lOMoAR cPSD| 4456168

PREPARED BY
Nhlanhla Fortune Ndlela
Student Number: 49029347

Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering

UNISA (Florida Campus)
Private Bag x6
Florida
1710

Mrs. M.S Mlasi

Tel number: (011) 471 2145
Email: [email protected]
 lOMoAR cPSD| 4456168

Introduction

Project Brief and Specifications

Hangar project – Owner requirements to engineer:

A nose-in maintenance hangar for a Cessna 172R Skyhawk aircraft must be designed. The hangar is to be located at
O.R. Tambo International Airport. You are required to investigate various architectural and structural aspects of the
hangar as long as the criteria listed below are satisfied.

The hangar must accommodate:

o One plane at a time
o An office space
o A workshop area located below the office space and in front of the plane.

The hangar is to be framed using portal frames of constant width and height. Ignore all fire, acoustic, mechanical and
electrical requirements for the hangar. You need to not consider future aircraft models when making decisions for the
hangar.

Plane Particulars: Key Cessna 172R parameters can be found here http://www.cessna.com/en/single-engine/skyhawk
. The particulars are:
o Crew: one (1) o Gross weight: 1,111 kg
o Capacity: three (3) passengers o Fuel capacity: 212 litres
o Length: 8.28 m o Powerplant: 1 x Lycoming IO-360-L2A four
o Wingspan: 11.00 m cylinder, horizontally opposed aircraft
o Height: 2.72 m engine,
o Wing area: 16.2 m2 o 160 hp (120 kW)
o Empty weight: 767 kg o Propellers: 2-bladed metal

The hangar requirements are:

• The portal frame must be wide enough to accommodate the plane plus a minimum of 4m on either side.
• The portal frame must be long enough to accommodate the plane plus a minimum of 4m on both ends.
• A 2 ton crane is required in the hangar. The crane must be able to reach the entire plane and deliver items to the edge
of the workshop.
• The portal frame must be high enough to accommodate the plane height plus 1m at the door.
• A vertical lift hangar door is required to secure the facility. The door must provide a minimum clear opening of plane
width plus 1.5m. Alternatively vertical lift fabric doors are permitted. Specify the type and weight of door. Design the
supporting structure.
• The workshop must span the width of the hangar and must be at least 300m2. The workshop floor level must be the
same as the hangar.
• The office space must accommodate 5 employees. The office space must be at least 150m2. The office finished floor
must be at least 3m above the hangar finished floor level.

Design process:
A. Design Report E. Design of connections
B. Preliminary design F. Technical Drawings
C. Final hangar design G. Detailed drawings
D. Design of structural members H. Bill of Quantities
 lOMoAR cPSD| 4456168

Design Report

Three preliminary designs were investigated in the design of the structure.

Figure 1 shows the final dimensions chosen for the hangar. The chosen height of 6m allows adequate space
for the crane to move throughout the hangar and allows objects to be transported over the height of the
plane. It also adheres to the minimum height clearance required for the crane girder, provided by the crane
manufacturer. A length of 36m accounts for the clearance distance around the plane and allows for a
workshop area of 404,88m2. This ensures that there is ample space for any maintenance machinery that
may need to be stored in the hangar as well as adequate working space for staff. A slope of 8˚ was chosen
for the inclination of the roof. This was decided upon as due to the location of the structure (O.R Tambo
International Airport, Johannesburg) the effects of snow settlement may be neglected due to climatic
conditions, hence the chosen slope adequately prevents the storage of water on the roof of the structure
during rainfall.
Calculation on the parameter of the overall structure that include plane section and the workshop were
done based the given information on the brief. Below is the summary of the parameter of the structure
and the calculations of the dimensions mentioned are attached as:
• Length: 36m • Rafters Angle: 8°
• Width: 24m • Side Rail Spacing: 2m
• Apex Height: 8.2m • Number of Portals: 6
• Eaves Height: 6m • Crane Load Height: 4,5m
• Frame Spacing: 6m • Crane Span: 20m
• Haunch Depth: 0.2m • All Steel: S335JR

• Haunch Length: 0.3m

Summaries of the sections chosen for design

MEMBERS SECTIONS CHOSEN

Purlins 175x75x20x2.5C
Girts 175x75x20x2.5C
Column 406x178x74 I
Rafters 406x178x74 I
Base plate 500x300x30
Gable column IPE200 I
Door supporting beam IPE200 I
Bracing 80 x 80 x 6 single angle
Roof and Side Sheeting 0.6mm thick IRB Sheeting
Thermal Insulation Panels with mass of 1,5kg/m2
Door 15 x 4,5m - ASSA Abloy VL3 Vertical lift
Services Sprinkler system and lighting system with mass of 6kg/m2
Roof Ventilator 500mm Tornado Turbine Alum (700X700)

REFERENCE
• SOUTHERN AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS, 2011. SANS 10160 PART 1: BASIC OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND ACTION
FOR BUILDING AND INDUSTRAIL STRUCTURES
• SOUTHERN AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS, 2010. SANS 10160 PART 2: IMPOSED LOAD AND DEAD LOAD
• SOUTHERN AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS, 2011. SANS 10160 PART 3: WIND LOAD
• SOUTHERN AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS, 2011. SANS 10160 PART 6: CRANE LOAD
• SOUTHERN AFRICA HANDBOOK 2013 “THE RED BOOK”, SOUTHERN AFRICA INSTITUTE OF STEEL
• AUTOCAD 2019
• PROKON
 SSD4702 Revision A
Preliminary designs
Page: 04
Job No: Date: 09/09/2020
Member: PORTAL FRAME NO 1 Prepared By: NF Ndlela Checked By:

DIAGRAM:

X X
610×229×101 UB Hunch
X X
533×210×82 UB Stanchion
8m

X X

X X
Frames at 6m crs

30m

PORTAL FRAME DATA:

Eaves height 'H' [m ] = 8,0 (?)

Span of frame 'L' [m ] = 30,0 (?)

Frame spacing 'S' [m ] = 6,0

Restrained stanchions: Yes (?)

6
LOADING:
Sheeting and insulation [kN/m 2 ] = 1,4x 0,53
Purlins [kN/m 2 ] = 1,4x 0,13
Frame self weight [kN/m 2 ] = 1,4x 0,18
Services [kN/m 2 ] = 1,4x 0,71
Imposed Load [kN/m 2 ] = 1,6x 0,13
Other [kN/m 2 ] = 1,4x 0,00
Total factored unit load [kN/m 2 ] = 2,38
Total factored load on rafter [kN/m run ] = 14,27

SUGGESTED MEMBER SIZES:

Rafter: 533×210×82 UB
Stanchion: 533×210×82 UB
Haunch: 610×229×101 UB

NOTES:
1) Wind load is based on ground roughness category 2 with a basic wind speed of up to 40m/s. Where dominant openings exist the results should be treated with
caution;
2) Steel grade is S355;
3) Haunch length is 10% of the span of the frame;
4) Roof pitch is 6°;
5) Rafter load is the total factored dead load (including self weight) and factored imposed load;
6) Given member sizes are suitable for rapid preliminary design or for estimating purposes only;
7) Results can be used for multiple span frames of equal or unequal spans provided a suitable valley column is used (not covered);
 SSD4702 Revision A
Preliminary designs
Page: 04
Job No: Date: 09/09/2020
Member: PORTAL FRAME NO 2 Prepared By: NF Ndlela Checked By:

DIAGRAM:

533×210×82 UB Hunch

686×254×140 UB Stanchion
7m

Frames at 5m crs

28m

PORTAL FRAME DATA:

Eaves height 'H' [m ] = 7,0 (?)

Span of frame 'L' [m ] = 28,0 (?)

Frame spacing 'S' [m ] = 5,0

Restrained stanchions: No (?)

6
LOADING:
Sheeting and insulation [kN/m 2 ] = 1,4x 0,53
Purlins [kN/m 2 ] = 1,4x 0,13
Frame self weight [kN/m 2 ] = 1,4x 0,18
Services [kN/m 2 ] = 1,4x 0,71
Imposed Load [kN/m 2 ] = 1,6x 0,13
Other [kN/m 2 ] = 1,4x 0,00
Total factored unit load [kN/m 2 ] = 2,38
Total factored load on rafter [kN/m run ] = 11,89

SUGGESTED MEMBER SIZES:

Rafter: 457×191×67 UB
Stanchion: 686×254×140 UB
Haunch: 533×210×82 UB

NOTES:
1) Wind load is based on ground roughness category 2 with a basic wind speed of up to 40m/s. Where dominant openings exist the results should be treated with
caution;
2) Steel grade is S355;
3) Haunch length is 10% of the span of the frame;
4) Roof pitch is 6°;
5) Rafter load is the total factored dead load (including self weight) and factored imposed load;
6) Given member sizes are suitable for rapid preliminary design or for estimating purposes only;
7) Results can be used for multiple span frames of equal or unequal spans provided a suitable valley column is used (not covered);
Determination of loads on structure
Four types of loading were identified during the design process, these include:

1.1. Wind loads

1.2. Crane loads
1.3. Permanent loads
1.4. Imposed loads

Figure 1 shows the final dimensions chosen for the hangar

Load combinations

The following loading combinations are taken from the South African Steel Construction Handbook (The
Red Book), Eight Edition, 2016, Table 10.2; these combinations were used in the analysis of the structure.

• Ultimate Limit States: 1.

• LC1 = 1.5DL
• LC2 = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
• LC3 = 0.9DL + 1.3WL
• LC4 = 1.2DL + 0.5LL + 1.3WL
• LC 5 = 0.8CLV + 0.8CLH + 1.2DL + 1.6LL
• LC6 = 1.6CLV + 1.2CLH + 1.2LL + 0.5DL
• LC7 = 1.2CLV + 1.6CLH + 1.2DL + 0.5LL
• LC8 = 0.8CLV + 0.8CLH + 1.2DL + 0.5LL

Serviceability Limit State:

1. 1.1 DL + 1.0 LL
2. 1.1 DL + 0.3 LL + 0.6 WL
3. 1.0 DL + 0.6 WL

3. Structural Analysis
 The analysis of the frame was done using Prokon 2.5. The analysis was performed over a 2D frame. The
frame was modelled using nodes at the connection points of the girts and the purlins. A trial section of
406x178x74 was used for the columns, and a 406x178x74 for the rafters, haunches of the same section as
the rafters. The frame was pinned at the bottom to analyse the structure at the worst case.

LOAD COMBINATION 5

2 Bending Moment Diagram - LOAD COMBINATION 5

 3 Axial

4 Shear Force Diagram - LOAD COMBINATION 5

LOADING COMBINATION 4

Figure: 5 Bending Moment Diagram - LOADING COMBINATION 4

 Figure 6: Shear Force Diagram - LOADING COMBINATION 4

Figure: 7 AXIAL
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S13
Apex Connection - Ver W3.1.01 - 05 Mar 2019

Title : Example
Code of Practice : SABS 0162 - 1993
Created : 2020/08/24 14:37:09

Notes and Assumptions

1 All bolt holes are assumed to be normal clearance holes.
2 All bolts are assumed to have threads in their shear planes.
3 It is assumed that the connection is deep enough for the flanges
to resist the compressive and tensile forces in them.

Summary

Summary of Forces and Capacities for Design to SABS 0162 - 1993

Check Member Type LC Applied Capacity Units % of Cap. ?

1 Weld Flange WL 214.5 344 kN 62.4 O.K.

2 Weld Web DL 122.5 1377.9 kN 8.9 O.K.

3 Bolts Shear DL 20.4 63.1 kN 32.3 O.K.

3b Bolts Slip DL 102.1 179.3 kN 56.9 O.K.

4 Bolts Combined DL 0.7 1.4 kN 53 O.K.

5 Bolts & Plate Tension & Bending WL 129.3 210.4 kN 61.4 O.K.

6 Plate Bearing DL 20.4 165.8 kN 12.3 O.K.

Input

General Settings
Bolt Tension Analysis Plastic
Bolt Type HSFG
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Bolt Grade 10.9

Member Ultimate Strength 450
Member Yield Strength 300
Weld Ultimate Strength 480

HSFG Bolts Settings

Limit State for No Slip of HSFG Bolts Serviceability Limit State
Friction Coefficient (mu) Not Applicable
ks (SABS '93) 0.33
c1 (SABS '93) 0.85

Connection Type Extended End Plate : Bottom

Beam 406x178x74 I1
Beam Angle 15
Haunch Depth (mm) 300
Haunch Length (mm) 600

Ultimate Limit State Loads in Beam

SLS Factor
Load Case Shear Axial Moment

DL 100 -100 -100 1.2

LL 50 -25 -135 1.3
WL -20 100 120 1.25

Width (mm) 179.8

Extent Above Beam Flange (mm) N/A
End Plate
Extent Below Haunch (mm) 50
Thickness (mm) 22

Bolts Diameter (mm) 16

Above Top Flange N/A
Below Top Flange 1
Rows of Bolts
Above Haunch 1
Below Haunch 1
Bolt Offsets Row Spacing (mm) N/A
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Web (mm) 34
Flange (mm) 25
Above Haunch (mm) 25

Beam Flanges (mm) 7

Weld Sizes
Beam Web (mm) 7

Check 1 : Capacity of the Beam Flange Welds

The worst load is encountered for Load Case : WL
when Fmax =214.533 kN

The Capacity of the weld is the lesser of : 13.13.1

Table 3 (a)
0.67 . fw. Aw. f uw
Vr =
1000
0.67 ×0.67 ×1 629.952 ×480
=
1000
= 351.209 kN

Table 3 (b)
0.67 . f . Am. f y
Vr =
1000
0.67 ×0.9 ×2 305.1 ×300
=
1000
= 416.993 kN

Beam Flange Weld is safe

Check 2 : Capacity of the Beam Web Welds

The worst load is encountered for Load Case : DL
when Fmax =122.474 kN

The Capacity of the weld is the lesser of : 13.13.1

Table 3 (a)
0.67 . fw. Aw. f uw
Vr =
1000
0.67 ×0.67 ×3 197.484 ×480
=
1000
= 688.968 kN

Table 3 (b)
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0.67 . f . Am. f y
Vr =
1000
0.67 ×0.9 ×4 521.925 ×300
=
1000
= 818.016 kN

Beam Web Weld is safe

Check 3 : Shear Capacity of the Bolts

The worst load is encountered for Load Case : DL
when Vmax =20.412 kN

13.11.2
NOTE : The true tensile stress area of the bolt is used in stead of 0.75*Ab

The resistance of any bolt is :

0.60 . fb. m . Ab. f u

Vr =
1000
0.60 ×0.67 ×1 ×157 ×1000
=
1000
= 63.114 kN

Bolt shear is safe

Check 3b : Slip Capacity of the Bolts

The worst load is encountered for Load Case : DL
when Vmax =102.062 kN

13.12.2
The resistance of the group is :

0.53 . c1. k s . m . n . Ab. f u

Vs =
1000
0.53 ×0.85 ×0.33 ×1 ×6 ×201.062 ×1000
=
1000
= 179.345 kN

Bolt slip is safe

Check 4 : Shear and Tension Capacity of the Bolts

The worst load is encountered for Load Case : DL

The factor must be less than or equal to 1.4 : 13.11.4

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V u Tu
Factor = +
V r Tr
20.412 44.011
= +
63.114 105.19
= 0.7418

Bolt shear and tension is safe

Check 5 : Bolt tension and End Plate Bending

The worst load is encountered for Load Case : WL

Fmax = 129.271 kN
The resistance is the smaller of the 3 possible failure modes :

Mode 1 : Complete yielding of the End Plate

4 . Mpl .
R1 = 1000
m
4 ×4.63914
= ×1000
28.4
= 653.400 kN

Mode 2 : Bolt Failure with yielding of the End Plate

2 . Mpl . 1000 + n . 2 . Bt
R2 =
m+n
2 ×4.63914 ×1000 + 35.5 ×2 ×105.19
=
28.4 + 35.5
= 262.078 kN

Mode 3 : Bolt Failure only

R3 = 2 . Bt
= 2 ×105.19
= 210.380 kN

Therefore R = R3 = 210.38

Bolt tension and end plate bending is safe

Check 6 : Bearing of the End Plate

The Bearing Capacity of the Plate at any Bolt is :

The worst load is encountered for Load Case : DL

when Bmax =20.412 kN
13.10.1c
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f . t. a. fu
Br =
1000
0.67 ×22 ×25 ×450
=
1000
= 165.825 kN

End plate bearing is safe

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Bolt Forces (Forces are given per bolt and not per row)

Bolt Forces for Load Case : DL

17.68 kN

44.01 kN
44.01 kN

Shear force per bolt : 20.41 kN

Bolt Forces for Load Case : LL

2.8 kN

48.88 kN
48.88 kN

Shear force per bolt : 9.13 kN

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Bolt Forces for Load Case : WL

64.64 kN

0 kN
0 kN

Shear force per bolt : 7.53 kN

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S12
Beam - Column Connection - Ver W3.1.02 - 22 Aug 2019

Title :
Code of Practice : SANS 10162-1:2011
Created : 2020/08/29 02:04:13

Notes and Assumptions

1 All references are formated "EC3 Part : Section" eg: 8 : 3.6.2(3)a.
for Eurocode 1993-1-8 Section 3.6.2(3)a.
2 All bolt holes are assumed to be normal clearance holes.
3 All bolts are assumed to have threads in their shear planes.
4 It is assumed that the connection is deep enough for the flanges
to resist the compressive and tensile forces in them.
5 It is assumed that compressive forces in flanges and stiffeners
are conveyed through welds and not through bearing.
6 Axial force in the column is not considered in the design.

Summary

Summary of Forces and Capacities for Design to SANS 10162-1:2011

Check Member Type LC Applied Capacity Units % of Cap. ?

1 Weld Flange USL 11 412 kN 2.7 O.K.

2 Weld Web USL 5.8 982.7 kN 0.6 O.K.

3 Column Web Tension Yielding USL 10.8 586.2 kN 1.8 O.K.

4 Column Web Compression Crippling USL 11 511 kN 2.2 O.K.

5 Column Web Compression Buckling USL 11 678.4 kN 1.6 O.K.

6 Column Web Shear USL 11 693.7 kN 1.6 O.K.

7 Bolts & Flange Tension & Bending USL 11.2 156.8 kN 7.2 O.K.

8 Column Flange Bearing USL 1 308.7 kN 0.3 O.K.

9 Bolts & End Plate Tension & Bending USL 11.2 56.7 kN 19.8 O.K.

10 End Plate Bearing USL 1 98.4 kN 1 O.K.

11 Bolts Shear USL 1 42.2 kN 2.3 O.K.

12 Bolts Shear & Tension USL 0.1 1.4 kN 8.3 O.K.

13 Bolts Slip N/A N/A N/A kN N/A N/A

Input
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General Settings
Bolt Tension Analysis Plastic
Bolt Type Bearing
Bolt Grade 4.8
Member Ultimate Strength 480
Member Yield Strength 350
Weld Ultimate Strength 480

Connection Type Extended End Plate : Bottom

Column 406x178x74 I1
Beam 406x178x74 I1
Column Extent Above (mm) 25
Beam Angle 8
Haunch Depth (mm) 200
Haunch Length (mm) 300

Ultimate Limit State Loads in Beam SLS Factor

Shear Axial Moment (Divide to
Load Case get Loads)
(kN) (kN) (kNm)
USL 5.74 -0.55 6.54 1

Width (mm) 191.7

Extent Above Beam Flange (mm) N/A
End Plate
Extent Below Beam Flange (mm) 75
Thickness (mm) 6
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Stiffeners Bottom
Width (mm) 85
Top Stiffener Thickness (mm) None
Column Stiffeners Bottom Stiffener Thickness (mm) None
Shear Stiffener Thickness (mm) None
Shear Stiffener Orientation None
Layout None
Web Plates
Thickness (mm) 5
Top Backing Plate Thickness (mm) None
Bottom Backing Plate Thickness (mm) None

Bolts Diameter (mm) 20

Above Top Flange N/A
Below Top Flange 1
Rows of Bolts Above Bottom Flange 1
Below Bottom Flange 1
Row Spacing (mm) N/A
Web (mm) 43
Bolt Offsets Flange (mm) 24
Above Haunch (mm) 24
Beam Flanges (mm) 6
Beam Web (mm) 6
Welds Top Stiffener (mm) N/A
Bottom Stiffener (mm) N/A
Shear Stiffener (mm) N/A

Check 1 : Capacity of the Beam Flange Welds

The worst load is encountered for Load Case : USL
when Fmax =11.014 kN

The Capacity of the weld is the lesser of : 13.13.2.2

13.13.2.2a
0.67 . fw. Am. f u
Vr =
1000
0.67 ×0.67 ×1 975.8 ×480
=
1000
= 425.730 kN

13.13.2.2b
0.67 . fw. Aw. xu. 1.5
Vr =
1000
0.67 ×0.67 ×1 274.794 ×480 ×1.5
=
1000
= 412.024 kN

Beam Flange Weld is safe

Check 2 : Capacity of the Beam Web Welds

The worst load is encountered for Load Case : USL
when Fmax =5.761 kN
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The Capacity of the weld is the lesser of : 13.13.2.2

13.13.2.2a
0.67 . fw. Am. f u
Vr =
1000
0.67 ×0.67 ×6 449.812 ×480
=
1000
= 1 389.754 kN

13.13.2.2b
0.67 . fw. Aw. xu
Vr =
1000
0.67 ×0.67 ×4 560.706 ×480
=
1000
= 982.704 kN

Beam Web Weld is safe

Check 3 : Capacity of the Column web in tension

Opposite Top flange of the beam :

The worst load is encountered for Load Case : USL

when Tmax =10.76 kN

The Capacity of the web is :

0.9 . tw. leff . f y
Tr =
1000
0.9 ×9.7 ×191.86 ×350
=
1000
= 586.228 kN

No tensile forces in the beam bottom flange

Column web is safe in tension

Check 4 : Crippling Capacity of the Column web in Compression

No compressive forces in the beam top flange

Opposite Bottom flange of the beam :

The worst load is encountered for Load Case : USL

when Bmax =11.014 kN

The Capacity of the web is :

21.3a
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fbi . tw. leff . f y

Br =
1000
0.8 ×9.7 ×188.157 ×350
=
1000
= 511.034 kN

Column web is safe in compression for crippling

Check 5 : Buckling Capacity of the Column web in Compression

No compressive forces in the top beam flange

Opposite Bottom flange of the beam :

Column web is safe in compression for buckling

Check 6 : Shear Capacity of the Column Web

The worst load is encountered for Load Case : USL
when Vmax =11.014 kN

13.4.1.2
0.55 . f . f y. tw. h
Vr =
1000
0.55 ×0.9 ×350 ×9.7 ×412.8
=
1000
= 693.721 kN

Column web shear is safe

Check 7 : Bolt tension and Column Flange Bending

The worst load is encountered for Load Case : USL

Fmax = 11.213 kN
Eurocode 1993-1
8 : 6.2.4
8 : Table 6.2
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The resistance is the smaller of the 3 possible failure modes :

Mode 1 : Complete yielding of the flange

4 . Mpl + 2 . Mbp.
R1 = 1000
m
4 ×3.8679 + 2 ×0
= ×1000
34.84
= 444.076 kN

Mode 2 : Bolt Failure with yielding of the flange

2 . Mpl . 1000 + n . 2 . Bt
R2 =
m+n
2 ×3.8679 ×1000 + 42 ×2 ×78.4
=
34.84 + 42
= 186.379 kN

Mode 3 : Bolt Failure only

R3 = 2 . Bt
= 2 ×78.4
= 156.800 kN

Therefore R = R3 = 156.8

Bolt tension and Column Flange bending is safe

Check 8 : Bearing on the Column Flange

The Bearing Capacity of the flange at any Bolt is the lesser of :

The worst load is encountered for Load Case : USL

when Bmax =0.96 kN
13.10c
3 . fbr . t . d . f u
Br =
1000
3 ×0.67 ×16 ×20 ×480
=
1000
= 308.736 kN

Column flange bearing is safe

Check 9 : Bolt tension and End Plate Bending

The worst load is encountered for Load Case : USL

Fmax = 11.213 kN
Eurocode 1993-1
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8 : 6.2.4
8 : Table 6.2
The resistance is the smaller of the 3 possible failure modes :

Mode 1 : Complete yielding of the End Plate

4 . Mpl .
R1 = 1000
m
4 ×0.62654
= ×1000
44.2
= 56.700 kN

Mode 2 : Bolt Failure with yielding of the End Plate

2 . Mpl . 1000 + n . 2 . Bt
R2 =
m+n
2 ×0.62654 ×1000 + 42 ×2 ×78.4
=
44.2 + 42
= 90.936 kN

Mode 3 : Bolt Failure only

R3 = 2 . Bt
= 2 ×78.4
= 156.800 kN

Therefore R = R1 = 56.7

Bolt tension and End Plate bending is safe

Check 10 : Bearing on the End Plate

The Bearing Capacity of the Plate at any Bolt is :

The worst load is encountered for Load Case : USL

when Bmax =0.96 kN
f . t . a. f u 13.10c
Br =
1000

End plate bearing is safe

Check 11 : Shear Capacity of the Bolts

The worst load is encountered for Load Case : USL
when Vmax =0.96 kN

13.12.1.2
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The resistance of any bolt is :

0.60 . fb. m . 0.7 . Ab. f u

Vr =
1000
0.60 ×0.8 ×1 ×0.7 ×314.159 ×400
=
1000
= 42.223 kN

Bolt shear is safe

Check 12 : Shear and Tension Capacity of the Bolts

The worst load is encountered for Load Case : USL

The factor must be less than or equal to 1.4 : 13.12.1.4

V u Tu
Factor = +
V r Tr
0.96 5.607
= +
35.362 63.146
= 0.1159

Bolt shear and tension is safe

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Bolt Forces

Bolt Forces for Load Case : USL

5.61 kN

0 kN
0 kN

Shear force per bolt : 0.96 kN

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Base Plate Design - SANS 10162 - 2005

Material Strength Properties
fcu : 30 MPa
Bolt Grade : 8.8
Bolt fy : 640 MPa
Bolt fu : 800 MPa
fy Baseplate : 300 MPa
fu Baseplate : 300 MPa
fy Column : 300 MPa
fu Column : 300 MPa
tu Weld : 420 MPa

Column Section
I1 406x178x74

Base Plate Design Data:

Plate Shape : Rectangular
Height : 700 mm
Breadth : 300 mm
Thickness : 30 mm

Weld Properties
Size :10 mm Fillet Weld

Bolt Properties
Diameter : 16 mm
Anchor Length : 300 mm
Compression not allowed in bolts

Bolt End Plate Properties

End Type : Square Plate
Dimension : 50 x 50 mm
Thickness : 10 mm

Bolt Resistance Forces

Bolt Net Cross Section 25.2.2.1

0.75 . p. d 2
An =
4
0.75 ×p×16 2
=
4
= 150.796 mm2

Tension Resistance 25.2.2.1

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0.67 . An. f u
Tr =
1000
0.67 ×150.8 ×800
=
1000
= 80.829 kN

Tension Resistance Concrete 25.2.2.1

0.28 . f cu. p. d . lb + 0.6 . f cu. (AnchorArea - BoltArea)

Trc =
1000
0.28 × 30 ×p×16 ×300 + 0.6 ×30 ×( 2500 - 201.06 )
=
1000
= 64.507 kN

Shear Resistance 25.2.3.3

0.6 . 0.67 . 0.7 . An. f u

Vr =
1000
0.6 ×0.67 ×0.7 ×150.8 ×800
=
1000
= 33.948 kN

Compression Resistance 13.3.1

0.9 . An. f u
Cr =
1000
0.9 ×150.8 ×516.13
=
1000
= 70.049 kN

Find Effective Compression Area

Calculate Zpl

b . tp2
Zpl =
4
1 ×30 2
=
4
= 225.000
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Moment of Resistance equation 13.5

Mr = 0.9 . Zpl . f y
= 0.9 ×225 ×300
= 60.75×103

Moment Ultimate equation

Mu = (c*b)*(c/2)*fcu

Through substitution cMax can be calculated

Effective Distance from Edge of Section

fy
Zpl . 2 . 0.9 .
1.15
cMax =
f cu
b.
1.5
300
225 ×2 ×0.9 ×
1.15
=
30
1×
1.5
= 72.682 mm
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Calculation Sheet for Load Case : LC4

Factored loads
P: 70.67 kN
Mx : -179.36 kNm
Vz : -79.07 kN

Find Equilibruim
The actual number of Grid Point used for calculation is 1099
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Moment balancing
Sum Of Moments around X-axis = 28.9 kNm
Sum Of Moments around Y-axis = 0.0 kNm

Axial Force balancing

Sum Of Forces in Y-direction = 347.5 kN

The Shear Resistance in the Bolts Resists the Following Forces:

Forces in X-direction
Moments around Y-axis
Forces in Z-direction

Calculating Factors of Safety in Concrete

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StrainMax
FOS =
Strain
.0035
=
.00126723
= 2.762

Calculating Factors of Safety in Critical Bolt

Tension in Bolts
Critical Bolt Tension

Tr
FOS =
Tension
80.425
=
68.401
= 1.176

Critical Bolt Pull-Out

Trc
FOS =
Tension
64.507
=
68.401
= 0.9431

Bolt Fails in Pull-Out

Shear in Bolts
Critical Bolt Shear

Vr
FOS =
Shear
33.778
=
19.767
= 1.709

Shear and Tension combined in Bolts

The factor should be less than 1.4 for bolts in shear and tension

The bolt number 1 has the critical shear and tension combination

The tension in the bolt is: 68.40 kN

The shear in the bolt is: 19.77 kN
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Tension and Shear Resistance combination 13.11.4

Shear Tension
combinedfactor = +
Vr Tr
19.767 68.401
= +
33.778 80.425
= 1.436

1.436 > 1.4

Bolt Fails in Shear and Tension

Converted to Factor of Safety relevant to 1

1.4
FOS =
f actor
1.4
=
1.4357
= 0.9751

Bolt BasePlate interaction

Resistance
FOS =
Force
361.77
=
68.401
= 5.289

Welds
Since unit values are used for the length and size of the weld, the capacity
of this layout is given in kN/mm

The capacity, Vr is the lesser of Vr1 and Vr2:

Resistance of weld material

Tu .
0.67 . 0.707 . Size
1.5
Vr1 =
1000
420
0.67 × ×0.707 ×10
1.5
=
1000
= 1.326 kN/mm

Resistance of parent material

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fy .
0.9 . 0.707 . Size
1.5
Vr2 =
1000
300
0.9 × ×0.707 ×10
1.5
=
1000
= 1.273 kN/mm

Capacity of 10mm weld is 1.273kN/mm

Resistance
FOS =
Force
1.2726
=
.91553
= 1.390
 BOQ For a Nose-in maintenance hangar for a Cessna 172R Skyhawk aircraft

NO. DESCRIPTION UNIT QUANTITY RATES AMOUNT

1 STEEL WORKS
1,1 175x75x20x2.5C Purlins 5.82Kg/m m 508 R 64,00 R 32 512,00
1,2 175x75x20x2.5C Girts 5.82Kg/m m 360 R 64,00 R 23 040,00
406x178x74 I Main Columns weighing
74kg/m fixed to I beam columns with
bolts and connecting plates/cleats and a
1,3 5-10mmuniform weld. Kg 6216 R 72,00 R 447 552,00
406x178x74 I Rafter weighing 45kg/m
fixed to I beam columns with bolts and
connecting plates/cleats and a 5-
1,4 10mmuniform weld Kg 12432 R 72,00 R 895 104,00
1,5 IPE200 I Gable column Kg 5678 R 59,00 R 335 002,00
1,6 70 x 70 x 6 Single Angle Bracing Kg 1270 R 59,00 R 74 930,00
406x178x74 I1 Haunch Beam Cut 300 X
1,7 600 at 15 degree angle Kg 456 R 72,00 R 32 832,00

R 1 840 972,00

2 BASE PLATE
700X300x30mm thick, 2No. mild steel
Base plates at the bottom of the ms
stanchion UB columns with 4No 16mm
2,1 diameter holes(m/s). No 18 R 110,00 R 1 980,00
2,2 50 x 50 mm, 10mm thick Bolt End Plate: No 65 R -
Grade 8.8, 16mm dia, 300mm long J bolts
fixed into concrete stub columns
including heads, nuts and washers
2,3 Enchor Length NO. 240 R 24,00 R 5 760,00
Drill 16mm dia 4No holes in each base
2,4 plate for the 25mm dia J bolts (m/s) NO 240 R -
R 7 740,00

3 ROOF
Roof and Side Sheeting: Macsteel IBR
3,1 Roof Sheet and Side (6600 x 0.6mm) No. 352 R -
500mm Tornado Turbine Alum (700X700)
3,2 Roof Ventilator No. 12 R -
Thermal Insulation: Panels with mass of
3,3 1,5kg/m2 480 R -
R -

4 DOOR
15 x 4,5m - ASSA Abloy VL3 Vertical lift
4,1 Door No 1 R -
4,2 406x178x74 I Door supporting beam Kg 666 R -
R -

5 CONCRETE
30MPa 500 X 300 Plinth Concrete Foot 2
5,1 Meter above ground level m3 4,2 R -
5,2 CONCRETE TO PAD FOUNDATION m3 7,2 R -
Reinforced concrete grade 25 250mm
5,3 thick slab m3 216 R -

BOQ.xlsx Page 1
 BOQ For a Nose-in maintenance hangar for a Cessna 172R Skyhawk aircraft

NO. DESCRIPTION UNIT QUANTITY RATES AMOUNT

R -

6 MENSONRY
230mm thick brickwork Brickwork in
Class II mortar, size 230 x 140 x 90mm m2 210 R 410,00 R 86 100,00
R 86 100,00

7 MECHANICAL INSTALLATION
7,1 2 Ton Crane no. 1 R 16 500,00 R 16 500,00
Runway Girder 406x178x54 I1 and
7,2 PC180x70 C1 m 72 R 5 400,00 R 388 800,00
7,3 Crane Bridge m 24 R 6 000,00 R 144 000,00
R 549 300,00
R 1 934 812,00

BOQ.xlsx Page 2