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17 views

Am Ia

Hi

Uploaded by

Dhanush Dhanush
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IA-3

module - 4

Dhanush S
1IC17ME007

1 a What are nanomaterials? Discuss the classification of nanomaterials


ans The term nanoscale refers to the dimension of 10-9 meters. It is the one
billionth part of a meter. So, the particles whose any of the external
dimensions or internal structure dimension or surface structure dimension lies
in the range of 1nm to 100nm are considered as Nanomaterials.
classification of nanomaterials are;

The one dimensional Nano dispersive systems are termed as Nanopowders


and Nanoparticles. Here the nanoparticles are further classified as
Nanocrystals, Nanoclusters, Nanotubes, supermolecules,etc..

the size is an important physical attribute. Nanomaterials are often


classified depending upon the number of their dimensions falls under
nanoscale. The nanomaterial whose all the three dimensions are of nanoscale
and the is significantly no difference between the longest and shortest
axes, are called Nanoparticles. Materials with their two dimensions in the
nanoscale are called Nanofibres.
Materials with one dimension in the nanoscale are known as Nanoplates.
Nanoplates with two different longer dimensions are known as Nanoribbons.

Nanofoams contain a liquid or solid matrix, filled with a gaseous phase


and one of the two phases has dimensions in the nanoscale.
1 b . Explain the synthesis of nanomaterials by sol-gel process.

ans The sol-gel technique for synthesis of nanomaterials is a wet- chemical


technique. It is also known as chemical solution deposition. Such techniques
are used for the fabrication of materials starting from a chemical
solution (sol, short for solution) which acts as the precursor for an
integrated network (or gel) of either discrete particles or network
polymers.

This starting material is used to produce a colloidal suspension known as


gel. After that a gelling agent for example, polyvinyl alcohol is added
and this will produce a gel.

A this fil coating is made on a substrate for example, Ni or Ti sheets,


glass. It depends upon the requirement. The pH, temperature and viscosity
should be under control. At last the film is annealed at suitable
temperature and then characterized.
Common precursors are metal alkoxides and metal chlorides, which undergo
hydrolysis and olycondensation reactions to from either a network “elastic
solid” or a colloidal suspension or dispersion– a system composed of
discrete often amorphous submicrometer particles dispersed to various
degrees in a host fluid. In the case of the colliod, the volume fraction
of particles (or particle density) may be so low that a significant amount
of fluid may need to be removed initially for the gel like properties to
be recognized.

Precursors in the form of acetates or carbonates or nitrates are taken


and then dissolved in deionized water.
Produce materials at ultra-low temperatures (around 150-600 oF vis –a-
vis 2500-6500 OF for conventional techniques),
Synthesise Large quantities relatively cheaply,
Co-synthesize two or more materials simultaneously,
Coat one or more materials onto materials (metals or ceramic particulates,
and three-dimensional objects),
Produce extermely homogenous alloys and composites,
Synthesize ultra- high purity (99.9999%) materials,
control the microstructure of the final products, and precisely control the
physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the final products.

1 c Explain Bottom-up approach and Top-down approach.


ans Top-Down Design Model
In the top-down model, an overview of the system is formulated without
going into detail for any part of it. Each part of it then refined into
more details, defining it in yet more details until the entire specification
is detailed enough to validate the model. if we glance at a haul as a
full, it’s going to appear not possible as a result of it’s so complicated
For example Writing a University system program, writing a word
processor. Complicated issues may be resolved victimization high down style,
conjointly referred to as Stepwise refinement where,

We break the problem into parts,


Then break the parts into parts soon and now each of parts will be easy
to do.

Advantages

Breaking problems into parts help us to identify what needs to be done.


At each step of refinement, new parts will become less complex and
therefore easier to solve.
Parts of the solution may turn out to be reusable.
Breaking problems into parts allows more than one person to solve the
problem.
Bottom-Up Design Model
In this design, individual parts of the system are specified in detail. The
parts are linked to form larger components, which are in turn linked until a
complete system is formed. Object-oriented language such as C++ or java
uses a bottom-up approach where each object is identified first.

Advantage

Make decisions about reusable low-level utilities then decide how there will be
put together to create high-level construct. ,
The contrast between Top-down design and bottom-up design.

module - 5

4 a Define automation, explain the levels of Automation.

ans Automation, in the context of manufacturing, is the use of equipment to


automate systems or production processes. The end goal is to drive
greater efficiency by either increasing production capacity or reducing
costs, often both. Automation has become known more as using machines to
reduce work performed by humans.

Device level
This is the lowest level in our automation hierarchy. It includes the
actuators, sensors, and other hardware components that comprise the
machine level
Machine level
Hardware at the device level is assembled into individual machines.
Examples include CNC machine tools and similar production equipment,
industrial roo bOIS, powered conveyors, and automated guided vehicles.
Cell or system level
This is the manufacturing cell or system level, which operates under
instructions from the plant level. A manufacturing cell or system is a
group of machines or workstations connected and supported by a material
handling system, computer. and other equipment appropriate to the
manufacturing process.
Plum level
This is the factory or production systems level. It receives instructions
from (he corporate iuformation system and translates them into
operational plans for production.

Enterprise level
This is the highest level.consisting of the corporate information systern.It
is concerned with all of the functions necessary to manage the company:
marketing and sales, accounting, design, research, aggregate planning, and
master production scheduling.
The manufacturing systems in a factory arc components of a larger
system, which we refer to as a production system. We define a production
system as the people, equipment, and procedures that are organiz.ed for
the combination of materials and processes that comprise a company's
manufacturing operations.
4 b Write a note on Continuous and Discrete control.
ans Continuous systems

are those types of systems in which input and output signals are the same
at both the ends. In this type of system, variable changes with time and
any type of variation is not found in the input and output signal. In
response to the input signal, a continuous system generates an output signal.

Discrete control.

In discrete systems, both input and output signals are discrete signals.
The variables in the discrete systems vary with time. In this type of
system, the changes are predominantly discontinuous. The state of variables
in discrete system changes only at a discrete set of points in time.

4 c Write down the benefits of Automation.


ans the benefits of Automation. are;

Reducing Operational Costs


Increasing Productivity
Ensuring High Availability
Increasing Reliability
Optimizing Performance

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