y) (iv)  a − b + 1
4 2 
2
 1   1  1 4 1
Solution. (i)  2x −  = (2x) − 2(2 x)   +
2
= 4x 2 − + 2 .
 3x   3x  (3x)
2
3 9x
(ii) (3x2 + 5y)2 = (3x2)2 + 2(3x2)(5y) + (5y)2 = 9x4 + 30x2y + 25y2
(iii) ( 2 x – 3y)( 2 x + 3y) = ( 2 x)2 – (3y)2 = 2x2 – 9y2
2 2 2
1 1  1   1   1  1   1  1 
(iv)  a − b + 1 =  a  +  − b  + (1)2 + 2  a  − b  + 2  − b  (1) + 2(2)  a 
4 2  4   2   4  2   2  4 
1 2 1 2 ab a
= a + b +1− − b + .
16 4 4 2

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Example.18 Simplify :
 1  1  2 1  4 1 
(i)  x −  x +  x + 2  x + 4 
 x  x  x  x 
(ii) (2x + y)(2x − y)(4x2 + y2)
(iii) (x + y – 2z)2 – x2 – y2 – 3z2 + 4xy
 1  1  2 1  4 1   2 1  2 1  4 1 
Solution. (i)  x −  x +  x + 2  x + 4  =  x − 2  x + 2  x + 4 
 x  x  x  x   x  x  x 
  1    4 1   4 1  4 1 
2
 2 2
= (x ) −    x + 4  =  x − 4  x + 4 
  x2    x   x  x 
 
2
 1 
= (x 4 )2 −  4 
x 
1
= x8 − .
x8
(ii) (2x + y)(2x – y)(4x2 + y2) = [(2x)2 – (y)2](4x2 + y2)
= (4x2 – y2)(4x2 + y2) = (4x2)2 – (y2)2 = 16x4 – y4.
(iii) (x + y – 2z)2 – x2 – y2 – 3z2 + 4xy
= x2 + y2 + (– 2z)2 + 2(x)(y) + 2(y) (– 2z) + 2(– 2z)(x) – x2 – y2 – 3z2 + 4xy
= x2 + y2 + 4z2 + 2xy – 4yz – 4zx – x2 – y2 – 3z2 + 4xy
= z2 + 6xy – 4yz – 4zx.

Example.19 Evaluate :
(i) (107)2 (ii) (94)2 (iii) (0.99)2
Solution. (i) (107)2 = (100 + 7)2
= (100)2 + (7)2 + 2 ×100 × 7
= 10000 + 49 + 1400
= 11449
(ii) (94)2 = (100 – 6)2
= (100)2 + (6)2 – 2 × 100 × 6
= 10000 + 36 – 1200
= 8836
(iii) (0.99)2 = (1 – 0.01)2
= (1)2 + (0.01)2 – 2 × 1 × 0.01
= 1 + 0.0001 – 0.02
= 0.9801

1  1  1  4 1 
Example.20 If x2 + = 23, find the values of  x +  ,  x −  and  x + 4 
x2  x  x  x 
1
Solution. x2 + = 23 ...(i)
x2
1
 x2 + 2 + 2 = 25 [Adding 2 on both sides of (i)]
x
2
1 1
 (x ) +   + 2  x  = 25
2

x x
2
 1
  x +  = (5)2
 x
1
 x + = 5
x

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 
2
 1
x −  = x + 2 −2
2

 x x

2

 x −  = 23 – 2 = 21
 x

2

  x −  =  21.
 x
 2    4 1 
2

x + 2  = x + 4 +2
 x   x 
 4 1 
  x + 4  = (23)2 – 2 = 529 – 2
 x 
 4 1 
  x + 4  = 527.
 x 

1
Example.21 Prove that : a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = (a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c − a )2 
2
Solution. Here, L.H.S. a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca
1
= 2a 2 + 2b2 + 2c2 − 2ab − 2bc – 2ca 
2
= ( a 2 − 2ab + b2 ) + ( b2 − 2bc +c2 ) + (c2 − 2ca +a 2 ) 
1
2 
1
= ( a − b ) + ( b − c ) + (c − a)2 
2 2

2  
= RHS Hence Proved.

Example.22 If a + b + c = 9 and ab + bc + ca = 23, then find the value of a2 + b2 + c2.

Solution. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
(9)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(23)
a2 + b2 + c2 = 81 – 46
a2 + b2 + c2 = 35.

Example.23 Expand :
3
 1 2 
(i)  −  (ii) (4 + 3x)3
 3x 5y 
3
 1 2 
Solution. (i)  − 
 3x 5y 
3
 1   2   1   2  1 2 
3

=   −   − 3     − 
 3x   5y   3x   5y  3x 5y 
1 8 1  1 2 
= 3
− 3
−  − 
27x 125y 5xy  3x 5y 
1 8 2 4
= − − +
27x 125y 15x y 25xy2
3 3 2

(ii) (4 + 3x)3 = (4)3 + (3x)3 + 3(4)(3x)(4 + 3x)

= 64 + 27x3 + 36x (4 + 3x)
= 64 + 27x3 + 144x + 108x2

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Example.24 Simplify :
3 3
 2  2
(i) (3x + 4)3 – (3x – 4)3 (ii)  x +  +x − 
 x  x

Solution. (i) (3x + 4)3 – (3x – 4)3

= [(3x)3 + (4)3 + 3(3x) (4) (3x + 4)] – [(3x)3 – (4)3 – 3(3x) (4) (3x – 4)]
= [27x3 + 64 + 36x (3x + 4)] – [27x3 – 64 – 36x (3x – 4)]
= [27x3 + 64 + 108x2 + 144x] – [27x3 – 64 – 108x2 + 144x]
= 27x3 + 64 + 108x2 + 144x – 27x3 + 64 + 108x2 – 144x
= 128 + 216x2.
3 3
 2  2
(ii)  x +  +  x − 
 x  x
3 3
2  2  2 2  2  2
= x 3 +   + 3(x)   x +  + x 3 −   − 3(x)   x − 
x  x  x x  x  x
8 12 8 12 24
= x3 + 3 + 6x + + x 3 − 3 − 6x + = 2x 3 + .
x x x x x

Example.25 Evaluate :
(i) (1005)3 (ii) (997)3
3 3
Solution. (i) (1005) = (1000 + 5)
= (1000)3 + (5)3 + 3 (1000) (5) (1000 + 5)
= 1000000000 + 125 + 15000 (1000 + 5)
= 1000000000 + 125 + 15000000 + 75000 = 1015075125.
(ii) (997)3 = (1000 – 3)3
= (1000)3 – (3)3 – 3 × 1000 × 3 × (1000 – 3)
= 1000000000 – 27 – 9000 × (1000 – 3)
= 1000000000 – 27 – 9000000 + 27000
= 991026973.

1 1
Example.26 If x – = 5, find the value of x3 – 3
x x
1
Solution. We have, x – = 5 ...(i)
x
3
 1
  x −  = (5)3 [Cubing both sides of (i)]
 x
1 1  1 1  1
 x − 3 − 3x    x −  = 125  x − 3 − 3  x −  = 125
3 3

x x  x x  x
1  1
x3 – 3 –3 × 5 = 125 [Substituting  x −  = 5]
x  x
1 1
 x 3 − 3 − 15 = 125  x 3 − 3 = (125 + 15) = 140
x x
Example.27 Find the products of the following expression :
(i) (4x + 3y) (16x2 – 12xy + 9y2)
(ii) (5x – 2y) (25x2 +10xy + 4y2)
Solution. (i) (4x + 3y) (16x2 – 12 xy + 9y2)
= (4x + 3y) [(4x)2 – (4x) × (3y) + (3y)2]
= (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2) [Where a = 4x, b = 3y]
= a3 + b3
= (4x)3 + (3y)3 = 64x3 + 27y3.
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 (ii) (5x – 2y) (25x2 + 10xy + 4y2)
= (5x – 2y) [(5x)2 + (5x) × (2y) + (2y)2]
= (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) [Where a = 5x, b = 2y]
= a3 – b3
= (5x)3 – (2y) = 125x3 – 8y3.

Example.28 Find the product of following expression :

(i) (3x – 4y + 5z) (9x2 + 16y2 + 25z2 +12xy – 15zx + 20yz)
(ii) (2a – 3b – 2c) (4a2 + 9b2 + 4c2 + 6ab – 6bc + 4ca)
Solution. (i) (3x – 4y + 5z)(9x2 + 16y2 + 25z2 + 12xy .15zx + 20yz)
Let, a = 3x, b = – 4y, c = 5z
= (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
= (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc)
= (3x)3 + (– 4y)3 + (5z)3 – 3(3x)(– 4y)(5z)
= 27x3 – 64y3 + 125z3 +180 xyz
(ii) (2a – 3b – 2c)(4a2 + 9b2 + 4c2 + 6ab – 6bc + 4ca)
Let x = 2a, y = – 3b, z = – 2c
= (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx)
= (x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz)
= (2a)3 + (– 3b)3 + (– 2c)3 – 3(2a)(– 3b)(– 2c)
= 8a3 – 27b3 – 8c3 – 36abc

Example.29 If a + b + c = 9 and ab + bc + ac = 26, find the value of a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc.

Solution. We have a + b + c = 9 ...(i)
 (a + b + c) = 81
2
[On squaring both sides of (i)]
 a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ac) = 81
 a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 × 26 = 81 [ ab + bc + ac = 26]
 a2 + b2 + c2 = (81 – 52)
 a2 + b2 + c2 = 29.
Now, we have
a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
= (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac)
= (a + b + c) [(a2 + b2 + c2) – (ab + bc + ac)]
= 9 × [(29 – 26)]
= (9 × 3) = 27.

(a − b2 ) + ( b2 − c2 ) + ( c2 − a 2 )
2 3 3 3

Example.30 Simplify :
(a − b) + ( b − c) + (c − a )
3 3 3

Solution. Here, (a2 − b2 )+ (b2 − c2 )+ (c2 − a2 )= 0

 (a2 − b2 )3 + (b2 − c2)3 + (c2 − a2)3 = 3(a2 − b2) (b2 − c2 ) (c2 − a2 )
Also, (a − b) + (b − c) + (c − a) = 0
 (a − b)3 + (b − c)3 + (c − a)3 =3(a − b)(b − c)(c − a)
3(a 2 − b 2 )(b 2 − c 2 )(c 2 − a 2 )
=
3(a − b)(b − c)(c− a)
3(a − b)(a + b)(b− c)(b+ c)(c− a)(c+ a)
=
3(a − b)(b− c)(c+ a)
= (a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

Example.31 Prove that : (x – y)3 +(y – z)3 + (z – x)3 = 3(x – y)(y – z)(z – x).
Solution. Let (x – y) = a, (y – z) = b and (z – x) = c.
Then, a + b + c = (x – y) + (y – z) + ( z – x) = 0
 a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
or (x – y)3 + (y – z)3 + (z – x)3 = 3(x – y) (y – z) (z – x).

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Example.32 Find the value of (28)3 – (78)3 + (50)3.
Solution. Let a = 28, b = – 78, c = 50
Then, a + b + c = 28 – 78 + 50 = 0
 a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
So, (28)3 + (–78)3 + (50)3 = 3 × 28 × (–78) × 50 = – 327600.

Check Point - B

1. Expand (2x + 3y – 2z)2.

2. If a + b = 7 and ab = 12, find the value of a3 + b3.

1 1
3. If a + = 5 then a 2 + 2 is
a a

1 1
4. If a + =4 then a 3 + 3 is equal to
a a

5. If p – q = 9, prove that p3 – q3 – 27pq = 729.

Answers
1. 4x2 + 9y2 + 4z2 + 12 xy – 12 yz – 8 xz 2. 91 3. 23 4. 52

C. FACTORIZATION

To express a given polynomial as the product of polynomials, each of degree less than that of the given
polynomial such that no such a factor has a factor of lower degree, is called factorization.

(a) Factorization by taking out the common factor :

Working Rule: When each term of an expression has a common factor, divide each term by this factor
and take out as a multiple.

(b) Factorization by grouping :

Working Rule: Sometimes in a given expression it is not possible to take out a common factor directly.
However, the terms of the given expression are grouped in such a manner that we may have a common
factor. This can be factorized as discussed above.

(c) Factorization by making a perfect square :

Working Rule: a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2

(d) Factorization the difference of two squares :

Working Rule: a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)

(e) Factorization of a Quadratic Polynomial by Splitting the Middle Term :

Working Rule:
Case-1: Polynomials of the form x2 + bx + c
we find integers p and q such that p + q = b and pq = c. Then,
x2 + bx + c = x2 + (p + q)x + pq
= x2 + px + qx + pq
= x(x + p) + q(x + p)
= (x + p)(x + q)
Case-2: Polynomials of the form ax2 + bx + c
we find integers p and q such that p + q = b and pq = ac. Then,

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 pq
ax2 + bx + c = ax2 + (p + q)x +
a
= ax2 + apx + aqx + pq
= ax(ax + p) + q(ax + p)
= (ax + p)(ax + q)

(f) Factorization of a algebraic expression as the sum or difference of two cubes :

Working Rule: (i) a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
(ii) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)

(g) Factorization of a algebraic expression of the form a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc :

Working Rule: a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac)
Special case : if a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.

Solved Examples

Example.33 Factorize :
(i) 2a (x + y) – 3b (x + y)
(ii) x(x + y)3 – 3x2y(x + y)
(iii) 8(3a – 2b)2 – 10(3a – 2b)
Solution. (i) 2a (x + y) – 3b (x + y) = (x + y) (2a – 3b).
(ii) x(x + y)3 – 3x2y(x + y)
= x(x + y) [(x + y)2 – 3xy]
= x(x + y) [x2 + y2 + 2xy – 3xy]
= x(x + y) [x2 + y2 – xy] = x(x3 + y3).
(iii) 8(3a – 2b)2 – 10(3a – 2b)
= 2 (3a – 2b) [4 (3a – 2b) – 5]
= 2 (3a – 2b) [12a – 8b – 5].

Example.34 Factorize :
1 2
(i) x 2 + 2 + 2 − 2x −
x x
(ii) (x2 + 3x)2 – 5(x2 + 3x) – y (x2 + 3x) + 5y
2
1 2  1  1  1  1 
Solution. (i) x 2 + 2 + 2 − 2x − =  x +  − 2  x +  =  x +  x + − 2  .
x x  x  x   x  x 
(ii) (x2 + 3x)2 – 5(x2 + 3x) – y(x2 + 3x) + 5y
= (x2 + 3x) (x2 + 3x – 5) – y(x2 + 3x – 5)
= (x2 + 3x – 5) (x2 + 3x – y).

Example.35 Factorize :
(i) 4(x – y)2 – 12 (x – y) (x + y) + 9 (x + y)2
(ii) 2a2 + 2 6 ab + 3b2
(iii) 25x2 + 4y2 + 9z2 – 20xy – 12yz + 30xz
Solution. (i) 4(x – y)2 – 12(x – y) (x + y) + 9 (x + y)2
Let, x – y = a & x + y = b
= 4a2 – 12ab + 9b2
= (2a)2 – 2(2a)(3b) + (3b)2
= (2a – 3b)2
= [2(x – y) – 3(x + y)]2
= [2x – 2y – 3x – 3y]2
= [– x – 5y]2.
(ii) 2a2 + 2 6 ab + 3b2
( ) ( )( 3a ) + ( ) =( )
2 2 2
= 2a +2 2a 3b 2a + 3b .

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 (iii) 25x2 + 4y2 + 9z2 – 20xy – 12yz + 30xz
= (5x)2 + (– 2y)2 + (3z)2 + 2(5x)(–2y) + 2(–2y)(3z) + 2(3z)(5x)
= (5x – 2y + 3z)2.

Example.36 Factorize :
(i) x8 – y8 (ii) x4 + 5x2 + 9 (iii) x4 + 4x2 + 3 (iv) x4 + x2y2 + y4
Solution. (i) x – y
8 8

= (x4)2 – (y4)2
= (x4 + y4)(x4 – y4)
= (x4 + y4) [(x2)2 – (y2)2]
= (x4 + y4) (x2 + y2)(x2 – y2)
= (x4 + y4) (x2 + y2)(x – y)(x + y).
(ii) x4 + 5x2 + 9
= (x2)2 + 5x2 + (3)2
= (x2)2 + 6x2 + (3)2 – x2
= (x2 + 3)2 – (x)2
= (x2 + 3 + x) (x2 + 3 – x).
(iii) x4 + 4x2 + 3
= (x2)2 + 2(2)x2 + (2)2 – 1
= (x2 + 2)2 – (1)2
= (x2 + 2 + 1)(x2 + 2 – 1)
= (x2 + 3)(x2 + 1).
(iv) x4 + x2y2 + y4
= (x2)2 + 2.x2.y2 + (y2)2 – x2y2
= (x2 + y2)2 – (xy)2
= (x2 + y2 + xy)(x2 + y2 – xy).

Example.37 Factorize :
(i) x2 + 6 2 x + 10 (ii) 5 5x 2 + 20x + 3 5
5 1
(iii) 2x 2 − x + (iv) 7(x – 2y)2 – 25 (x – 2y) + 12
6 12
Solution. (i) x2 + 6 2 x + 10 = x2 + 5 2x + 2x + 10
= x(x + 5 2 ) + 2 (x + 5 2 ) = (x + 5 2 )(x + 2 )
(ii) 5 5 x2 + 20x + 3 5 = 5 5 x2 + 15x + 5x + 3 5
= 5x ( 5 x + 3) + 5( 5x + 3) = (5x + 5 )( 5 x + 3)
= 5 ( 5 x + 1)( 5 x + 3)
5 1 24x 2 − 10x + 1
(iii) 2x 2 − x + =
6 12 12
1 1
= (24 x 2 − 4 x − 6 x + 1) = [4 x(6 x − 1) − 1(6 x − 1)]
12 12
1
= (6 x − 1)(4 x − 1)
12
(iv) 7(x – 2y)2 – 25(x – 2y) + 12
Let, x – 2y = a = 7a2 – 25a + 12
= 7a2 – 21a – 4a + 12 = 7a(a – 3) – 4(a – 3)
= (a – 3)(7a – 4) = (x – 2y – 3)(7x – 14y – 4)

Example.38 What are the possible expressions for the dimensions of the cuboid whose volume is 3x2 – 12x.
Solution. Volume of cuboid = 3x2 – 12x = 3x (x – 4)
Possible dimensions are :
Length = 3 unit, Breadth = x unit and Height = (x – 4) unit.

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Example.39 Factorize :
(i) 27a3 + 125b3 (ii) (a – 2b)3 – 512b3
1 2
(iii) x9 – y9 (iv) a 3 − 3
− 2a +
a a
Solution. (i) 27a3 + 125b3
= (3a)3 + (5b)3
= (3a + 5b) [(3a)2 + (5b)2 – (3a) (5b)]
= (3a + 5b) [9a2 + 25b2 – 15ab].
(ii) (a – 2b)3 – 512b3
= (a – 2b)3 – (8b)3
= (a – 2b – 8b) [(a – 2b)2 + (8b)2 + (a – 2b)(8b)] = (a – 10b) [a2 + 4b2 – 4ab + 64b2 + 8ab – 16b2]
= (a – 10b) [a2 + 52b2 + 4ab]
(iii) x9 – y9
= (x3)3 – (y3)3
= (x3 – y3) [(x3)2 + x3y3 + (y3)2]
= (x – y) (x2 + xy + y2) (x6 + x3y3 + y6]
1 2
(iv) a 3 − 3
− 2a +
a a
1  1
= a3 − 3 − 2  a − 
a  a
 1  1  1
=  a −  a 2 + 1 + 2  − 2  a − 
 a  a   a
 1  1 
=  a −  a 2 + 1 + 2 − 2 
 a  a 
 1  1 
=  a −   a 2 + 2 − 1
 a  a 
0.87  0.87  0.87 + 0.13  0.13  0.13
Example.40 Prove that : =1
0.87  0.87  −0.87  0.13  + 0.13  0.13
0.87  0.87  0.87  0.13  0.13  0.13
Solution.
0.87  0.87  −0.87  0.13  + 0.13  0.13
Let 0.87 = a and 0.13 = b
a 3 + b3 (a + b)(a 2 − ab+ b 2 )
= 2 =
a − ab + b 2 a 2 − ab + b 2
= a + b = 0.87 + 0.13 = 1.0
Example.41 Factorize :
(i) 2 2a 3 + 8b3 – 27c3 + 18 2 abc (ii) (2x – 3y)3 + (4z – 2x)3 + (3y – 4z)3
(iii) p3(q – r)3 + q3 (r – p)3 + r3 (p – q)3
Solution. (i) 2 2a 3 + 8b3 – 27c3 + 18 2 abc = ( 2 a)3 + (2b)3 + (–3c)3 – 3( 2 a)(2b)(–3c)
= ( 2 a + 2b – 3c) ( 2 a) 2 + (2a) 2 + (−3c) 2 − ( 2a)(2 b) − ( −3c) − ( −3c)( 2 a) 
 
= ( 2 a +2b –3c)  2a 2 + 4b2 + 9c2 − 2 2ab + 6bc + 3 2ac 
 
(ii) (2x – 3y)3 + (4z – 2x)3 + (3y – 4z)3
Let a = 2x – 3y, b = 4z – 2x and c = 3y – 4z
So, (2x – 3y)3 + (4z – 2x)3 + (3y – 4z)3 = a3 + b3 + c3
Now, a + b + c = 2x – 3y + 4z – 2x + 3y – 4z = 0
So, a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
= 3(2x – 3y) (4z – 2x) (3y – 4z).
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 (iii) p3(q – r)3 + q3(r – p)3 + r3(p – q)3
Let x = p(q – r), y = q(r – p), z = r(p – q)
So, p3(q – r)3 + q3 (r – p)3 + r3(p – q)3 = x3 + y3 + z3
Now, x + y + z = p(q – r) + q(r – p) + r(p – q) = pq – pr + qr – qp + rp – rq = 0
So, x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz = 3p(q – r) q(r – p) r(p – q) = 3pqr(q – r)(r – p)(p – q).

Example.42 If p = 2 – a, then find the value of a3 + 6ap + p3 – 8.

Solution. p=2–a
a+p–2=0
Now, a3 + 6ap + p3 – 8 = a3 + p3 + (–2)3 – 3(a)(p)(–2)
= (a + p – 2) (a2 + p2 + 4 – ap + 2p + 2a)
= (0)(a2 + p2 + 4 – ap + 2p + 2a) = 0.

Check Point - C

1. Factorize: x2(xy + 5) – 2y2(xy + 5)

2. Factorize: 3x2 + 8x + 4

3. Factorize: 2a + 4b – ac – 2bc

4. Factorize: 27a3 – b3 + c3 + 9abc.

5. Factorize: 32x3 – 4d3

Answers
1. (xy + 5) (x2 – 2y2) 2. (x + 2) (3x + 2) 3. (2 – c) (a + 2b)
4. (3a – b + c) (9a2 + b2 + c2 + 3ab + bc – 3ac) 5. 4 (2x – d) (4x2 + 2xd + d2)

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 BOARD LEVEL EXERCISE

TYPE (I) : VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS : [01 MARK EACH]
1. What is the degree of polynomial 25 ?

2. What is the degree of the zero polynomial ?

3. If p(x) = x2 – 2 2 x +1, then find the value of p(2 2 )

4. If x2 + kx + 6 = (x + 2) (x + 3) for all x, then find the value of k.

5. If x51 + 51 is divided by x + 1, find the remainder.

6. Find the coefficient of x in the expansion of (x + 3)3.

 1  1
7. If 49x2 – b =  7x +  7x −  , then find the value of b.
 2  2

8. If a + b + c = 0, then find the value of a3 + b3 + c3.

9. If x + 1 is a factor of ax3 + x2 – 2x + 4a – 9, find the value of a.

10. Factorise :
(i) x2 + 9x + 18 (ii) 6x2 + 7x – 3 (iii) 2x2 – 7x – 15 (iv) 84 – 2r – 2r2

11. Using suitable identity, evaluate the following :

(i) 1033 (ii) 101 × 102 (iii) 9992

TYPE (II) : SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS : [02 MARKS EACH]

12. (i) Check whether p(x) is a multiple of g(x) or not, where
p(x) = x3 – x + 1, g(x) = 2 – 3 x
(ii) Check whether g(x) is a factor of p(x) or not, where
x 1
p(x) = 8x3 – 6x2 – 4 x + 3, g(x) = −
3 4

13. Find the value of a, if x – a is a factor of x3 – ax2 + 2x + a – 1.

14. (i) Without actually calculating the cubes, find the value of 483 – 303 – 183.
(ii) Without finding the cubes, factorise (x – y)3 + (y – z)3 + (z – x)3.

x 3 + 2x + 1 7 2
15. For the polynomial − x − x 6 , write
5 2
(i) the degree of the polynomial (ii) the coefficient of x3
6
(iii) the coefficient of x (iv) the constant term
16. Give an example of a polynomial, which is:
(i) monomial of degree 1 (ii) binomial of degree 20
(iii) trinomial of degree 2

1
17. If p(x) = x2 – 4x + 3, evaluate : p(2) – p(– 1) + p  
2

18. By actual division, find the quotient and the remainder when the first polynomial is divided by the
second polynomial : x4 + 1; x – 1

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19. Show that :
(i) x + 3 is a factor of 69 + 11x – x2 + x3.
(ii) 2x – 3 is a factor of x + 2x3 – 9x2 + 12.

20. Find the value of m so that 2x – 1 be a factor of 8x4 + 4x3 – 16x2 + 10x + m.

TYPE (III) : LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: [03 MARK EACH]

21. Factorise :
(i) a3 – 8b3 – 64c3 – 24abc (ii) 2 2 a3 + 8b3 – 27c3 + 18 2 abc.

22. Find the value of

(i) x3 + y3 – 12xy + 64, when x + y = – 4 (ii) x3 – 8y3 – 36xy – 216, when x = 2y + 6

23. If x + y = 12 and xy = 27, find the value of x3 + y3.

24. If the polynomials az3 + 4z2 + 3z – 4 and z3 – 4z + a leave the same remainder when divided by z – 3,
find the value of a.

25. Multiply x2 + 4y2 + z2 + 2xy + xz – 2yz by (– z + x – 2y).

26. If a + b + c = 5 and ab + bc + ca = 10, then prove that a3 + b3 + c3 –3abc = – 25.

27. Simplify (2x – 5y)3 – (2x + 5y)3.

TYPE (IV): VERY LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [04 MARK EACH]
28. Without actual division, prove that 2x4 – 5x3 + 2x2 – x + 2 is divisible by x2 – 3x + 2.

29. The polynomial p(x) = x4 – 2x3 + 3x2 – ax + 3a – 7 when divided by x + 1 leaves the remainder 19. Find
the value of a. Also find the remainder when p(x) is divided by x + 2.

30. Prove that (a + b + c)3 – a3 – b3 – c3 = 3(a + b) (b + c) (c + a).

EXERCISE – 01

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A) : Classification of polynomials
A-1. What is the degree of the polynomial 5 .

A-2. Find the coefficient of x in the expansion of (x – 4)2

A-3. A zero polynomial has how many zeroes?

A-4. If x – 3 is the factor of ax2 + 5x + 12 find the value of a.

A-5. Determine whether x – 3 is a factor of polynomial p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 12.

A-6. Using factor theorem, prove that p(x) is divisible by g(x) if P(x) = 4x4 + 5x3 – 12x2 – 11x + 5, g (x) = 4x + 5.

A-7. If the polynomial 2x3 + ax2 + 3x – 5 and x3 + x2 – 4x + a leave the same remainder when divided by x – 2,
find the value of a.

A-8. Find the value of p and q so that x4 + px3 + 2x2 – 3x + q is divisible by x2 – 1.

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Section (B) : Algebraic identity
B-1. Evaluate : (999)3.

B-2. If x + y + z = 0 then find the value of x3 + y3 + z3.

B-3. Evaluate :
2
 1
(i) (5x + 4y)2 (ii) (4x – 5y)2 (iii)  2x − 
 x
B-4. Without actually calculating the cubes, evaluate the expression 303 + (–18)3 + (–12)3.

B-5. If x = 7 − 5 , y = 5 − 3 , z = 3 − 7 , then find the value of x3 + y3 + z3 – 2xyz.

B-6. If a + b = 10 and a2 + b2 = 58, find the value of a3 + b3.

B-7. If x + y = 3 and xy = – 18, find the value of x3 + y3.

1 1
B-8. If a4 + 4
= 119, then find the value of a3 – 3 .
a a

(a − b)
2
(b− c)2 (c− a) 2
B-9. Evaluate : + + .
(b− c)(c− a) (a − b)(c− a) (a − b)(b − c)
B-10. Prove that a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca is always non – negative for all values of a, b & c.

1
B-11. Prove that : a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = ( a + b + c) (a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c + a)2 
2
B-12. If a + b + c = 15, a2 + b2 +c2 = 83, then find the value of a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc.

B-13. Find the value of x3 – 8y3 – 36xy – 216 when x = 2y + 6.

Section (C) : Factorization

C-1. Factorize :
(i) 25x2 – 10x + 1 – 36y2 (ii) 2x2 + 3 5 x +5
 1   1
(iii)  x 2 + 2  − 4  x +  + 6 (iv) 2y3 + y2 – 2y – 1
 x   x

C-2. Factorize :
(i) (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) – 3 (ii) 64a3 – 27b3 – 144a2b + 108ab2
(iii) x4 + 2x3y – 2xy3 – y4 (iv) x4 + x3 – 7x2 – x + 6
(v) x3 – 23x2 + 142x – 120 (vi) x3 + 13x2 + 32 x + 20

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A) : Classification of polynomials
A-1. If x51 + 51 is divided by (x + 1) the remainder is :
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 49 (D) 50

A-2. 2 is a polynomial degree :

1
(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D)
2

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A-3. The remainder obtained when the polynomial p(x) is divided by (b – ax) is :
 −b  a b  −a 
(A) p   (B) p   (C) p   (D) p  
 a  
b  
a  b 

A-4. The coefficient of x2 in (3x2 – 5) (4 + 4x2) is :

(A) 12 (B) 5 (C) – 8 (D) 8

A-5. Which of the following is a quadratic polynomial in one variable ?

(A) 2x 3 + 5 (B) 2x2 + 2x–2 (C) x2 (D) 2x2 + y2

x x3
A-6. If p(x) = 2 + + x2 − then p (–1) is :
2 3
15 17 1 13
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 6 6 6

A-7. If (x + a) is a factor of x2 + px + q and x2 + mx + n then the value of a is :

m−p n −q n+q m+p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
n −q m−p m+p n+q

A-8. If x2 – 4 is a factor of 2x3 + ax2 + bx + 12, where a and b are constant. Then the values of a and b are :
(A) – 3, 8 (B) 3, 8 (C) –3, – 8 (D) 3, – 8

A-9. The value of p for which x + p is a factor of x2 + px + 3 – p is :

(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) 3 (D) – 3

A-10. Which of the following is cubic polynomial.

(A) x3 + 3x2 – 4x + 3 (B) x2 + 4x – 7 (C) 3x2 + 4 (D) 3(x2 + x + 1)

Section (B) : Algebraic identity

B-1. The product of (– x + a) (x + b) is :
(A) x2 + (a + b) x + ab (B) x2 – (a – b) x + ab (C) x2 + (a – b) x + ab (D) x2 + (a – b) x – ab.

B-2. The value of 150 × 98 is :

(A) 10047 (B) 14800 (C) 14700 (D) 10470

B-3. The expansion of (x + y – z)2 is :

(A) x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx (B) x2 + y2 – z2 – 2xy + yz + 2zx
(C) x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy – 2yz – 2zx (D) x2 + y2 – z2 + 2xy – 2yz – 2zx

B-4. The value of (x + 2y + 2z)2 + (x – 2y – 2z)2 is :

(A) 2x2 + 8y2 + 8z2 (B) 2x2 + 8y2 + 8z2 + 8xyz
(C) 2x + 8y + 8z – 8yz
2 2 2
(D) 2x2 + 8y2 + 8z2 + 16yz

B-5. The value of 25x2 + 16y2 + 40 xy at x = 1 and y = – 1 is :

(A) 81 (B) – 49 (C) 1 (D) None of these

B-6. On simplifying (a + b)3 + (a – b)3 + 6a(a2 – b2) we get :

(A) 8a2 (B) 8a2b (C) 8a3b (D) 8a3

a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc
B-7. Find the value of , when a = – 5, b = – 6, c = 10.
ab + bc + ca − a 2 − b2 − c2
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) –2

B-8. If (x + y + z) = 1, xy + yz + zx = –1, xyz = –1, then value of x3 + y3 + z3 is :

(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) –2

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 1 1 1
B-9. If x3 + y3 + z3 = 0 then which one of the following expression is correct :
1 1 1
(A) x3 + y3 + z3 = 0 (B) x + y + z = x 3 + y 3 + z 3
(C) x + y + z = 3xyz (D) x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz

Section (C) : Factorization

C-1. Factors of (a + b)3 – (a – b)3 is :
(A) 2ab(3a2 + b2) (B) ab(3a2 + b2) (C) 2b(3a2 + b2) (D) 3a2 + b2

C-2. Factors of (42 – x – x2) are :

(A) (x – 7)(x – 6) (B) (x + 7)(x – 6) (C) (x + 7)(6 – x) (D) (x + 7)(x + 6)

 x 1
C-3. Factors of  x 2 + −  are :
 6 6
1 1 1
(A) (2x + 1)(3x + 1) (B) (2x + 1)(3x – 1) (C) (2x – 1)(3x – 1) (D) (2x – 1)(3x + 1)
6 6 6

C-4. Factors of polynomial x3 – 3x2 – 10x + 24 are :

(A) (x – 2)(x + 3)(x – 4) (B) (x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4)
(C) (x + 2)(x – 3)(x – 4) (D) (x – 2)(x – 3)(x – 4)

C-5. One of the factors of the expression (2a + 5b)3 + (2a – 5b)3 would be :
(A) 4a (B) 10b (C) 2a + 5b (D) 2a – 5b

C-6. One of the factors of (x – 1) – (x2 – 1) is:

(A) x2 – 1 (B) x +1 (C) x – 1 (D) x + 4

EXERCISE – 02

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1 x4 + 1
1. If x + = 5, the value of is :
x x2
(A) 21 (B) 23 (C) 25 (D) 30

2. Which two of the following can be factorised with integral coefficients ?

I. x4 + x2 + 1 II. x4 + 2x + 2 III. x4 – 2x2 + 1 IV. x4 = x + 1
(A) I and II (B) I and IV (C) II and III (D) I and III

3. A factor of x3– 6x2 – 6x + 1, is :

(A) x + 1 (B) x – I (C) x – 2 (D) 2x + 1

4. Let x = (2008)1004 + (2008)–1004 and y = (2008)1004 – (2008)–1004 then the value of (x2 – y2) is equal to :
(A) 4 (B) – 4 (C) 0 (D) None

1 1
5. If x2 + 2
= 62, then the value of x4 + 4 is :
x x
(A) 84 – 28 – 2 (B) 84 + 2 (C) 84 – 28 + 2 (D) 84 + 28 – 2

a 2 b2 c2
6. If a + b + c = 0 then value of + + is :
bc ca ab
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) 0 (D) 3

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7. If x + y = – 4, then the value of x3 + y3 – 12xy + 64 will be
(A) 0 (B) 128 (C) 64 (D) – 64

 a 2 − 5ab a 2 − b2 
8. The value of    is :
 a − 6ab + 5b a − ab 
2 2 2

a 1
(A) – 1 (B) (C) (D) 1
b a

(a − b) 2 (b − c) 2 (c− a) 2
9. Evaluate : + + .
(b − c)(c− a) (a − b)(c− a) (a − b)(b − c)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

a b
10. If (a2 + b2)3 = (a3 + b3)2 then + =
b a
2 3 5 6
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 6 5

x −3 − y −3
11. =
x −3 y −1 + (xy) −2 + y −3 x −1
1 1 1 1
(A) x + y (B) y – x (C) − (D) +
x y x y

( a − b) 2 + 4 ab 5
12. If = , then the value of a : b is :
a−b 3
(A) 1 : 16 (B) 1 : 4 (C) 4 : 1 (D) 16 : 1

13. If the polynomial P(x) = 2x4 + x3 – 5x2 – x + 1 is divided by the polynomial Q(x) = x2 – x then the
remainder is a linear polynomial R(x) = ax + b. Then (a + b) equals :
(A) – 2 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) 2

14. The polynomial P(x) = x4 + 4x3 + 5x + 8 is :

(A) divisible by (x + 2) but not divisible by (x + 1)
(B) divisible by (x + 1) as well as (x + 2)
(C) divisible by (x + 1) but not divisible by (x + 2)
(D) neither divisible by (x + 1) nor by (x + 2)

15. The value of k for which x + k is a factor of x3 + kx2 – 2x + k + 4 is :

4 6
(A) – 5 (B) 2 (C) − (D)
3 7

16. If a + 1 = b + 2 = c + 3 = d + 4 = a + b + c + d + 5, then (a + b + c + d) is equal to :

(A) – 5 (B) – 10/3 (C) – 7/3 (D) 5/3

4
17. If x = 2 + 2 , then x4 + is :
x4
(A) 2(3 – 2 ) (B) 6 2 – 2 (C) 6 – 2 (D) 12

1 1
18. If x + = 5 , then the value of x 3 + 3 is
x x
(A) 110 (B) 90 (C) 80 (D) 50

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19. If x3 – (x + 1)2 = 2001 then the value of x is
(A) 14 (B) 13 (C) 10 (D) None of these

x2 y2 x 3
20. The square root of + − − is
y 2 4x 2 y 4
x 1 y x 1 y x 1 y x 1 y
(A) − − (B) + − (C) + + (D) − −
y 2 2x y 2 2x y 2 2x y 4 2x

21. On simplifying (a + b)3 + (a – b)3 + 6a(a2 – b2) we get

(A) 8a2 (B) 8a2b (C) 8a3b (D) 8a3

22. Factors of (42 – x – x2) are

(A) (x – 7)(x – 6) (B) (x + 7)(x – 6) (C) (x + 7)(6 – x) (D) (x + 7)(x + 6)

 x 1
23. Factors of  x 2 + −  are
 6 6
1 1 1 1
(A) (2x + 1)(3x + 1) (B) (2x + 1)(3x – 1) (C) (2x – 1)(3x – 1) (D) (2x – 1)(3x + 1)
6 6 6 6

a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc
24. Value of , when a = –5, b = –6, c = 10 is
ab + bc + ca − a 2 − b 2 − c 2
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) –2

25. If (x + y + z) = 1, xy + yz + zx = –1, xyz = –1, then the value of x3 + y3 + z3 is

(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) –2

26. In method of factorisation of an algebraic expression, which of the following statements is false?
(A) Taking out a common factor from two or more terms
(B) Taking out a common factor from a group of terms
(C) By using remainder theorem
(D) By using standard identities

27. Factors of (a + b)3 – (a – b)3 are

(A) 2ab(3a2 + b2) (B) ab(3a2 + b2) (C) 2b(3a2 + b2) (D) 3a2 + b20

28. The HCF of the functions

x3 + (a + b)x2 +(ab + 1)x + h and x3 + 2ax2 + (a2 + 1) x + a is
(A) x2 + ax + 1 (B) x2 + bx + 1 (C) x2 + x + a (D) x2 + x + b

29. If the polynomial 16x4 – 24x3 + 41x2 – mx + 16 be a perfect square, then the value of "m" is
(A) 12 (B) –12 (C) 24 (D) –24

4 4
30. If abx2 = (a – b)2(x + 1), then the value of 1 + + is
x x2
a−b a+b
2 2 2 2
 a   b 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
a+b a−b a+b a+b

31. The GCD of x2 – 3x + 2 and x2 – 4x + 4 is

(A) x – 2 (B) (x – 2)(x – 1) (C) (x – 2)2 (D) (x – 2)3(x – 1)

32. The LCM of 22x(x + 1)2 and 36x2(2x2 + 3x + 1) is

(A) 2x(x + 1) (B) 396x2(x + 1)2(2x + 1)
3 2 2
(C) 792x (x + 1) (2x + 3x + 1) (D) None of these

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33. The LCM of x3 – 8 and x2 – 5x + 6 is
(A) x – 2 (B) x2 + 2x + 4
(C) (x – 2)(x2 + 2x + 4) (D) (x – 2)(x – 3)(x2 + 2x + 4)

34. If the GCD of the polynomials x3 – 3x2 + px + 24 and x2 – 7x + q is (x – 2), then the value of (p + q) is
(A) 0 (B) 20 (C) –20 (D) 40

35. The LCM of two polynomials p(x) and q(x) is (x + 3)(x – 2)2 (x – 6) and their HCF is (x – 2) .If
p(x) = (x + 3)(x – 2) 2 , then q(x) =
(A) (x + 3)(x – 2) (B) x2 – 3x – 18 (C) x2 – 8x + 12 (D) none of these

36. The GCD of two polynomials is (x – 1) and their LCM is x6 – 1. If one of the polynomials is x3 – 1, then the
other polynomial is
(A) x3 – 1 (B) x4 – x3 + x – 1 (C) x2 – x + 1 (D) None of these

37. The LCM of 2x and 8 is

(A) 6 (B) 4x (C) 8x (B) 16x

1 1
38. If x2 + 2
= 38, then the value of x – is
x x
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 0 (D) None of these

39. The simplest form of (2x + 3)3 – (2x – 3)3 is

(A) 54 + 72x2 (B) 72 + 54x2 (C) 54 + 54x2 (D) None of these

40. The simplest form of (p – q)3 + (q – r)3 + (r – p)3 is

(A) 4(p – q)(q – r)(r – p) (B) 2(p – q)(q – r)(r – p)
(C) 3(p – q)(q – r)(r – p) (D) None of these

41. The square root of x4 + 6x3 + 17x2 + 24x + 16 is

(A) x2 + 3x + 4 (B) 2x2 + 3x + 4 (C) 3x2 + 3x + 4 (D) None of these

42. p(x) = 3x2 + 11x + 6 3 is same as

(A) (x + 3 3)( 3 x + 2) (B) (x − 3 3)( 3 x + 2) (C) (x − 3 3)( 3 x − 2) (D) (x − 3 3)( 3 x + 2)

43. If the polynomial x19 + x17 + x13 + x11 + x7 + x5 + x3 is divided by (x2 + 1), then the remainder is
(A) 1 (B) x + 4 (C) –x (D) x

44. If (x – 2) is a common factor of x3 – 4x2 + ax + b and x3 – ax2 + bx + 8, then the values of a and b are
respectively
(A) 3 and 5 (B) 2 and –4 (C) 4 and 0 (D) 0 and 4

45. If the expressions ax3 + 3x2 – 3 and 2x3 – 5x + a on dividing by x – 4 leave the same remainder, then the
value of a is
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) –1

46. If the polynomial x6 + px5 + qx4 – x2 – x – 3 is divisible by x4 – 1, then the value of p2 + q2 is

(A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 10 (D) 13

47. If 3x3 + 2x2 – 3x + 4 = (Ax + B)(x – 1)(x + 2) + C(x – 1) + D for all values of x, then A + B + C + D is
(A) 0 (B) 14 (C) 10 (D) All of these

48. The expression x3 + gx2 + hx + k is divisible by both x and x – 2 but leaves a remainder of 24 when
divided by x + 2 then the values of g, h and k are
(A) g = 10, h = – 3, k = 0 (B) g = 3, h = – 10, k = 0
(C) g = 10, h = – 2, k = 3 (D) None of these

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49. The value of m if 2xm + x3 – 3x2 – 26 leaves a remainder of 226 when it is divided by x – 2.
(A) 0 (B) 7 (C) 10 (D) All of these

21
50. The expression Ax3 + x2 + Bx + C leaves remainder of when divided by 1 – 2x and 18 when
4
divided by x. Given also the expression has a factor of (x – 2), the values of A, B and C are
(A) A = 5, B = – 9, C = 3 (B) A = 27, B = – 18, C = 4
(C) A = 4, B = – 27, C = 18 (D) None of these

51. If h(x) = 2x3 + (6a2 – 10) x2 + (6a + 2). x – 14a – 2 is exactly divisible by x – 1 but not by x + 1, then
the value of a is
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 10 (D) 2

52. Given the polynomial is exactly divided by x + 1, and when it is divided by 3x – 1, the remainder is 4.
The polynomial gives a remainder hx + k when divided by 3x2 + 2x – 1 then the values of h and k are
(A) h = 2, k = 3 (B) h = 3, k = 3 (C) h = 3, k = 2 (D) None of these

53. The remainder when f(x) = (x4 – x3 + 2x – 3) g(x) is divided by x – 3, given that x – 3 is a factor of g(x) + 3,
where g(x) is a polynomial is
(A) 0 (B) –171 (C) 10 (D) 2

54. If x3 – hx2 + kx – 9 has a factor of x2 + 3, then the values of h and k are

(A) h = 3, k = 3 (B) h = 2, k = 2 (C) h = 2, k = 1 (D) None of these

55. The polynomial f(x) has roots of equations 3, –3, –k. Given that the coefficient of x3 is 2, and that f(x)
has a remainder of 8 when divided by x + 1, the value of k is
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/4 (C) 1/5 (D) 2

56. One of the factors of x3 + 3x2 – x – 3 is

(A) x + 1 (B) x + 2 (C) x – 2 (D) x – 3

57. If ax2 + 2a2x + b3 is divisible by x + a, then

(A) a = b (B) a + b = 0 (C) a2 – ab + b2 = 0 (D) a2 + 2ab + b2 = 0

58. If x3 + 2x2 + ax + b is exactly divisible by (x + a) and (x – 1), then

(A) a = –2 (B) b = –1 (C) a= –1 (D) b = 1

59. If f(x) = ax2 + bx + c is divided by (bx + c), then the remainder is

c2 ac 2  c ac 2 + 2b 2 c
(A) 2 (B) 2 + 2c (C) f  −  (D)
b b  b b2

60. ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e is exactly divisible by x2 – 1, when

(A) a + b +c + e = 0 (B) a + c + e = 0 (C) a + b = 0 (D) a + c + e = b + d = 1

61. The remainder of x4 + x3 – x2 + 2x + 3 when divided by x – 3 is

(A) 105 (B) 108 (C) 10 (D) None of these

62. If x – 3 is a factor of x3 + 3x2 + 3x + p, then the value of p is

(A) 0 (B) –63 (C) 10 (D) None of these
63. The value of ax2 + bx + c when x = 0 is 6. The remainder when dividing by x + 1 is 6. The remainder
when dividing by x + 2 is 8. Then the sum of a, b and c is
(A) 8 (B) –1 (C) 10 (D) None of these
64. xn – yn is divisible by x + y, when n is
(A) An odd positive integer (B) An even positive integer
(C) An integer (D) None of these

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65. The remainder obtained when 52009 + 132009 is divided by 18 is
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 10 (D) None of these

66. The sum of the coefficients of the polynomial p(x) = (3x – 2)17 (x + 1)4 is
(A) 16 (B) –1 (C) 10 (D) None of these

67. The remainder when x1999 is divided by x2 – 1 is

(A) – x (B) 3x (C) x (D) None of these

68. For the expression f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c, if f (1) = f(2) = 0 and f(4) = f(0). The values of a, b & c are
(A) a = – 9, b = 20, c = – 12 (B) a = 9, b = 20, c = 12
(C) a = – 1, b = 2, c = – 3 (D) None of these

69. If x + 1 is a factor of ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0 then

(A) a + c + e = b + d (B) a+ b = c + d (C) a + b + c + d + e = 0 (D) a + c + b = d + e

70. If (x – 3) is the factor of 3x3 – x2 + px + q then

(A) q + q = 72 (B) 3p + q = 72 (C) 3p + q = –72 (D) q – 3p = 72

71. For what values of n, (x + y) is a factor of (x – y)n.

(A) For all values of n. (B) 1
(C) Only for odd numbers (D) None of these
72. f(x) = 3x5 + 11x4 + 90x2 – 19x + 53 is divided by x + 5 then the remainder is
(A) 100 (B) –100 (C) –102 (D) 102

73. If (x – 3), (x – 3) is a factors of x3 – 4x2 – 3x + 18; then the other factor is

(A) x + 2 (B) x + 3 (C) x – 2 (D) x + 6

 −3 
74. If f   = 0 ; then for f(x), which of the following is a factor?
 4 
(A) 3x – 4 (B) 4x + 3 (C) –3x + 4 (D) 4x – 3

75. f(x) = 16x2 + 51x + 35 then one of the factors of f(x) is

(A) x – 1 (B) x + 3 (C) x – 3 (D) x + 1

76. If ax3 + 9x2 + 4x – 1 is divided by (x + 2), the remainder is –6; then the value of 'a' Is
33
(A) –3 (B) –2 (C) 0 (D)
8

77. If a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3 is divided by (a – b), then the remainder is

(A) a2 – ab + b2 (B) a2 + ab + b2 (C) 1 (D) 0

78. If y = f(x) = mx + c; then f(y) in terms of x is

(A) mx + m + c (B) m + me+ c (C) m2x + me + c (D) m2x + m2c

79. If 7 + 3x is a factor of 3x3 + 7x, then the remainder is

490 −490 470
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
9 9 9
x2 x 2 2
80. The remainder when f(x) = 3x4 + 2x3 – − − + is divided by g(x) = x + is
3 9 27 3
(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) –2

81. The remainder when 1 + x + x2 + x3 + .......... + x2006 is divided by x – 1 is

(A) 2005 (B) 2006 (C) 2007 (D) 2008

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82. If (x + 1) is a factor of x4 + (p – 3)x3 – (3p – 5)x2 + (2p – 9) x + 6 then the value of p is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

83. If the remainder when the polynomial f(x) is divided by x – 1, x + 1 are 6, 8 respectively then the
remainder when f(x) is divided by (x – 1)(x + 1) is
(A) 7 – x (B) 7 + x (C) 8 – x (D) 8 + x

84. The remainder when x100 is divided by x2 – 3x + 2 is

(A) (2100 – 1) x + (–2100 + 2) (B) (2100 + 1) x + (–2100 – 2)
(C) (2 – 1) x + (–2 – 2)
100 100
(D) None of these

85. Find the remainder obtained when x2007 is divisible by x2 – 1.

(A) x2 (B) x (C) x + 1 (D) –x

86. The remainder on dividing 121n – 25n + 1900n – (–4)n by 2000 is

(A) 1 (B) 1000 (C) 100 (D) 0

87. The quotient and remainder when x2002 – 2001 is divided by x91 are respectively.
(A) x91 × 22, 2001 (B) x91, 2001 (C) x91×2l, –2001 (D) x9, –2001

EXERCISE – 03

NTSE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

1. One of the factors of the expression x4 + 8x is: [Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2006]
(A) x2 + 2 (B) x2 + 8 (C) x + 2 (D) x – 2

2. One of the factors of the expression (2x – 3y)2 – 7 (2x – 3y) – 30 is : [Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2007]
(A) 2x – 3y – 10 (B) 2x – 3y + 10 (C) 3x – 2y + 5 (D) 6x – 4y – 15

1 1
3. If x + = 3, then the value of x6 + 6 is : [Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2013]
x x
(A) 927 (B) 114 (C) 364 (D) 322

4. If (a – 5)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – d)2 + (b + c + d – 9)2 = 0, then the value of (a + b + c) (b + c + d) is :

[Haryana NTSE Stage-1 2013]
(A) 0 (B) 11 (C) 33 (D) 99

5. If x + y + z = 1, then 1 – 3x2 – 3y2 – 3z2 + 2x3 + 2y3 +2z3 is equal to :

[Haryana NTSE Stage-1 2013]
(A) 6xyz (B) 3xyz (C) 2xyz (D) xyz

1 1
6. If x + = 4, then the value of x6 + 6 is : [Delhi NTSE Stage - 1 2013]
x x
(A) 927 (B) 114 (C) 364 (D) 2702

7. If a + b = 6 and ab = 8, then a3 + b3 = ............. [Gujarat NTSE Stage - 1 2013]

(A) 18 (B) 36 (C) 54 (D) 72

8. If polynomial P(x) = 3x3 – x2 – ax – 45 has one zero of 3, then a = ................

[Gujarat NTSE Stage - 1 2013]
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 12

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 69

9. If one factor of 27x3 + 64y3 is (3x + 4y) what is the second factor ?
[Gujarat NTSE Stage - 1 2013]
(A) (3x – 4y)
2
(B) (3x + 12xy + 4y ) (C) (9x +12xy – 16y ) (D) (9x2 –12xy + 16y2)
2 2 2 2

10. Which one of the following is a factor of the expression (a + b)3 – (a – b)3 ?
[Madhya Pradesh NTSE Stage-1 2013]
(A) a (B) 3a – b
2
(C) 2b (D) (a + b) (a – b)

11. If x + 3, divides x3 + 5x2 + kx, then k is equal to : [Odisha NTSE Stage-1 2013]
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8

12. If x2 – x – 1 = 0, then the value of x3 – 2x +1 is - [Haryana NTSE Stage-1 2014]

1+ 5 1− 5
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) (D)
2 2

13. If x% of y is equal to 1% of z, y% of z is equal to 1% of x and z% of x is equal to 1% of y, then the

value of xy + yz + zx is - [Haryana NTSE Stage-1 2014]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

14. If (x + a)2 + (y + b)2 = 4 (ax + by), where x, a, y, b are real, the value of xy – ab is :
[West Bengal NTSE Stage-1 2014]
(A) a (B) 0 (C) b (D) None of these

15. If a + b + c = 0 and a2 + b2 + c2 = k (a2 – bc) then k = ......... . [Bihar NTSE Stage-1 2014]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

16. If (x – 2) is a factor of polynomial x3 + 2x2 – kx +10. Then the value of k will be :

[Chhattisgarh NTSE Stage-1 2014]
(A) 10 (B) 13 (C) 16 (D) 9

x+a x+b x +c
17. If + + + 3 = 0, a > 0, b > 0, c > 0, then the value of x is :
b+c c+a a +b
[Delhi NTSE Stage - 1 2014]
(A) – (a2 + b2 + c2) (B) (a + b + c) (C) – (a + b + c) (D) a +b+c

1
18. If x = , then value of x2 + 2x + 3 is : [Delhi NTSE Stage - 1 2014]
1+ 2
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) 4 (D) 1

1 1 5 1
19. If x + = 5, then x3 – 5x2 + x + 3 − 2 + =.......... : [Bihar NTSE Stage-1 2014]
x x x x
(A) –5 (B) 0 (C) 5 (D) 10

20. If x + y = 1 then x3 + y3 + 3xy = ..... [Jharkhand NTSE Stage - 1 2014]

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) None of these

21. If x – y = 5, xy = 24 then the value of x3 + y3 will be - [Uttar Pradesh NTSE Stage-1 2014]
(A) 23 (B) 73 (C) 65 (D) 74

1 1
22. If x + = 2 then x+ will be . [Uttar Pradesh NTSE Stage-1 2014]
x x
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2+1 (D) 1

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 70

23. If x + y = 8, xy = 15, the value of x2 + y2 will be [Uttar Pradesh NTSE Stage-1 2014]
(A) 32 (B) 34 (C) 36 (D) 38

24. If p – q = – 8 and p.q. = – 12 then the value of p3 – q3 is : [Madhya Pradesh NTSE Stage-1 2014]
(A) 224 (B) – 224 (C) 242 (D) – 242

25. (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) – abc is equal to the [Madhya Pradesh NTSE Stage-1 2014]
(A) (a + b) (c + b) (c + a) (B) (a – b) (b + c) (c + a)
(C) (a + b) (b – c) (c + a) (D) (a + b) (b + c) (c – a)

26. Find the factors of the polynomial 8a3 + 27b3 + 64c3 – 72abc. [Maharashtra NTSE Stage-1 2014]
(A) (2a + 3b + 4c) (4a2 + 9b2 + 16c2 – 6ab + 12bc – 8ac)
(B) (2a + 3b + 4c) (4a2 + 9b2 + 16c2 + 6ab – 12bc + 8ac)
(C) (2a + 3b + 4c) (4a2 + 9b2 + 16c2 – 6ab – 12bc – 8ac)
(D) (2a + 3b + 4c) (4a2 + 9b2 + 16c2 – 6ab – 12bc + 8ac)
23 7
p q p q
27. If + = 2 , what is the value of   +  [Delhi NTSE Stage - 1 2015]
q p q p
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) –2 (D) none of these

 1  1  1  
28. Value of 1 + 1 + 1 +  − 1 is [Delhi NTSE Stage - 1 2015]
 x x +1
 x+2
  
(A) 3 (B) 2x (C) 5x (D) 1

3.75  3.75 + 1.25 1.25 − 2  3.75 1.25

29. Simplify the value of [Delhi NTSE Stage - 1 2015]
3.75  3.75 −1.25 1.25
(A) 5.0 (B) 0.5 (C) 2.5 (D) 1.5

30. If p(x)= 2x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 4 is divided by (x – 2), what is remainder ? [Gujarat NTSE Stage - 1 2015]
(A) 12 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) –10

31. What is the co-efficient of x2y2 in the expansion of (x + y)4 ? [Gujarat NTSE Stage - 1 2015]
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6

32. Zeroes of which quadratic polynomial are 4 and 3. [Gujarat NTSE Stage - 1 2015]
(A) x2 + 7x + 12 (B) x2 – 7x + 12 (C) x2 + 7x – 12 (D) x2 – 7x – 12

1
33. If x2 – 3x + 1 = 0, then the value of x5 + [Jharkhand NTSE Stage - 1 2015]
x5
(A) 87 (B) 123 (C) 135 (D) 201

xy xz yz
34. If =a, and, = c, where a, b, c are non-zero numbers, then the value of x ?
x+y x+z y+z
[Jharkhand NTSE Stage - 1 2015]
2abc 2abc abc 2abc
(A) (B) (C) (D)
ab + ac − bc ac + bc − ab ab + bc − ac ab + bc − ac
 1 1 1 
35. If pqr = 1, then the value of  −1
+ −1
+ −1 
[Odisha NTSE Stage-1 2015]
 1+ p + a 1+ a + r 1+ r + p 
(A) 0 (B) pq (C) 1 (D) pq

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 71

 2 2
+2ab 2
−b 2
36. The square root of x b x b xa is [Rajasthan NTSE Stage-1 2016]
a +b (a + b) 2

(A) x2(a+b) (B) x 2

(C) x 2
(D) xa + b

(a + b) 2 (b+ c) (c+ a) 2
37. If a + b + c = 0, then the value of + + is [Rajasthan NTSE Stage-1 2016]
ab bc ca
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) – 3

38. One of the factors of 81a4 + (x – 2a) (x – 5a) (x – 8a) (x – 11a) is : [Haryana NTSE Stage-1 2016]
(A) x2 –13ax + 31a2 (B) x2 +13ax + 31a2 (C) x2 +18ax – 31a2 (D) x2 –18ax + 31a2

 1 1
39. If f  2x +  = x2 + + 1(x  0), the value of f(x) is [West Bengal NTSE Stage-1 2016]
 x 4x 2
2 2
1 1 1 2  1
(A) 4x2 (B)  2x +  (C) x (D) 4  2x + 
4 x 4  x

40. If 2r = h + r 2 + h 2 , the value of r : h is (r, h  0) [West Bengal NTSE Stage-1 2016]

(A) 4 : 3 (B) 3 : 4 (C) 1 : 2 (D) 2 : 1

41. Let a, b, x, y be real numbers such that a2 + b2 = 81, x2 + y2 = 121 and ax + by = 99. Then the values of
ay – bx is : [West Bengal NTSE Stage-1 2016]
(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) None of these

(0.03) 2 − (0.01) 2
42. The value of is [Bihar NTSE Stage-1 2016]
0.03 − 0.01
(A) 0.02 (B) 0.004 (C) 0.4 (D) 0.04

43. If (x + 2), is a factor of 2x3 – 5x + K, then the value of k is [Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2016]
(A) 6 (B) –6 (C) 26 (D) –26

(a + b) 2 (b+ c) 2 (c+ a) 2
44. If a + b + c = 0, then the value of + + is [Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2016]
ab bc ca
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) –3

45. The simplified form of the expression given below is [Delhi NTSE Stage - 1 2016]
y −x
4 4
y 3
−
x(x + y) x
y2 − xy + x 2
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) 2

4xy a + 2x a + 2y
46. If a = , the value of + in most simplified form is [Delhi NTSE Stage - 1 2016]
x+y a − 2x a − 2y
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) 2

47. If x, y, z are real numbers such that x − 1 + y − 2 + z − 3 = 0 then the values of x, y, z are
respectively [Delhi NTSE Stage - 1 2016]
(A) 1, 2, 3 (B) 0, 0, 0 (C) 2, 3, 1 (D) 2, 4, 1

48. If x – 2 is a factor of 3x4 – 2x3 + 7x2 – 21x + k then the value of K is [Gujarat NTSE Stage - 1 2016]
(A) 2 (B) 9 (C) 18 (D) – 18

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 72

49. If 2x + 3y + z = 0 then 8x3 + 27y3 + z3  xyz is equal to [Uttar Pradesh NTSE Stage-1 2017]
(A) 0 (B) 6 (C) 18 (D) 9

1 1
50. If p = x + then the value of p − will be- [Uttar Pradesh NTSE Stage-1 2017]
x p
3 x4 + x2 +1 x 4 + 3x 2 + 1
(A) 3x (B) (C) (D)
x x3 + x x3 + x

1 2
51. Factors of c – 2c – 9 are- [Uttar Pradesh NTSE Stage-1 2017]
3
1  1  1   1
(A)  c + 3  (c + 3) (B)  c − 3  (c − 3) (C)  c − 3  (c + 3) (D)  c −  (3c+ 1)
3  3  3   3

52. If a polynomial x4 – 4x2 + x3 + 2x + 1 is divided by x – 1, then remainder will be

[Rajasthan NTSE Stage-I/18]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 9 (D) –1

53. If x2 + 4y2 + 9z2 – 4xy –12yz + 6xz = 0, then [Rajasthan NTSE Stage-I/18]
(A) x = 2y – 3z (B) x = y – 3z (C) 2x = y – 3z (D) x = 3y – 2z

54. A polynomial which divided by x + 2, the quotient is 2x2 – 3x + 1, and reminder is 5. The polynomial
will be – [Chhattisgarh NTSE Stage-I/18]
(A) 2x + x – 5x + 7 (B) 2x – x + 5x + 7 (C) 2x + x+ + 5x + 7 (D) 2x3 + x2 – 5x – 7
3 2 3 2 3

a+b
55. If a2 + b2 = 234 and ab =108, find the value of [Jharkhand NTSE Stage–I/18]
a−b
(A) 10 (B) 8 (C) 5 (D) 4

56. Zero of the polynomial p(x) = 2x + 1 is : [Madhya Pradesh NTSE Stage-I/18]

1 1
(A) − (B) (C) 0 (D) ∞
2 2

57. Remainder on dividing polynomial 3x2 – x3 – 3x + 5 by x –1 – x2 is

[Madhya Pradesh NTSE Stage-I/18]
(A) 7 (B) 3 (C) 0 (D) 2x + 5

VALUE BASED / PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS

MARKED QUESTIONS MAY HAVE FOR REVISION QUESTIONS.
1. Kishan sells x kg of apple at the rate of Rs. 80 per kg, some oranges at the rate of Rs. 40 per kg. Along
that he sells 10 kg pomegranate at the rate of Rs. 120 per kg. Oranges quantity is equal to the square of
the apple quantity.
(i) Write an equation of the total cost of the quantity.
(ii) Write an equation of the total quantity.
(iii) Which mathematical concept is used here ?
(iv) Find the degree of equation of total cost of quantity.
(v) If Kishan sells 5 kg apple, then how much money he earn?

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 73

2. Ram and Sanya students of class VII decided to collect donations for prime minister drought relief
fund. The money collected by Sanya is 100 more than square of money collected by Ram.
(i) Express the total money collected by both of them in the form of polynomial.
(ii) Find the degree of the polynomial so formed.
(iii) What values are exhibited by them ?

3. Two friends start a business together. They decided to share their capitals depending upon a variable
expenditure. The capital polynomial of the two partners together is given by polynomial 6x2 + 11x – 35.
Which is the product of their individual share factors.
(i) Find their factors
(ii) Are their capital shares same ?
(iii) Write the value depicted by this question.

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 74

Answer Key

BOARD LEVEL EXERCISE

TYPE (I) : VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS : [01 MARK EACH]
1. 0 2. Not defined 3. 1 4. 5 5. 50
6. 27 7. 1/4 8. 3abc 9. a = 2
10. (i) (x + 3) (x + 6) (ii) (3x – 1) (2x + 3) (iii) (2x + 3) (x – 5) (iv) 2 (6 – r) (r + 7)
11. (i) 1092727 (ii) 10302 (iii) 998001

TYPE (II) : SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS : [02 MARKS EACH]

12. (i) No (ii) Yes 13. 1/3
14. (i) 77760 (ii) 3 (x – y) (y – z) (z – x)
15. (i) 6 (ii) 1/5 (iii) – 1 (iv) 1/5
16. (i) 10x (ii) x20 + 1 (iii) 2x2 – x – 1
−31
17. 18. Q = x3 + x2 + x + 1; R = 2 20. m = – 2
4

TYPE (III) : LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: [03 MARK EACH]

21. (i) (a – 2b – 4c) (a2 + 4b2 + 16c2 + 2ab – 8bc + 4ac)
(ii) ( 2 a + 2b – 3c) (2a2 + 4b2 + 9c2 – 2 2 ab + 6bc + 3 2 2ac )
22. (i) 0 (ii) 0 23. 756 24. – 1
25. x3 – 8y3 – z3 – 6xyz 27. – 250y3 – 120x2y

TYPE (IV): VERY LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [04 MARK EACH]
29. 62

EXERCISE – 01

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A) : Classification of polynomials
A.1 0 A.2 – 8 A.3 Infinite A.4 – 3 A.5 yes
−13
A.7 A.8 p = 3, q = – 3
3

Section (B) : Algebraic identity

B.1 997002999 B.2 3xyz
1
B.3 (i) 25x2 + 16y2 + 40xy (ii) 16x2 + 25y2 – 40xy (iii) 4x2 + −4
x2
B.4 19440 B.5 –4 5 + 2 3 + 2 7 B.6 370. B.7 189.
B.8 – 36. B.9 3. B.12 180. B.13 0

Section (C) : Factorization

C.1 (i) (5x – 1 – 6y) (5x – 1 + 6y). (ii) (x + 5 ) (2x + 5 ).
2
 1 
(iii)  x + − 2 (iv) (2y + 1) (y + 1)(y – 1)
 x 
C.2 (i) (x2 + 5x + 3) (x2 + 5x + 7). (ii) (4a – 3b)3.
(iii) (x + y)3(x – y). (iv) (x – 1) (x + 1) (x + 3) (x – 2).
(v) (x – 12)(x – 10) and (x – 1) (vi) (x +1)(x + 2)(x + 10).

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 75

 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A) : Classification of polynomials
A.1 (D) A.2 (B) A.3 (C) A.4 (C) A.5 (C)
A.6 (B) A.7 (B) A.8 (C) A.9 (C) A.10 (A)
Section (B) : Algebraic identity
B.1 (A) B.2 (C) B.3 (C) B.4 (D) B.5 (C)
B.6 (D) B.7 (A) B.8 (B) B.9 (B)
Section (C) : Factorization
C.1 (C) C.2 (C) C.3 (B) C.4 (A) C.5 (A)
C.6 (C)

EXERCISE – 02

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. B D A A C D A D D A B D A C C B D A B A
Ques. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. D C B A B C C A C B A B D A C B C A A C
Ques. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. A A C C A C B B B C D B B A A A A C C B
Ques. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. B B A B A A C A A C D C A B D D D C B C
Ques. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87
Ans. C D A A B D C

EXERCISE – 03

Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. C A D D A D D C D C C B C B B C C C B B
Ques. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. B B B B A C B A C C D B B B C C C A C A
Ques. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
Ans. C D A C C D A D C C C B A A C A B

VALUE BASED / PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS

1. (i) p(x) = 80x + 40x2 + 1200
(ii) equation of total quantity is g(x) = x + x2 + 10
(iii) polynomial concept is used
(iv) degree of p(x) is 2
(v) Rs. 2600
2. (i) p(x) = x+ x + 100
(ii) degree of p(x) is 2
(iii) Children are slowly aware to the nation.
3. (i) (2x + 7) (3x – 5)
(ii) Their capital shares are (2x + 7) and (3x – 5). They are not same
(iii) The value depicted is that friend in a locality can come together and start business with small
amount as their capital putting together.

H1 – 226 R, Indraprastha Industrial Area (IPIA), Road No. 5, Kota (Raj.) 76