h15 = 1282.

96 kJ/kg

15

a
h2 = 3110.8 kJ/kg

2
8211.14 kpa

14
MACABANTOG, SOHAILY I.

h3 = 2910.97 kJ/kg

b
3
3414.73 kpa

13
h4=3414.73 kpa

c
15000kpa

Plant Temperature-Entropy Diagram

4

982.19 kpa
1

12
h1 = 3308.53kJ/kg

d
500°C

h5 = 2365.65 kJ/kg
5

160.35 kpa

Plant Schematic Diagram

11

h6 = 2008.79 kJ/kg
10
6

h10 = 192.02 kJ/kg

10.03 kPa
9
8
7 45°C

10kpa

h7 = 2008.44 kJ/kg
h8 = 191.81 kJ/kg
CALCULATION:

Assume:
P1 = 15,000 kpa
T1 = 500 °C
T7 = T8 = 45 °C
P7 = P8 = 10 kPa

∆h = hfb - hfc ,N = # of heaters

N+1 hfc = enthalpy of the saturated liquid in the condenser
hfb = enthalpy of the saturated liquid in the boiler

@ P1 = 15,000 kpa ,Table B.1.2

hfb = 1610.37 kJ/kg by interpolation

@ P7 = 10 kPa, 45 °C, Table B.1.2

hfc = 192 kJ/kg

∆h = hfb - hfc hg3 = 2803.6 kJ/kg

N+1 Sf3= 2.7122 kJ/kgK
∆h = 1610.37 – 192 Sfg3 = 3.422 kJ/kgK
4+1 Sg3 = 6.135 kJ/kgK
∆h = 283.67
∆h = hf3 - hf4
∆h = hfb – hf2 283.67 = 1043.03 - hf4
hf2 = hfb - ∆h hf4 = 759.36 kJ/kg
hf2 = 1610.37 - 283.67
hf2 = 1326.7 kJ/kg from steam table B.1.2 at h = 759.36 kJ/kg
by interpolation:
from steam table B.1.2 at h = 1326.7 kJ/kg P4 = 982.19 kpa
by interpolation: T4 = 179.13 °C
P2 = 8211.14 kpa hfg4 = 2018.02 kJ/kg
T2 = 296.88 °C hg4 = 2777.4 kJ/kg
hfg2 = 1427. 28 kJ/kg Sf4= 2.131 kJ/kgK
hg2 = 2754.4 kJ/kg Sfg4 = 4.4615 kJ/kgK
Sf2 = 3.2240 kJ/kgK Sg4 = 6.5926 kJ/kgK
Sfg2 = 2.5037 kJ/kgK
Sg2 = 5.7284 kJ/kgK

∆h = hf2 - hf3
283.67 = 1326.7 - hf3 ∆h = hf4 - hf5
hf3 = 1043.03 kJ/kg 283.67 = 759.36 - hf5
hf5 = 475.69 kJ/kg
from steam table B.1.2 at h = 1043.03 kJ/kg
by interpolation: from steam table B.1.2 at h = 475.69 kJ/kg
P3 = 3414.73 kpa by interpolation:
T3 = 241.19 °C P5 = 160.35 kpa
hfg3 = 1760.55 kJ/kg T5 = 113.38 °C
hfg5 = 2220.87 kJ/kg Sg = 6.135 kJ/kgK
hg5 = 2696.56 kJ/kg Sfg = 3.422 kJ/kgK
Sf5= 1.4555 kJ/kgK Sf = 2.7122 kJ/kgK
Sfg5 = 5.7449 kJ/kgK hf = 1043.03 kJ/kg
Sg5 = 7.201 kJ/kgK hfg=1760.55 kJ/kg
S 3 > Sg
6.3442 >6.135 therefore superheated
∆h = hf5 - hf6 S3 = Sf3 + x3 Sfg3
283.67 = 475.69 - hf6 6.3442 = 2.7122 + x3 3.422
hf6 = 212.69 kJ/kg x3 = 1.061
h3 = hf 3+ x3 hfg3
from steam table B.1.2 at h = 192.02 kJ/kg h3 = 1043.03 + (1.061)( 1760.55)
by interpolation: h3 = 2910.97 kJ/kg
P6 = 10.03 kPa
T6= 45.86 °C 3rd extraction
hfg6 = 2392.69 kJ/kg P4 = 982.19 kpa
hg5 = 2584.72 kJ/kg S1 = S4
Sf6= 0.6498 kJ/kgK @ P4 = 982.19 kpa
Sfg6 = 7.4995 kJ/kgK Sg = 6.5926 kJ/kgK
Sg6= 8.1492 kJ/kgK Sfg = 4.4615 kJ/kgK
Sf = 2.131 kJ/kgK
hf = 759.36 kJ/kg
given P1 = 15,000 kpa hfg=2018.02 kJ/kg
T1 = 500 °C S 4 < Sg
6.3442 < 6.5926 therefore saturated
from steam table B.1.3 S4 = Sf4 + x4 Sfg4
h1 = 3308.53kJ/kg 6.3442 = 2.131 + x4 4.4615
S1 = 6.3442kJ/kgK SUPERHEATED x4 = 0.944
S1 = Sb = Sc = Sd = Se = Sf = Sg h4 = hf 4+ x4 hfg4
h4 = 759.36 + (0.944)( 2018.02)
1st extraction h4 = 2664.37 kJ/kg
P2 = 8211.14 kpa
S2 = 6.3442kJ/kgK 4th extraction
@ P2 = 8211.14 kpa P5= 160.35 kpa
Sg = 5.7284 kJ/kgK S1 = S5
Sfg=2.5037 kJ/kgK @P5 = 160.35 kpa
Sf = 3.2240 kJ/kgK Sg5 = 7.201 kJ/kgK
hf = 1326.7 kJ/kg Sfg = 5.7449 kJ/kgK
hfg=1427. 28 kJ/kg Sf = 1.4555 kJ/kgK
S2 > S g hf = 475.69 kJ/kg
6.3442 > 5.7284 therefore superheated hfg=2220.87 kJ/kg
S2 = Sf2 + x2 Sfg2 S 5 < Sg
6.3442 = 3.2240 + x2 2.5037 6.3442 < 7.201 therefore saturated
x2 = 1.25 S5 = Sf5 + x5 Sfg5
h2 = hf 2+ x2 hfg2 6.3442 = 1.4555 + x5 5.7449
h2 = 1326.7 + (1.25)( 1427. 28) x5 = 0.8510
h2 = 3110.8 kJ/kg h5 = hf 5+ x5 hfg5
h5 = 475.69 + (0.8510)( 2220.87)
2nd extraction h5 = 2365.65 kJ/kg
P3 = 3414.73 kpa
S1 = S3 5th extraction
@ P3 = 3414.73 kpa P6= 10.03 kPa
S1 = S 6
@P6 = 10.03 kPa h2’ = h1 - ŋei (h1 – h2)
Sfg = 7.4995 kJ/kgK = 3308.53 – ( 0.80)( 3308.53 – 3110.8)
Sf = 0.6498 kJ/kgK h2’ = 3150.35 kJ/kg
hf = 192.02kJ/kg
hfg=2392.69 kJ/kg
S6 < S g h3’ = h1 - ŋei (h1 – h3)
6.3442 < 8.1492 therefore saturated = 3308.53 – ( 0.80)( 3308.53 – 2910.97)
S6 = Sf6 + x6 Sfg6 h3’ = 2990.48 kJ/kg
6.3442 = 0.6498 + x6 7.4995
x6 = 0.7593 h4’ = h1 - ŋei (h1 – h4)
h6 = hf 6+ x5 hfg6 = 3308.53 – ( 0.80)( 3308.53 – 2664.37)
h6 = 192.02+ (0.7593)( 2392.69) h4’ = 2793.20 kJ/kg
h6 = 2008.79 kJ/kg
h5’ = h1 - ŋei (h1 – h5)
= 3308.53 – ( 0.80)( 3308.53 – 2365.65)
at the exhaust h5’ = 2554.23 kJ/kg
P7 = 10 kPa
T7 = 45 °C h6’ = h1 - ŋei (h1 – h6)
S1 = S7 = 3308.53 – ( 0.80)( 3308.53 – 2008.79)
@P7 = 10 kPa h6’ = 2268.74 kJ/kg
Sfg = 7.5010 kJ/kgK
Sf = 0.6492 kJ/kgK h7’ = h1 - ŋei (h1 – h7)
hf = 191.81 kJ/kg = 3308.53 – ( 0.80)( 3308.53 – 2008.44)
hfg=2392.82 kJ/kg h7’ = 2268.46 kJ/kg
S7 = Sf7 + x7 Sfg7
6.3442 = 0.6492 + x7 7.5010 Considering 6% pressure drop along the extraction
x7 = 0.7592 lines
h7 = 191.81 + (0.7592)( 2392.82)
h7 = 2008.44 kJ/kg P2’ = 8211.14 ( 1 - .06 ) = 7718.47 kpa
P3’ = 3414.73 ( 1 - .06 ) = 3209.85 kpa
P4’ = 982.19 ( 1 - .06 ) = 923.26 kpa
Assume internal engine efficiency, ŋei = 0.80 P5’ = 160.35 ( 1 - .06 ) = 150.73 kpa
P6’ = 10.03 ( 1 - .06 ) = 9.43 kpa
ŋei = h1 – h2’ P7’ = 10 ( 1 - .06 ) = 9.4 kPa
h1 – h2
For the condensate and the boiler feed pump, assume an adiabatic efficiency ŋp = 0.80

a.) Condensate pump

ideal work = ωideal = h9 – h8

8 actual work = ωactual = h9’ – h8

hp = h9 – h8 / h9’ – h8

PUMP h8 = 191.81 kJ/kg

but h9 – h8 = νf7 = (P9 – P8), P8 = P7’, P9 – P6’

from the steam table B.1.2
at P7 = 10 kPa, νf7 = 0.001010 m3/kg
9 h9’ = h8 + νf7 (P6’– P7’)/ ŋp
10 h9’ = 191.81 + (0.001010)( 9.43 -9.4)/0.8
h9’ = 191.81 kJ/kg

b. ) Consider feed water pump

From the assumption before, adiabatic efficiency:
ŋp = 0.8
10
ŋp = h11 – h10 / h11’ – h10

h10 = 192.02 kJ/kg

PUMP
but h11 – h10 = νf7 = (P11 – P10), P10 = P7’, P11 – P6’
from the steam table B.1.2
at P10 = P9 = P6’ = 9.43 kpa, νf10 = 0.0010095 m3/kg
h11’ = h10 + νf10 (P1– P6’)/ ŋp
h11’ = 192.02+ (0.0010095)(15,000-9.43) 11
h11’ = 207.15 kJ/kg

Calculation of the enthalpies at the trap inlet:

ha = hf at P2’ = 7718.47 kpa
from steam table B.1.2 ha = 1302.44 kJ/kg and Tsat’n = 292.45°C

hb = hf at P3’ = 3209.85 kpa

from steam table B.1.2 hb = 1026.17 kJ/kg and Tsat’n = 237.65°C

hc = hf at P4’ = 923.26 kpa

from steam table B.1.2 hc = 747.54 kJ/kg and Tsat’n = 176.45°C

hd = hf at P5’ = 150.73 kpa

from steam table B.1.2 hd = 467.65 kJ/kg and Tsat’n = 111.476°C

Terminal temperature differences for surface heaters are in the order of 3°C - 6°C for design purposes. The
designer employs a 4°C terminal temperature difference.

for CFWH1

TTD = terminal temperature difference = 4°C

T15 = (Tsat’n at P2’ = 7718.47 kpa) – 4
T15 = 292.45°C – 4°C
T15 = 288.45°C
from the same steam table at T15 = 288.45°C, h15 = 1282.96 kJ/kg

for CFWH2

TTD = terminal temperature difference = 4°C

T14 = (Tsat’n at P3’ = 3209.85 kpa) – 4
T14 = 237.65°C – 4°C
T14 = 233.65°C
from the same steam table at T14 = 233.65°C, h14 = 1007.22 kJ/kg

for CFWH3

TTD = terminal temperature difference = 4°C

T13 = (Tsat’n at P4’ = 923.26 kpa) – 4
T13 = 176.45°C – 4°C
T13 = 172.45°C
From the same steam table at T13 = 172.45°C, h13 = 750.82 kJ/kg

for CFWH4

TTD = terminal temperature difference = 4°C

T12 = (Tsat’n at P5’ =150.73 kpa) – 4
T12 = 111.476 °C – 4°C
T12 = 107.48°C
from the same steam table at T12 = 107.48°C, h12 = 450.50 kJ/kg
STEAM GENERATOR
m1

mbg

m15
let m1 = 1kg (mass if steam generated )
mbg = mass of blowdown steam from the steam generator
m15 = total mass of feedwater supplied to the steam generator

basic assumptions:
mbg = 1% of m15
mbg = 0.01 m15

mass balance
m15 = m1 + mbg
= 0.01m15 + m1
m15 = 0.01m15 + 1
m15 = 1.0101kg

EVAPORATOR

mw
his
ms

hes
ms mv mbe
basic assumptions:
make up water (mw)
temp = 15.56°C
ms = mass if steam use
mv = mass of vapor produced
mbe = mass of blow down from the evaporator
= 3% of mw

the function of the evaporator is to produce, from raw

water, vapor that can be condensed to distilled water
for boiler feed, make up.

consider evaporator at CFWH1

from steam tables
his = 3150.35 kJ/kg
hes = hf at P2’ = 3.0907MPa
hes = 1302.44kJ/kg

hw = hf at15.56°C
hw = 65.34 kJ/kg

hv = hf atTsat’n= 292.45°C
hv = 2761.63 kJ/kg

hbe = hf at 292.45°C
hbe = 1302.44 kJ/kg

The designer assumes that the blowdown be 3% of the raw water entering the evaporator and a single effect
evaporator is being used.

for assumption:

mbe = 0.3 mw
mv/ms = 0.8 and mv = 0.97mw
0.97mw / ms = 0.8
mbe = 0.0247423ms or ms = 40.4167 mbe

ENERGY BALANCE IN THE EVAPORATOR

Ein = Eout
mwhw + mshis = mshes + mvhv + mbehbe
mw (65.34) + ms (3150.35) = ms(1302.44) + (0.97 mw)( 2761.63) + (0.247423ms)( 1302.44)
mw [65.34 – (0.97 x 2761.63)] = ms (1302.44+ 0.0247423 x 1302.44– 3150.35)

for 1 kg of steam

mw = 0.69475kg

Therefore, in every 1kg of steam used for evaporation, the corresponding total amount of make up water
admitted is 0.69475kg

Thus, the vapor produced for every 1kg of steam used is

vapor produced = mv = (0.97)( 0.69475)

mv = 0.6739 kg
for every 1kg of steam

mbe = 0.0247423 ms
mbe = 0.0247423 kg

y2 h2’
ENERGY BALANCE IN CFWH1

Ein = Eout
y2h2’ + m15h14 = y2ha + m15h15
m15h15
y2 (h2’ – ha) = m15 (h15 - h14 )
1.0101 ( 1282.96 – 1007.22) m15h14
y2 =
(3150.35 – 1302.44) y2ha
y2 = 0.15072

ENERGY BALANCE IN CFWH2

y3h3’
Ein = Eout
y3h3’ + m15h13 + y2ha = mbhb + m15h14
mb = y2+ y3 m15h14
y3 (h3’ – hb) + m15 (h13 - h14 ) = y2 (h b – ha)
m15h13
y3 = (0.15072) (1026.17 – 1302.44) – 1.0101(750.82 - 1007.22)
(2990.48 – 1026.17) y2ha mbhb
y3 = 0.11064

ENERGY BALANCE IN CFWH3 y4h4’

Ein = Eout
y4h4’ + m15h12 + mbhb = mchc + m15h13 m15h13
mc = mb + y4 m15h12

y4 (h4’ – hc) + m15 (h12 - h13 ) = mb(hc – hb)

mchc
y4 = 0.26136 ( 747.54 – 1026.17) – 1.0101(450.50 -750.82)
mbhb
mb = y2 + y3
(2793.20 –747.54)
mb = 0.15072 + 0.11064
mb = 0.26136
y4 = 0.11269

mc = mb + y4
mc = 0.26136 + 0.11269
mc = 0.37405
ENERGY BALANCE IN CFWH4
y5h5’

Ein = Eout
y5h5’ + m15h11’ + mchc = mdhd + m15h12
y5 (h5’ – hd) + m15 (h11’ - h12) = mc(hd-hc) m15h12 m15h11
y5 = 0.37405 ( 467.65 – 747.54) – 1.0101(207.15 -450.50) ’
(2554.23 – 467.65)

y5 = 0.06763 mchc mdhd

md = mc + y5
md= 0.37405+ 0.06763
md = 0.44168

y6h6’
ENERGY BALANCE IN CFWH5

Ein = Eout m9h9’

m6h6’ + m9h9’ + mdhd = m15h10
m9 = (1 – y2 – y3 – y4 – y5 – y6 ) mdhd
y6h6’ + (1 – y2 – y3 – y4 – y5 – y6 )h9’ + mdhd = m15h10 m15h10
m15 h10  1  m 2  m3  m 4  m5 h 9'  m d hd
m6 
h 6'  h 9' 
y6 = 1.0101(192.02)- (1-0.15072 -0.11064 -0.11269 -0.06763) 191.81 - 0.44168 (467.65)
(2268.74 – 191.81)

y6 = 0.05763

BOILER
h1

QH

h15

QH = h1 - h15
QH = 3308.53 - 1282.96
QH = 2025.57 KJ/kg
CONDENSER
h7

COND . QL

h8

QL = (1- y2 – y3 – y4 – y5 – y6 ) ( h7 - h8)
QL = (1-0.15072 -0.11064 -0.11269 -0.06763-0.05763)( 2008.44 – 191.81) 1
QL = 909.57 KJ/kg

CONSIDER STEAM TURBINE TURBINE

Wt

Ein = Eout
m1h1=y2h2’+y3h3+y4h4’+y5h5’+y6h6’+y7h7’+Wt
Wt = m1h1- y2h2’ - y3h3 - y4h4’ - y5h5’ - y6h6’ - y7h7’
Wt = (1)( 3308.53)- 0.15072 (3150.35)- 0.11064 (2990.48) y2
- 0.11269 (2793.20)- 0.06763 (2554.23)- 0.05763 (2268.74) h2’ y3 y4 y5
-0.04782(2268.46) h3’ y6
h4’ h5’
h6’ y7
Wt = 1776.11 KJ/Kg h7’

PUMP 1
WP1 = (1- y2 – y3 – y4 – y5 – y6 ) ( h8 – h9)
WP1 = (1-0.15072 -0.11064 -0.11269 -0.06763-0.05763)( 191.81-192.02)
WP1 = 0.10514 KJ/Kg

PUMP 2
WP2 = h11 - h10
WP2 = 207.15 – 192.02
WP2 = 15.13 KJ/Kg

nth= Wt – WP1– WP2

QH
nth= 1776.11-0.10514-15.13
2025.57
nth= 0.87

100 MW
0.87=
mt (1776.11kj / kg )

mtotal = 64.72 kg/s or 232,977.18 kg/hr

m2 = (0.15072)( 232,977.18 kg/hr) = 35,114.32 kg/hr
m3 = (0.11064)( 232,977.18 kg/hr) = 25,776.6 kg/hr
m4 = (0.11269)( 232,977.18 kg/hr) = 26,254.2 kg/hr
m5 = (0.06763)( 232,977.18 kg/hr) = 15,756.25 kg/hr
m6 = (0.05763)( 232,977.18 kg/hr) = 13,426.47 kg/hr
m7 = (0.04782)( 232,977.18 kg/hr) = 11,140.87 kg/hr