4/8/2020 Amplitude Modulation - Tutorialspoint

Amplitude Modulation

A continuous-wave goes on continuously without any intervals and it is the baseband message signal,
which contains the information. This wave has to be modulated.
According to the standard definition, “The amplitude of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.” Which means, the amplitude of the carrier signal
containing no information varies as per the amplitude of the signal containing information, at each
instant. This can be well explained by the following figures.

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The first figure shows the modulating wave, which is the message signal. The next one is the carrier
wave, which is a high frequency signal and contains no information. While, the last one is the resultant
modulated wave.

It can be observed that the positive and negative peaks of the carrier wave, are interconnected with an
imaginary line. This line helps recreating the exact shape of the modulating signal. This imaginary line
on the carrier wave is called as Envelope. It is the same as that of the message signal.

Mathematical Expressions

Following are the mathematical expressions for these waves.

Time-domain Representation of the Waves

Let the modulating signal be,

m
m((t
t)) =
= A
Am cos(2πf mt
m cos(2πfm t))

and the carrier signal be,

c
c((t
t)) =
= A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t))

Where,

A
Amm
and A
Acc
are the amplitude of the modulating signal and the carrier signal respectively.

f
fmm
and f
fcc
are the frequency of the modulating signal and the carrier signal respectively.

Then, the equation of Amplitude Modulated wave will be

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s
s((t
t)) =
= [[A
Ac + A m cos
c + Am cos((2
2ππf
fm t)] cos(2πf c t
m t)] cos(2πfc t)) (Equation 1)

Modulation Index

A carrier wave, after being modulated, if the modulated level is calculated, then such an attempt is
called as Modulation Index or Modulation Depth. It states the level of modulation that a carrier wave
undergoes.

Rearrange the Equation 1 as below.

A
Amm
s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac [1 + (
c [1 + (
)
) cos
cos((2
2ππf
fm t)] cos(2πf c t
m t)] cos(2πfc t))
A
Acc

⇒
⇒ s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac [1 + μ cos(2πf mt
c [1 + μ cos(2πfm t))]] cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t)
c t)
(Equation 2)

Where, μ
μ is Modulation index and it is equal to the ratio of A
Amm
and A
Acc
. Mathematically, we

can write it as

A
μ
μ =
=
Amm
(Equation 3)
A
Acc

Hence, we can calculate the value of modulation index by using the above formula, when the
amplitudes of the message and carrier signals are known.

Now, let us derive one more formula for Modulation index by considering Equation 1. We can use this
formula for calculating modulation index value, when the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the
modulated wave are known.

Let A
Amax
max
and A
Amin
min
be the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the modulated wave.

We will get the maximum amplitude of the modulated wave, when cos
cos((2
2ππf
fmm
tt)
) is 1.

⇒
⇒ A
Amax
max
=
= A
Acc
+
+AAm
m
(Equation 4)

We will get the minimum amplitude of the modulated wave, when cos
cos((2
2ππf
fm t)
m t)
is -1.

⇒
⇒ A
Amin = Ac −
min = Ac −AAm
m
(Equation 5)

Add Equation 4 and Equation 5.

A
Amax + A min =
max + Amin = A
Ac + Am +
c + Am +AAc − Am =
c − Am = 2
2AAc
c

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A
Amax +A min
max +Amin
⇒
⇒ A
Ac =
c = 2
(Equation 6)
2

Subtract Equation 5 from Equation 4.

A
Amax − A min =
max − Amin = A
Ac + Am −
c + Am −((A
Ac − A m)
c − Am ) =
= 2
2AAm
m

A −−A
⇒
⇒ A
Am =
m =
Amax
max

2
Amin
min
(Equation 7)
2

The ratio of Equation 7 and Equation 6 will be as follows.

A
Am (
(AAm −
−AAm )
)//2
2
m maax
x miin
n
=
=
A
Ac (
(AAm +
+AAm )
)//2
2
c maax
x miin
n

A −−A
⇒
⇒ μ
μ =
=
Amax
max Amin
min
(Equation 8)
A
Amax ++A
Amin
max min

Therefore, Equation 3 and Equation 8 are the two formulas for Modulation index. The modulation
index or modulation depth is often denoted in percentage called as Percentage of Modulation. We will
get the percentage of modulation, just by multiplying the modulation index value with 100.
For a perfect modulation, the value of modulation index should be 1, which implies the percentage of
modulation should be 100%.
For instance, if this value is less than 1, i.e., the modulation index is 0.5, then the modulated output
would look like the following figure. It is called as Under-modulation. Such a wave is called as an
under-modulated wave.

If the value of the modulation index is greater than 1, i.e., 1.5 or so, then the wave will be an over-
modulated wave. It would look like the following figure.

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As the value of the modulation index increases, the carrier experiences a 180o phase reversal, which
causes additional sidebands and hence, the wave gets distorted. Such an over-modulated wave
causes interference, which cannot be eliminated.

Bandwidth of AM Wave
Bandwidth (BW) is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies of the signal.
Mathematically, we can write it as

B
BWW =
= f
fmma
ax
− f miin
x − fm n

Consider the following equation of amplitude modulated wave.

s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac [1 + μ cos(2πf mt
c [1 + μ cos(2πfm t))]] cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t)
c t)

⇒
⇒ s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t))+
+AAc μ cos(2πf c t
c μ cos(2πfc t)) cos
cos((2
2ππf
fm t)
m t)

A
Accμ
μ A
Accμ
μ
⇒
⇒ s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t))+
+ cos
cos[[2
2ππ(
(ffc + f m)
c + fm )tt]] +
+ cos
cos[[2
2ππ(
(ffc − f m)
c − fm )tt]]
2
2 2
2

Hence, the amplitude modulated wave has three frequencies. Those are carrier frequency f
fcc
,

upper sideband frequency f

fc + fm
c + fm
and lower sideband frequency f
fc − fm
c − fm

Here,

f
fmma
ax
= fc +
x = fc +ffm
m
and f
fmmi
in
= fc −
n = fc −ffm
m

Substitute, f
fmma
axx
and f
fmmi
inn
values in bandwidth formula.

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B
BWW =
= f
fc + fm −
c + fm −((f
fc − f m)
c − fm )

⇒
⇒ B
BWW =
= 2
2ffm
m

Thus, it can be said that the bandwidth required for amplitude modulated wave is twice the frequency
of the modulating signal.

Power Calculations of AM Wave

Consider the following equation of amplitude modulated wave.

A
Accμ
μ A
Accμ
μ
  s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t))+
+ cos
cos[[2
2ππ(
(ffc + f m)
c + fm )tt]] +
+ cos
cos[[2
2ππ(
(ffc − f m)
c − fm )tt]]
2
2 2
2

Power of AM wave is equal to the sum of powers of carrier, upper sideband, and lower sideband
frequency components.

P
Ptt =
= P
Pc + P US
c + PU SB
+ P LS
B + PL SBB

We know that the standard formula for power of cos signal is

–
– 2 2
2
v
vr
2 (
(vvm
m/
/√
√22))
rm
mss
P
P =
= =
=
R
R 2
2

Where,

v
vrrm
mss
is the rms value of cos signal.

v
vmm
is the peak value of cos signal.

First, let us find the powers of the carrier, the upper and lower sideband one by one.

Carrier power

–
– 2 2
2
2
(
(AAc
c/
/√
√22)) A
Acc
P
Pc =
c =
=
=
R
R 2
2RR

Upper sideband power

–
– 2 2 2
2 2
2
(
(AAc μ/2√
c μ/2
√2
2)) A
Ac μ
c μ
P
PUUS
SB
=
B =
=
=
R
R 8
8RR

Similarly, we will get the lower sideband power same as that of the upper side band power.

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2
2 2
2
A
Acc μ
μ
P
PLLS
SB
=
B =
8
8RR

Now, let us add these three powers in order to get the power of AM wave.

2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
A
Ac A
Acc μ
μ
A
Acc μ
μ
c
P
Ptt =
= +
+ +
+
2
2RR 8
8RR 8
8RR

2
2 2
2 2
2
A
Ac μ
μ μ
μ
c
⇒
⇒ P
Ptt =
= (
( )
)((1
1++ +
+ )
)
2
2RR 4
4 4
4

2
2
μ
μ
⇒
⇒ P
Ptt =
= P
Pc (1 +
c (1 +
)
)
2
2

We can use the above formula to calculate the power of AM wave, when the carrier power and the
modulation index are known.

If the modulation index μ

μ =
= 1
1 then the power of AM wave is equal to 1.5 times the carrier power.

So, the power required for transmitting an AM wave is 1.5 times the carrier power for a perfect
modulation.

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Analog Communication - AM Modulators

In this chapter, let us discuss about the modulators, which generate amplitude modulated wave. The
following two modulators generate AM wave.
Square law modulator
Switching modulator

Square Law Modulator

Following is the block diagram of the square law modulator

Let the modulating and carrier signals be denoted as m

m((t
t)) and A
A cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t)
c t)
respectively.

These two signals are applied as inputs to the summer (adder) block. This summer block produces an
output, which is the addition of the modulating and the carrier signal. Mathematically, we can write it as

V
V1 t = m (t) + A c cos
1 t = m (t) + Ac cos((2
2ππf
fc t)
c t)

This signal V
V1 t
1t
is applied as an input to a nonlinear device like diode. The characteristics of the

diode are closely related to square law.

V
V2 t = k1V
2 t = k1 V1 (t) + k 2 V
1 (t) + k2 V
1
1
2
2
(
(tt)
) (Equation 1)

Where, k
k11
and k
k22
are constants.

Substitute V
V1 (t)
1 (t)
in Equation 1

2
2
V
V2 (t) = k 1 [[m
2 (t) = k1 m((t
t))+
+AAc cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t))]] +
+kk2 [m (t) + A c cos
2 [m (t) + Ac cos((2
2ππf
fc t)]
c t)]

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2
2
⇒
⇒ V
V2 (t) = k 1 m
2 (t) = k1 m((t
t))+
+kk1 A c cos
1 Ac cos((2
2ππf
fc t) + k 2 m
c t) + k2 m (
(tt)
)++

2
2 2
2
k
k2 A c cos
2 Ac cos (
(22π
πffc t) + 2k 2 m
c t) + 2k2 m((t
t))A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t))

2
2 2
2 2
2
⇒
⇒ V
V2 (t) = k 1 m
2 (t) = k1 m((t
t))+
+kk2
2m
m (
(tt)
)++k
k2 A c cos
2 Ac cos (
(22π
πffc t)+
c t)+

2
2kk2
2
k
k1 Ac [
1 Ac [1
1++(
( )
)mm(
(tt)
)]] cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t)
c t)
k
k11

The last term of the above equation represents the desired AM wave and the first three terms of the
above equation are unwanted. So, with the help of band pass filter, we can pass only AM wave and
eliminate the first three terms.

Therefore, the output of square law modulator is

2
2kk2
2
s
s((t
t)) =
= k
k1 Ac [
1 Ac [1
1++(
( )
)mm(
(tt)
)]] cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t)
c t)
k
k11

The standard equation of AM wave is

s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac [[1
1++k
ka m
m((t
t))]] cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t
t))
c a c

Where, K
Kaa
is the amplitude sensitivity

By comparing the output of the square law modulator with the standard equation of AM wave, we will
2
2k
get the scaling factor as k
k11
and the amplitude sensitivity k
kaa
as k2
2
.
k
k11

Switching Modulator

Following is the block diagram of switching modulator.

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Switching modulator is similar to the square law modulator. The only difference is that in the square
law modulator, the diode is operated in a non-linear mode, whereas, in the switching modulator, the
diode has to operate as an ideal switch.

Let the modulating and carrier signals be denoted as m

m((t
t)) and c
c((t
t)) =
= A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t))

respectively. These two signals are applied as inputs to the summer (adder) block. Summer block
produces an output, which is the addition of modulating and carrier signals. Mathematically, we can
write it as

V
V1 (t) = m (t) + c (t) = m (t) + A c cos
1 (t) = m (t) + c (t) = m (t) + Ac cos((2
2ππf
fc t)
c t)

This signal V
V1 (t)
1 (t)
is applied as an input of diode. Assume, the magnitude of the modulating signal

is very small when compared to the amplitude of carrier signal A

Acc
. So, the diode’s ON and OFF

action is controlled by carrier signal c

c((t
t)) . This means, the diode will be forward biased when

c
c((t
t)) >
> 0
0 and it will be reverse biased when c
c((t
t)) <
< 0
0 .

Therefore, the output of the diode is

V
V1 (t)
1 (t)
i
iff c
c((t
t)) >
> 0
0
V
V2 (
(tt)
) =
= {
{
2
0
0 i
iff c
c((t
t)) <
< 0
0

We can approximate this as

V
V2 (t) = V 1 (
2 (t) = V1 (tt)
)xx(
(tt)
) (Equation 2)

Where, x
x((t
t)) is a periodic pulse train with time period T
T =
=
1
1

f
fcc

The Fourier series representation of this periodic pulse train is

∞
∞ n
n
1
1 2
2 (
(−−1
1)) −
−11
x
x((t
t)) =
= +
+ ∑
∑ cos
cos((2
2ππ(
(22n
n−−1
1))f
fc t)
c t)
2
2 π
π 2
2nn−
−11
n
n==1
1

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1
1 2
2 2
2
⇒
⇒ x
x((t
t)) =
= +
+ cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t) −
c t) −
cos
cos((6
6ππf
fc t)+. . . .
c t)+. . . .
2
2 π
π 3
3ππ

Substitute, V
V1 (t)
1 (t)
and x
x((t
t)) values in Equation 2.

1
1 2
2 2
2
V
V2 (t) = [m (t) + A c cos
2 (t) = [m (t) + Ac cos((2
2ππf
fc t)] [
c t)] [
+
+ cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t) −
c t) −
cos
cos((6
6ππf
fc t)+. . . . . ]
c t)+. . . . . ]
2
2 π
π 3
3ππ

m
m((t
t)) A 2
2mm(
(tt)
) 2
2A
Acc Acc 2
2
V
V2 (t) =
2 (t) =
+
+ cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t) +
c t) +
cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t) +
c t) +
cos
cos (
(22π
πffc t)−
c t)−
2
2 2
2 π
π π
π

2
2mm(
(tt)
) 2
2AAcc
cos
cos((6
6ππf
fc t) −
c t) −
cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t) cos(6πf c t
c t) cos(6πfc t))+
+.. .. .. .. ..
3
3ππ 3
3ππ

A
Acc m
m((t
t)) 2
2AAcc
4
4 2
2
V
V2 (
(tt)
) =
= (
(11+
+(( )
)mm(
(tt)
))) cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t
t))+
+ +
+ cos (
cos (22π
πffc t
t))−
−
2 2 c 2 π
π c
2 π
πAAcc 2

2
2mm(
(tt)
) 2
2AAcc
cos
cos((6
6ππf
fc t
t))−
− cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t
t)) cos
cos((6
6ππf
fc t
t))+
+.. .. .. .. ..
3 c c c
3ππ 3
3ππ

The 1st term of the above equation represents the desired AM wave and the remaining terms are
unwanted terms. Thus, with the help of band pass filter, we can pass only AM wave and eliminate the
remaining terms.
Therefore, the output of switching modulator is

A
Acc
4
4
s
s((t
t)) =
= (
(11+
+(( )
)mm(
(tt)
))) cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t)
c t)
2
2 π
πAAc
c

We know the standard equation of AM wave is

s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac [1 + k am
c [1 + ka m((t
t))]] cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t)
c t)

Where, k
kaa
is the amplitude sensitivity.

By comparing the output of the switching modulator with the standard equation of AM wave, we will

get the scaling factor as 0.5 and amplitude sensitivity k

kaa
as 4
4
.
π
πAAcc

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Analog Communication - AM Demodulators

The process of extracting an original message signal from the modulated wave is known as detection
or demodulation. The circuit, which demodulates the modulated wave is known as the demodulator.
The following demodulators (detectors) are used for demodulating AM wave.
Square Law Demodulator
Envelope Detector

Square Law Demodulator

Square law demodulator is used to demodulate low level AM wave. Following is the block diagram of
thesquare law demodulator.

This demodulator contains a square law device and low pass filter. The AM wave V
V1 (t)
1 (t)
is applied

as an input to this demodulator.

The standard form of AM wave is

V
V1 (t) = A c [[1
1 (t) = Ac 1++k
ka m (t)] cos(2πf c t
a m (t)] cos(2πfc t))

We know that the mathematical relationship between the input and the output of square law device is

V
V2 (t) = k 1 V
2 (t) = k1 V1 (t) + k 2 V
1 (t) + k2 V
1
1
2
2
(
(tt)
) (Equation 1)

Where,

V
V1 (t)
1 (t)
is the input of the square law device, which is nothing but the AM wave

V
V2 (t)
2 (t)
is the output of the square law device

k
k11
and k
k22
are constants

Substitute V
V1 (t)
1 (t)
in Equation 1

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2
2
V
V2 (t) = k 1 (
2 (t) = k1 (AAc [1 + k am
c [1 + ka m((t
t))]] cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t)) + k 2 (
c t)) + k2 (AAc [1 + k am
c [1 + ka m((t
t))]] cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t))
c t))

⇒
⇒ V
V2 (t) = k 1 A
2 (t) = k1 Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t))+
+kk1 A ck
1 Ac ka m (t) cos(2πf c t
a m (t) cos(2πfc t))+
+

2 1
1++cos
cos((4
4π fcct
πf t))
2 2
2 2
2
k
k22A
Ac [
[11+
+KKa m
m (
(tt)
)++2
2kka m (t)] (
a m (t)] (
)
)
c a 2
2

2
2
K
K2 Ac
2 Ac
⇒
⇒ V
V2 (t) = k 1 A
2 (t) = k1 Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t))+
+kk1 A ck
1 Ac ka m (t) cos(2πf c t
a m (t) cos(2πfc t))+
+ +
+
2
2

2 2
2 22 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2
K
K2 Ac k
k2 Ac k
2 Ac ka
a m
m ((t
t)) k
k2 Ac k
2 Ac ka
a m
m ((t
t))
2 Ac
cos
cos((4
4ππf
fc t) +
c t) +
+
+ cos
cos((4
4ππf
fc t)+
c t)+
2
2 2
2 2
2

2
2 2
2
k
k2 Ac k m
m((t
t))+
+k Ac k m
m((t
t)) cos
cos((4
4ππf t
t))
2 Ac ka
a k2
2 Ac kaa fcc

In the above equation, the term k

k2 Ac k
2 Ac ka
a
2
2
m
m((t
t)) is the scaled version of the message signal. It can

2
2
k Ac
be extracted by passing the above signal through a low pass filter and the DC component k22 Ac

2
2

can be eliminated with the help of a coupling capacitor.

Envelope Detector

Envelope detector is used to detect (demodulate) high level AM wave. Following is the block diagram
of the envelope detector.

This envelope detector consists of a diode and low pass filter. Here, the diode is the main detecting
element. Hence, the envelope detector is also called as the diode detector. The low pass filter
contains a parallel combination of the resistor and the capacitor.

The AM wave s
s((t
t)) is applied as an input to this detector.

We know the standard form of AM wave is

s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac [1 + k am
c [1 + ka m((t
t))]] cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t)
c t)

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In the positive half cycle of AM wave, the diode conducts and the capacitor charges to the peak value
of AM wave. When the value of AM wave is less than this value, the diode will be reverse biased.
Thus, the capacitor will discharge through resistor R till the next positive half cycle of AM wave. When
the value of AM wave is greater than the capacitor voltage, the diode conducts and the process will be
repeated.

We should select the component values in such a way that the capacitor charges very quickly and
discharges very slowly. As a result, we will get the capacitor voltage waveform same as that of the
envelope of AM wave, which is almost similar to the modulating signal.

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Analog Communication - DSBSC Modulation

In the process of Amplitude Modulation, the modulated wave consists of the carrier wave and two
sidebands. The modulated wave has the information only in the sidebands. Sideband is nothing but a
band of frequencies, containing power, which are the lower and higher frequencies of the carrier
frequency.
The transmission of a signal, which contains a carrier along with two sidebands can be termed as
Double Sideband Full Carrier system or simply DSBFC. It is plotted as shown in the following figure.

However, such a transmission is inefficient. Because, two-thirds of the power is being wasted in the
carrier, which carries no information.
If this carrier is suppressed and the saved power is distributed to the two sidebands, then such a
process is called as Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier system or simply DSBSC. It is plotted as
shown in the following figure.

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Mathematical Expressions
Let us consider the same mathematical expressions for modulating and carrier signals as we have
considered in the earlier chapters.
i.e., Modulating signal

m
m((t
t)) =
= A
Am cos(2πf mt
m cos(2πfm t))

Carrier signal

c
c((t
t)) =
= A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t))

Mathematically, we can represent the equation of DSBSC wave as the product of modulating and
carrier signals.

s
s((t
t)) =
= m
m((t
t))c
c((t
t))

⇒
⇒ s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Am A c cos
m Ac cos((2
2ππf
fm t) cos(2πf c t
m t) cos(2πfc t))

Bandwidth of DSBSC Wave

We know the formula for bandwidth (BW) is

B
BWW =
= f
fmma
ax
− f miin
x − fm n

Consider the equation of DSBSC modulated wave.

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s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Am A c cos
m Ac cos((2
2ππf
fm t) cos(2πf c t
m t) cos(2πfc t))

A
Am Ac
m Ac
A
Am Ac
m Ac
⇒
⇒ s
s((t
t)) =
= cos
cos[[2
2ππ(
(ffc + f m)
c + fm )tt]] +
+ cos
cos[[2
2ππ(
(ffc − f m)
c − fm )tt]]
2
2 2
2

The DSBSC modulated wave has only two frequencies. So, the maximum and minimum frequencies
are f
fc + fm
c + fm
and f
fc − fm
c − fm
respectively.

i.e.,

f
fmma
ax
= fc +
x = fc +ffm
m
and f
fmmi
in
= fc −
n = fc −ffm
m

Substitute, f
fmma
axx
and f
fmmi
inn
values in the bandwidth formula.

B
BWW =
= f
fc + fm −
c + fm −((f
fc − f m)
c − fm )

⇒
⇒ B
BWW =
= 2
2ffm
m

Thus, the bandwidth of DSBSC wave is same as that of AM wave and it is equal to twice the
frequency of the modulating signal.

Power Calculations of DSBSC Wave

Consider the following equation of DSBSC modulated wave.

A
Am Ac
m Ac
A
Am Ac
m Ac
s
s((t
t)) =
= cos
cos[[2
2ππ(
(ffc + f m)
c + fm )tt]] +
+ cos
cos[[2
2ππ(
(ffc − f m)
c − fm )tt]]
2
2 2
2

Power of DSBSC wave is equal to the sum of powers of upper sideband and lower sideband
frequency components.

P
Ptt =
= P
PUUS
SB
+ P LS
B + PL SBB

We know the standard formula for power of cos signal is

–
– 2 2
2
2 √
v
vr (
(vvm
m
√22))
rm
mss
P
P =
= =
=
R
R R
R

First, let us find the powers of upper sideband and lower sideband one by one.

Upper sideband power

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–
– 2 2
2 2
2 2
(
(AAm A c/
/22√
√22))
m Ac A
Am Ac
m Ac
P
PUUS
SB
=
B =
=
=
R
R 8
8RR

Similarly, we will get the lower sideband power same as that of upper sideband power.

2
2 2
2
A
Am Ac
m Ac
P
PUUS
SB
=
B =
8
8RR

Now, let us add these two sideband powers in order to get the power of DSBSC wave.

2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
A
Am Ac
m Ac
A
Am Ac
m Ac
P
Ptt =
= +
+
8
8RR 8
8RR

2
2 2
2
A
Am Ac
m Ac
⇒
⇒ P
Ptt =
=
4
4RR

Therefore, the power required for transmitting DSBSC wave is equal to the power of both the
sidebands.

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Analog Communication - DSBSC Modulators

In this chapter, let us discuss about the modulators, which generate DSBSC wave. The following two
modulators generate DSBSC wave.
Balanced modulator
Ring modulator

Balanced Modulator

Following is the block diagram of the Balanced modulator.

Balanced modulator consists of two identical AM modulators. These two modulators are arranged in
a balanced configuration in order to suppress the carrier signal. Hence, it is called as Balanced
modulator.

The same carrier signal c

c((t
t)) =
= A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t)) is applied as one of the inputs to these two AM

modulators. The modulating signal m

m((t
t)) is applied as another input to the upper AM modulator.

Whereas, the modulating signal m

m((t
t)) with opposite polarity, i.e., −
−mm(
(tt)
) is applied as another

input to the lower AM modulator.

Output of the upper AM modulator is

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s
s1 (t) = A c [[1
1 (t) = Ac 1++k
ka m (t)] cos(2πf c t
a m (t)] cos(2πfc t))

Output of the lower AM modulator is

s
s2 (t) = A c [[1
2 (t) = Ac 1−−k
ka m (t)] cos(2πf c t
a m (t)] cos(2πfc t))

We get the DSBSC wave s

s((t
t)) by subtracting s
s2 (t)
2 (t)
from s
s1 (t)
1 (t)
. The summer block is used

to perform this operation. s

s1 (t)
1 (t)
with positive sign and s
s2 (t)
2 (t)
with negative sign are applied as

inputs to summer block. Thus, the summer block produces an output s

s((t
t)) which is the difference of

s
s11
(
(tt)
) and s
s22
(
(tt)
) .

⇒
⇒ s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac [[1
1++k
ka m
m((t
t))]] cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t
t))−
−AAc [[1
1−−k
ka m
m((t
t))]] cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t
t))
c a c c a c

⇒
⇒ s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t))+
+AAc k am
c ka m((t
t)) cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t) − A c cos
c t) − Ac cos((2
2ππf
fc t)+
c t)+

A
Ac k am
c ka m(
(tt)
) cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t)
c t)

⇒
⇒ s
s((t
t)) =
= 2
2AAc k am
c ka m((t
t)) cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t)
c t)

We know the standard equation of DSBSC wave is

s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac m (t) cos(2πf c t
c m (t) cos(2πfc t))

By comparing the output of summer block with the standard equation of DSBSC wave, we will get the
scaling factor as 2
2kka
a

Ring Modulator

Following is the block diagram of the Ring modulator.

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In this diagram, the four diodes D

D11
, D
D22
, D
D33
and D
D44
are connected in the ring structure.

Hence, this modulator is called as the ring modulator. Two center tapped transformers are used in

this diagram. The message signal m

m((t
t)) is applied to the input transformer. Whereas, the carrier

signals c
c((t
t)) is applied between the two center tapped transformers.

For positive half cycle of the carrier signal, the diodes D

D11
and D
D33
are switched ON and the

other two diodes D

D22
and D
D44
are switched OFF. In this case, the message signal is multiplied by

+1.

For negative half cycle of the carrier signal, the diodes D

D22
and D
D44
are switched ON and the

other two diodes D

D11
and D
D33
are switched OFF. In this case, the message signal is multiplied by

-1. This results in 180

180
0
0
phase shift in the resulting DSBSC wave.

From the above analysis, we can say that the four diodes D
D11
, D
D22
, D
D33
and D
D44
are

controlled by the carrier signal. If the carrier is a square wave, then the Fourier series representation of

c
c((t
t)) is represented as

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∞
∞ n
n−−1
1
4
4 (
(−−1
1))
c
c((t
t)) =
= ∑
∑ cos
cos[[2
2ππf
fc t (2n − 1)]
c t (2n − 1)]
π
π 2
2nn−
−11
n
n==1
1

We will get DSBSC wave s

s((t
t)) , which is just the product of the carrier signal c
c((t
t)) and the

message signal m
m((t
t)) i.e.,

∞
∞ n
n−−1
1
4
4 (
(−−1
1))
s
s((t
t)) =
= ∑
∑ cos
cos[[2
2ππf
fc t (2n − 1)]m (t)
c t (2n − 1)]m (t)
π
π 2
2nn−
−11
n
n==1
1

The above equation represents DSBSC wave, which is obtained at the output transformer of the ring
modulator.

DSBSC modulators are also called as product modulators as they produce the output, which is the
product of two input signals.

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DSBSC Demodulators

The process of extracting an original message signal from DSBSC wave is known as detection or
demodulation of DSBSC. The following demodulators (detectors) are used for demodulating DSBSC
wave.
Coherent Detector
Costas Loop

Coherent Detector

Here, the same carrier signal (which is used for generating DSBSC signal) is used to detect the
message signal. Hence, this process of detection is called as coherent or synchronous detection.
Following is the block diagram of the coherent detector.

In this process, the message signal can be extracted from DSBSC wave by multiplying it with a carrier,
having the same frequency and the phase of the carrier used in DSBSC modulation. The resulting
signal is then passed through a Low Pass Filter. Output of this filter is the desired message signal.
Let the DSBSC wave be

s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t))m
m((t
t))

The output of the local oscillator is

c
c((t
t)) =
= A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t++ϕ
ϕ))

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Where, ϕ
ϕ is the phase difference between the local oscillator signal and the carrier signal, which is

used for DSBSC modulation.

From the figure, we can write the output of product modulator as

v
v((t
t)) =
= s
s((t
t))c
c((t
t))

Substitute, s
s((t
t)) and c
c((t
t)) values in the above equation.

⇒
⇒ v
v((t
t)) =
= A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t))m
m((t
t))A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t++ϕ
ϕ))

2
2
=
= A
Acc
cos
cos((2
2ππf
fc t) cos(2πf c t
c t) cos(2πfc t++ϕ
ϕ))m
m((t
t))

2
2
A
Acc
=
= [[cos
cos((4
4ππf
fc t + ϕ) + cos ϕ] m (t)
c t + ϕ) + cos ϕ] m (t)
2
2

2
2 2
2
A
Acc
A
Acc
v
v((t
t)) =
= cos
cos ϕ
ϕmm(
(tt)
)++ cos
cos((4
4ππf
fc t + ϕ)m (t)
c t + ϕ)m (t)
2
2 2
2

In the above equation, the first term is the scaled version of the message signal. It can be extracted by
passing the above signal through a low pass filter.

Therefore, the output of low pass filter is

2
2
A
Acc
v
v0 tt =
= cos
cos ϕ
ϕmm(
(tt)
)
0
2
2

The demodulated signal amplitude will be maximum, when ϕ

ϕ =
= 0
0
0
0
. That’s why the local oscillator

signal and the carrier signal should be in phase, i.e., there should not be any phase difference
between these two signals.

The demodulated signal amplitude will be zero, when ϕ

ϕ =
= ±
±90
90
0
0
. This effect is called as

quadrature null effect.

Costas Loop

Costas loop is used to make both the carrier signal (used for DSBSC modulation) and the locally
generated signal in phase. Following is the block diagram of Costas loop.

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Costas loop consists of two product modulators with common input s

s((t
t)) , which is DSBSC wave.

The other input for both product modulators is taken from Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) with

−
−90
90
0
0
phase shift to one of the product modulator as shown in figure.

We know that the equation of DSBSC wave is

s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t))m
m((t
t))

Let the output of VCO be

c
c1 (t) = cos(2πf c t
1 (t) = cos(2πfc t++ϕ
ϕ))

This output of VCO is applied as the carrier input of the upper product modulator.
Hence, the output of the upper product modulator is

v
v1 (t) = s (t) c 1 (
1 (t) = s (t) c1 (tt)
)

Substitute, s
s((t
t)) and c
c1 (t)
1 (t)
values in the above equation.

⇒
⇒ v
v1 (t) = A c cos
1 (t) = Ac cos((2
2ππf
fc t)m (t) cos(2πf c t
c t)m (t) cos(2πfc t++ϕ
ϕ))

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After simplifying, we will get v

v1 (t)
1 (t)
as

A
Acc
A
Acc
v
v1 (t) =
1 (t) =
cos
cos ϕ
ϕmm(
(tt)
)++ cos
cos((4
4ππf
fc t + ϕ)m (t)
c t + ϕ)m (t)
2
2 2
2

This signal is applied as an input of the upper low pass filter. The output of this low pass filter is

A
Acc
v
v01 (t) =
01 (t) =
cos
cos ϕ
ϕmm(
(tt)
)
2
2

Therefore, the output of this low pass filter is the scaled version of the modulating signal.

The output of −
−90
90
0
0
phase shifter is

0
0
c
c2 (
(tt)
) =
= c
coos
s((2
2ππf
fc t
t++ϕ
ϕ− 90 )
− 90 ) =
= sin
sin((2
2ππf
fc t
t++ϕ
ϕ))
2 c c

This signal is applied as the carrier input of the lower product modulator.
The output of the lower product modulator is

v
v2 (
(tt)
) =
= s
s((t
t))c
c2 (
(tt)
)
2 2

Substitute, s
s((t
t)) and c
c2 (t)
2 (t)
values in the above equation.

⇒
⇒ v
v2 (t) = A c cos
2 (t) = Ac cos((2
2ππf
fc t)m (t) sin(2πf c t
c t)m (t) sin(2πfc t++ϕ
ϕ))

After simplifying, we will get v

v2 (t)
2 (t)
as

A
Acc
A
Acc
v
v2 (t) =
2 (t) =
sin
sin ϕ
ϕmm(
(tt)
)++ sin
sin((4
4ππf
fc t + ϕ)m (t)
c t + ϕ)m (t)
2
2 2
2

This signal is applied as an input of the lower low pass filter. The output of this low pass filter is

A
Acc
v
v02 (t) =
02 (t) =
sin
sin ϕ
ϕmm(
(tt)
)
2
2

The output of this Low pass filter has −

−90
90
0
0
phase difference with the output of the upper low pass

filter.

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The outputs of these two low pass filters are applied as inputs of the phase discriminator. Based on
the phase difference between these two signals, the phase discriminator produces a DC control signal.
This signal is applied as an input of VCO to correct the phase error in VCO output. Therefore, the
carrier signal (used for DSBSC modulation) and the locally generated signal (VCO output) are in
phase.

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