K.

Ramakrishnan College of Engineering, Trichy

EX. No.:1
DATA DEFINITION COMMANDS, DATA MANIPULATION COMMANDS FOR INSERTING,
DELETING, UPDATING AND RETRIEVING TABLES AND TRANSACTION CONTROL
STATEMENTS
COMMANDS
SQL> create table stud (sname varchar2(30), sid varchar2(10), sage number(2), sarea
varchar2(20));
Table created. SQL> desc stud;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------------------- -------- --------------------------------
SNAME VARCHAR2(30)
SID VARCHAR2(10)
SAGE NUMBER(2)
SAREA VARCHAR2(20)
SQL>alter table stud modify ( sage number(10)); Table altered.
SQL> alter table stud add ( sdept varchar2(20)); Table altered.
SQL> desc stud;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------------------- -------- --------------------------------
SNAME VARCHAR2(30)
SID VARCHAR2(10)
SAGE NUMBER(10)
SAREA VARCHAR2(20)
SDEPT VARCHAR2(20)
SQL> alter table stud drop ( sdept varchar2(20)); Table altered.
SQL> desc studs;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------------------- -------- ------------------------------------
SNAME VARCHAR2(30)
SID VARCHAR2(10)
SAGE NUMBER(10)
SAREA VARCHAR2(20)
SQL> truncate table studs; Table truncated.
SQL> desc studs;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------------------- -------- ------------------------------------
SNAME VARCHAR2(30)
SID VARCHAR2(10)
SAGE NUMBER(10)
SAREA VARCHAR2(20)
SDEPT VARCHAR2(20)
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SQL> drop table studs; Table dropped.

DML AND TCL COMMANDS
SQL> create table tb43 (rno number(2),name varchar(10));
Table created;
SQL>insert into tb43 values(2,‟kavi‟);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into tb43 values(3,‟prami‟);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into tb43 values(4,‟geetha‟);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from tb43;
RNO NAME
---------------------------------------------------
2 kavi
3 prami
4 geetha
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL>insert into tb43 values(5,‟indhu‟);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from tb43;
RNO NAME
-----------------------------------------------------------
2 kavi
3 prami
4 geetha
5 indhu
SQL>rollback;
Rollback complete;
SQL> select * from tb43;
RNO NAME
-----------------------------------------------------
2 kavi
3 prami
4 geetha
SQL>save point s1;
Save point created;
SQL> delete * from tb43 where rno=3;
1 row deleted.
SQL> select * from tb43;

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RNO NAME
--------------------------------------------------------
2 kavi
3 prami
SQL> insert into tb43 values(7,‟balu‟);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from tb43;
RNO NAME
------------------------------------------------------
2 kavi
3 prami
7 balu
SQL> rollback to s1;
Rollback complete;

SQL> select * from tb43;

RNO NAME
------------------------------------------------------
2 kavi
3 prami

SQL> commit;
Committed.

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EX.NO-2

PERFORMING INSERTION, DELETION, MODIFYING, ALTERING, UPDATING AND VIEWING

RECORDS BASED ON CONDITIONS
commands:
SQL>create table stud (sname varchar2(30), sid varchar2(10), sage number(10), sarea
varchar2(20), sdept varchar2(20));
Table created.
SQL> insert into stud values ('ashwin',101,19,'anna nagar','aeronautical');
1 row created.
SQL> insert into stud values ('bhavesh',102,18,'nungambakkam','marine');
1 row created.
SQL> insert into stud values ('pruthvik',103,20,'anna nagar','aerospace');
1 row created.
SQL> insert into stud values ('charith',104,20,'kilpauk','mechanical'); 1 row created.
SQL> select * from stud;
SNAME SID SAGE SAREA SDEPT
------------------------------ ---------- --------- -------------------- --------------------
ashwin 101 19 anna nagar aeronautical
bhavesh 102 18 nungambakkam marine
pruthvik 103 20 anna nagar aerospace
charith 104 20 kilpauk mechanical
RENAMING THE TABLE ‘STUD’
SQL> rename stud to studs;
Table renamed.
ARITHMETIC OPERATION
SQL> select sname, sid+100 "stid" from
studs; SNAME stid
------------------------------ ---------
Ashwin 201
Bhavesh 202
Pruthvik 203
charith 204

CONCATENATION OPERATOR
SQL> select sname || ' is a ' || sdept || ' engineer. ' AS "PROFESSION" from studs;
PROFESSION
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ashwin is a aeronautical engineer.

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bhavesh is a marine engineer. pruthvik is a

aerospace engineer.
charith is a mechanical engineer.
DISPLAY ONLY DISTINCT VALUES
SQL> select distinct sarea from studs; SAREA
--------------------
anna nagar kilpauk
nungambakkam

USING THE WHERE CLAUSE

SQL> select sname,sage from studs where sage<=19;
SNAME SAGE
------------------------------ ---------
ashwin 19
bhavesh 18

BETWEEN OPERATOR
SQL> select sname,sarea, sid from studs where sid between 102 and 104;
SNAME SAREA SID
------------------------------ -------------------- ----------
bhavesh nungambakkam 102
pruthvik anna nagar 103
charith kilpauk 104
IN PREDICATE
SQL> select sname,sarea , sid from studs where sid in(102,104);
SNAME SAREA SID
------------------------------ -------------------- ----------
bhavesh nungambakkam 102
charith kilpauk 104
PATTERN MATCHING
SQL> select sname, sarea from studs where sarea like '%g%';
SNAME SAREA
------------------------------ --------------------
ashwin anna nagar
bhavesh nungambakkam
pruthvik anna nagar

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LOGICAL AND OPERATOR

SQL> select sname ,sid from studs where sid>102 and sarea='anna nagar';
SNAME SID
------------------------------ ----------
pruthvik 103

LOGICAL OR OPERATOR
SQL> select sname ,sid from studs where sid>102 or sarea='anna nagar';
SNAME SID
------------------------------ ----------
ashwin 101
pruthvik 103
charith 104
NOT IN PREDICATE
SQL> select sname, sid from studs where sid not in(102,104);
SNAME SID
------------------------------ ----------
ashwin 101
pruthvik 103

UPDATING THE TABLE

SQL> alter table studs add ( spocket varchar2(20) );
Table altered.
SQL> update studs set spocket=750 where sid=101;
1 row updated.
SQL> update studs set spocket=500 where sid=102;
1 row updated.
SQL> update studs set spocket=250 where sid=103; 1 row updated.
SQL> update studs set spocket=100 where sid=104; 1 row updated.
SQL> select * from studs;
SNAME SID SAGE SAREA SDEPT SPOCKET
------------------------------ ---------- --------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------------
ashwin 101 19 anna nagar Aeronautical 750
bhavesh 102 18 nungambakkam Marine 500
pruthvik 103 20 anna nagar Aerospace 250
charith 104 20 kilpauk Mechanical 100
AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
SQL> select avg( spocket ) result from studs;

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---------
400
SQL> select min(spocket) result from studs; RESULT
--------------------
100
SQL> select count(spocket) result from studs;
---------
4
SQL> select count(*) result from studs; RESULT
---------
4
SQL> select count(spocket) result from studs where sarea='anna nagar'; RESULT
---------
2
SQL> select max(spocket) result from studs; RESULT
--------------------
750
SQL> select sum(spocket) result from studs;
RESULT
---------
1600

NUMERIC FUNCTIONS
SQL> select abs(-20) result from dual;
---------
20
SQL> select power (2,10) result from dual;
---------
1024
SQL> select round(15.359,2) result from dual;
---------
15.36
SQL> select sqrt (36) result from dual; RESULT
---------
6

STRING FUNCTIONS
SQL> select lower('ORACLE') result from dual; RESULT

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 K. Ramakrishnan College of Engineering, Trichy

------
oracle
SQL> select upper('oracle') result from dual; RESULT
------
ORACLE

DATE FUNCTIONS
SQL> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE
---------
16-JUL-08
SQL> select sysdate,add_months(sysdate,4) result from dual; SYSDATE RESULT
--------- ---------
16-JUL-08 16-NOV-08
SQL> select sysdate, last_day(sysdate) result from dual; SYSDATE RESULT
--------- ---------
16-JUL-08 31-JUL-08
SQL> select sysdate, next_day(sysdate,'sunday') result from dual; SYSDATE
--------- ---------
16-JUL-08 20-JUL-08
SQL> select months_between('09-aug-91','11-mar-90') result from dual;
RESULT
--------- 16.935484

GROUP BY CLAUSE
SQL> select sarea, sum(spocket) result from studs group by sarea;
SAREA RESULT
-------------------- ------------
anna nagar 1000
nungambakkam 500
kilpauk 100

HAVING CLAUSE
SQL> select sarea, sum(spocket) result from studs group by sarea having spocket<600;
SAREA RESULT
-------------------- ------------
nungambakkam 500
kilpauk 100

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DELETION
SQL> delete from studs where sid=101;
1 row deleted.
SQL> select * from studs;
SNAME SID SAGE SAREA SDEPT SPOCKET
------------------------------ ---------- --------- -------------------- --------------------

bhavesh 102 18 Nungambakkam marine 500

pruthvik 103 20 anna nagar aerospace 250
charith 104 20 Kilpauk mechanical 100

CREATING TABLES FOR DOING SET OPERATIONS

TO CREATE PRODUCT TABLE
SQL> create table product(prodname varchar2(30), prodno varchar2(10)); Table created.
SQL> insert into product values('table',10001);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into product values('chair',10010);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into product values('desk',10110);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into product values('cot',11110);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into product values('sofa',10010);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into product values('tvstand',11010);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from product;
PRODNAME PRODNO
------------------------------ ----------

table 10001
chair 10010
desk 10110
cot 11110
sofa 10010
tvstand 11010
TO CREATE SALE TABLE
SQL> create table sale(prodname varchar2(30),orderno number(10),prodno varchar2(10)); Table created.

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SQL> insert into sale values('table',801,10001);

1 row created.
SQL> insert into sale values('chair',805,10010);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into sale values('desk',809,10110);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into sale values('cot',813,11110);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into sale values('sofa',817,10010);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from sale;
PRODNAME

ORDERNO PRODNO
------------------------------ --------- ----------
table 801 10001
chair 805 10010
desk 809 10110
cot 813 11110
Sofa 817 10010

SET OPERATIONS
SQL> select prodname from product where prodno=10010 union select prodname from sale where
prodno=10010;
PRODNAME
------------------------------
chair sofa
SQL> select prodname from product where prodno=11110 intersect select prodname from sale where
prodno=11110;
PRODNAME
------------------------------
cot

CREATING TABLES FOR DOING JOIN AND NESTED QUERY OPERATIONS

SQL> create table sstud1 ( sname varchar2(20) , place varchar2(20));
Table created.
SQL> insert into sstud1 values ( 'prajan','chennai');
1 row created.
SQL> insert into sstud1 values ( 'anand','chennai');
1 row created.

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SQL> insert into sstud1 values ( 'kumar','chennai');

1 row created.
SQL> insert into sstud1 values ( 'ravi','chennai');
1 row created.
SQL> select * from sstud1;
SNAME PLACE
-------------------- --------------------
prajan chennai
anand chennai
kumar chennai
ravi chennai
TO CREATE SSTUD2 TABLE
SQL> create table sstud2 ( sname varchar2(20), dept varchar2(10), marks number(10));
Table created.
SQL> insert into sstud2 values ('prajan','cse',700);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into sstud2 values ('anand','it',650);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into sstud2 values ('vasu','cse',680);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into sstud2 values ('ravi','it',600);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from sstud2;
SNAME DEPT MARKS
-------------------- ---------- ---------
prajan cse 700
anand it 650
vasu cse 680
ravi it 600
JOIN OPERATIONS
SQL> select sstud1.sname, dept from sstud1 inner join sstud2 on ( sstud1.sname= sstud2.sname);
SNAME DEPT
-------------------- ----------
anand it
prajan cse
ravi it
SQL> select sstud1.sname, dept from sstud1 join sstud2 on ( sstud1.sname= sstud2.sname);
SNAME DEPT
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-------------------- ----------
anand it
prajan cse
ravi it
SQL> select sstud1.sname, dept from sstud1 left outer join sstud2 on ( sstud1.sname= sstud2.sname);
SNAME DEPT
-------------------- ----------
prajan cse
anand it
ravi it
kumar cse
SQL> select sstud1.sname, dept from sstud1 right outer join sstud2 on ( sstud1.sname= sstud2.sname)
SNAME DEPT
-------------------- ----------
prajan cse
anand it
ravi it
SQL> select sstud1.sname, dept from sstud1 full outer join sstud2 on ( sstud1.sname= sstud2.sname);
SNAME DEPT
-------------------- ----------
prajan cse
anand it
ravi it
kumar cse

NESTED QUERIES
SQL> select sname from sstud1 where sstud1.sname in ( select sstud2.sname from 2 sstud2 );
SNAME
--------------------
anand
prajan
ravi
SQL> select sname from sstud1 where sstud1.sname not in ( select sstud2.sname from sstud2);
SNAME
--------------------
kumar
SQL> select sname from sstud2 where marks > some(select marks from sstud2 2 where
dept='cse');

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SNAME
--------------------
prajan
SQL> select sname from sstud2 where marks >= some (select marks from sstud2 2 where
dept='cse' );
SNAME
--------------------
prajan vasu
SQL> select sname from sstud2 where marks > any ( select marks from sstud2 where dept='cse' );
SNAME
--------------------
prajan
SQL> select sname from sstud2 where marks >= any ( select marks from sstud2 2 where
dept='cse' );
SNAME
--------------------
prajan vasu
SQL> select sname from sstud2 where marks > all ( select marks from sstud2 where dept='cse' );
no rows selected
SQL> select sname from sstud2 where marks < all ( select marks from sstud2 where dept='cse' );
SNAME
--------------------
anand ravi
SQL> select sname from sstud1 where exists ( select sstud2.sname from sstud2 2 where
sstud1.sname=sstud2.sname );
SNAME
--------------------
prajan anand ravi
SQL> select sname from sstud1 where not exists ( select sstud2.sname from 2 sstud2
where sstud1.sname=sstud2.sname );

SNAME
--------------------
kumar

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EX.NO-3
VIEWS, SEQUENCES, SYNONYMS
COMMANDS:

SQL>create table kavi1(name varchar(20),rno number(5),marks number(5),primary key (rno));

Table created.
SQL> desc kavi1;
NAME NULL? TYPE
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAME VARCHAR (20)
RNO NOTNULL NUMBER (5)
MARKS NUMBER (5)
SQL> insert into kavi1 values („prami‟, 1001, 350); 1 row created.
SQL> insert into kavi1 values („kavi‟, 1002, 298); 1 row created.
SQL> insert into kavi1 values („indhu‟, 1003, 375); 1 row created.
SQL> select * from kavi1;
NAME RNO MARKS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ prami
1001 350
kavi 1002 298
indhu 1003 375
SQL> create table kavi2 (rollno number (5), attendance number (5), primary key (roll no));
Table created.
SQL> desc kavi2;

NAME NULL? TYPE

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ROLLNO NOTNULL NUMBER (5)
ATTENDENCE NUMBER (5)
SQL> insert into kavi2 values (1001, 90);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into kavi2 values (1002, 75);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into kavi2 values (1003, 85);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from kavi2;
ROLLNO ATTENDENCE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1001 90
1002 75
1003 85

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SQL> create view kaviview as select name, rno, marks, attendance from kavi1, kavi2 where rollno=rno; view
created.
SQL> select * from kaviview;

NAME RNO MARKS ATTENDENCE

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
prami 1001 350 90 kavi
1002 298 75 indhu 1003
375 85
SQL> update kaviview set name=‟kavi‟ where name=‟priya‟;
1 row updated.
SQL> update kaviview set marks=352 where name=‟prami‟;
1 row updated;
SQL> select * from kaviview;
NAME RNO MARKS ATTENDENCE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
prami 1001 352 90
priya 1002 298 75
indhu 1003 375 85

INDEX
SQL> create table persons (first name varchar (20), last name varchar(10));
Table created;
SQL> create index plndex on persons (last name); Index created.
SQL> select * from persons; No rows selected.
SQL> drop plndex on persons;
Drop index plndex on persons
*
ERROR at line1:
ORA_00950: Invalid DROP option.

SEQUENCE
SQL> create table supplier2 (supplierid number (10), supplier name varchar (20));
Table created.
SQL>insert into supplier2 values (10,‟ganesh‟);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from supplier2;
SUPPLIER ID SUPPLIERNAME
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ganesh
SQL> create sequence supplier2_seq2
2 MINVALUE 1
3 STARTWITH 1
4 INCREMENT BY 1
5 CACHE 20
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Sequence created.

SQL> insert into supplier2 (supplier id, supplier name) values

(supplier2_seq.NEXTVAL,‟Kraftfoods‟);
1 row created.
SQL> select*from supplier2;
SUPPLIERID SUPPLIERNAME
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ganesh
1 Kraftfoods
SQL> insert into supplier2 (supplier id, supplier name) values
(supplier2_seq.NEXTVAL,‟parle‟);
1 row created.
SQL> select*from supplier2;
SUPPLIERID SUPPLIERNAME
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ganesh
1 Kraft foods
2 Parley
SQL> select*from supplier2_seq2*; Error at line1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist;

SYNONYMS
create public synonym suppliers for app.suppliers;
Synonym created.

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EX.NO-4
DATABASE PROGRAMMING: IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT CURSORS

TO CREATE THE TABLE ‘SSEMPP’

SQL> create table ssempp( eid number(10), ename varchar2(20), job varchar2(20), sal

number (10),dnonumber(5));
Table created.
SQL> insert into ssempp values(1,'nala','lecturer',34000,11);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into ssempp values(2,'kala',' seniorlecturer',20000,12);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into ssempp values(5,'ajay','lecturer',30000,11);

1 row created.
SQL> insert into ssempp values(6,'vijay','lecturer',18000,11);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into ssempp values(3,'nila','professor',60000,12);
1 row created.

EID ENAME JOB SAL DNO

--------- -------------------- -------------------- --------- ---------
1 nala lecturer 34000 11
2 kala seniorlecturer 20000 12
5 ajay lecturer 30000 11
6 vijay lecturer 18000 11
3 nila professor 60000 12

SQL> set serveroutput on;

SQL> declare
2 begin
3 for emy in (select eid,ename from ssempp)
4 loop
5 dbms_output.put_line('Employee id and employee name are '|| emy.eid „and‟|| emy.ename);
6 end loop;
7 end;
8/
Employee id and employee name are 1 and nala
Employee id and employee name are 2 and kala
Employee id and employee name are 5 and ajay
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Employee id and employee name are 6 and vijay

Employee id and employee name are 3 and nila
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

TO WRITE A PL/SQL BLOCK TO UPDATE THE SALARY OF ALL EMPLOYEES WHERE

DEPARTMENT NO IS 11 BY 5000 USING CURSOR FOR LOOP AND TO DISPLAY THE UPDATED
TABLE

SQL> set serveroutput on;

SQL> declare
2 cursor cem is select eid,ename,sal,dno from ssempp where dno=11;
3 begin
4 --open cem;
5 for rem in cem
6 loop
7 update ssempp set sal=rem.sal+5000 where eid=rem.eid;
8 end loop;

9 --close cem;

10 end;
11 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

EID ENAME JOB SAL DNO

1 nala lecturer 39000 11

2 kala seniorlecturer 20000 12

TO WRITE A PL/SQL BLOCK TO DISPLAY THE EMPLOYEE ID AND EMPLOYEE NAME WHERE
DEPARTMENT NUMBER IS 11 USING EXPLICIT CURSORS
1 declare
2 cursor cenl is select eid,sal from ssempp where dno=11;
3 ecode ssempp.eid%type;
4 esal empp.sal%type;
5 begin
6 open cenl;
7 loop
8 fetch cenl into ecode,esal;
9 exit when cenl%notfound;
10 dbms_output.put_line(' Employee code and employee salary are' || ecode „and‟|| esal);
11 end loop;

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12 close cenl;
13 * end;
14 SQL>/
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

TO WRITE A PL/SQL BLOCK TO UPDATE THE SALARY BY 5000 WHERE THE JOB IS LECTURER ,
TO CHECK IF UPDATES ARE MADE USING IMPLICIT CURSORS AND TO DISPLAY THE
UPDATED TABLE

SQL> declare
2 county number;
3 begin

4 update ssempp set sal=sal+10000 where job='lecturer';

5 county:= sql%rowcount;
6 if county > 0 then
7 dbms_output.put_line('The number of rows are '|| county);
8 end if;

9 if sql %found then

10 dbms_output.put_line('Employee record modification successful');
11 else if sql%notfound then
12 dbms_output.put_line('Employee record is not found');
13 end if;
14 end if;
15 end;
/
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
The number of rows are 3
Employee record modification successful
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

EID ENAME JOB SAL DNO

--------- -------------- -------------------- --------- ---------
1 nala lecturer 44000 11
2 kala seniorlecturer 20000 12
5 ajay lecturer 40000 11
6 vijay lecturer 28000 11
3 nila professor 60000 12

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EX.NO-5
PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS
COMMANDS:
SQL> create table ititems(itemid number(3), actualprice number(5), ordid number(4), prodid number(4));
Table created.
SQL> insert into ititems values(101, 2000, 500, 201);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into ititems values(102, 3000, 1600, 202);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into ititems values(103, 4000, 600, 202);

1 row created.
SQL> select * from ititems;

ITEMID ORDID PRODID ACTUALPRICE

--------- --------- ------- ---------
-
101 2000 500 201
102 3000 1600 202
103 4000 600 202

SQL> create procedure itsum(identity number, total number) is price number;

2 null_price exception;
3 begin
4 select actualprice into price from ititems where itemid=identity;
5 if price is null then
6 raise null_price;
7 else
8 update ititems set actualprice=actualprice+total where itemid=identity;
9 end if;
10 exception
11 when null_price then
12 dbms_output.put_line('price is null');
13 end;
14 /
Procedure created.

SQL> exec itsum(101, 500);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

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SQL> select * from ititems;

ITEMID ACTUALPRICE ORDID PRODID

--------- ----------- --------- ---------
101 2500 500 201
102 3000 1600 202
103 4000 600 202

PROCEDURE FOR ‘IN’ PARAMETER – CREATION, EXECUTION

SQL> set serveroutput on;
SQL> create procedure yyy (a IN number) is price number;
2 begin
3 select actualprice into price from ititems where itemid=a;
4 dbms_output.put_line('Actual price is ' || price);
5 if price is null then
6 dbms_output.put_line('price is null');
7 end if;
8 end;
9/
Procedure created.
SQL> exec yyy(103);
Actual price is 4000
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

PROCEDURE FOR ‘OUT’ PARAMETER – CREATION, EXECUTION

SQL> set serveroutput on;
SQL> create procedure zzz (a in number, b out number) is identity number;
2 begin
3 select ordid into identity from ititems where itemid=a;
4 if identity<1000 then
5 b:=100;
6 end if;
7 end;
8/
Procedure created.
SQL> declare

2 a number;
3 b number;

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4 begin
5 zzz(101,b);
6 dbms_output.put_line('The value of b is '|| b);
7 end;
8/
The value of b is 100
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
PROCEDURE FOR ‘INOUT’ PARAMETER – CREATION, EXECUTION
SQL> create procedure itit ( a in out number) is
2 begin
3 a:=a+1;
4 end;
5/
Procedure created.

SQL> declare
2 a number:=7;
3 begin
4 itit(a);
5 dbms_output.put_line(„The updated value is „||a);
6 end;
7/
The updated value is 8
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
CREATE THE TABLE ‘ITTRAIN’ TO BE USED FOR FUNCTIONS
SQL>create table ittrain ( tno number(10), tfare number(10));
Table created.
SQL>insert into ittrain values (1001, 550);

1 row created.
SQL>insert into ittrain values (1002, 600);
1 row created.
SQL>select * from ittrain;
TNO TFARE
--------- ------------
1001 550
1002 600
PROGRAM FOR FUNCTION AND IT’S EXECUTION
SQL> create function aaa (trainnumber number) return number is

2 trainfunction ittrain.tfare % type;

3 begin
4 select tfare into trainfunction from ittrain where tno=trainnumber;
5 return(trainfunction);
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6 end;
7/
Function created.

SQL> set serveroutput on;

SQL> declare
2 total number;
3 begin
4 total:=aaa (1001);
5 dbms_output.put_line('Train fare is Rs. '||total);
6 end;
7/

Train fare is Rs.550

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER USING FUNCTION — PROGRAM AND EXECUTION
SQL> create function itfact (a number) return number is
2 fact number:=1;
3 b number;
4 begin
5 b:=a;
6 while b>0
7 loop
8 fact:=fact*b;
9 b:=b-1;
10 end loop;
11 return(fact);
12 end;
13 /
Function created.

SQL> set serveroutput on;

SQL> declare
2 a number:=7;
3 f number(10);
4 begin
5 f:=itfact(a);
6 dbms_output.put_line(„The factorial of the given number is‟||f);
7 end;
8/

The factorial of the given number is 5040

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EX.NO-6
TRIGGERS
COMMANDS:

SQL> create table itempls (ename varchar2(10), eid number(5), salary number(10));
Table created.
SQL> insert into itempls values('xxx',11,10000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into itempls values('yyy',12,10500);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into itempls values('zzz',13,15500);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from itempls;
ENAME EID SALARY
---------- --------- ---------
xxx 11 10000
yyy 12 10500
zzz 13 15500

TO CREATE A SIMPLE TRIGGER THAT DOES NOT ALLOW INSERT UPDATE AND DELETE
OPERATIONS ON THE TABLE
SQL> create trigger ittrigg before insert or update or delete on itempls for each row
2 begin
3 raise_application_error(-20010,'You cannot do manipulation');
4 end;

5
6/
Trigger created.

TO DROP THE CREATED TRIGGER

SQL> drop trigger ittrigg;
Trigger dropped.

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EX.NO-7
EXCEPTION HANDLING

CREATING THE TABLES ‘SPRODUCTMASTERS’ AND ‘SOLDPRICES’

SQL> create table sproductmasters( pno varchar2(10), sellprice number(10));

Table created.
SQL> insert into sproductmasters values('p1',3200);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into sproductmasters values('p2',4000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into sproductmasters values('p3',6000);
1 row created.

SQL> select * from sproductmasters;

PNO SELLPRICE
---------- ---------
p1 3200
p2 4000
p3 6000
SQL> create table soldprices( pno varchar2(10), datechange varchar2(20),soldprices
number(10));
Table created.

PROGRAM
1 declare
2 sellingprice number(10,2);
3 begin
4 select sellprice into sellingprice from sproductmasters where pno='p1';
5 if sellingprice < 4000
6 then
7 goto add_old_price;
8 else
9 dbms_output.put_line(' Current price is '|| sellingprice);
10 end if;

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11 <<add_old_price>>
12 update sproductmasters set sellprice = 4000 where pno='p1';
13 insert into soldprices values('p1',sysdate,sellingprice);
14 dbms_output.put_line(' The new price of p1 is 4000 ');
15 end;
16 /
The new price of p1 is 4000
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

DISPLAYING THE CONTENTS OF ‘SOLDPRICES’ TABLE

SQL> select * from soldprices;
PNO DATECHANGE SOLDPRICES
---------- -------------------- ----------
p1 27-AUG-08 3200

TO CREATE THE TABLE ‘SSITEMS’ ON WHICH THE EXCEPTION HANDLING

MECHANISMS ARE GOING TO BE PERFORMED

SQL> create table ssitems( id number(10), quantity number(10), actualprice number(10));

Table created.

SQL> insert into ssitems values(100,5,5000);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into ssitems values(101,6,9000);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into ssitems values(102,4,4000);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into ssitems values(103,2,2000);

1 row created.
SQL> select * from ssitems;
ID QUANTITY ACTUALPRICE

--------- --------- -----------

100 5 5000
101 6 9000
102 4 4000

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103 2 2000

PRE – DEFINED EXCEPTIONS

SQL> set serveroutput on; SQL> declare

2 price ssitems.actualprice % type;
3 begin
4 select actualprice into price from ssitems where quantity=10;
5 exception
6 when no_data_found then
7 dbms_output.put_line ('ssitems missing');
8 end;
9 9/
10 ssitems missin
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed
DISPLAYING THE UPDATED TABLE
SQL> select * from ssitems;
ID QUANTITY ACTUALPRICE

--------- --------- -----------

100 5 5000
101 6 9000
102 4 4000
103 2 2000

USER DEFINED EXCEPTONS

SQL> set serveroutput on;
SQL> declare
2 zero_price exception;
3 price number(8,2);

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4 begin
5 select actualprice into price from ssitems where id=103;
6 if price=0 or price is null then
7 raise zero_price;
8 end if;
9 exception
10 when zero_price then
11 dbms_output.put_line('Failed zero price');
12 end;
13 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
DISPLAYING THE UPDATED TABLE
SQL> select * from ssitems;
ID QUANTITY ACTUALPRICE
--------- --------- -----------
100 5 5000
101 6 9000
102 4 4000
103 2 2000

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EX.NO-9
DATABASE CONNECTIVITY WITH FRONT END TOOLS
PROGRAM:
SQL>create table emp(eno number primary key,enamr varchar(20),age number,addr varchar(20),DOB date,phno
number(10));
Table created.
SQL>create table salary(eno number,edesig varchar(10),basic number,da number,hra number,pf
number,mc number,met number,foreign key(eno) references emp); Table created.
TRIGGER to calculate DA,HRA,PF,MC

SQL> create or replace trigger employ

2 after insert on salary
3 declare
4 cursor cur is select eno,basic from salary;
5 begin
6 for cur1 in cur loop
7 update salary set
8 hra=basic*0.1,da=basic*0.07,pf=basic*0.05,mc=basic*0.03 where hra=0; 9 end loop;
10 end;
11 / Trigger created.
PROGRAM FOR FORM 1
Private Sub emp_Click() Form
2.Show End
Sub Private
Sub exit_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub Private
Sub salary_Click()

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Form3.Show
End Sub
PROGRAM FOR FORM 2
Private Sub add_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew MsgBox "Record added"
End Sub Private
Sub clear_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = ""
Text4.Text = ""
Text5.Text = ""
Text6.Text = ""

End Sub Private Sub delte_Click() Adodc1.Recordset.Delete MsgBox

"Record Deleted" If Adodc1.Recordset.EOF = True

Then Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious
End If
End
Sub Private Sub exit_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub main_Click()
Form1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub modify_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.Update
End Sub

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PROGRAM FOR FORM 3

Private Sub add_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew MsgBox "Record added"
End Sub
Private Sub
clear_Click()

Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = ""
Text4.Text = ""
Text5.Text = ""
Text6.Text = ""
End Sub
Private Sub delte_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.Delete MsgBox "Record Deleted"
If Adodc1.Recordset.EOF = True
Then Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious
End If
End Sub
Private Sub exit_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub

Private Sub main_Click()

Form1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub

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modify_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.Update
End Sub
OUTPUT:

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EX.NO-10
CASE STUDY USING REAL LIFE DATABASE APPLICATIONS
CREATE A TABLE IN ORACLE
SQL>create table account(cname varchar(20),accno number(10),balance number); Table Created
SQL> insert into account values('&cname',&accno,&balance);
Enter value for cname: Mathi
Enter value for accno: 1234
Enter value for balance: 10000
old 1: insert into account values('&cname',&accno,&balance)
new 1: insert into emp values('Mathi',1234,10000) 1 row created.
SOURCE CODE FOR FORM1
Private Sub ACCOUNT_Click()
Form2.Show
End Sub
Private Sub
EXIT_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub
TRANSACTION_Click()
Form3.Show
End Sub
SOURCE CODE FOR FORM 2
Private Sub CLEAR_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = ""
End Sub
Private Sub
DELETE_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.DELETE MsgBox "record deleted"
Adodc1.Recordset.MoveNext If Adodc1.Recordset.EOF = True Then
Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious
End If
End Sub
Private Sub EXIT_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub
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HOME_Click()
Form1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub
INSERT_Click() Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew
End Sub
Private Sub
TRANSACTION_Click()
Form3.Show
End Sub
Private Sub UPDATE_Click() Adodc1.Recordset.UPDATE MsgBox "record updated
successfully"
End Sub
SOURCE CODE FOR FORM 3
Private Sub ACCOUNT_Click()
Form2.Show
End Sub
Private Sub CLEAR_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
End Sub
Private Sub
DEPOSIT_Click()
Dim s As String s = InputBox("enter the amount to be deposited")
Text2.Text = Val(Text2.Text) + Val(s) A = Text2.Text MsgBox "CURRENT BALANCE IS Rs" + Str(A)
Adodc1.Recordset.Save Adodc1.Recordset.UPDATE
Private Sub
EXIT_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub
HOME_Click()
Form1.Show End
Sub Private Sub
WITHDRAW_Click()
Dim s As String s = InputBox("enter the amount to be deleted")
Text2.Text = Val(Text2.Text) - Val(s) A = Text2.Text MsgBox "current balance is Rs" +
Str(A)
Adodc1.Recordset.Save
Adodc1.Recordset.UPDATE
End Sub

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