Explorationof Oiland Gasprospectsinthe Northwesterpartofthe Offshore Indus Basin Pakistan
Explorationof Oiland Gasprospectsinthe Northwesterpartofthe Offshore Indus Basin Pakistan
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Exploration prospects of oil and gas in the Northwestern part of the Offshore
Indus Basin, Pakistan
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Exploration prospects of oil and gas in the Northwestern part of the Offshore Indus
Basin, Pakistan
Jian-ming Gonga, b, c, Jing Liaoa, b,*, Jie Lianga, b, Bao-hua Leia, b, Jian-wen Chena, b, Muhammad Khalidd,
Syed Waseem Haidere, Ming Mengf
a
Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China
b
Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
c
College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
d
Pakistan Hydrographic Department 11, Liaquat Barracks Shahrae Faisal KARACHI-75530, Pakistan
e
National Institute of Oceanography, St-47, Block-1,Clifton, Karachi, Pakistan
f
School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
©2020 China Geology Editorial Office.
1. Introduction the northwestern part has been less surveyed, with a density of
exploration grid of only 16×16 km. In this paper, to identify
The sea area (Arabian Sea) of Pakistan is comprised the oil and gas resource potential and to make a breakthrough
mainly of the Offshore Indus Basin, Makran Accretionary in oil and gas exploration in the northwestern part, the
Prism, and Oman Abyssal Plain. The former two areas have potential and prospects of the oil and gas resources in the
been explored for oil and gas resources for nearly 60 years, northwestern part of the Offshore Indus Basin are explored
with a total of 18 wells being drilled. As a result, only a small based on the comprehensive research of the regional
amount of natural gas was obtained in the Miocene sandstones geological features and the geological conditions and
of the Offshore Indus Basin during the drilling of Well reservoir formation of oil and gas.
Pakcan 1, with no commercial oil and gas resources being
discovered (Shuaib SM, 1982; Shuaib SM et al., 1999). The 2. Regional geological background
eastern part of the Offshore Indus Basin has been extensively
The sea area of Pakistan stretches across three plates. It
surveyed, achieving a density of exploration grid of up to 4× can be divided into five tectonic elements according to the
8 km on average and up to 2×4 km in some areas. In contrast,
Copyright © 2020 Editorial Office of China Geology. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd.
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634 Gong et al. / China Geology 4 (2020) 633−642
Makran Accretionary Prism is a part of the Eurasian Plate deep-water area, namely Anne 1x, Pak-G2 1, and Kekra 1.
(Liu B et al., 2020; Zhang Z et al., 2020), the Oman Abyssal The remaining 11 wells are located in the shallow shelf.
Plain is a component of the Arabian Plate, and the Offshore Among them, only a small amount of natural gas was
Indus Basin is a part of the Indian Plate. The Indian Plate is obtained in the Miocene sandstone during the drilling of Well
separated from the Arabian Plate by the NE-SW-trending Pakcan 1, while other wells are dry wells (Jiang KX et al.,
right-lateral strike-slip fault of Murray Ridge. 2016), including the latest Well Kekra 1 completed in June
As the second-largest submarine fan in the world, the 2019 (Table 1; Fig. 2). Pakistani experts and the oil
Indus Fan can be further divided into three major submarine companies considered that these were mainly attributed to
fans, namely the upper fan, the middle fan, and the lower fan. insufficient hydrocarbon charge and poor quality of
The Offshore Indus Basin lies in the upper fan, with the area reservoirs.
accounting for about 90% of the total area of the upper fan. It
was concluded from previous survey and research results that 3. Cretaceous strata widely developing in the offshore
the Offshore Indus Basin was mainly comprised of Cenozoic Indus Basin
strata, with a maximum thickness up to 11000 m (Kolla V et
al., 1987; Clift P et al., 2002; Daley T et al., 2002); during the Indus Basin is the largest sedimentary basin and oil and
Paleocene–Eocene, carbonate platform and its related organic gas energy base in Pakistan, and the Cretaceous strata in this
reef developed on the top of Deccan volcanic seamount basin serves as both important source rocks and key reservoirs
(Shahzad K et al., 2018; Khurram S et al., 2019) and deep-sea (Huang ZX et al., 2005; Zaigham NA and Mallick KA, 2000;
shale was deposited in the depression area between the Li LT et al., 2015; Lin WD, 2008; Clift P et al., 2002; Chen X
carbonate platforms; during the Oligocene –Quaternary, et al., 2017a; Yang JF et al., 2019). Among the Cretaceous,
hugely thick sediments developed in the Indus Fan, while the shale of the Lower Cretaceous Sembar Formation are the
large-size channel –levee sediments developed during main source rocks (TOC: 1.72%–2.55%, Ro: 1.27%–2.06%),
Miocene–Holocene (Mchargue TR and Webb J, 1986; Droz L while the sandstones of the Lower Cretaceous Lower Goru
et al., 1991). Formation serve as the main reservoirs. Therefore, it is of
Fourteen wells have been drilled in the Offshore Indus great significance to find out whether the Cretaceous exists in
Basin, Pakistan up to now, including three wells located in the the Offshore Indus Basin.
26°N
PAKISTAN
Eurasian Plate
B
nary Pr ism
Makran Accretio 4
Fig.
24°N
la te
A ra b ia n P
e
Ridg
rray Offshore Indus Basin
lP lain Mu
Ku
Abyssa Fi
g.
tch
an 5
Om
Bas
in
e
22°N dg
Ri
A nath
e
m
tur
So
ac
Fr
en
According to the comprehensive analysis of the drilling beneath Deccan volcanic rocks during the drilling of wells
data of the sea area, onshore-offshore stratigraphic Karachi South A-1 and Dabbo Creek 1 located in the northern
correlation, and seismic interpretation results, the Cretaceous shelf region of the Offshore Indus Basin (Khurram S et al.,
was believed to widely exist in the Offshore Indus Basin for 2019) (Fig. 3). Second, the Cretaceous was discovered by
four major reasons. First, Cretaceous shale was discovered drilling to be widely distributed in the onshore area of the
Table 1. Oil and gas drilling results in the sea area of Pakistan.
No. Well name Operator Year TD/m Result and reasons
1 Dabbo Creek 1 Sun 1963 4354 Drill off structure
2 Patiani Creek 1 Sun 1964 2659 Drill off structure
3 Korangi Creek 1 Sun 1964 4140 Possible seal failure
4 Indus Marine A-1 Wintershall 1972 2841 Poor reservoir quality
5 Indus Marine B-1 Wintershall 1972 3804 Mechanical failure
6 Indus Marine C-1 Wintershall 1975 1942 High formation pressure
7 Jal Pari 1A Marathon 1976 2007 High formation pressure
8 Karachi South A-1 Husky 1978 3353 Poor reservoir quality
9 Pakcan 1 OGDC 1985 3701 Edge of sand body
10 Sadaf 1 Occidental 1989 3980 Lack of charge
11 Shaikh Nadin 1 Canterbury 1992 1679 Gas show
12 Pasni 1 OPC 1999 3569 Reservoir not encountered
13 Gwadar 1 OPC 2000 3810 Reservoir not encountered
14 Pak-G2 1 Total 2004 4750 Lack of charge
15 Pasni X-2 PPL 2005 4000 Reservoir not encountered
16 Anne 1x Shell 2007 3268 Reservoir not encountered
17 Shark 1 Eni 2010 3503 Lack of charge
18 Kekra 1 Eni 2019 5693 Lack of charge
26°N
PAKISTAN
Gwadar
Jal Pari 1A
Gwadar 1 Pasni 1
Karachi
25°N Pasni X-2
Korangi Creek 1
−1000 m
Indus Marine C-1
ism
Makran A ccretionary Pr Karachi South A-1 Patiani Creek 1
−2000 m Dabbo Creek 1
Shark 1
Shaikh Nadin 1
−3000 m Indus Marine B-1
24°N
-1000 m Sadaf 1 Pakcan 1
23°N −2000 m
e
Ridg Offshore Indus Basin
y
u rra Kekra 1
M
Pak-G2 1
22°N −3000 m
Wells
Mud volcanoes
Water depth
Cities
0 25 50 100 km
EEZ
Indus Basin (Carmichael SM et al., 2009) (Fig. 4), with a Basin, thickens toward the sea area (Biswas SK, 1982).
large thickness of about 3000 m (Chen X et al., 2017b; Chen Meanwhile, natural gas was discovered in the Cretaceous
X et al., 2017c). Third, the Cretaceous in Kutch Basin, which sandstones during the drilling of two wells (GK-39 1 and GK-
is closely adjacent to the eastern part of the Offshore Indus 22C 1). Finally, as indicated by the latest interpretation results
Alluvium
Pliesto
Pliocene Shelf area Deep water
W E SW
71 km 29 km 13 km 4.3 km 288 km
Miocene
Gaj
GR DT GR DT GR DT GR DT GR DT GR DT
Chattian
Oligocene
200 m
Nari
Priabo/Barto- Rupelian
DU
Kirthar
nian
Eocene
Laki-Ghazij
Lutetian
Laki-Ghazij
Ypresian
Top basement
Thane-
Paleocene
dian tian
(Deccan)
Ranikot
Maastrichtian-Campanian DanianSelan-
Pa
leo
Cretaceous
ge
ne
24°N
Sandstone
Mughalkot
she
Shale lf
edge
Limestone
Deccan volcanic rock
23°N
0 100 km
22°N
66°E 67°E
Fig. 3. Cretaceous shale discovered during the drilling of wells Karachi South A-1 and Dabbo Creek 1, while Paleocene-Eocene limestone dis-
covered during drilling of Well Pak-G2 1 (after Khurram S et al., 2019).
Dabbo Patiani
SW Pak-G2 1 Indus MarineA-1 Pakcan 1 Creek 1 Creek 1 NE
0 Paleocene-Eocene 0
1 Upper Cretaceous 1
2 Lower Cret. 2
TWT/S
3 ne 3
Plei stoce Jurassic
Plio-
4 s 4
u
Mioc
ene ceo Basement
5 reta 5
pper C
arly(?) ?U
6 Oligocene-E 6
Miocene
ne
7 Eoce 7
cene-
Paleo
of seismic data, there is a set of weakly continuous seismic lithology and TOC of Paleocene–Eocene source rocks in the
reflection signals with medium –weak amplitude beneath the Indus Basin and Kutch Basin (Table 2), the Indus Basin is
Paleocene–Eocene Series, with the two-way travel time of the mainly comprised of shale, while Kutch Basin contains coal
signals ranging 1000 –2000 ms. The strata featuring the seams besides shale. Moreover, the abundance of organic
seismic reflection signals were preliminarily interpreted to be matter in the Indus Basin is slightly higher than that in the
the Cretaceous (Fig. 5). It can be seen from Fig. 5 that the Kutch Basin. Therefore, it can be inferred that the types of
Cretaceous tends to thicken toward the northwestern part of organic matter in Paleocene – Eocene mudstones in the Indus
the basin on the side of the strike-slip fault zone of Murray Basin may be slightly more favorable than those in Kutch
Ridge. Basin. Since Type-Ⅲ organic matter was found in the
Paleocene –Eocene mudstones by drilling of offshore Well
4. Geological conditions of oil and gas in the northwestern KS1-1, it is believed that the organic matter in two sets of
part of the Offshore Indus Basin potential source rocks in the Offshore Indus Basin is of Type-
Ⅱ and Type-Ⅲ and thus is both matured.
4.1. Favorable hydrocarbon generation conditions As indicated by previous interpretation results, the
sedimentary center of the Paleocene –Eocene mudstones is
Three sets of source rocks, namely the Cretaceous, located in the northwestern part of the Offshore Indus Basin
Paleocene–Eocene, and Miocene source rocks are believed to (Jiang KX et al., 2016), with a maximum thickness of about
possibly exist in the Offshore Indus Basin according to the 900 m (Fig. 7). Meanwhile, the interpretation results of
comprehensive analysis of the drilling data and onshore- seismic data in this study show that the Cretaceous thickens
offshore stratigraphic correlation results (Table 2; Fig. 6) toward the northwest (Fig. 5). Therefore, the northwestern
(Yang JF et al., 2019; Chen X et al., 2017b; Chen X et al., part of the Offshore Indus Basin features thick source rocks
2017c; Syed AA et al., 2011; Gaedicke C et al., 2002; Qian K and thus boasts favorable hydrocarbon generation conditions.
et al., 2017; Wang WG, 2014). Among them, the Miocene
source rocks have been proven present by drilling of Well 4.2. Favorable reservoir conditions
Pakcan 1, with a mudstone thickness of 300 m, an average
TOC up to 2%, and an average Ro of 0.8% (Carmichael SM et There are two sets of proven reservoirs in the Offshore
Indus Basin as indicated by the drilling data, namely the
al., 2009). Therefore, they are of high quality. The potential
widely distributed Miocene channel sandstones and locally
source rocks include Cretaceous mudstones and the
distributed Paleocene –Eocene reef limestone. According to
Paleocene –Eocene mudstones interbedded with coal seams. drilling data of Well Pakcan 1, the Miocene reservoirs are
As for the former, the TOC is up to 3% –3.5%, Ro ranges comprised of medium to fine-grained sandstones and
1.27%–2.06%, and the types of organic matter include Ⅱ and siltstones and a small amount of coarse-grained sandstones
III (Aadil N et al., 2014; Sheikh N et al., 2017). As for the and inequigranular sandstones, with a thickness of 2 –50 m.
Paleocene and Eocene mudstones interbedded with coal The sandstones are loose to medium-hardness, and thus it can
seams, the TOCs are up to 3% and 3.7%, respectively, and Ro be inferred that the intergranular pores are developed. As
ranges 1.01% –1.11% (Biswas SK, 1982). In terms of the indicated by the analysis of physical properties, the Miocene
0
W E
1
2 0 20 km
3
Pliocene-Quaternary
4
Miocene
TWT/s
5 Oligocene
6
Paleocene-Eocene
7 Murray Ridge
Cretaceous Cretaceous
8 Somnath Ridge
Fig. 5. NW-SE-trending seismic interpretation profile across the Offshore Indus Basin (Location of the profile see Fig. 1).
638 Gong et al. / China Geology 4 (2020) 633−642
reservoirs feature a porosity of 15% –20% and thus are both favorable reservoirs. Secondly, the Cretaceous
favorable reservoirs. In addition, according to the analysis of sandstones in the onshore Indus Basin are also a set of
core data of wells Indus Marine A-1 and Indus Marine B-1, important reservoirs. They feature high sorting degree and
the Miocene sandstones feature a porosity and permeability of rounding, with an average porosity of 20% and a permeability
mainly 20%–25% and 100–500 mD, respectively. Therefore, of mainly 10 –4000 mD. Therefore, three sets of reservoirs
they are favorable reservoirs. The Paleocene –Eocene reef may exist in the Offshore Indus Basin, and thus the basin
limestone or shoal limestone have been proven to be present features favorable reservoir conditions in general. It can be
by the drilling of wells Pak-G2 1 and Kekra 1. According to seen from the latest interpretation results of seismic data (Fig.
the drilling data of Well Pak-G2 1, the carbonate reservoirs 5) that, with the Somnath volcanic platform (also called
consist of the bioclastic limestone, bio-framework reef Somnath Ridge) as a boundary, the Cretaceous of the
limestone, and packstones, with bio-framework pores and Offshore Indus Basin thickens toward the eastern and western
intergranular pores developing. As indicated by the analysis sides. Meanwhile, the Cretaceous reservoirs in the
of physical properties, the porosities of the Paleocene and northwestern may enjoy more favorable reservoir conditions
Eocene reservoirs are 27% and 26%, respectively, and thus since the northern part is far away from the Somnath volcanic
the two kinds of reservoirs are favorable reservoirs. The reef
platform.
limestone discovered by the drilling of Well Pak-G2 1 is
about 350 m thick on the seismic profile, and the porosity of 4.3. Tectonic-lithologic traps developing
the Eocene limestone discovered by the drilling of Well Kekra
1 is 20%–28% (Table 3). The Offshore Indus Basin is located on a passive
According to the results of analogy with Kutch Basin continental margin. It features weak tectonic activities, with a
adjacent to the sea area and the onshore Indus Basin, it is very few faults and folds developing besides a small number of
possible that Cretaceous sandstone reservoirs exist in the normal faults developing in the continental shelf subject to
Offshore Indus Basin. The evidence is as follows. Firstly, 22 gravity. However, a number of tectonic-lithologic traps are
offshore wells have been drilled in Kutch Basin up to now, developed in the northwestern part of the Offshore Indus
among which oil and gas were discovered in four wells and Basin owing to uplifting and strike-slipping of the adjacent
natural gas was discovered in Cretaceous sandstones in two Murray Ridge.
wells, namely GK-22C 1 and GK-39 1. The two wells were As indicated by the interpretation results of seismic data,
drilled in 1995 and 2001, respectively and their recoverable there are four types of traps in Offshore Indus Basin, namely
reserves of natural gas in Cretaceous sandstones are up to drape anticlines, wide and gentle anticlines, faulted anticlines,
168.8×106 m3 and 472×106 m3, respectively. The reservoirs and lithologic traps. The northwestern part of the basin is
discovered by the two wells are both composed of sandstones adjacent to the strike-slip fault zone of Murray Ridge.
of delta –neritic facies, with a porosity of 18% –25% and a Therefore, the fault carrier system in this region is more
permeability of mainly 32.8 –1000 mD. Therefore, they are developed than that in other areas, which is favorable to the
Table 2. Onshore-offshore correlation of source rocks in the Offshore Indus Basin and its adjacent areas.
Basin/Well No. Era Lithology TOC/% Type Ro/% Remarks
Indus Basin Lower Cretaceous Sembar Shale 3.5 Ⅱ and Ⅲ 0.87
(primary) Upper Goru 2.55–1.72 Ⅱ and Ⅲ 2.06–1.27
Upper Cretaceous Shale and mudstone 1.28–1.72 1.07–1.29
Paleocene Shale 1.19–6.89 1.01–1.11
Eocene Shale 9.75 1.44
Oligocene Shale 0.86 0.94
Kutch Basin Lower Eocene Shale and lignite of 0.58–3.7 Ⅱ and Ⅲ >1.1 Well GKH–1
lagoon facies
Paleocene Calcareous shale and 0.35–3 Ⅱ and Ⅲ Thin
lignite seams
Cretaceous Shale interbedded with 0.1–10.65 Ⅲ and Ⅱ <0.5
coal seams
Upper Jurassic– Shale 0.5–3 Ⅲ and Ⅱ 0.34–0.49
Lower Cretaceous (primary)
Pakcan 1 Lower Miocene Mudstones 0.55–3.24/2 0.6–0.9
Bombay Basin Paleocene–Lower Eocene (primary) Shale and coal seams >0.5–1.0
Oligocene Shale ≥1
KS1–1 Paleocene–Eocene (primary) Shale and mudstones 3–4.5% Ⅲ Black shale
(about 3 m)
Offshore Karachi Paleocene Mudstones Ⅲ
Notes: Data from Jiang KX et al., 2016; Yang JF et al., 2019; Chen X et al., 2017b; Chen X et al., 2017c; Syed AA et al., 2011; Gaedicke C et al., 2002; Qian K
et al., 2017; Wang WG, 2014.
Gong et al. / China Geology 4 (2020) 633−642 639
Paleocene-Middle
ge Eocene source rocks
d
y Ri Pakcan l INDIA Mainly type III kerogen
u rra KD-1 GK-22C 1
22°N M
Fig. 8 Anne 1x
e
dg
Ri
y
ra
ur
M
Kekra 1
−
−
−
Pak-G2 1 −
−
−
−
e −
dg
Ri −
nath
m
So Saurashtra High
Fig. 7. Isopach map of Paleocene–Eocene mudstones in the Offshore Indus Basin (after Jiang KX et al., 2016).
640 Gong et al. / China Geology 4 (2020) 633−642
Table 3. Onshore-offshore reservoir correlation in the Offshore Indus Basin and its adjacent areas.
Basin /Well No. Era Lithology Thickness/m ф/% K/mD Remarks
Offshore Indus Miocene Fan delta Sandstones 10–20 on 18–25, with an 100–500, with an Pakcan 1
Basin average average of 22 average of 514
Eocene Reef limestone Pak-G2 1
Eocene Reef limestone 20–28 Kekra 1
Indus Basin Lower Eocene Limestone 234.7 4–30 4
Paleocene Sandstones 90 10–25
Cretaceous Sandstones 100–150 15–22
Kutch Basin Cretaceous Naliya and Sandstones of fluvial – Net thickness: 30 25 High permeability GK-39 1
Bhuj Formations delta – neritic facies 18 32.8 GK-22C 1
Lower Paleocene Fluvial sandstones 20–25 100–1000 GK-29A-1
Lower Eocene Limestone Total/net: 50/15 KD-1
Bombay Basin Miocene Limestone 18–35 50–500
Upper Eocene Limestone 14–22 20–1000
transport of the Cretaceous and Paleocene–Eocene oil and gas 7 km. Moreover, a set of pyroclasic sediments are developed
to the Eocene carbonatites and/or Miocene channel on its periphery and slump deposits are developed in its
sandstones. depression area. According to the interpretation results of
Actually, the seismic profile passing through Well Anne seismic data, in the depression area of the southeastern part of
1x in the northwestern part of the Offshore Indus Basin (Fig. 8) the basin adjacent to the Somnath Ridge and Saurashtra High,
shows obvious anticline structure, as well as clear bright spots the Deccan basalts are distributed in the marine-facies strata
and gas leakage. Unfortunately, the well was not drilled on of the upper Cretaceous –Paleocene in a laminated form
the top of anticline structure; however, it can be inferred that (Khurram S et al., 2019). In contrast, the northwestern part of
the top of the anticlines has good oil and gas prospects. A the Offshore Indus Basin is far away from the Reunion mantle
number of tectonic-lithologic traps related to the strike-slip plume, and therefore, the Deccan basalts pose a small impact
faults of Murray Ridge have been determined in the on it. In addition, according to the research by Calvès G et al.
northwestern part of the basin according to seismic (2010), the geothermal gradient of the Cretaceous–Paleogene
interpretation up to now, and they are inferred to enjoy good distributed along Somnath Ridge is low and only 33℃/km,
oil and gas prospects. while that of the Cretaceous –Paleogene distributed in
sedimentary center is high and up to 37℃/km –55℃/km,
5. Discussion aiding the maturity of the source rocks.
Overall, the Cretaceous–Eocene in the southeastern part of
According to the statistics of the drilling data, the volcanic
the Offshore Indus Basin may contain much pyroclasic
activities were weak in the onshore area of Pakistan at the end
matter, thus hindering the development of source rocks.
of the Cretaceous. As a result, the erupted Deccan basalts in
Therefore, it can be concluded that the southeastern part has
the same period are thin in general. Moreover, they gradually
gloomy oil and gas prospects. However, the northwestern part
thin from south to north until they disappear. Therefore, the
of the basin is far away from the developing area of volcanic
Deccan basalts have a small impact on onshore oil and gas
rocks and is close to the strike-slip fault zone of Murray
resources. However, two large volcanic activities occurred in
Ridge, and thus faults are developed. This facilitates the
the sea area of Pakistan (Chatterjee S et al., 2013), and the
volcanic platforms formed divide the Offshore Indus Basin transport of the oil and gas in deep Cretaceous and
into two parts, namely the northwestern part whereby the Paleocene –Eocene to the Miocene channel sandstone
Paleocene–Eocene Series serves as the sedimentary center and reservoirs. Therefore, it can be inferred that the northwestern
the southeastern part that was much impacted by volcanoes part has good oil and gas prospects.
(Fig. 7). The two volcanic activities include: (1) Basalt
6. Conclusions
eruption of Somnath Ridge (about 70 Ma), and (2) basalt
eruption of Deccan-Reunion (Reunion mantle plume, about (i) It is concluded that the Cretaceous may widely exist in
65 Ma). Based on the research into the features of volcanic the Offshore Indus Basin according to the comprehensive
basement of the Offshore Indus Basin, Calvès G et al. (2010) research of land-sea stratigraphic correlation, stratigraphic
argued that (Fig. 1) the basalt eruption of Somnath Ridge was correlation revealed by offshore drilling, and the latest
attributed to the formation of the volcanic basement in the interpretation results of seismic data.
southeastern part of the Offshore Indus Basin, which is (ii) The northwestern part of the Offshore Indus Basin
mainly located in Somnath Ridge and Saurashtra High, about boasts favorable geological conditions of the oil and gas in
305 km long and 155 km wide, and cover an area of 45000 general, with three sets of source rocks and three sets of
km2. The igneous basement is composed of a series of deeply- reservoirs being developed. Among them, the Cretaceous and
buried shield volcanic rocks, with a maximum thickness up to Paleocene –Eocene source rocks with high sedimentary
Gong et al. / China Geology 4 (2020) 633−642 641
N S
1500
2000
Anne mud diapir
Bright spot
2500
Depth/m
3000
3500
Anne anticline Frances anticline
4000
0 1 km
Fig. 8. Seismic profile passing through Well Anne 1x in the northwestern part of the Offshore Indus Basin (Well location see Figs. 2 and Fig. 7;
after Carmichael SM et al., 2009).
thickness show great hydrocarbon-generating potential and interpretation of wireline logs: A case study of Lower Indus Basin,
hydrocarbon storage capacity since they are far away from Pakistan. Nuclear Physics, 51, 139–145.
Somnath Ridge. Biswas SK. 1982. Rift basins in western margin of India and their
(iii) The northwestern part of the Offshore Indus Basin is hydrocarbon prospects with special reference to Kutch basin. AAPG
Bulletin, 66, 1497–1513.
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Calvès G, Schwab AM, Huuse M, Peter DC, Asif I. 2010. Thermal
and a number of fault-related tectonic-lithologic traps are
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and gas prospects. RW, Longacre MB, Osborne MJ, Tozer RSJ. 2009. Geology and
hydrocarbon potential of the Offshore Indus Basin, Pakistan.
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Jian-ming Gong conceived of the presented idea. Jing magmatic, and paleoclimatic evolution of the Indian plate during its
Liao drew all the figures. All authors discussed the results and northward flight from Gondwana to Asia. Gondwana Research, 23,
contributed to the final manuscript. 238–267. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2012.07.001.
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Declaration of competing interest characteristics and hydrocarbon accumulation in the Block T, Indus
Basin. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 52(6), 1305–1314 (in Chinese
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. with English abstract).
Chen X, Wang HM, Xie RJ, Yang JF, Liu CQ, Ke Q. 2017b.
Acknowledgment Sedimentary characteristics and hydrocarbon accumulation regularity
of the lower cretaceous marine delta of Indus river basin. Geological
Science and Technology Information, 36(5), 69–75 (in Chinese with
The authors thank Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology
English abstract).
for their permission to use the geological data. This work was
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