Government of Karnataka

SOCIAL SCIENCE
(Revised)

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Part-II
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TENTH STANDARD

Karnataka Textbook Society (R.)

100 Feet Ring Road,
Banashankari 3rd Stage, Bengaluru - 85

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 INDEX

PAGE
UNIT TITLE
NO.
HISTORY
7. FREEDOM MOVEMENT 1
8. ERA OF GANDHI AND NATIONAL MOVEMENT 8
9. POST INDEPENDENT INDIA 28
10. THE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF 20TH CENTURY 36

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POLITICAL SCIENCE
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4. GLOBAL PROBLEMS AND INDIA’S ROLE 47
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INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 51
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SOCIOLOGY
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3. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 62
4. SOCIAL PROBLEMS 72
GEOGRAPHY
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8. INDIA - MINERAL AND POWER RESOURCES 87

9. INDIA - TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION 96
10. INDIA - INDUSTRIES 106
11. INDIA - NATURAL DISASTERS 113
12. INDIA - POPULATION 120
ECONOMICS
3. MONEY AND CREDIT 125
4. PUBLIC FINANCE AND BUDGET 133
BUSINESS STUDIES
3. GLOBALIZATION OF BUSINESS 142
4. CONSUMER EDUCATION AND PROTECTION 148

II
 HISTORY
UNIT – 7
FREEDOM MOVEMENT
In this unit you learn
• Rise of Nationalism
• Indian National Congress
• Moderates, Radicals and Revolutionists

The Rise of Nationalism:

Indian Freedom Movement is an important and vibrant chapter in the
history of India. Before this, we come across kings who fought against the
foreign occupation. But these fights were guided by their political goals.

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Since, they fought against the foreign occupation, it can be considered as

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the beginning of Nationalism. pu S
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During the second of half of nineteenth century many developments
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like expansion of Communication and Roads, expansion of English
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Education, Journalism, and the Birth of Cultural Associations can be

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witnessed. But, people suffered a lot with the famines and hardships
created by the British rule. Many farmers and tribal agitations that took
place during this period is a proof of this. Indians who suffered in the
hands of East India Company put up a strong resistance in the form
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of First War of Indian Independence in 1857. As a result, it ended the

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rule of East India Company in 1858 and started the rule of the Queen of
England in 1858. With implementation of Act of 1861, the participation
of Indians in the legislation process was ushered in. As a result of all
these, the educated youth started sharing the idea of Nationalism with
ordinary people, Nationalism found its root as a concrete concept. Indian
National Congress is the institutional expression of this.
Indian National Congress
The First War of Indian Independence in 1857 led to the development
of political awakening in India. Many educated youth provided leadership
to various associations which had nationalistic outlook. Among them,
‘The Hindu Mela’, ‘All Indian Association’, Poona Sarvajanik Sabha’ and
‘The Indian Association’ are important. Newspapers opposed the stance

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of the government. During in reign of Lord Lytton, Vernacular Press
Act was inacted to curb the independence of the independent press. All
these developments inevitably led to the establishment of Indian National
Congress.
The Indian National Congress, which changed the direction of Indian
Political History, was born in a national convention held at Bombay in 1885.
W.C. Banerjee was its first president. A.O.Hume played an important role
in the formation of Indian National Congress. Hume was a retired British
Civil Servant and met political leaders in cities like Madras, Bombay
and Calcutta and discussed the various issues of public importance.
As a result of these deliberations, the Congress declared that achieving
National Unity as its primary aim during its first national convention. It
thrived to achieve unity among the diverse cultural and social paths of
India. The leaders of this period also had the commitment to achieve it.

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Newspapers were published in vernacular language and enabled
discussion on various social issues. As a result, various political issues
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reached the people. The British employed ‘Divide and Rule’ policy to break
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the unity emerging among the people with the development of nationalism.
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They started implementing strategies to cause disunity among Hindus

and Muslims. Still, the Indian National Congress continued with its focus
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on creating unity among Indians.

During the later part of Nineteenth century, differences of opinions
arose in the Indian National Congress. Due to their differences in ideology,
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beliefs and execution styles they are identified as Moderates and Radicals.
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Moderates:
Traditionally, the first
twenty years of the Indian
National Congress is called
as the Age of Moderates.
W.C Banerjee, M.G.Ranade,
Surendranatha Banerjee,
Dadabai Navoroji, Gopala
Krishna Gokale were the
major moderate leaders.
Moderates had faith in the Dadabai Navoroji Gopala Krishna Gokale

rule of British and Judiciary.

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They used to table their demands with the frame work of the constitution
through prayers and requests. They tried to bring in political awareness
among the people. They organized public meetings, discussed various
burning issues and submitted memorandums to the government.
They submitted memorandums demanding cutting down of military
expenditure, development of Indian industries, providing good education
and programmes for poverty alleviation.
Moderates were the first to study the ill effects of the British rule
on India. They explained the drain of resources of India into England
through scientific statistics and called it “Drain Theory’. By increasing the
import and reducing the export, the British facilitated the draining out
of precious Indian resources into England. Just like Dadabai Navoroji,
R.C Datt too published books explaining the draining of indian resources
into England. The period of Moderates is called as the Age of Liberal

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Nationalism. The period between CE 1885 and 1905 is called as the Age

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of Moderates. pu S
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Radicals:
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The soft stance of the Moderates towards the British made unhappy
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group within the Congress to call them as “Political Beggars’. The group
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congressmen who criticized the soft stance of Moderates are called as

Radicals. Aurobindo Ghosh, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lal Lajapath Rai and
Balagandhar Tilak are the main members of this Radical group. They
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opposed the stance of the British who considered nominating the Indian
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members to Indian Legislative Assemblies as an important favour. (Please

collect more information on India Act 1861 and 1892)

Aurobindo Ghosh Balagandhar Tilak Lal Lajapat Rai Bipin Chandra Pal

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Partition of Bengal:

The Anti-British sentiment was dominant in Bengal and it was the

centre of Anti-British protests. In order to suppress these developments,
Viceroy Lord Curzon thought of dividing Bengal in the name of
administration. In reality, Bengal had more concentration of Muslim
and Hindu people. The census report had indicated that the East Part of
Bengal had more number of Muslims and the West part of Bengal had
more number of Hindus. The British divided Bengal in 1905. Like this,
the British thought of suppressing the spirit of national freedom struggle
with the portition of Bengal.

The partition of Bengal in 1905 was opposed by Indian National

Congress. Still, the Bengali language could unite the Hindu and Muslim
communities. Rakshabandhan, cultural festival, was held to bring in

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unity among Hindus and Muslims. The portition of Bengal resulted in
the wide spread protests across the country. The Radicals took the issue
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to the door steps of common people. They called for boycotting of foreign
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goods and the institutions that encourage it. Indians were encouraged to
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use local goods. The British government withdrew the Bengal portition
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order in 1911.

Tilak declared “Swaraj is My Birth Right, and I shall have it”.

Attaining complete freedom was the aim of radicals. They tried to
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organize the common people of India. They attempted to organize people

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by employing religious celebrations too. They used Ganesha, Shivaji

and Durga celeberations to organize people against the British. Muslim
League was born in 1906 to protect the Muslim identity. Tilak published
‘Kesari’ in Marathi and ‘Maratha’ in English langauges. He encouraged
common people to protest against the British. The radical writings of
Tilak galvanized the common people. The British arrested Tilak due to
these developments. Tilak wrote a book ‘Geetharahasya’ in the prison
which further fuelled the freedom fervor.

you know this

• Tilak utilized Ganesh festival and Shivaji festivals to kindle
the nationalistic fervor among the people.

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Revolutionaries:

Revolutionaries dreamed of attaining complete freedom. They believed

that they can drive away the British by employing violent methods. They
established secret associations across the country and started collecting
weapons and money for an armed struggle against the British. They
provided training also. A secret organization named ‘Lotus and Dagger’
was founded in England. People Aurbindho Gosh who were in England
supported the revolutionaries through this organization. Similarly,
another revolutionary organization called ‘Gadhar party’ in USA can be
recalled here. ‘Abhinava Bharatha’ and ‘Anusheelan Samiti’ were the two
important secret organizations in India. They used Bombs and Guns to
achieve their goal. The government tried to suppress them by arresting
them and hanging them unto death on the charges of sedition. Aurobindo

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Ghosh, V.D. Savarkar, Ashwini Kumar Dutta, Rajanarayana Bose, Sitaram

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Rajaguru, Chapakar brothers, Vishnu Shastri, Shyamji Krishnavarma,
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Ras Behari Bose, Madam Cama, Kudhiram Bose, Ramprasad Bismil,
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Ashfaqulla Khan, Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekar Azad, Jatindra Das are
more prominent among the revolutionaries.
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Bhagat Singh Chandrashekar Azad V.D. Savarkar

The dream of revolutionaries to bring freedom to India quickly did

not materialize completely. Still, they were the fountains of spirit to the
Indian freedom movement. Many of the radicals later became
revolutionaries and continued their efforts. Aurobindo Ghosh was one
such leader. The role of revolutionaries is important in the annals of
Indian History.

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 EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:

1. The Indian National Congress was founded in the year …………

2. The Drain Theory was forwarded by ……………..

3. Swarajya is my birth right was declared by ………………….

4. Balagangadhar Tilak published ……………………..newspaper in

Marathi.

5. A secret organization by name ‘Abhinava Bharatha’ belonged

…………..............

II. Choose the right option and fill in the blanks:

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1. The founder of Indian National Congress is ………………..
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a) Mahatma Gandhiji bl b) A.O. Hume
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c) Balagandhar Tilak d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale

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2. ‘Maratha’ paper was published by ……………….

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a) Jawahar Lal Nehru b) Ras Behari Bose

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c) Balagandhar Tilak d) V.D.Savarkar

3. Muslim League was founded in ………………

a) 1924 b) 1922 c) 1929 d) 1906

4. The Viceroy who implemented the Bengal division was ……….

a) Lord Cornwallis b) Dalhousie

c) Lord Curzon d) Robert Clive

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III. Discuss in group and answer the following:

1. Which were the organizations that were present before the

founding of Indian National Congress?

2. What were the demands of Moderates placed in front of the

British?

3. Explain the Drain Theory.

4. Name the revolutionaries of Indian Independence Movement.

5. Discuss the role of Balagangadhar Tilak in the Indian

Independence Movement.

6. What were the reasons for the withdrawal of the decision of

partitioning Bengal ?

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7. Write the names of important Radicals who took part in Indian
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National Movement.
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IV. Activities :
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1. Make an album of photos of Indian Independence Movement.

2. Collect the photographs of Moderate freedom fighters and read

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their life histories.

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V. Project :

1. Organize a drama show at school depicting the Patriotism.

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 UNIT – 8
ERA OF GANDHI AND
NATIONAL MOVEMENT

In this unit you learn

• Life of Gandhiji
• Gandhiji’s beginning struggles in India
• The achievements of Gandhiji’s inner life
• Jalianwala Bagh Massacre
• Khilafath Movement
• Non-Cooperation Movement

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• Civil Disobedience Movement
• Quit India Movement pu S
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• Round Table Conference bl
• Subhash Chandra Bose and Indian National Army
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• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and his reformations

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• Jayaprakash Narayan
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• Jawaharlal Nehru
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Mahatama Gandhi played a major role in the Indian freedom

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Movement. He created Gandhian way of struggle or

Gandhi Model of struggle in the Indian Freedom
Movement. The period between 1920 and 1947
is called as the Gandhian Era. The thoughts of
Gandhiji and the philosophical base of his struggles
defined the Indian Independence Movement during
this period.
Early life and Growth:
Mohandas Karmchand Gandhi who is popularly
called Bapu was born on 2nd October, 1869 in
Mahatama Gandhi
Porbandar of present day Gujarath’s Kathiawar
district. Karmchand Gandhi was his father. He was
the Deewan of Rajkot state. Putalibai was his mother. She influenced
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Gandhi on moral values. After completing his basic education at
Porabandar, Gandhiji went to England in 1888 for law education and
completed his Bar at Law and returned to India. Later he went to Natal of
South Africa to represent Dada Abdulla and Company in 1893. Though
Gandhi intended to be at Natal only three months, he ended up living
in South Africa for twenty long years. He opposed the Apartheid policy
that discriminated between dark skinned and fair skinned people. He
invented a new tool of protest called ‘Sathyagraha’ and formulated its dos
and donts. Many South Africans take pride in declaring that “You sent us
unformed Gandhi and We sent Back the Complete of Gandhi”.

You Know this

Gandhi conceived the protest based on Sathyagraha and Non
Violence for the first time. He founded Natal Indian Congress. Gandhi
published periodical ‘Indian Opinion’ for the first time to express his

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views and formulated the opinion of people. In order to intensify
the struggle further he started ‘Passive Resistance Organization’.
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He started ‘Tolstoy Farm’ and Phoenix Farm’ to train the people
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in Sathyagraha and non-violent peace struggles. Many people like
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Hermann Kallenbach, his wife Kasturba, children lent their helping

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hand to Gandhiji. Finally, feeling pressured by the agitations led by

Gandhiji, the government of South Africa, withdrew all restrictions
and prohibitions against Indians and Black people. Once, Gandhiji
was traveling from Pretoria and Durban in first class railway
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compartment. He was thrown out of the compartment by a white

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officer. This made him to realise the hardships faced by Indians

in the various places of South Africa. He himself has recorded
that there were more harsh discriminations in South Africa than
in England. After leading a long struggle in South Africa, Gandhiji
arrived back to India in 1915.

Gandhiji in India – the Initial Protests

Gandhiji as per the instructions of his political ‘Guru’ Gokhale, toured
entire India in a third class railway compartment to understand real India
of his time. He gave an institutional shape to his struggles by establishing
‘Sabarmathi Ashrama’ at Ahmadabad in 1916. He understood the
problems of farmers, Daliths, Tribal people, workers, labourers, and
other sections of Indian society. In 1917, Gandhi launched ‘Champaran
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Movement’ in support of Indigo growers and made the British government
accept the demands of the farmers. In 1918, he started a movement
in support of the Mill workers of Ahmedabad, and made the British
government accept his demands. In the same year, another protest held
in Kheda village of Gujarath to oppose land taxes also became successful.
Gandhi started using Truth, Non-Violence, and Sathyagraha ideals in all
these movements. And he also started interacting with common people;
making the freedom movement more people based movement.
The Indian Freedom struggle took a new turn with arrival Gandhiji. He
employed ‘Passive Resistance’, ‘Non-Violence’, and ‘Sathyagraha’ as main
strategies in his struggles. He used to express his thoughts in periodicals
like ‘Young India’ and ‘Harijan’.

You Know this

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With the arrival of Gandhiji, the Indian National Congress threw its

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door open for all to have membership in it. Like this, the Congress became
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an organization of common people. In order to press its demands on the
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government, the Congress chose Civil Disobedience and Non Cooperation
paths. It also undertook many programmes to uplift the downtrodden
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people. In order to implement its programme, the Congress started ‘Tilak

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Swarjya Fund’, a fund of one Crore rupees. Like this, the Congress went
through many changes with the arrival of Gandhiji. Due to all these
reasons, this period is called as ‘The Gandhi Era’.
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Meaningful achievements of Gandhiji’s struggle:

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Sathyagraha: Sathyagraha is one of the major methods of protests

of Gandhiji. The word ‘Sathyagraha’ means ‘the assertion of the truth’. It
was one of the major weapons he employed in South Africa. It is his moral
weapon. It is based on Non-Violence. It means asserting the rightful place
of Truth by employing peaceful means. The use of this weapon is one of
the major social exploration has ever taken place in the human history.
Ahimsa: Ahimsa is the basic trait of Gandhi’s struggle. He firmly
believed that one should face violence with Ahimsa and Sathyagraha.
Gandhi employed strategies such as Ahimsa, Sathyagraha and Fasting
against the brutal force of British like Military, Police and Law. The defeat
of the mighty English in the hands of Gandhi itself is a strong message in
the annals of the history.

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Unity of Hindus and Muslims:
Gandhiji always championed the unity of Hindu and Muslims during
the National Freedom Struggle. He believed that without unity among
Muslims and Hindus, it is difficult to achieve independence, and also it
becomes difficult to survive as nation in future. He always said Hindus
and Muslims are the two eyes of Mother India. During Kilafath movement,
the congress expressed its support.

The earth can fulfill all the needs of the men, but not their greed.
- Gandhiji
The Circumstances that led to Civil Disobedience:
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:
The British implemented Rowlatt
Act in 1919. Through this act,

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the British started controlling the
nationalists. Under this act, they
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could arrest a man and declare him
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as an offender in a court of law.

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This snatched away rights of the

people to assemble for a meeting,
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making associations and the free

right of expression from the people. Jallainwala Bagh Massacre
Gandhi formed an association called
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‘Sathyagraha Sabha’ to oppose this. By utilizing numerous political

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methods like Huge public marches and meets along boycotts, the act was
opposed.
The British government decided to suppress the agitations against
Rowlatt Act. Gandhiji had called for one day hartal on April 6, 1919. Dr.
Fakruddin and Dr. Sathyapal and various other leaders were arrested in
Punjab. To protest these arrests, the people had assembled in Jallianwala
Bagh on April 13, 1919 on the day of Baisaki festival. The military
general of Amrithsar, General Dyer fired at the peacefully assembled the
people and killed around 380 protestors. Thousands were injured. This
incident saddened people like Gandhiji and others. Military Rule was
implemented in Punjab after this incident. Rabindranath Tagore returned
his knighthood award back opposing this mindless violence. This became
the reason for the launch of Non-cooperation movement by Gandhi. Later,
Udam Singh, a revolutionary, killed Michael.O. Dyer in England.
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Khilafat Movement:
The Sultans of Turkey were also the religious leaders of Turkey, and
were called as ‘’Caliph’. During the World War I, the British harassed the
‘Caliph’ and this was widely protested by Muslims of the world. In India,
Muhammada Ali and Shaukath Ali, two brothers, started the Khilafath
movement in support of Turkey in 1919. Gandhi had believed that the
British would only withdraw if the Hindu and Muslims fight united.
Hence, he extended his support to this movement. He wanted an active
participation on the part of Muslims in the Congress. This was a movement
wherein both Hindus and Muslims participated in a nationwide protests.
Non-Cooperation Movement:
The Congress passed a
resolution to hold Non-Cooperation

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movement in its special national

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convention held in Calcutta on
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September 4th, 1920. It aimed at
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educating the people about the bl
British for their brutal killing, and
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also preventing Jallianwala Bagh

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like incidents in future apart

from opposing the British rule.
Apart from withdrawing Rowlatt Non-Cooperation movement

Act, they wanted reforms in the

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political system which would lead to complete Swarajya.

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The main programmes of Non-Cooperation movement:

1. Boycotting schools, colleges and courts
2. Boycotting elections to regional legislative bodies held according
to 1919 Act.
3. Returning all the honours and medals given by the British.
4. Nominated members to the local bodies resigning from their
membership.
5. Boycotting all the government functions
6. Boycotting all foreign goods
Apart from these, the Non Cooperation movement aimed at encouraging
the activities of Handlooms and the production of Khadi. It also wanted

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to open National Schools, achieving unity among Muslims and Hindus,
eradicating untouchability and uplifting the women by empowering them.
The Major Developments that took place during Non-Cooperation
Movement:
1. Many senior lawyers like Deshabandhu Chitranjandas, Motilal
Nehru, Rajendraprasad left their legal practice.
2. Students boycotted schools and colleges.
3. Congress boycotted the elections for regional bodies which were
held under the 1919 Act by not naming any candidates for the
elections.
4. Many National institutions like Kashi Vidyapeetha, Gujarath
Vidyapeetha, Bihar Vidyapeetha and Zamiya Miliya Islamia

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Rastriya Vidyalaya were established.

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5. Rabindranath Tagore returned his ‘Knighthood’

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6. Common people and women donated liberally to the Congress.
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Shops selling foreign goods were boycotted and foreign clothes

were burnt.
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7. The visit of ‘Prince of Wales’ in 1921 was opposed.

Impacts of Non-Cooperation movement:
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Though many of its main aims remained unachieved, it created some

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deep impacts. The freedom movement became people’s movement. The

Congress led movement took some revolutionary turns. The Hindu-Muslim
unity was temporarily achieved. The National Freedom Movement went
beyond the boundaries of cities and entered villages also. The attempts
to remove untouchability and entry of women into public spaces were the
notable achievements of this movement.
Chauri Chaura Incident:
On February 5, 1922 a big group of around 3000 farmers assembled
in front of the police station. They had assembled thereto protest against
the police officer who had beaten Congress workers when they were
protesting in front of an arrack shop. The police started shooting from
inside the station. Enraged by this act, people torched the police station.
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As a result all the twenty two policemen were charred to death. Such
violent incidents were repeated in other places too. Gandhi realized that
this due to lack of preparation and morality among the people to hold non-
violent protests. Hence, he withdrew the Non-cooperation movement on
February 12, 1922. The British holding Gandhiji responsible for all the
violent uprisings, arrested him on March 10, 1922 and imprisoned him
for six years. He was released two years later on the grounds of ill health.
The decision of Gandhi led to a political vacuum.
Swaraj Party:
The withdrawal of Non-Cooperation movement
disheartened many congressmen. Motilal Nehru
and C.R. Das advocated the withdrawal of boycott of
legislative assemblies and re-enter the system again.
They proposed to enter the legislative assemblies and

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create impediments in the session. This, they argued,
would further strengthen national freedom Movement.
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Swaraj party was found in 1923 by Motilal Nehru
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and C.R.Das. In the same year, they also obtained
Motilal Nehru
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permission to participate in the election when the

congress national convention was held in Delhi under
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the chairmanship of Abdul Kalam Azad. During the elections that were
held in November 1923, Swaraj Party won 42 seats of 101 seats available.
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Reasons for the beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement

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The British Government appointed Simon Commission in 1927. The

Commission was supposed to study the effects of Government of India
Act 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Act) and arrived in India on February
3, 1928. The Commission witnessed wide protests with slogans ‘Simon
Go Back’. Bundhs and hartals were organized in different places like
Bombay, Lahore and Madras. Lala Lajapath Roy died when the protestors
were laticharged in Lahore. This intensified the National Freedom Struggle
further.

Collect more information on Lala Lajapath Rai

The British Government put forth an indirect challenge to Indians.

It asked Indians to draft a Constitution that can be acceptable to all
political parties and communities of India. This challenge was accepted

14
by a Committee headed by Motilal Nehru and it tabled a report. Even
Gandhi appreciated the work done by Nehru Committee. The Nehru
report advocated for Dominion Status for India along with internal federal
structure. It recommended the abolition of separate constituencies
reserved for minority, creation of Language based regions out of the
British India, ensuring Human Rights to Indians and implementation of
democratic tradition and many other recommendations were given in the
report. Later, the Labour Prime Minister of England Ramsay MacDonald
held talks with the Viceroy and announced that the process of granting
Dominion status to India would be considered at the earliest.
After this, another interesting development took place. In Lahore
Congress Convention under the Chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru
adopted a resolution demanding total independence “Poorna Swaraj”.
January 26th, 1930 was declared as the Indian Independence date. This

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convention authorized Gandhiji to hold ‘’Civil Disobedience Protest

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Marches. In order to mark the historical importance of this session, the
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Constitution of India was adopted on January 26, 1950.
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Dandi March:
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In 1930, the working committee

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of the congress met at Sabarmathi

Ashram and passed resolution to
hold Civil Disobedience under the
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leadership of Gandhiji. Gandhi wrote

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a letter to the Viceroy putting forward

eleven points. In case the government
does not accept these demands, the Dandi March
people would stop paying tax and also
start Civil disobedience movement all over India. As the Viceroy rejected
the demands, Gandhiji declared on March 12, 1930 that he would walk
with followers upto Dandi on the coast of Gujarat. Gandhi covered 375
kms on foot and reached Dandi. He broke the law by holding a fistful salt
without paying the tax which the British had levied on salt. Charaka, the
Spinning Wheel became more famous during this march. Thousands of
people participated in the Salt Sathyagraha. After this, National Movement
Week was observed from April 6th to 13th.
Many leaders like Viajyalaxmi Pandit, Kamala Nehru, Vallabhabai
Patel, Rajagopalachari, Babu Rajendra Prasad and many other leaders
15
who had participated with Gandhi in Dandi March were arrested. Slowly,
the movement spread to other parts of the country as well.

You Know this

• Mylara Mahadevappa, a young man of eighteen years
participated in the group that marched from Sabarmathi to
Dandi.
• Karnataka Congress formed a committee of R.R.Diwakar,
Koujalagi Hanumantha Raya, Gangadhar Deshpande,
Hardikar Manjappa and Karnadu Sadashivaraya and
organized Salt Movement at Ankola of Karwar district.
Meanwhile, a meeting of Indian legislative representatives was held
at London in 1930. This is the First Round Table Conference. This

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meeting conveyed the message that the Government alone cannot take

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measures and ignore the Indians. For the first time, representation
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was given to untouchable community at the conference. In order to
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facilitate the participation of leaders, the imprisoned leaders like Gandhi
and many other Congress leaders were released from the prison. Many
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leaders representing various communities and kingdoms participated in

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the meeting like Dr. B.R.Ambedkar, M.R. Jayakar, Tejbhadhur Sappu,

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Srinivas Shastry and others. This conference
approved Dominion status, responsible government and religious
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representation. Since, the Indian National Congress did not participate

in the First Round Table Conference it remained incomplete. In order
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to make the round table conferences a success, a pact between Viceroy

Irwin and Gandhiji was signed. It is generally called as ‘Gandhi Irwin
Pact’. As a result, the Congress stopped the Civil Disobedience movement
and agreed to participate in the Second Round Table Conference. Dr B.R.
Ambedkar and Muhammad Ali Jinnah participated in the conference.
In the Second Round Table Conference, Ambedkar pressed for a
separate electoral Constituency for untouchables. This was opposed
by Gandhi. This resulted in the ideological differences between them.
As a result, the Second Round Table Conference too ended without any
conclusion. But, the British Government announced its decision to provide
separate electoral constituencies for the untouchables. It implemented
‘Communal Award’ in 1932. Mahatma Gandhiji opposed this and started
‘Fasting unto Death’. Efforts were made to convince Ambedkar. As a
16
result ‘Poona Pact’ was entered. According to this pact, few constituencies
were reserved for Untouchables among general constituencies. In such
constituencies, the Untouchable became the representative of all.
The British government instructed for the formation of federal
government at the center and provincial governments at the states. In
this background, the third Round Table Conference was organized. The
Congress did not participate in the conference opposing the decisions of
the government. As a result of these round table conferences, the British
brought in ‘Government of India Act 1935. This act provided for federal
structure at the center and regional autonomy at state level. Political
Rights were now available for Indians. As result the Congress and Muslim
League participated in the elections. The Congress gained majority and
formed the government. By this time, due to various political developments
at Europe, the World War II had started and the Viceroy unilaterally

d
declared India’s war against Germany. The Congress walked out of the

he
cabinet opposing this decision. Gandhiji declared personal Sathyagraha
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against the decision of the Viceroy. Then Stratford Cripps was sent to
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India to mediate. bl
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Quit India (1942)

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The Stratford Cripps

Commission which was sent by
the British Government proposed
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some suggestions in front of

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Indians. Proposals like according

Dominion status to India, and
calling a meeting to draft new
constitution were tabled. It was
proposed that all states will have
liberty to be part of the new Quit India Movement
federation or not. These proposals
were opposed by the Congress and called for ‘Quit India’ movement. The
Quit India movement declared ‘British, You Quit India’.
Gandhi gave call to the fellow Indians to ‘Do or Die’. As result leaders
like Gandhiji, Nehru, Rajendra Prasad, Abul Kalam Azad, Sardar
Vallabhabai Patel, Acharya Kripalini and Kastur Ba were arrested and
imprisoned. Since, most of the congress leaders were jailled; non-congress

17
organizations took the lead in this movement. This movement created
new leaders. Jaya Prakash Narayan provided leadership to this movement.
He was the leader of Socialist wing of congress. He along with his
supporters engaged in revolutionary works. The Socialis formed a group
called “The Freedom Struggle Front” and outlined their strategies. They
trained factory workers. They called for the support of common people.
They collected money. These people provided hope to India in its difficult
times. Meanwhile, efforts were made outside the border of India too. The
efforts of Subhas Chandra Bose are really commendable in this direction.
After the elections of 1937, the
Muslim League was kept out of
government formation. When the
Congress walked out of the government
in 1939 opposing the unilateral

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decision of the viceroy to participate in

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the World War II, Muslim celebrated
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this walk out as ‘Vimukthi Diwas’.
be TB
Hence, the Muslim League did not bl Vallabhabai Patel Abul Kalam
participate in Quit India movement. It Azad
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proposed for the division of India.

©

You Know this

Esoor Incident: Esoor is a village in Shivamogga district of
ot

Mysore Princely State. The name of this village was changed into
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‘Independent village-‘Swathanthra Halli’. All the villagers were

wearing Gandhi Cap. There was a bar on the officials visiting this
village. In 1942, the villagers insisted the government officials
visiting the village to wear ‘Gandhi Caps’. Opposing this demand,
the policeman who was with the officer fired at the villagers. Enraged
by this firing, the villagers lynched the officials. This incident is
called as Esoor incident.
Farmers and Workers Protest:
The protests organized by the farmers and the workers are equally
important in the history of National Freedom Struggle. Some of these
associations were influenced by the congress, and some were influenced by

18
the Marxist ideologies. During the British administrations, many farmers
rebelled against the British planters and Zamindars. They opposed the
Indigo cropping in Champaran district. They protested against land
tax. Gandhi convinced the British officers through his Sathyagraha to
withdraw tax.
The Indian National Congress tried to organize the farmers as a part
of National Freedom Struggle. Gandhiji’s influence was visible in activities
in Champaran, Khedha and other places where the farmers organised
themselves and protested. Farmers of Tebhaga, Malabar and other places
revolted against the British and Zamindars under the influence of the
Congress. The issues the farmers found themselves intermingled with the
problems focused on in movements like Non-Cooperation movement, Tax
refusal and Quit India movements. Many of the protests were organised
under the banner of Kisan Sabha which was influenced by leftist

d
ideologies. These protests were often in favour of the congress and many

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times stood opposed to congress. In Telangana, farmers protested against
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the Zamindars and Nizam’s Razacks. The farmers of Bengal rose against
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bl
the Zamindars. In Maharastra, farmers protested against low wages for
them.
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Workers Revolt
©

Workers struggle started in Calcutta in 1827. The workers of Jute and

cotton mills along with railways started organizing themselves. Railway
ot

workers held protests in Railway stations and raised slogans against the
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British officers. The Printers Union in Calcutta and cotton mill workers
of Bombay created national awareness. A labour union was founded in
Madras. Later many workers associations started. The congress supported
such initiates from the workers unions. The contribution of workers and
their unions are unique.
The Tribal Revolts
The tax and forest policies implemented during the British
administration were the reasons for tribal revolts. Among them, revolts
of Santala, Kola and Munda are important. Halagali Beda’s revolt of
Karnataka is another notable revolt.
The revolt of Santala tribe is considered as an important revolt in
India. The people of this tribe are present in the hilly areas of Bengal and

19
Odisha states. With implementation of permanent Zamindari system,
these people became landless. The land developed by them was taken
over by the Zamindars. The Zamindars, Money lenders and the Company
government became the exploiters of the Santhala tribe. Their peace
loving nature and civilized manners were exploited by the government.
The upset Santhalas met secretly and decided to loot the Zamindars
and the money lenders. The revolt was servere in Bhagatpur, Barahath
and Rajamahal areas. As a result, the tribal people killed their enemies.
Frightened money lenders and Zamindars fled from these areas. Though,
the revolt of Santhalas came to an end, it became an inspiration for
many revolts in future. Similarly, Kola and Munda revolted against the
Zamindars.

Collect more information on Kola and Munda people

Subhash Chandra Bose

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Subhas Chandra Bose was from Cuttack
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of Odisha. The role of Subhas Chandra Bose is
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a decisive step in the Indian National Freedom
Struggle. Though he had secured 4th rank in the
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Indian Civil Services (ICS) exam, he refused posting

©

and became part of the national freedom struggle.

He became popular as ‘Netaji’.
He engaged himself in organizing the Indians
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residing outside India as a counter to Gandhiji’s Subhash Chandra Bose

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soft protests. He toured many cities like Vienna,

Berlin, Rome, Istanbul and other cities rallied the Indians settled in these
places in favour of freedom struggle. The birth and raise of Communism
and Socialism did influence many in the congress. Within the Indian
National Congress, the leftist ideologies took roots. By 1934, Subhas
Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehuru founded the Congress Socialist
Party within the Indian National Congress.
Subhas Chandra Bose became the president of Haripur convention
of Indian National Congress with the support of Gandhiji. A difference of
opinion broke between Subhas Chandra Bose and Gandhiji. Gandhiji’s
soft approach towards the British war policy clashed with Bose’s hardline
approach for the same. He criticised Gandhiji’s failure to seek foreign
help in the matter. Later, in Haripura Congress Session 1938, though
20
Subhash Chandra Bose got reelected as the President of Indian National
Congress, he had to resign owing to his differences with Gandhiji. This
derailed his decision to fight the British by staying within the structure of
Indian National Congress. He quit congress and founded ‘Forward Bloc’.
The party aimed at staying within the fold of Indian National Congress
and had progressive ideals. Subhas Chandra Bose opposed the British
war preparation and also the participation of British India in the war. As
result, the British Government arrested Subhas Chandra Bose and put
him under house arrest.
With the aim of mobilising the anti-British forces to fight against
the British, Subhas Chandra Bose escaped from the House arrest and
reached Germany. The dictator of Germany agreed to extend all the help
to Bose. Bose organized the prisoners of war from India. He broadcasted
his speeches over ‘Azad Hind Radio’ to Indians. On learning about the
success of Japan in the war, Bose joined hands with Ras Behari Bose

d
to explore the possibility of seeking the help of Japan to liberate India.

he
Rash Behari Bose had founded ‘India Independence League’ in Tokoyo of
pu S
Japan. He was calling its military wing as ‘Indian National Army’. Bose

is
be TB
called for ‘Dehli Chalo’ on this occasion. He said, “Give me your blood,
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I’ll get you Freedom”. Captain Lakshmi Sehagal became the commander
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of Jhansi regiment, a women’s wing of INA.

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Subhash Chandra Bose had planned to attack India through Rangoon.

By that time, thousands of soldiers who had joined INA were ready to
occupy Delhi. They started their armed struggle on the Burma border.
ot

When there was a fierce battle between INA and the British army, Subhash
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Chandra Bose died in airplane crash. Since Rangoon was captured by the
British army, the soldiers of INA were arrested by them. Later, most of the
Congress leaders were successful in getting the arrested INA soldiers
released.
Dr. B.R.Ambedkar
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar had believed strongly that
‘Political freedom without social freedom is meaningless’.
Unless the last man in the fold hierarchical social system
of Indian society gets social and economic freedom,
political freedom is of no value was his argument. He
introduced the concept of India not only as a political Dr. B.R.Ambedkar
entity but a whole system. He studied the Caste system

21
and devised strategies to destroy it. In order to prove that the untouchables
have been denied even basic human rights, he organized ‘Mahad tank and
Kalaram temple movements’. He participated in all the three round table
conferences and suggested various means to unshackle the bondages of
the downtrodden communities in the Indian society.
Differences of opinion emerged between Ambedkar and Gandhjii over
the issue of development of Harijans and the leadership of untouchables.
Ambedkar’s demand for separate electorate constituencies for
untouchables created controversies between Ambedkar and Gandhiji.
Ambedkar was Dewan to Baroda Maharaja. He was a member of Bombay
legislative council and later was also a member of Viceroy’s legislative
council. Dr Ambedkar never joined the Indian National Congress and
founded ‘Bahishkrut Hithakarini Sabha’ and later ‘Swantantra Karmika
Party’. He published periodicals like ‘Prabhudha Bharatha’, ‘Janatha’,

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‘Mookanayaka’ and ‘Bahishkruth Bharatha’. He always stayed away from

he
the communist and sociological ideologies and strived to get justice for
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farm labourers.
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A Constitution was needed to chalk out the future of Independent
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India. Dr. Babu Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president of ‘The
Constituent Assembly’. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was elected as the chairman
©

of the ‘Drafting Committee’. He advocated equality in the constitution and

provided legal guarantees against untouchability in the constitution. The
Constitution of India considered the practice of untouchability as a crime.
ot

Ambedkar became the first Law Minister of Independent India. Though

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he was inspired by the modernity, rationality and western thoughts,

he had love for the native roots. Fed-up with the caste system, he left
Hinduism and became a Buddhist, which opposed caste system but had
remained part of the cultural of India. He had believed that what Marxism
can bring change with bloodletting and violence, the same change would
be brought about by Buddhism
with peace and nonviolence. The You Know this
Government of India has honoured A leader without periodicals
Dr B.R.Ambedkar for his life time is like a bird without wings.
achievement by awarding the
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
highest civilian Honour ‘Bharata
Ratna’ posthumously.

22
 Collect more information on the academic achievements and books
authored by Dr. B.R.Ambedkar

You Know this

The untouchables were not allowed to use the water from a tank
in Mahad, a village in Maharastra. The movement which aimed
enabling the untouchables to use the water of the tank is called
‘Mahad Movement’. Similarly, in ‘Kalarama temple’ untouchables
were not allowed to enter the temple like elsewhere. Ambedkar
devised a revolutionary movement so that untouchables could gain
entry to the temple. Though, the people became sensitized with
these movements, they were not very successful during that time.
Ambedkar believed that legal course is the only way out of such

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situations.

he
Jawaharlal Nehru pu S
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Pandith Jawaharlal Nehru entered national
freedom struggle through Home Rule Movement.
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He played a prominent role in the Non-cooperation

©

movement held during 1920. Later he became the

President of Lahore session of Indian National
Congress. Poorna Swaraj goal was declared in this
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session. Nehru expressed his unhappiness over

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the withdrawal of Non-cooperation movement by

Gandhiji.
The thinkings of Nehru provided a new Jawaharlal Nehru
fillip to political activities. He was influenced by
Communist ideology. As a result, the leftist ideologies became prominent
in the Indian National Congress.
Nehru was the president of 49th session of Indian National Congress.
He declared that Congress should stay away from the world war arising out
of imperialism. He argued that ‘Charaka’ and ‘Harijan’ movements were
not so effective. Though he appeared to have stayed away from Gandhiji’s
thoughts, his reverence had not depleted. As he was influenced by various
intellectual streams, he strived to achieve a holistic view with them. This

23
is more evident in his ‘Non Aligned Movement’ and ‘Mixed Economy’
principles. He expressed his softness for communist and socialist ideals
as a president of 50th session of Indian National Congress. He declared
that “Congress supports complete democracy and it fights for democracy
only and not for Socialism”.
As the Prime Minister of India, he can be seen as the architect of
Industrialization and modern India. Nehru became instrumental in the
Integration of India which was achieved through the Home Minister of his
cabinet, Vallabhabai Patel, the ‘Iron Man of India’ who was successful in
brining all the princely states of India together. He also laid foundation
for the diverse culture of India by implementing ‘language based
reorganization of states’ policy. He had firmly believed that ‘only complete
industrialization can bring development’.
He sought to develop India through ‘Five Year Plans’. He sought to

d
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develop infrastructure and heavy industries through these five year plans.
With the aim of mastering atomic energy, he laid the foundation for that
pu S
is
under the leadership of H.J. Baba. On the external affairs front, India
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bl
wanted to stay away from both the powerful blocs of cold war period and
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advocated Non Aligned Movement. He was instrumental in staying away

from power politics by adhering to Panchasheela principles. He died in
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1964.

Activity
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Read more about the External Policies formed by Pandith Jawaharlal

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Nehru as the first Prime Minister of India.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined
Indain National Congress in 1906
and worked as the private secretary
to Dadabhai Navaroji. His popularity
grew more after he argued in favour
of Tilak in the litigations against
him. He joined Home Rule League. In
many of the conferences, he argued
in favour Hindu-Muslim unity. He
resigned from his membership of Jinnah and Gandhiji

24
Imperial legislative council opposing the implementation Rowlatt Act.
He declared himself as Nationalist Muslim in Round Table Conferences.
Jinnah changed his strategies when Muslim League and Congress failed
to form a coalition government in 1937. When the freedom declaration
was nearer, he increased his pressure for the creation of independent
Pakistan. He was successful in creating Pakistan during the declaration
of Independence.
The Partition of India
All along the National Freedom Struggle, the Indian National Congress
had the vision of free independent united India. But, Muhammad Ali
Jinnah kept putting pressure for an independent Pakistan. In the Lahore
session of Muslim League in 1940, Jinnah declared that Hindus and
Muslims cannot make one nation. The Labour Party came to power in
England after the end of Second World War. It tried to find solutions

d
for the political problems of India. It sent a Cabinet Mission to have

he
discussion on giving self-rule rights to India. This Mission had discussion
with Muslim League and Indian National Congress. It recommended
pu S
is
for a Federal Form of Government and suggested to form an Interim
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bl
government. It also suggested the formation of Constituent assembly
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to formulate Constitution. But, there differences over the formation of

Coalition Interim Government between Indian National Congress and
©

the Muslim League. The Muslim League called for ‘Direct Action Day’ on
August 16th, 1946. As a result, communcal clashes took place in various
parts of the country. Muslim League did not participate in the Constituent
ot

Assembly. The British were also interested in creating division between

N

Hindus and Muslims. It can be noticed that the British had tried to protect
their self-interest during the Division of Bengal and the implementation
of 1909 Act. The situations created in these occasions had seeded the
partition ideas.
The relationship between Muslim League and the Indian National
Congress deteriorated further. Meanwhile, the British Government sent
Lord Mountbatten as Viceroy to India telling that it wanted to hasten
the process of handing over of the power. in 1946 Mountbatten held
discussions with Gandhiji, Jinnah and other leaders to prepare a plan
for the partition of India. In July of 1947, the bill of India Independence
took the shape of an Act. On August 15th, 1947 two new nations India
and Pakistan were born. Radcliffe Commission marked the boundaries
between the two nations. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru took oath as the first
Prime Minister of India.
25
 On January 30th, 1948 Mahatama Gandhi who was the harbinger
of peace between Hindu and Muslims, was shot dead by Nathuram
Godse. Though Gandhiji was killed, the ideals propagated by him like
equality, social justice, human reflections and desire for human unity
have remained the ideals of entire humanity.
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:
1. Gandhiji was born in ……………….
2. Jallianwala Bhag massacre took place while protesting against
………..act.
3. The movement led by Ali brothers was ………………..
4. A separate nation for Muslims was put forward by …………………

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he
5. The President of Indian National Congress session of 1929 was
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……………………………..
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6. Mahad and Kalaram movement was formed by ……………
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7. The leadership of Indian National Army’s Jhansi regiment was

©

held by ……………………
8. Gandhiji held Salt Sathyagrah in ………………………..
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9. Quit India movement took place in ……………………..

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II. Please chose the appropriate words from the options given below
and fill in the blanks:
1. First Round Table Conference was held in …………………….
a) 1930 b) 1932 c) 1931 d) 1942
2. Swaraj Party was founded in the year …………………
a) 1924 b) 1922 c) 1929 d) 1906
3. The president of Haripur session of Indian National Congress was
……………..
a) Sardar Vallabhabai Patel b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
c) Lala Lajapath Roy d) Subhas Chandra Bose

26
 4. ……………………is known as the Iron Man of India.
a) Bhagath Singh b) Chandrashekar Azad
c) Abdul Kalam Azad d) Sardar Vallabhabai Patel
III. Discuss in groups and answer the following:
1. What were the internal tools of Gandhiji’s struggles?
2. List out the programmes of Non-Cooperation Movement.
3. Explain Chouri Chaura incident.
4. Discuss Salt Sathyagraha.
5. What were the reasons for Quit India Movement?
6. What was the outcome of Second Round Table conference?
7. Explain the achievements of Subhas Chandra Bose in

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independence movement.
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8. Explain the various tribal revolts in the history of Independence
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struggle. bl
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9. Explain the major acheivements of Nehru as the first Prime Minister

of India.
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IV. Activities :
1. Prepare an album of photos of Freedom Fighters.
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2. Collect photographs related to Dandi March and Jalliahwala Bagh

N

incidents.
3. Organize talks on Gandhiji’s nonviolence and Sathyagraha.
4. Write an essay on the role of Subhas Chandra Bose in the National
Freedom Struggle.
V. Project :
1. Organize Drama and Debate Competitions on Independence
Movement.

27
 UNIT – 9
POST INDEPENDENT INDIA

In this unit you learn

• Effects of partition of India
• Refugees issues
• Reorganization of states
• Problem of Formation of government

d
he
• Integration of Princely states
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1947 August 15, was a day of trouble as well as joy for India.
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Independence was earned with a lot of sacrifices and difficulties. Partition
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of the country had also created a lot of problems. Before learning how the
©

government handled this situation, we need to analyze the situation that

was created.

On the first hand, the partition of the country had created new problems.
ot

The country was burnt in communal fire. Millions of people from both the
N

countries tried to choose their future in both the countries. It was a great
challenge to offer shelter and food to refugees who arrived into country.
The number who arrived in India was more than the number that went
into Pakistan.

Secondly, the integration of princely states into the federal structure of

India was a bigger problem. There were 562 princely states in India by then.
Most of the states after showing initial hesitations agreed to join the Indian
federal structure. But, Kashmir and Junaghad in north and Hyderabad in
South did not agree to join the federal structure easily. Sardar Vallabhabai
Patel handled this challenge efficiently and won success. He was successful
in protecting the internal security of the nation. He also set in motion the
task of attaining National integration.

28
 Thirdly, partition had damaged the economic system of India deeply.
There was a need to relook into the commerce, industry and trade in order
to provide better stability. Because, the colonial power that had abused the
resources of India for more two centuries. DadabhaiNavaroji has discussed
this issue more in his ‘Drain theory’.

Fourthly, India had a challenge of creating its own constitution. It

had to find it stability under its new constitution and had to emerge as
democratic republic. Under the chairmanship of Dr.B.R.Ambedkar the
Constitutional Drafting committee gave India a draft constitution. This
draft constitution was accepted by the Constituent Assembly and gave
India a unique constitution, This enabled the strengthening of executive,
legislative and judiciary.

d
he
Fifthly, India had to protect its freedom that was after years struggle
pu S
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from its enemies. It started strengthening its military forces also. The
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present military power of India is nowhere inferior to anyone now. We need
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to look back into the history to know about its beginning.

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Sixthly, since gender and caste based discrimination was natural

to Indian society, there was a need to strengthen the social fabric for to
establish social equality. It also had to formulate new foreign policy and
ot

make arrangements for financial resources. India successfully faced all

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these challenges and emerged as the largest democratic country of the

world.

Communal Violence:

It is said that people have lost more lives in communal violence than in
wars. The clash that takes place on the grounds of religion creates panic in
all the societies. Historically, India’s experience is not different.

India is a country of many religions. It had to become a country of

different religions due to numerous invasions of foreign rulers. This
diversity was used by the British to create Divide and Rule policy. With this

29
religious suspicions entered public life later leading communal violence.
Like this Hindu Muslim clashes took a nasty turn and resulted in many
communal clashes later leading to untold miseries. As result, when India
was partitioned in 1947, the north India had to face a lot of communal
violence. Lakhs of Hindus and Muslim died in this communal clashes.
When India was celebrating its independence in New Delhi, Gandhiji was
in Naukali and other places in meeting the victims consoling them.

Nehru who was the first Prime Minister of Independent India, could
settle his administration of the basis of priority and could clam down the
communal violence within months of after independence. The evil violence
that emerged during the communal violence made Nehru to think about
forming a secular nation. These incidents helped India to adopt secular

d
principles in its constitution. Though, leaders like Moulana Abdul Kalam

he
Azad and Khan Abdul Gafoor Khan opposed the idea of Pakistan; they
pu S
is
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could not stop the partition of India.
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Even now the communal clashes have continued. There are

©

international angles to communal violence. The Constitution of India has

accepted religion as the personal choice of the individual. It foresees a
situation where India remains secular country. The Indians need to
ot

understand this intention of the constitution live accordingly.

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Refugee Crises

Soon after the partition, refugee crisis became a huge problem. During
this period millions of people tried to find future in either of the country.
They had to leave their native places and move toward the place where
people from their religion were a majority. Around 6 million refugees arrived
in India. This crisis ballooned in the beginning. But, by 1951 most of the
refugees from West Pakistan were taken care of.
But the crisis of East Pakistan (Bangladesh) continued for a long time.
It was caught in severe communal violence soon after the partition. As a
result, the refugees were arriving till 1971. The Bengal Vimochana movement

30
which was supported by India, could finally liberate the Bangladesh. The
war resulted in arrival of 10 lakh refugees to India. They were helped by
the government of India, governments of Tripura, Meghalaya and Assam to
resettle them and find new hope of life in India. Since most of the refugees
from Bangladesh knew Bengali, they attempted settle in Bengal more. As a
result there was huge stress on the West Bengal. Moreover, during 1960s
and 1970s India itself faced economic crisis. Major famines destroyed our
financial security. Still, India did not leave its humanitarian concern and
tried to provide better refugee facilities for them.
The people of Tibet had arrived in our country as refugees during Nehru
time. According to one estimate there are around one lakh and twenty
thousand Tibetan refugees in India. In 1960, Government of Karnataka
sanctioned 3000 acres of land to Tibetan refugees at Bylukuppe and now

d
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it has grown as one of major Tibetan settlement in India. In spite of all
pu S
these problems, their arrival has enriched our cultural diversity.

is
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The problem of formation of new government of independence:
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When the independence was declared on August 15, 1947, an interim

©

government was formed. Lord Mountbatten became the Governor General

of India. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India.
On January 26, 1950 the Indian Constitution was adopted. With the
ot

implementation of the Constitution, Dr. BabuRajendraprasad became the

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first President of India. The constitution declared India as the Sovereign,

democratic republic. Later through 42nd amendment to the Constitution,
words ‘Secular and Socialist’ were added in the year 1976. Government of
India followed an independent foreign policy. India adopted parliamentary
type of democracy.

You know this

Parliamentary democracy: The Constitution Drafting Committee

studied various constitutions of the world and came to the conclusion that
a parliament elected by the people should be the ultimate authority in
governance.

31
Integration of Princely States:

There were 562 princely states when British left

India. Apart from partitioning India, they had kept
three options open for the remaining princely states:
1. Joining India. 2. Joining Pakistan. 3. Remaining
Independent. In this background, Government of
India through its ‘Instrument of Accession’ offered
an opportunity for the princely states to join federal
structure of India. It offered in return of accession,
revenue sharing based on the actual revenue of the
Vallalbhbhai Patel
state in the form of royalty. Apart from this, some
special status were also accorded to the ruling Kings. Later in 1971,

d
these royalties and status were withdrawn. During the integration of

he
Indian Pricnely states, strong opposition came from Junagadh, Jammu
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and Kshmir and Hyderabad states. Under the leadership of Valalbahabai
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Patel, who is known as ‘Iron Man of India’ was successful in integrating the
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princely states to Indian federation.

©

Junagadh: The Nawab of this princely state had signed the agreement
to join the state of Pakistan. His citizens revolted against him and flooded
ot

the streets. The King fled from the Kingdom. The Dewan requested Indian
N

Government to military to Junagadh to maintain law and order. Later,

Junagadh joined Indian federation in 1949.

Hyderabad: This princely state was ruled by Nizam. He wanted to

remain independent and refused to join the Independent India. Meanwhile,
under the leadership of communists, the farmers of the state revolted
against the Nizam and Zamindars. The people angry with cruel army called
‘Razakars’ which had the patronage of Nizam. The Government of India
sent its military to fight Hyderabad and defeated the Nizam and integrated
Hyderbad into India in 1948. Valalbhabai Patel could find a solution to
this with his firm decision.

32
 Jammu and Kashmir: The King of Jammu and Kashmir Harisingh
decided to remain independent. Fearing that Kashmir may join the Indian
federation, Pakistan instigated the tribal Muslims to invade Kashmir. The
tribal band of people occupied more area of Kashmir. Unless the King
agrees to join India, the military of India could not enter Kashmir. Finally,
on releasing the severity of the problem in hand, King Harisingh agreed to
join India in October 1947. Later, the Indian Army attacked the invading
tribal soldiers and drove them out of the valley. At this juncture, the issue
was reported to UNO. One part of the Kashmir remained with Pakistan.
India complained at UNO against Pakistan on this issue. UNO issued
battle truce on January 01, 1949. The North East part of Kashmir that
was occupied by Pakistan continues to be with it and it is called ‘Pakistan

d
Occupied Kashmir’. The accession of Jammu and Kashmir is different from

he
all the other accessions. pu S
is
be TB
Pondicherry: Even after independence, the French had continued
bl
their hold over Pondicherry, Karikal, Mahe and Chandranagar. Many
to K

political parties like Congress, Communists and others wanted them to

©

become part of India. As a result of all these parts got integrated in 1954.
Pondicherry became Union Territory of India in 1963.
ot

Goa: A sustained movement was held to protest against the Portuguese

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occupation of Goa. Though they were ordered to vacate Goa, Portuguese

brought more army from Africa and Europe and tried to consolidate their
power over Goa. Sathyagrahis from all over India entered Goa and declared
the exit of Portuguese from Goa in 1955. The Indian military entered Goa
and took over its administration. Goa had remained a union territory till
1987 and later became a state.

Reorganization of states based on languages: The language based

formation of states was a demand present during British India also. After
the independence of India, this demand became more and more severe.
Both the British government and regional governments never ruled them
using local language. In this background, formation of states based on

33
languages was desired. After the death of Potti Sriramulu who died after
58 days of hunger strike demanding for Vishalandhra, the demand for
language based state reorganization went up. As a result, Andhrapradesh
was formed in 1953. In 1953, ‘Reorganization of State Commission’ was
formed. Mr Fazal Ali became the president, K.M.Pannikker and H.N.
Kunjru became its members. Based on the report of this commission, State
Reorganization Act was brought into effect. According to this act, 14 states
and 6 union territories were formed.

Kannada speaking regions were part of various princely states. On

October 14th, 1947 Mysore State came into existence. The demand to
integrate all these people into one state was prevalent. They had formed
“Akhila Karnataka Rajya Nirmana Parishat” and demanded the integration

d
of Kannada speaking places. Finally, in 1956, Vishala Mysore state came

he
into existence. In 1973, it was renamed as ‘Karnataka’. Now there are 28
pu S
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be TB
states and 9 union territories in India including Delhi.
bl
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EXERCISES
©

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

1. The British government’s last Governor General was …………………

ot

2. India’s first Home minister was ………………………..

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3. India’s first President was …………………………

4. Pondicherry became a union territory in the year……………..

5. States Reorganization commission was implemented in the

year.…………… .

II. Discuss in groups and answer the following:

1. What were the problems faced in independent India?

2. How did the nation face refugee problem?

3. How was Pondicherry liberated from the French? Explain.

34
 4. How was Goa liberated from Portuguese?

5. Explain the process of State Reorganization based on language.

III. Activity :

1. Draw a map of India and identify the states.

IV. Project :

1. Make a list of capital cities and languages of each state in India.

2. Prepare a report of the cultural uniqueness of our neighboring

states with the help of your teachers and internet.

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35
 UNIT – 10
THE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS
OF 20TH CENTURY

In this unit you learn

• First World War
• Russian Revolution
• The Rise of Dictators
• Second World War

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• Chinese Revolution

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• Cold War
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• The Rise of America bl
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The First World War

©

Before 1914, the powerful coutries of the Europe; England, Germany,

France, Italy, Austro-Hungarian empire and Russia were at constant war
over the issue of establishing control over colonies. The industrialization
ot

and the invention of new technologies had created more competition

N

among the European countries. The European countries had schemed to

have control over each and every market of the world including India. They
wanted to have uncontrolled access to resources of these colonies. The
complex treaties that were entered by these countries created a whole lot of
complex problems related to geographical boundaries. These issues were
often upsetting the power balance among the European countries.

As a result, every country militarised itself too much. There were

alliances formed. An extreme form of nationalism grew over there. The
First World War divided the countries in to two groups. A Triple Entente
of England, France and Russia; a Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy and
Austri-Hungary. Later, Italy joined the opposite camp. Along with the War,
there were changes in the group structure as well.
36
 The First World War took place between 1914 and 1918. The
assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the Prince of Austria was
the immediate cause of war. This incident created hostilities with Serbia
and Austria.

In the beginning of the war, United States of America had stayed

neutral. When the war reached its final stages again situation changed.
USA joined the group of England and France. With occurrence of revolution
in Russia in November of 1917, it entered an agreement with Germany to
stop the war and withdrew from the war. Germany which was battered by
the attacks of Triple Entente accepted defeat.

The Triple Entente forced Germany to sign Treaty of Versallies which

was an insulting one to Germany in 1919. The empires of Austro-Hungary
and Ottoman empires lost their existence. Germany lost most of its

d
he
geographic area. A wave of change swept across the Europe. The physical
map of the Europe underwent change. Many new and small countries
pu S
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emerged in Europe. In order to prevent future occurrences of war, ‘League
be TB
bl
of Nations’ came into existence in 1919. The sense of insult prevalent in the
to K

defeated nations brewed extreme nationalism. The War penalty and other
©

restrictions imposed on Germany impacted the ordinary life of Germans

severely. The German industrialists exploited the unemployment and
negative economic growth for their benefit. This aided the growth of dictators
like Hitler who caused the Second World War. The arms manufacturers of
ot

France, England, Germany and USA made profit out of this.

N

You know this:

More than 1,00,00,000 lost their lives from both the groups during First
World War. It includes both the civilians and soldiers. 2,00,00,000 became
injured and 35,00,000 became permanently disabled. Just like any other
war, the First World War also was fought for the benefit of the few. But, it
caused death and suffering in large numbers.

Russian Revolution

Russia is the biggest of all the nations in the world. It was ruled by
Tsars in 19th century. They were exploiting the landlords. The landlords in
37
turn were exploiting labourers and small farmers. The people were fed up
with the administration of Tsars. The rule of Tsars was called a Nationalistic
Jail. When Japan, a small country from Asia defeated Russia in 1905 made
the rule of Tsars more unacceptable and a lot of resistance against the
Tsars started. Workers called for total boycotts. The farmers and workers
took arms and fought against the rulers. But, they were suppressed cruelly
by the Tsar army. Based on these experiences, Vladimir Ilich Lenin guided
the farmers and workers on the path of revolution. By this time, Lenin was
declared as a traitor. When the resistance of the workers and farmers
became more intense, the Tsar Nicholas II ran away from the country. This
is called as February 1917 Revolution. The power was shared by moderates
called as ‘Menshiviks’. They declared Russia as ‘Republic’.

During this time, Lenin returned to Russia and

d
called for ‘Peace, Food and Land’. This was supported by

he
the workers and farmers across Russia. The Bolsheviks,
pu S
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the party of the workers created October Revolution in
be TB
bl
1917. Lenin joined the revolutionary party and declared
Russia as a Socialist Republic Union on October 7th.
to K

This is called as ‘October Revolution’. Lenin became the

©

President of the government.

So after Lenin became the President, he declared that Lenin

land belonged to the farmers. He implemented political and economical

ot

policies that ensured free health, schooling and residence to all Russians.
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Lenin was the first to implement Karl Marx’s scientific communism in

practice. This was a historic moment in the human history. When this new
system was evolving, Lenin died in 1924.

Joseph Stalin became the President after the death of Lenin and built
USSR as a formidable opponent to USA. The Five Year Plans implemented
by him changed the course of the USSR growth. USSR launched the first
satellite in the history of human civilization. Yuri Gagarin became the first
Astronaut of the world. The Independent India’s Five Plan is borrowed
from USSR. After the Second World War, USSR assumed the leadership of
Communist countries. It expressed support to the independence movements
of countries from Asia, Africa and South America. Stalin committed many
mistakes while trying to make USSR a powerful country. The process of
38
establishing Communist republic was not totally successful. As a result,
the powers opposing the revolution became stronger. Many reformations
like ‘Glasnost’ in 1985 and ‘Perestroika’ in 1987 were brought in. After
these reformations were implemented by Gorbachev, the then President of
USSR, the USSR disintegrated and the Communism collapsed.

You know this:

Perestroika and Glasnost: These were the complete reformation

advocated by the Communist Party of Soviet Russia. The then President
Gorbachev launched these reformations in order to democratise the political
system of USSR.

Perestroika means ‘ Re organising’

d
Glasnost means ‘Liberal’.

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pu S
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Dictators:
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Hitler: The situations that emerged after the
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end of First World War brought Hitler to power in

©

Germany and Mussolini to power in Italy. Hitler

became the Chancellor of Germany and after the
death of President Hindenburg, he became the
ot

dictator. Hitler became Fuhrer. By the time Hitler

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became powerful, communists and socialists had

become more powerful. Hitler took the help of
German industrialists and supressed the Socialists Hitler
and Communists. He banned workers’ union and
political parties. He declared that Nazi party as the only party of Germany.

He instilled fear of Jewish people among Germans by spreading false

rumours that they are going to dominate the world. He put forward the
supremacy of German race theory and nurutured ultra Nationalism
carefully. Hitler utilized Nazism to inculcate these values among the
Germans. The Nazism advocated that Germans are the superior race of
the world and they are the only fit to rule the world. Jews are the reasons
for all the problems of Germans. Apart from Jews, Communists, Socialists

39
and Catholics are also the reason for the problems of Germany. He
declared they are unfit to live. All these were implemented inhumanly. A
minister named ‘Gobbels’ was appointed to spread the theory of Nazism.
A cruel army named ‘Brown Shirts’ was formed for this purpose. They
were trained to create violence so that the people became confused and
accept their ideology.

The mass killings done by Hitler to implement his theory are notorious
in the human history. According to one estimate, six million Jews were
killed and one million others were also killed. This mass killing is called as
Holocaust. In 1935, Hitler implemented ‘Nuremberg Laws’. He imprisoned
Jews in Concentration Camps and he pushed people to gas chambers to
kill them. In the Concentration camps people were subjected to harsh work
conditions and were starved to death. Many were shot dead in mass firings.

d
He created special force to kill people irrespective of their age and sex. He

he
utilized the entire government machinery to kill people. Hitler wanted to
pu S
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rule the entire world in order to prove the Aryan Race Supremacy. This
be TB
bl
resulted in Second World War. Finally, Hitler’s racial hatred ended with his
death.
to K
©

Mussolini: The Fascist party of Mussolini grew in Italy as regressive

political party due to various combinations like the impact of First World
War and emergence of Social movements in Europe. Ultra Nationalism,
idea of destroying the other national forces, patronising violence, racial
ot

superiority, expansion of national boundaries and support of human

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executions are the features of Fascism.

Mussolini was the Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943 and
was the founder of ‘National Fascist Party’. In 1925, he dismissed the
democracy of Italy legally and became the dictator of Italy. He destroyed
all the political opponents by using secret police services. He banished
all workers’ agitations. He established one party dictatorship. He joined
Hitler in causing Second World War and was responsible for the death of
thousands of people. He was assassinated in 1945.

Second World War

Before one could forget the deaths and misery caused by First World
War, the Second World War started with the German’s occupation of
40
Poland on September 01, 1939. The Second World War is the most heinous
and devastating war that has ever taken place in the history of human
civilisation. More than thirty countries directly participated in this war.
The war took place between 1939 and 1945. Since the rich countries had
spent their money on war, they experienced ‘Great Economic Depression’
during 1930s. This resulted in great hardships in Europe and USA. The
life standard of people dropped drastically; the growth of industries and
agriculture stagnated; the problem of unemployment became more. The
nationalism grew more in Germany and other European countries due to
loss of finance suffered in First World War, difficult agreements enforced
on countries like Germany and subsequent loss suffered by them. The big
industrialists funded more money to nourish ultra nationalism in Germany
and other countries of the Europe. By utilising this money, hate and
egoistic movements started emerging in these countries. Hitler emerged as

d
the dictator in Germany and Mussolini emerged as the dictator in Itlay. In

he
East Asia, Japan attacked China to expand its territory.
pu S
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be TB
bl
During Second World War two groups emerged: Axis and Allies.
Germany, Italy and Japan were part of Axis. England, France, Russia and
to K

other countries were there in the Allies. England declared war against
©

Germany as it was a friendly country to Poland. But, in reality it did not

rush to help Poland immediately. Hence, it was occupied by Germany. In
the meanwhile, Russia came under the Communist rule and countries
ot

like England, France were expecting an attack on Russia by Germany. On

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realising this intention, Russia entered a ‘No-War’ pact with Germany on

August 24th, 1939. Hence, Hitler attacked the West instead of the East.
Hitler entered an agreement with Italy and attacked Denmark, Norway,
Holland and captured most of the western Europe. In 1941, Hitler turned
his attention towards Russia. This forced Russia to enter the war. At the
same time, Japan joined Germany. Japan attacked those places that were
to the West of Pacific Ocean which belonged to USA and other European
countries and captured them.

Italy and Germany tried to occupy the British Colonies in North Africa
and Suez canal but failed. In 1942, Russia defeated German forces in
Stalingrad. In 1943, Germany faced a series of defeats in the Eastern
Europe. Here Russia supported the Allied forces. The allied forces occupied

41
Italy. USA defeated Japan and regained its lost island in Pacific Ocean.
Germany surrendered due to the march of Red Army and Allied forces into
Berlin. Hitler committed suicide in 1945. USA dropped the first Atomic
Bomb of the world on Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan. This resulted in
the death of lakhs of Japanese people. Japan is still facing the after effects
of this attack. On August 15, 1945 Japan surrendered completely. With
this the Allied Forces achieved the complete Victory.

The Second World War caused utmost misery and death in the human
history. It also changed the social, political and economic changes in the
world. In the place of League of Nations, United Nations Organization came
into existence. The winning countries of the Second World War; England,
China, USA, USSR and France became the permanent members of the UN
Security Council. USSR and USA became powerful rival countries. This led

d
to the Cold War. The Colonies of Asia and Africa were able to achieve their

he
independence. England, France and other European countries lost their
pu S
is
most of the colonies. The Indian Independence can be understood from
be TB
bl
this angle also. Since, USA used Nuclear Weapon in Japan, Nuclear Arm
race started between the powerful countries.
to K
©

Chinese Revolution

China is one of the ancient

countries of the world which
ot

has rich history. China was

N

not completely a colony like

India when it fought for its
independence. It was a semi-
colonial country as some
part of it was independent. It
was under the rule of France
and Japan also. China was
a feudal country. China was
controlled by landlords and
warlords. It did not have
industries like India.
In this situation, the integration and unity of China became more

42
important. In 1911, under the leadership of Kuomintang party’s leader
Sun-Yat-Sen anti-imperilaistic democractic revolution took place. But
it did not grow fully. The Communist party started in China in the year
1925. It groomed movements in rural areas and city areas. It supported
farmers’ movements and workers’ movements. In order to build a unified
China, the Communist party and Kuomintang party worked together. After
the death of Sun yat-sen, the Kuomintang party came into the hands of
oppressionist ruler Chiang-Kai-shek. He joined hands with the imperialistic
forces and started attacking the Communist party’s bases. Around
70,000 revolutionaries were killed in these attacks. In order to protect the
communist party members, Mao Tse-Tung, started a ‘Long March’ to the
northern part of China. This is one of its kind military march in the human
history. This was welcomed by the rural people with enthusiasm.

You know this:

d
he
Long March: In order to escape the attack of Chiang-Kai-shek on the
pu S
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communist forces, Mao organised this historical march. They travelled over
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10,000 kms with 80,000 revolutionaries for about a year from Jiangix in
to K

South East China to Yunan in North West China. This massive trekking
©

which happened between October 1934 and October 1935 was finally
left with 10,000 people. There is no other incident in the human history
wherein such a huge number of people have travelled for such a long
ot

distance. Hence, this is called as Long March.

N

During the Second World War, Japan attacked on China. The Chinese
Communist party fought against this and came into prominence during this
invasion. Japan accepted defeat in 1945. When Japan started withdrawing
from the regions of China, the Communist party occupied those areas. It
announced ‘Land Reforms’ in all these places. It distributed land to the
farmers. This garnered more popularity for the Communist party. Like
this more areas came under the control of Communist, even though some
portions were under the control of Chiang-kai-shek. By 1949 most of the
cities came under the control of the communist party. Chiang-kai-shek
had to run away to Taiwan. On October 1, 1949 People’s Liberation Army
entered Peking (Beijing). Like this People’s Republic was established in
China. Mao Tse-Tung became the President of China.

43
 After the revolution, community farming was introduced in China.
All were provided with free health, education and other facilities.
Importance was given to Science and Technology in order to achieve
growth in industrailisation. ‘Leap Forward’ programme was planned and
implemented. The Private property was converted into Public Porperty.
While implementing these policies through ‘The Cultural Revolution’ many
mistakes were committed. In order to rectify these mistakes, Deng Xiaoping,
brought in many reforms in 1979. Now, China has adopted capitalist
principles within the framework of Communism and moving ahead as a
major economical force with the communist party leadership.

Cold War

The mistrust, competition and fear that emerged between the two
blocks of the world after the end of Second World War is called as the ‘Cold

d
he
War’. The Cold War is the war between the Capitalist Block led by USA and
the Communist Block led by USSR. The question whether Communism or
pu S
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the Capitalism is the right answer for the elevation of human problems had
be TB
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always divided the human society since 1917. But, this became sharper
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after the end of Second World War. This remained so till the collapse
©

of USSR in 1989. India, Egypt and other countries started Non Aligned
Movement and stayed away from the blocks.
Due to the cold war, the competition to stockpile weapons grew. USA
ot

gained upper hand in this competition. USA tried to enter into agreements
N

to sell its weapons across the World. It formed more Military organisations to
have hold over as many countries as possible. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation), SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organisation) and CENTO
(Central East North Treaty Organisation) were formed under the leadership
of USA. Under the leadership of USSR Warsaw Organisation was formed.
In every state of USA, huge arms manufacturing factories were formed. The
competition for nuclear weapons increased. Apart from this, competition to
have military bases in other countries, to establish intelligence networks,
to wage space war, to have better technologies increased. The entire world
entered into a invisible war increasing the tensions.
Korean war, Vietnam war, the Suez Canal crisis of 1956, the Berlin
Crisis of 1961, the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 and many other crisis
emerged due to Cold War situation. The Cold War which continued on
44
equal basis started leaning in favour of USA after 1985. USA was successful
gaining the control over the resources of the World. USSR became victim to
economic crisis and many other internal crisis. USA has remained as the
only powerful country after this and has remained the sole super power in
the world.
Emergence of USA as a strong country
The Great Economic Depression that affected USA in 1927 brought in
many changes in the politics of, USA. USA had helped the Triple Entente
with money and soldiers. In 1929, USA experienced stagnation in economic
development. As a result, output dropped in automobile and agriculture.
There was also drop in the output of consumer durables manufacturing,
mining, ship building, and many other industries. This economic crisis led
to changes in the politics.

d
he
During the Second World War, Japan attacked Pearl harbour,
the military base of USA. This made USA to enter the war in favour of
pu S
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allied forces. The President Roosvelt made people to be ready for war.
be TB
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He encouraged women to work in public spear. USA won the war. It also
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helped the establishment of UNO during the war and later provided its
©

support to it. USA has emerged as a powerful country after 1945. With the
end of Cold War, USA has become the only Super Power of the world.
EXERCISES
ot

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:

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1. The Communist Government in Russia was founded by ..................

2. The First World War ended in ...............
3. The Fascist dictator was ..........................
4. The Second World War started in ......................
5. Japan attacked ..........................which was the Nav
al base of USA.
II. Discuss in groups and answer the following questions:
1. Explain the role of Lenin in Russian Revolution.
2. Discuss the immediate causes for the First World War.

45
 3. How did Nazism destroy Germany? Explain.
4. What were the reasons for the Second World War?
5. What is Cold War?
6. What were the effects of Chinese revolution?
7. How did USA come out of its Great Economic Depression?
III. Activity :
1. Get more information from internet and other resources about the
attempts made by India to establish peace in the world.
IV. Project :
1. Collect the flags of different countries of the world.

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46
 POLITICAL SCIENCE
UNIT - 4
GLOBAL PROBLEMS AND
INDIA’S ROLE
In this unit you learn:
• Denial (Refusal) of Human Rights
• Arms Race
• Economic Inequality.

With the end of Second World War, the imperialism and colonialism
ended. A new world order emerged along with the old world order. With
the beginning of UNO, a new era of world order started. Still, numerous

d
he
problems like human rights, arms race, economic inequality, Apartheid
and terrorism have remained in the world. India, as a member of the
pu S
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world community, is striving its best to solve some these problems.
be TB
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Human Rights denial:
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Humanists have advocated that every human being should get their
©

rights. Unfortunately, human rights have not been honoured in the long
history of human civilization. In the name of caste, religion, race, gender,
colour of the skin and nationalism human rights have been denied to
ot

many people throughout the history.

N

The American War of Independence in 1776, The French Revolution in

1789, the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the Freedom Struggles of India
and other countries in the early part of twentieth century provided more
strength to human rights. Hence, the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights is considered as a major event in the world history. The Human
Rights Declaration prepared by the experts agreed upon by member
countries was adopted in the UN general body meeting on December 10,
1948.
The General Assembly has mandated the member countries to adopt
and protect Human Rights in every country. In order to facilitate better
implementation of Human Rights, the UNO has provided ‘guidelines’
along with the Human Rights Declaration. The guidelines included 30
columns. For example, every individual has a right to live with freedom,

47
dignity and equality once he is born as an individual. It also calls for
the eradication of slavery and gender based exploitation of women. India
has been advocating Universal Declaration of Human Rights from the
beginning. In the Constitution of India, from Article 12 to 35 of part III,
fundamental rights are discussed. India has been advocating for better
human rights implementation in all the meetings of UNO.
UNO in its Conference on Human Rights Violation in 1966, asked
for the commitment on the part of member countries for the compulsory
implementation of Human Rights. In order to monitor the Human
Rights implementation process, it formed International Human Rights
Commission. On the similar lines in India, National Commission for Human
Rights, National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission
for Scheduled Tribes, National Women’s Commission, National Backward
Classes Commission have been formed to monitor the implementation of

d
human rights. At state level, similar State Commissions can be found in

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Karnataka. pu S
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Arms Race:
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“In Nuclear epoch, either we have to end the war or the war will
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end us” is a popular saying often found in the present world. In the
©

current scenario, arms race appears to be a dangerous phenomenon.

Disarmament is the present as well as future need of the humanity.
Disarmament is the only solution to stop mad rush for arms.
ot

Disarmaments is the only direct process available to bring down the

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number of arms or elimination of certain arms. Insecurity, fear, instability

and threat of war appear due to the arms competition. In order to keep all
these evils away, disarmament is the viable option available for humanity.
It is also believed that money is wasted on arms and ammunitions in the
world Eisen Hoover, the President of USA once said, “The World which
has arms not only waste the money, it also wastes the sweat of labourers,
intelligence of scientists and waste the dreams of the children”.
With the preparation of Nuclear weapons and bombs ,the issue of
disarmaments has become a serious issue in the present world. India as
a peaceful country advocates disarmaments. Peace is very important for
global security issues. After 1963, USA and USSR have entered into many
bilateral agreements to stop the arms race. Partial Test Ban Treaty(PTBT),
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty(CTBT), Strategic Arms Limitation

48
Talks(SALT) are some of the agreement entered by both countries. These
can be considered as the major meeting points of agreement for the world.
India and other countries need to find a way out of ‘Definitive Destruction’
staring at the humanity.
Economic Inequality:
Among the members of the world, economical inequality is a major
problem. It is a historical gift of colonialism and imperialism. European
countries established colonies in Africa, Asia and Latin American countries.
The countries that were under the control of imperialistic powers suffered
from backwardness. There progress was really slow till 20th century. After
attaining independence, many Asian and African countries attempted
to achieve development. But they had a lot of hurdles to cross in the
science, technology, agriculture, transportation, education, health and
many other areas to achieve development. Hence, they had to depend

d
upon foreign aid to achieve development.

he
After 1945, USA and USSR started helping developing countries
pu S
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based on the blocks they belonged to. But, the poverty of the developing
be TB
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countries became the tools of power politics of the developed countries.
to K

In the later stage, India continued with its Non Aligned Policy.
India insisted that the developed countries should provide assistance
©

to developing countries without any conditions. This helped the poor

nations to protect their self respect. It tried to channel monetary help to
the ‘Third World Countries’. The word ‘Third World’ denotes poverty and
ot

non development. These countries are trying to come out of the shortages
N

of food, capital, health, education, and many other issues. Meanwhile, the
excess spending, open economy, globalisation promoted by the developed
world is taxing the poor nations with increasing pollution and inability to
manage the increasing problems. The UNO and developed countries need
to act beyond these limitations. India, as a progressive nation, is striving
to promote economic equality among all the countries of the world.

EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:
1. Human Rights day is celebrated on .....................
2. India has been arguing in favour of Human Rights since
..............
3. Human Rights involve .........................equality also.

49
II. Discuss in group and answer:
1. What were the major problems that emerged after World War II?
2. Explain the struggle lead by India for the implementation of
Human Rights.
3. Arms race leads to total destruction of the world. In this
background, what are the effects of Arms race?
4. What are the features of economically backward countries?
What are the reasons for this backwardness?
5. What are the measures taken up by India to eradicate
economic inequality?
III. Activities :

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1. Collect information on National Human Rights Commission

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2. Make a list of programmes implemented for the benefit of the
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poor by Karnataka government.
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IV. Project :
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1. Read the biographies of people who fought against Apartheid.

ot ©
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50
 UNIT - 5
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
In this unit you learn:
• Establishment of UNO
• Aims of UNO
• Different institutions of UNO
• Achievements of UNO
• Various affiliated bodies of UNO

United Nations Organization (UNO)

20th century was a witness to two World

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he
Wars. After the end of World War I, ‘League
of Nations’ was founded. This ended with
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the beginning of World War II. As the World
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War II progressed with all its violence, the
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demand for peace also emerged stronger.

©

At the global level Winston Churchill of

UK, Joseph Stalin of USSR and Franklin D
Roosevelt of USA attempted to establish an
international organisation to ensure peace.
ot

The word United Nations was proposed by

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Roosevelt of USA and it was used after the

signing of agreement between 26 nations
in January 1, 1945. On June 26, 1945, 51
nations singed the conference of UNO in United Nations Organization (UNO)
San Francisco. Later on October 24, 1945
United Nations Organization was officially founded. The head quater of
UNO is in New York City. At present 193 countries have become members
of UNO. The membership is open to all peace loving countries.
Aims of UNO
The UN charter is the main document of this global organisation and
it has 19 chapters and 111 articles in it. It begins with the sentence “We,
people of the world community.....”.

51
The following are the aims of UNO:
1. Safeguarding international peace and security.
2. Fostering cooperation among nations.
3. Improving the faith in human rights
4. Exploring solutions to various economic, sociological, cultural and
other humanity based problems with international cooperation.
5. Providing recognition to international agreements and conditions
6. Striving to build mutual trust and cooperation among the
countries.
UN affiliated Bodies
UNO has six major affiliated bodies as per the charter of UNO. They
are:
1. General Assembly: It is an affiliated body consisting of
representatives from all the member states. Every country sends five

d
representatives to this body. But, every country has only one vote. The

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General body elects one of its members as the President for a year.
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Similarly, people are elected for posts of 17 Vice Presidents, and seven
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Chairpersons for the seven permanent committees. The general Assembly
meetings begin around September and continue till mid December
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every year. For all the important matters of approval a 2/3 majority
©

is mandatory. General budget is approved in the general assembly. A

special session can be convened if there are any emergency issues. It acts
like a global parliament to discuss world issues.
ot

General
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Assembly

Secretariat Security
Council
United
Nations
International Economics
Court of and Social
Justice council

Trusteeship
council

52
2. Security Council:
This instituition is like the cabinet of UNO and it is the most
influential body of the Organization. It has fifteen member nations,
among them France, USA, UK, France, Russia and China are the five
permanent members. The remaining ten members are elected by the
General Assembly for a period of two years. These ten members represent
the various geographical areas of the Earth. Every member has on vote
to exercise. But the approval of all the permanent members is a must
for any decision to become operational. India is also trying to achieve
permanent member status.
The Security Council strives to solve global problems peacefully. If
there is a need; it deploys UN peace keeping force to maintain peace and
order. It also selects the Judge council of International Court of Justice
and also suggests the nomination of Secretary General for UN.
3. Economic and Social Council:

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The Council has 54 members. 18 members of the Council are elected
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once in every three years. They chose one among them as the Chairperson

is
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of the Council. The main functions of the Council are as follows:
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1. Conducting studies on economic, social, cultural, education,
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health and other international issues and sharing the reports.

©

2. Issues like refugee problems, women status, housing and many

other issues come within the purview of this council.
3. This council recommends on issues of human rights and basic
ot

freedoms.
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4. Organizing conferences on human resources, culture, education

and other issues.
5. Coordinating the functions of specialised bodies like International
Labour Organisation (ILO), Food and Agriculture Organisation
(FAO), World Health Organization (WHO) and other institutions. All
these are the major functions of Economic and Social Committee.
4. Trusteeship Council:
This is basically a sub organization of General Assembly. As the areas
depending on Trusteeship have got reduced over a period of time, its
importance has also got reduced. It primarily takes care of those entities
that not have risen to the status of independent states. This has become
inactive now as there is no trustee left.

53
5. International Court of Justice:
This is one of the major institutions of the UNO and all the members
of the UNO are bound by its ruling. This court has fifteen Judges and
each has a term of nine years and they are eligible for another term. This
court is based in Hague of Netherlands. The judges elect one President
and one vice-president among themselves for a period of three years. The
decisions are taken on the basis of majority. Apart from giving judgement,
they also provide legal consultations.
The judgment of this court are important from ethical and rational
perspectives. But no country is compulsorily bound by these judgments.
The International court of justice has contributed the lot of the international
peace and security inspite of these limitation.
6. Secretariat:

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The Secretary General and the staff of the UNO form the part of UN

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Secretariat. The General Secretary is the head of the executive body of
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UNO. The General Secretary is elected by the General Assembly for a
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period of five years as per the suggestion of Security Council. The Central
Office is based in New York. Its branch offices are present in Geneva,
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Vienna and Nairobi. The day to day administration of the UNO and
©

institutional functions are run by the Secretariat.

You know this:

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Secretary Generals of the UNO:

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1. Trygve Lie 1946-1952 (Norway)

2. Dag Hammarskjold 1953-1961 (Sweden)
3. U. Thant 1961-1971 (Burma)
4. Kurt Waldheim 1972-1981 (Austria)
5. Javier Perez de Cuellar 1982-1991 (Peru)
6. Boutrus Bourtrus-Ghali 1992-1996 (Eygpt)
7. Kofi Annan 1997-2006 (Ghana)
8. Ban Ki-moon 2001-2017 (South Korea)
9. Antonio Guterres 2017 onwards (Portugal)

54
Achievements of UNO:
1. Peace keeping functions: The UNO has solved many conflicts. Due
to lack of unity among permanent members of the Security Council and
the complexity of global issues, it can be said that the achievements of
UN is a mixed one. Most of its functions are performing peacekeeping
works and observatory roles. India has always worked with UNO towards
protection of the human rights and world peace.
The UNO has worked towards resolving the crisis of Suez canal, Iran,
Indonesia, Kashmir, Palestine, Korea, Hungaria,Congo, Cyprus, Arab-
Israel, Namibia, Afghanistan and other crisis. It has continued to work
on disarmament and nuclear disarmament areas. Now, the cold war has
ended leading more space of the functioning of UNO in future.
2. Economic and financial achievements:

d
In the UNO charter, it is declared that the UNO should strive to ‘uplift

he
the socio-economic status of the people of the world’. This work need to
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be achieved through the supervision of ‘Economic and Social Committee’.
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‘General Agreement on Tariff and Trade’ (GATT) is a general agreement
on trade and tariff which is a notable agreement. Another important
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programme is that of ‘The United Development Programme’. International

©

organizations like World Bank, International Monetary Fund are working

well with the able support of UNO.
3. Social Achievements:
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World Health Organization, UNESCO, UNICEF, are few organizations

that are interested in the social well being of the world. The universal
declaration of Human Rights in 1948 is considered as an important
international achievement of UNO. The UNO has played decisive role in
the removal of Apartheid, colonialism and imperialism.

You know this:

Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic have been
recognised as the official languages.

Various Organizations under UNO:

a) Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO): FAO was born in 1945 to
fight against poverty, malnutrition and hunger all over the world. It has
three sub divisions: i. Conference. ii. Committee. (iii) Director General.
55
The head office of this organization is based in Rome. The aims of this
organisation are:
1. Development of agriculture
2. Providing nutritious food
3. Creation of Hunger free communities
4. Reforming the life of rural people.
b) World Health Organization (WHO): WHO was founded in 1948
with aim of improving the health of the world community. It has strived to
eradicate diseases like plague, cholera, Malaria and Small pox. It is also
working towards freeing the world from AIDS, Cancer and other major
diseases. The organization is trying to address issues like population
growth, hunger, malnutrition and other challenges in the coming days
also. It’s head office is in Geneva of Switzerland.

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he
c) United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO): It was founded in the year 1946. Its head office is in Paris. It is
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a specialised institution which strives to improve the science, education
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and culture of the world. It is active in technical education, cultural issues,
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creartive thinking, and media strategies to preserve the world heritage

©

also. It supports governmental and Nongovernmental organisations to

spread the importance of education.

You do it:
ot

Make a list of heritage centres in Karnataka that have been marked

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by UNESCO as heritage sites.

d) United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund(UNICEF):

It was founded in the year 1946 for the benefit of the children. Later
it became a permanent body in the year 1953. The institution has 30
members. The main aim of the organization is to create conducive
environment for the development of children and women. It provides aid
to all the needy countries. It received Nobel award in the year 1965. It
sells greeting cards to generate funds to fund its various functions. This
institution is known for its humane outlook.
e) International Monetary Fund (IMF): Though it started in 1945,
it became completely operational in the year 1947. The head office is in
Washington D.C. It tries to resolve international economic problems. It

56
helps the development of global commerce, economic stability and the
balance of payment. In this organization, administrative council, Board of
directors, and a managing director works. Its efficiency and transparency
has been often appreciated. This can be called as the central bank of
many central banks of different nations. It plays the role of a facilitator
between developed countries and under-developed countries.
f) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD):
This was founded in the year 1947 and it is also called as World Bank.
Its head office is in Washington D.C. It was founded to ensure economic
progress after the Second World War. This bank provides funds in large
sum to promote the growth in agriculture, infrastructure development,
transport and communication development to all member countries. It
helps to balance the world trade and the balance of payment process.
This bank always provides fund to the development of countries.
Administrative Council, executive council and a president manages the

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bank. Two cooperative organisations function under the World Bank.
They are: pu S
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1. International Development Association (IDA) 2. International
Finance Corporation (IFC).
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g) International Labour Organization (ILO): This organization is for

the development of labourers across the world. The head office of this
organization is in Geneva of Switzerland. Every member state sends
two representatives to this organization. One representative is from
ot

the labourer unions and another from the administrative system of the
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country. Areas like welfare of the workers, health facilities provided, life
quality come under the functioning of this institution. In the case women
workers it suggests measures like maternity benefits, minimum wages,
housing schemes and many other worker related issues are covered by
the ILO. Though the recommendations are in the form of suggestions,
most of the member states follow the suggestions. Its general conference
is like a world parliament of the workers and it strives to protect the
welfare of workers of the world.
h) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD):
This organ mainly focuses on the facilitation of commerce and trade. It
provides technical assistance for commerce in the world, if there are any
administrative bottlenecks affecting the trade and commerce of different
countries. This institution works with the aim of providing conducive
environment of better trade and commerce nature in the world.
57
 i) World Trade Organization(WTO): This was founded on January
1, 1995. All the member states agreed upon the ‘General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT). This tries to resolve various conflicts rising
out international trade and commerce. It works with the World Bank
to formulate the policies of international trade and commerce. Some
countries are migrating towards Free Trade tend to suffer a few problems
with this. WTO is considered as the third important pillar of the world
trade along with IMF and World Bank.
Regional Cooperation: In the present world, one can notice many
regional level organisations working for the betterment of the world. The
following are the important among such organisations:
1) Common Wealth of Nations: It was earlier called as “British
Common Wealth of Nations”. Later it became ‘Common Wealth of Nations’.
It was founded in the year 1926. India became a member of this after it

d
became independent. The King of England remains the nominal head of

he
this organization. There are 54 member states in this. The head office is
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in London. The Prime Ministers, Finance Ministers and External Affairs
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ministers of the member states participate in its meetings. The main aims
of this are: upholding the values of democracy, protection of freedom,
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poverty allevation, securing world peace, aiding the development of

©

sports, science and art. It also aims at improving the cooperation among
the membership states.
2) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): It
ot

was founded in 1985. At present eight states are its members; namely;
N

India, Pakistan, Srilanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Maldives, Bhutan and

Afghanistan. The main aim of the organisation is to foster mutual ties
along with the economic progress and cultural progress. In order to
achieve this goal numerous task groups, technical groups and permanent
committees have been formed. But mutual suspicion and difference
opinions among the member countries is hampering the progress of the
SAARC. The policy that ‘all decisions needs to be taken unanimously’
is also creating obstacles to its progress. Though there are numeours
burning issues and differences among the member countries, it is still a
good platform to resolve difference of opinions. Conferences, workshops
and training programmes have been taking place for the representatives of
these countries on various topics like science and technology, agriculture
on regular basis. India has taken active role in SAARC. Its head office is
in Nepal (Kathmandu).
58
 3) European Union: It is an institution of 28 European countries.
It was founded in 1993 as per the Maastricht Treaty among the
member countries. It provides for common market, common currency
and common agriculture and trade policy. The following are the sub
divisions of this organisation: 1. Committee. 2. Commission. 3. European
Parliament. 4. European Court of Justice. The European Union resembles
a federal government structure. As the founders asserted this strives
for international peace and democracy in the world. This seems to be
the continuation of earlier European Economic Community (EEC). The
member states have given away some of their sovereign powers to the
union willingly.

4) Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) : This was

founded in 1967. Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and
Thailand are the founding members of this association. At present the total

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membership stands at ten. The chief aim of this organization is to foster
mutual trade cooperation, aiding social and economical ties, achieving
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progress in cultural, technological, scientific and administrative fields of
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the member countries. It is not a military association. Though India as
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is accommodative towards this organization, it is not member country of

©

this. It is in observer position. The organization represents totally 9% of

the world population.
5) The Organisation of African Unity: This association of African
ot

countries was founded in 1963. The newly independent African countries

entered into different agreements among themselves in the beginning.
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Later, they merged all the regional agreements into one and formed The
Organization of African Unity. This asserts the sovereign power of all
the member countries. It strives to establish equality, freedom and unity
among all the African nations. The members are committed to raise voice
against ‘new imperialism of developed nations’. All the African countries
who have accepted the charter of this organization are free to become the
members of this organization. It has been replaced by African Union in
2002.
This organisation has: 1. Assembly of heads of states and heads
of Governments. 2. Minister’s Committee. 3. Mediation, reconciliation
and arbitration commission. 4. A Secretariat. This organization has
functioned well against Apartheid, new imperialism, and many others
threats to African countries.

59
 EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers
1. The UNO was founded in the year ................
2. The head office of the UNO is in..................city.
3. The affiliated body of the UNO which appears like a cabinet
committee is ..........................
4. The term of the office of international judges is ..................
years.
5. The International Court of Justice is in ..........................
6. The present Secretary General of the UNO is ...............
7. The World Health Organistion was founded in the year

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..............
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8. The SAARC was founded in the year .............
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II. Discuss the following questions in group and answer in two-
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three sentences:
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1. Name the people who worked to establish the UNO.

2. What are the affiliated bodies of institutions of the UNO?
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3. Which are the permanent members of the UNO Security

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Council?
4. Name working aims of the World Health Organziation.
5. Make a list of functions of the International Labour
Organization.
6. Expand SAARC.
III. Discuss the following questions in group and answer them
in at least ten sentences:
1. List out the aims of the UNO.
2. Explain the formation of the General Assembly of the UNO.

60
 3. What are the functions of the Economic and Social Committee
of the UNO?
4. The ‘UNO has a major role in establishing peace in the world’.
Substantiate this statement.
5. What are the functions of the UNESCO?
6. Explain the role of the IMF in solving the economic problems
of the world.
7. Prepare a list of aims of the Common Wealth.
8. Explain the European Union.
IV. Activity :
1. Prepare a list of the UNESCO identified historical sites in

d
Karnataka and make an album of them.

he
V. Project : pu S
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1. Collect information about the peace works of the UNO at the
global level from the newspapers.
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61
 SOCIOLOGY
UNIT – 3
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

In this unit you learn

• Meaning, Nature, Origin and evolution of Social Movement
• Environment Movement
• Women’s Movement
• Alcohol Prohibition Movement
• Farmer’s Movement

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• Workers’ Movement
• Untouchability Prohibition Movements
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Social Movement Meaning and Nature:
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Social Movement is a social process that is related to social mobility,

©

changes and transitions. A social Movement is a planned one which

means every movement has a goal and plans to achieve it through a
programme of action. This movement is natural as they have been
ot

happening; happened and will be happening in future too. They have

N

been part of human society since its evolution. It is natural for any
organism to oppose things when something challenges its very existence.
Human Beings are also part of this process. Many movements have been
taking place and have taken place opposing exploitation at personal as
well as community level. Resistance offered at personal level is not called
as Social Movement. A Social Movement is community based programme.
Among various community processes, social movement is important and
unique.
A Social Movement is social platform that enables people to showcase
their needs and visions. People who participate in these social movements,
undergo many unexpected changes, go through new experiences and
develop new social practices. An example of this is that of Mahatama
Gandhi believed in the beginning that ‘God is Truth’. After he interacted

62
with people like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and others finally stated “Truth is
God”. This is the result of Gandhiji’s interaction with various personalities
in various social movements. Hence, every social movement creates new
models of social changes.
Before the Nineteenth century, most of the environment resource was
a public property. With the emergence of Industrialization, governments
and private companies started claiming ownership on them. Many legal
provisions were brought into control such initiatives. Prohibitions were
put on use of natural fuel. This curtailed the access of tribal people who
are dependent on this in their natural setting. Many reformers raised their
voice against this. The Farmers’ movements, Environment movements,
Women’s movements, and other Social movements have to be understood
from this background.

d
Social movements have taken place in all places and in all times. Many

he
movements have brought in permanent social changes. Indian Independence
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Movement is one such example that has brought in permanent change.
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Some movements fail to leave permanent impacts. In the history of India,
we come across many movements like Bakthi Movement, leaving a strong
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impact on the society. People like Buddha, Mahaveera, Basava, Sharanas,

©

Dasas, Sufees and Ambedkar have fought and led movements against
caste system. This system allowed upward mobility.
Origin and Evolution of Movements:
ot
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Usually, in our daily life we come across many minor frictions in

the social life. Many of them arise there itself and vanish later. They
create temporary mobility for a moment. These are recognized as the
beginning of the social movement. At later stage, mob assembles, leading
to mob violence. Many a times, without any favourable circumstance also
violence starts.
Mob: Mob is a collection of people which gathers temporarily around
a common interest. A mob is a collection of people who have assembled
at particular point without any prior plan and gathered to express some
decision. A group of people who have collected in front of a theatre to
watch or a group of people who have gathered around to know more
about an accident are examples of ‘Mobs’.

63
 Many times, unrestrained the behviour of people gathered in a mob
reflects social shortcomings of that particular society. Often people
express their dissatisfaction with many social institutions. People also
express their dissatisfaction with many government policies, attitudes
and decisions on specific programmes.

Mob Violence: Mob violence is another example of mob behavior.

When the behavior of mob turns violent, then it is called as Mob Violence.
There would be no unity in mob violence. Here anti social elements
lead the mob towards violence destroying public property. They create
confusion in the beginning. Out of confusion, violence grows out. Many a
times, mob violence result in major deaths.

There would be no definitive reasons for the behavior of mob in violent

mood. They create a serious law and order situation. Communal violence,

d
racial violence, caste violence, political violence are some of the examples.

he
This violence has now become active in rural areas also. Many issues
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caste, land and religion have become the motivating factors. Mob violence
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leads to the dominance of anti social elements.
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Mob violence does not last for longer duration. They come to an end
©

at one point of time. Mob Violence is controllable through effective use of

police, military and other agencies of the government.

Environmental Movements:
ot
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Environmental movements are the scientific movements aimed at

preserving the biological system. The Scientific protest aimed at curtailing
the various activities that are polluting the Earth, air, and water. They
never appear instantly. They are the result of many years of exploitations
of nature and tribal people. For example, Jarkhand Mukthi Morcha was
formed in the year 1973. But before 1930, tribal people of Jarkhand
had opposed the actions of companies that rendered thousands of tribal
people displaced due to mining activities. Jarkhand Mukthi Morcha is
one such result of these agitations.

Many movements started emerging after various developmental

activities funded by the world bank resulted in the displacement of
tribal people. All the movements opposing raising global temperature,
exploitation of water resources are grouped under environmental
64
movements. Many intellectuals and academicians have joined hands with
the common people in holding movements to protect environment. Now,
let’s understand various environmental movements in brief.

Chipko Movement: The government had issued license to cut down

2500 trees belonging to Advani village of Tehri-Gharwal district. The
women who learnt about this, decided to hug the trees in order to protect
them so that environment remains protected. This movement of hugging
is called as ‘Chipko Movement’ stated in 1974. Though a woman was
instrumental behind this movement, its effects were long lasting. Due to
this movement, the permission given to cut the trees was withdrawn.

Appiko Movement of Karnataka: The

Appiko movement was started in 1983 by
the villagers of Salyani. The local people

d
opposed the move of the contractor to cut

he
trees in Kalase forest. They stood hugging
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the trees. The people launched this
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movement to protect trees from smuggling.
They also aimed at increasing awareness
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among the people about the importance of

©

growing forest.

Narmada Bachavo Andolana:

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The huge dam built across the river Narmada in Gujarath under
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Sardar Sarovar project displaced local tribal people. As scientific studies

found that the dam would affect the ecological balance of the area, the
people agitated against the dam under the leadership of Medha Patkar.
This movement has been going on for a long period.

Silent Valley Movement: A dam was proposed to build in the Silent

valley of Palghat of Kerala. The building of dam threatened the ecological
balance of the Silent Valley. People from Kerala Sahitya Parishad and
wild life enthusiasts opposed this project. Finally, the movement was
successful in stalling the dam and protecting the Silent Valley’s ecological
balance.

Coastal Karnataka Environment Movement: People of Mangalore

opposed the Mangalore Refineries and Petro Chemical plant which

65
discharged harmful chemicals into the sea threatening the local
environment. This movement also opposed the establishment of
Nandikooru thermal power plant near Udupi and special economic zone
of Mangaluru.

Movement opposing Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant :

The move to oppose the establishment of Kaiga Nuclear Plant was

undertaken by the people of coastal Karnataka in Uttara kannada
District under the leadership of Shivarama Karantha. It was argued that
with the establishment of nuclear plant at Kaiga, vast deforestation takes
place and also the threat of pollution from nuclear radiation would spoil
numerous species in the ecosystem. Hence, the movement opposed the
establishment of the Kaiga Nuclear Reactor.

d
People like Medha Patkar, Sundarlal Bahuguna and others have

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agitated for a long time to achieve success in their endeavour. Only in
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case of Environment Movements mass hunger protests have taken palce
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after the attainment of independence. Ecology is not an independent
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science, it is a part of life.

©

Women’s Movement

Among all the mass movements that took place during 1980s
ot

across the political parties, women’s movement is very important. It is

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a movement that opposed the patriarchal values exploiting women and

the creation of inequality on the basis of gender. Even in the literary
world many books have come out portraying the various alternative ideas
against exploitation of women.
In spite of all these protests, the number of women affected by dowry
is still high. The exploitation of women in the independent India have
underwent a lot of transformation. The patriarchal values that consider
woman as a mere slave, has created inequalities in the society.
In these unequal situations women are subjected to physical and
mental abuse, dowry harassment, rape and other exploitations every day.
Domestic violence has curtailed the independence of women within the
house and also outside the house. The exploitation of women has taken
new forms like acid attacks, kidnaps and human trafficking. The earlier
66
Honour of Clan has transformed into ‘Honour Killing’. Women are denied
many rights explained in our constitution under articles 14,15, 16 and
39 for equal rights for work and wages.

The Women’s movement is a movement that strives to achieve these

goals. Now let’s learn more about these movements.

Alcohol Prohibition Movement:

Among various movements designed by the women pressing for

alcohol Prohibition is an important one. This movement is different as a
lot of women have shown a lot of unity in this struggle.

Total Alcohol Prohibition was a part of freedom struggle. Gandhiji

proposed the total prohibition concept during the freedom struggle.
This also became part of Chipko movement. It also became part of

d
environmental movements that took place in coastal Karnataka and in

he
Malenaadu. Kusma Soraba and others along with her have lost their lives.
pu S
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Apart from this, women have protested against sale of liquor in Hassan,
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Kolar, Mandya and Chamrajanagar district. Alcoholism creates a lot of
problems at personal level as well as community level. It has created
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severe problems in lives of rural women. The labourers lose their small
©

earnings to this addiction. They often forcibly take away money earned
by the wife also. Hence, women have come together to organize protests
against alcoholism which has created a lot of problems in their life.
ot
N

Activity:
• Enact one act plays depicting various problems faced by
women and girls in the society in general and in class room
in specific.

Farmer’s Movement:

The farmers’ movements began with the denial of land tax. Later they
tried to express their problem in the face of economic problems besieged
their community during the later part of twenty first century. During
1980s, among all the social movements, it is the farmers’ movement that
is more important.

67
 During 1970s, D. Devaraja Urs
became the Chief Minister of
Karnataka and ushered in various
social reformations. He strived to
bring in various legal measures
to free the downtrodden from the
shackles of Caste System. Measures
were taken to free farmers from
the clutches of tenancy system
and bonded labour. Apart from
releasing the farmer from debt, the minister Mr Basavalingappa tried to
eradicate the practice of carrying night soil on the head.

In the later duration, farmers movements were organized to attract the

d
attention of the government for the various problems faced by the farmers.

he
The governments tried to tackle the farmers’ movement as politically
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motivated movement by using police ordering firing and laticharge. In
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1980 the farmers of Naragund revolt against the government’s attempts
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to use force against the farmers. The farmers’ revolt of Naragund was not
©

only a protest of high handedness of the police, it was also a total pro
farmer movement.

After the Naragund revolt, the farmers’ movement leader Prof.

ot

M.D.Nanjundaswamy, a socialist, founded Karnataka State Ryot Sangha.

N

This organization came into existence with the president ship of Rudrappa,
a Gandhian from Shivamogga. Prof. M.D. Nanjunadaswmay was named
as the Convener and N.D. Sundaresh was named as the Secretary of the
organization. It put forth various conditions: due to unscientific price
fixation, the farmers are in distress and hence, the government should
stop seizure of the properties of the farmers for their debts; villages which
lack infrastructure should be developed immediately; villages should
get their share out of their resources extracted; levy system should be
stopped; and many other demands were placed.

Even today, the farmers’ movements are going on. Very recently, the
farmers protested against the Mahadayi and Cauvery river water sharing
judgments of the courts.

68
 Activity:
• Organize group discussion on issues faced by the farmers
with the local farmers and encourage the children to
participate in it actively.

Labour Movements:

Usually, ‘Labour Movement’ or ‘Trade Unions’ represents the ordinary

workers. Labour Movement is a movement demanding better working
conditions and pay for the workers along with the demand for the
implementation of labour related legal provisions. The movement that is
held through the Trade Unions is also called as Labour Movements. In
many countries, Trade Unions have also become the political parties. Pro

d
Labour philosophy has been evolving in opposition to the exploitation of

he
the Capitalism. pu S
is
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bl
In European countries, due to industrialization there was a drop in
the employments available in agricultural sector, and more employment
to K

were there in the industrial sector. This resulted in the migration of

©

workers towards industries. This led to over exploitation of workers. They

were forced to work for longer hours. The labourers became aware of this
exploitation and became organized opposing these developments. During
ot

the 19th century, Workers’ parties and Trade Unions started organizing
N

workers all over the world. ‘The International Working Men’s Association’
is the first labour union established in London in the year 1864. Main
aim of this association was to protect the interest of the workers. They
wanted to implement 8 hours shift of working only. The labour movement
spread to other parts of the world during later part of 19th century.

In order to protect the social security of workers, the Government of

India implemented act in 1923 to ensure social security. This act helped
the Indian Trade unions. The various associations could gain legislative
recognitions. After this many labourers unions were started and they
have continued to protect the rights of the workers. There are many
labour unions who have continued with the work.

69
Untouchability Prevention Movement:

Untouchability is an inhuman practice of stratified society. Before

the implementation of Constitution, the ideas like untouchables should
be untouched, should not stand next to him were in vogue.

Untouchability prevention movement is a movement aimed at

achieving eradicating of the practice of untouchabiltiy and attacks on
the untouchable people. It is a movement against caste based social
exploitation. The untouchable communities have been fighting for their
rights for many years. we shall see a brief history of this movement.

The History of Prohibition of Untouchabiltiy movement:

d
The history of untouchability opposition movement in the 19th

he
century. Jyothibha Phule organized a movement including untouchables
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bl
and backward classes. The aim of the movement was to oppose Varna
System and resist the dominance of caste social system. With this aim,
to K

various movements were started in states like Karnataka, Maharashtra

©

and Andhra pradesh during 1917. By 1925, Periyar Ramasamy started

self respect movement in Tamil Nadu.
ot

With respect idea of Dr.B.R Ambedkar on gender discrimination,

N

untouchability, the movement became more powerful. In the round table

conference of 1930s, Ambedkar called for the untouchables to become
the rulers of India. Ambedkar continued his fight for the rights of Dalits.

Ambedkar continued to assert the rights of untouchables and women

throughout his life. He started a periodical named ‘Mooka Nayaka’ and
was instrumental in organising of various movements against the practice
of Untouchability. Gandhiji considered liberation from untouchability
along with the national freedom. He was a social reformer. Even today
many orgaiziations and associations are active in the work of eradication
of these evil practices.

70
 EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:

1. Environmental movements mean …………………………….

2. Narmada Bachao movement is led by …………………..

3. Dr Shivaram Karanth opposed the establishment of

…………………………nuclear power plant.

4. Women movement means …………………..

II. Discuss in groups and answer the following in two or three

sentences:

1. What are the models of Mob behavior?

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he
2. What is Women’s movement? Give examples.
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3. Explain the nature of mob.
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4. Explain the Environmental movements, their meaning and
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nature.
©

III. Activities :

1. Meet people who have participated in women/environmental/

ot

dalit movements and interact with them. Collect more information

N

on these organizations.

2. Discuss with women how the women’s movement has improved

their self confidence and social attitude.

IV. Project :

1. Please collect more information on the various types of

environmental and forest movements in India based on newspaper
clippings.

71
 UNIT – 4
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
In this unit you learn
• Child Labour
• Sexual harassment on children
• Female feticide (foeticide)
• Hunger and Malnutrition
• Gender Discrimination
• Child Marriage
• Human trafficking of children
• Steps to solve the problems

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he
Child Labour(Labour of Children)pu S
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Usually, the labour of children of underage children is considered
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as Child Labour. According to the Indian Constitution, if children below
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the age of 14 years are working for the financial consideration, then it is
called as ‘Child Labour’.
©

In developing countries like India, misuse of children and their labour

is a social problem. As per the census of 2011, 12.6 million children are
ot

under forced labour in houses, factories, agriculture and various other

fields. Similarly, 215 million children are in forced labour world wide.
N

The forced labour has reduced the intellectual and physical health of the
children. Children miss their education and disappear before they could
develop some skills.
Who is a child labour? Any children who are below 14 years and out
of school are considered as child labour. Whether they work for money or
not, either are within their house or outside their house; all of them are
called as Child Labour. Can they go out and work after 15 year? No, it is
not so. The government has amended the law and according to the law
of 2016, ‘Adolescent Labour Prohibition’ , they cannot work everywhere.
This law has amended the 1986 law of ‘Child Labour Prohibition and
regulation Act’ and has barred children above fifteen years engaging in
dangerous works. And also children below 14 years are not to be taken
as labourers. We’ll learn more about this law now.
72
 According to the ‘Child Adolescent Labour Prohibition and Regulation
Act of 1986 (as amended in July 2016):
1. No children below 14 years be employed in any sector for any
reasons. According to the article 14 of this act, a fine of Rupees
50,000 and 2 years imprisonment is imposed on violators.
2. Any family cannot engage their children of below 14 years in any
household activities during school hours. If they are engaged, the
parents and the head of the family is declared as offenders and
imposed a fine of rupees 10,000 on them.
3. As per this act, children between the age of 15 and 18 are
considered as Adolescent children. And these adolescent children
should not be employed in any dangerous employment. If violated
a fine of rupees 50,000 is imposed on the violators.

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pu S
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to K
ot ©
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This act has added two more sectors as dangerous employments

to the twenty nine sectors identified as dangerous in Industrial Act of
1948, making the total dangerous sectors as 31. For example Mining,
production of explosives, production of combustible products, Iron and

73
Steel manufacturing sector, repair of motor cycle and vehicles, cement
and rubber production, chemical manufacturing units cannot employ
the children below 18 years. if employed it is a punishable act.
The Reasons for Child Labour:
1. Lack of social environment that honours and protect Child
rights is the main reason for child labour, child marriage,
human trafficking of children. The greedy owners who strive for
less wages and more work is the reason for child labour. Due
to agricultural crisis resulting out of drought and other reasons
leads to the migration of families to urban centers and children
end up working in hotels, fire crackers manufacturing units and
other dangerous sectors which fall under unorganized sector.
2. Failure to implement compulsory and universal education has

d
resulted in non availability of education to all children. This has

he
further increased the participation of children in labour. Failure
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to implement land reforms act and minimum wages Act properly
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has resulted in poor financial conditions of the families.
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Demerits of Child Labour:

©

1. Child labour affects the physical and psychological growth of

children negatively. Children who have worked as child labour
suffer from various ill health as adults.
ot
N

2. As children engaged in labour at tender age, they become

illiterates. As a result they miss their basic rights.
3. Child labour restricts the social and economic mobility of the
families. Children become target of exploitation repeatedly in such
families. This crisis leads to child marriage and human trafficking
among children. As a result, the risk of sexual exploitations
becomes more for children especially for girls. Many of the children
get infected with various diseases and many become physically
deformed.
One of the major solutions for the problem of Child Labour is ensuring
all the children below 18 years to be in the schools. A holistic approach
and participation from all sections of the society is needed to ensure this
situation:
74
 1. Ensuring Gender equality always.
2. Stopping migration of helpless families
3. Creating awareness on child marriage and human trafficking.
4. Ensuring better implementation of child rights through Gram
panchayets.
Activity:
• If any of your friends has become a child labour and
has missed schooling, bring it to the notice of teacher
immediately.

Note:
As per the census of 2011, around 12.6 million children are still
working as child labour. Similarly, 215 million child labour are their

d
he
world wide.
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Sexual Violence against Children:
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Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012 is brought to
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address the increasing sexual offences against the children in families

©

and public spaces. According to this act: “Any act of unsafe touch,
exploitation, violence, harassment, and assult on any children (boy or
girl) under the age of 18 years, is considered as Sexual Offence”. This act
was brought into effect on June 19, 2012. The following are considered
ot

sexual offences under this Act.

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1. Penetrative Sexual Assault

2. Aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault
3. Sexual Assault
4. Aggravated Sexual Assault
5. Sexual Harassment
6. Using children for pornographic purposes
7. Storing pornographic material in any form of commercial purposes.
If any of the above mentioned violence happens on the children,
based on the nature of violence, severe punishments are imposed on the
violators.
75
Female Feticide (foeticide) :
Female Feticide is an attempt to stop the natural growth of a female
fetus in the womb of a mother or aborting the fetus forcibly. It is very
difficult to have definitive statistics on this burning social problem. But
we come across the indicators that show the existence of female feticide.
The female ratio of children between 0-6 years has gone down between
1961 and 1980. As per the census of 2001, the female child ratio for every
1000 boys was 933. But in 2012, it was 940. But between the age of 0-6
years, the number was 914 for every 1000 boys. In India, around 1600
girls go missing every day. This means around six lakh girls are missing
every year. According to some surveys, around 100 million girl children
are lost in India till today.
As per the census of 1991, there were 960 women for every 1000

d
men. But in 2001 census, it has increased to 965. But in the age group

he
of 0-6 years, the number has decreased alarmingly. In 1991, there were
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960 girls for 1000 boys. But in 2001 there were 949 children for every
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1000 boys.
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to K

From regional perspective, 80% of the new born children have died
©

in urban areas and around 69% have died in rural areas. As per the
National Health Survey -3 report, in the last ten years mortality rate of
male child was 53.6% whereas the mortality rate of female child was
34.6%. But, the mortality rate of male child after birth is 16.5% whereas
ot

the same for the girl child is 19.3%. This shows the amount of intolerance
N

society has towards the girl children.

The life expectancy of female is always more than male. But, children
mortality rate is more among girl children. One of the main reasons is
said to be the failure of various nutritional programmes devised at the
ground level.
In order to stop female feticide, it is important to ensure equal rights
to women in the society. It is also important to implement the ‘Pre-
Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDT-1994) to
prevent such incidents.
In spite of all these measures, the female feticide is not been curbed
to the desired extent. This is more evident among middle class, upper
middle class and educated class of people in India. Female feticide is
76
taking place more among the economical affluent class. The roots of this
evil can be seen in the concept of property inheritance. Issues like dowry,
exploitation from the husband family, sexual harassment within in the
family and in public places make the issue more complex along with
the cultural issue of property inheritance. The prevalence of patriarchal
values are the main reason for the existence of female feticide.

Activity:
• Try to educate people when you come across unequal feelings
for girl children.

Hunger and Malnutrition:

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has calculated the
food need of a human being on day to day basis in terms of calories.

d
Medical Sociology studies have also indicated the calorie need based on

he
the individuals work nature and minimum requirements.
pu S
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Hunger is a state where the necessary calorie of food is not available
for the individual. An individual needs requisite quantity of proteins,
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carbohydrates, fat, vitamins and salts. If these requirements are not

©

fulfilled, it is called as ‘Invisible Hunger’. The poor people lose both calorie
and nutrition due to hunger. According to FAO, in India an individual
needs at least 1820 Calorie of food. Any person who receives less than
1632 calorie of food is considered as a person suffering from Hunger and
ot

Malnutrition.
N

Hunger Index
Hunger has different existence. It is felt in the absence of required
quantity of food. Another way is that of absence of required nutrition
that result in various health complications that can result in physical
handicaps. The pre mature death also reflects the absence required
nutrition. Hence a Hunger index is created based on the available facts
to understand the extent of Hunger in human society. The following is
the index of hunger. The Hunger Index is the total of all three aspects and
divided by the numeral three.
1. The average of people who receive less than minimum calorie of
food required.

77
 2. The average of children who are below five years of age and
underweight.
3. The mortality rate of children below five years of age.
Based on this index, the World Bank has identified that India has a
number of children suffer from Hunger and Malnutrition. India also has
a considerable number of underweight children. It also has relationship
with infant mortality rate, child mobility rate, fertility rate and economic
development rates. According to the Global Hunger Index, India’s rank is
100. This shows the severity of the hunger in India.
Malnutrition:
As per the National Family Health Survey – 4 (NFHS-4) of 2011 women
in Karnataka rural areas have a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 24.3 whereas

d
the urban women have a BMI of 16.2. 60.9 % of the children between

he
06-56 months of age are suffering from anemia. 45.2 % of pregnant
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women are suffering from anemia. Around 80.4% of the married women
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participate rarely in the family decisions. According to NFHS-4, 79.5% of
the women are abused by their husbands.
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33% of the women and 28% of the men have a lower BMI than the
minimum needed. 79% of the children between 15-35 months, 56% of
women aged between 15-49 years, and 24% of the men of similar age and
58% of the pregnant women suffer from food shortage and malnutrition.
ot

According to the latest National Family Health Survey -2015-16, 70.4%

N

of the children between 06-35 months of age are suffering from anemia.
Children who suffer from this sort of anemia are from the families that
are Below Poverty Line. In order to provide Health Security, these families
are receiving provisions from the Public Food Distribution System. In
nutshell, malnutrition is a serious problem and every government and
every organization working in the field of development should aim at in
solving this.
Gender Discrimination:
Gender is a concept that is used to describe men and women. This
denotes not only the biological features of man or woman, it includes the
cultural, behavioural, and social layers of life. It includes the status of
each in the social hierarchy.
78
 It is common to understand Gender from the woman’s perspective
only. In developmental context, Gender is used to study issues related
to women. Because, women and children are the ones who are usually
left behind in the developmental process. Hence, it becomes important to
understand Development from Gender Perspective.
Types of Gender Discrimination:
Gender Discrimination is present in all over the world. But, the
nature of discrimination is not same everywhere. It is a complex whole
of numerous social issues. Amartya Sen identifies the following as the
broader Gender based inequalities between Men and Women.
Inequality in Birth Rate: In Patriarchal societies, preference is given
for male child than the female child. As a result, gender based feticide is a
common practice in most of the countries. This is more evident in eastern

d
countries like South Korea, China, Singapore and Taiwan.

he
Inequality in Infrastructure: Many times, demographic facts would
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be favourable to women but, discrimination gets expressed in a different
bl
ways. In countries belonging to Asia, Africa and South America girls have
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less access to school than boys. The girls are not allowed to participate in
©

developmental programmes.
Inequality in Opportunities: Though inequalities are not apparent
in basic education, it would be more apparent when it comes to higher
ot

education. The opportunities for women are less in higher education

N

when compared to men. This is more true in countries like Europe and
North America.
Inequality in Ownership: Inequality in the ownership is more
evident between men and women in societies. Gender discrimination
is evident in the ownership of land and house ownership. As a result,
women cannot participate in some of the economic activities as well as
social activities. Though this discrimination is wide spread, the nature of
the discrimination changes from region to region. For example, in India,
inheritance is in favour of male children. In Kerala’s Nair families, the
inheritance right resides with the women. As per the decisions of the
courts and laws, women can claim equal rights in property now.
Inequality in family: Gender based discrimination is evident in
family structure too. Again this is expressed in different ways in different
79
societies. Gender discrimination is not apparent in some families. But, it
is found in the sharing of family work burden and role in the nourishment
of the children.

Activity:
Hold discussions and one act plays in order to enable children
to understand Gender inequality.

Child Marriage:

Child marriage tradition is one of the

major problems in our society. Now, let’s
know what is meaning of Child Marriage.

According to the law, the marriage

d
he
that takes place between a boy of below
21 years and a girl who is below 18 years
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is child Marriage. If either of the two is
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below legal age, it is called as Child Marriage. If a girl who is below 18
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years age is married to boy of more than 21 year age is also considered
©

as Child Marriage. It is mandatory for the girl to complete 18 years to

attain marriageable age and for the boy to attain 21 years of age to attain
marriageable age.
ot

Why child marriages should not be done? First, it is illegal. Second,

N

for a girl to enter the institution of marriage, she should be mentally,

physically prepared to manage the functions of marriage. Having children
is one of the basic functions of the marriage. Hence, the girl should be
ready mentally and physically to have children. According to various
resreaches, the womb would be evolved completely by the age of 18 years.
An evolved womb can support the fetus for full nine months. Otherwise,
the fetus many undergo damage and lead to its death endangering the
life of the mother also. Hence, it is mandatory for the girl to complete 18
years of age before entering marriage.

Child Marriage is considered as a crime. A child marriage affects not

only the married couple it also affects the physical and psychological well
being of the children born out of such marriages. Now let’s understand
the reasons for Child Marriage.
80
Reasons for Child Marriage:
1. Gender discrimination is the primary reason for the Child
Marriage. It is believed that since a girl goes to another family after
marriage, it is better to send her early. The discrimination between
the boy and the girl results in child marriage. Interestingly, Child
Marriages breed child Marriages. The people who went through
child marriages strive get their children married off early. Lack
of education is one of the main reasons for the Child Marriage.
As the children do not go to school, they end up marrying early.
Usually, if a family educates a girl till class 10th, it does not get
her married till she attains the age of 18 years. Hence, education
plays a major role in prevention of Child Marriage.
2. Lack of proper implementation of law. Poor implementation of
legal provisions in school education. Lack of participation on the

d
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part of community and general public in implementation of child
rights and child development programmes has led to the problem
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of child marriage to prevail.
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Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006
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This Act applies to all states of India. The Act of 2006 has come into
effect with few changes in the previous laws. Such laws were in effect in
1929 and 1986. After India became signatory of Child Rights Convention
of the UN in 1992, the new law was brought into effect with changes as
ot

per the convention agreed upon.

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As per this law, it is a crime to marry even when either of the couple
is minor. It is crime even if a major man marries a minor girl or vice versa.
If a child marriage takes place, the people who initiated the marriage, the
who conducted or motivated the marriage are liable for imprisonment of
two year and fine of rupees one lakh. As per provisions of this law under
column 9, 10 and11; the priest, the photographer, videographer, cook,
provider of Shamiyana services, musicians, vehicle drivers and whoever
took part in the marriage all are liable for punishment.
The parents of the girl/boy are considered as the major culprits. The
owner of the marriage hall, the printer who printed marriage invitations,
all are considered as offenders under this law. Whoever encourages and
participates in the child marriage is considered as offenders. The very

81
participation in the child marriages means the violation of child rights. All
the violators are considered as offenders. The law clearly declares that all
citizens of the country have the responsibility of protecting the child rights.
Effects of Child Marriage:
The holistic development of children is stunted by child marriage and
they lose the power of questioning. As a result, violations like sexual
assaults on children become more and more increased. Many rights of
children like education, childhood, entertainment, interaction with friends
continue to be violated. Children fall into the trap of malnutrition, anemia,
diseases, abortions, infanticide and maternal mortality increases. The
chance of girl becoming a widow at a young age is also more and becomes
a victim of violence easily.
How to prevent Child Marriage

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The Government of Karnataka has designated 47 officers of different
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levels as the Child Marriage Prevention Officers. Hence, wherever a child
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marriage takes place, you can complain against it with any of these
officers. You can lodge a complaint with toll free number 1098. You need
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not to disclose your name also. You can also inform the Head Master
©

of neighbouring government school, Village Accountant, Panchayet

Development Officer, Health Inspectors and the nearby Police Station
also. All these are considered as Child Marriage Prevention Officers. It
ot

is their duty to see that no child marriages takes place here. If a child
N

marriage has taken place, they are the officers who are empowered to
lodge complaint at the concerned police station. Apart from this, all the
district and taluk level officials are the Child Marriage Prevention Officers.
They can lodge complaint anywhere at any time.

Activity:
• If you come to know a friend of yours is about go through
Child Marriage, inform the issue to the Child Marriage
Prevention Officers or simply call 1098.

Solutions for Child Marriage:

1. Implementing the education Development Programmes without
lapses can prevent school dropouts before 18 years of age. This
82
 means all the children within 18 years of age should be within the
schooling system and should have 100% attendance. Similarly,
birth registration is compulsory and 100% birth registration
target is needed.
2. Importance should be given to girls’ education. They should be
empowered on priority basis. A child marriage should always be
reported, questioned and opposed.
Child trafficking
In this fast growing society, various social evils are also fast growing.
Among these fast growing social evils, human trafficking is a major threat.
Apart from the illegal sale of arms and ammunitions, human trafficking
is the next leading unlawful business. 70% of the human trafficked are
women and children. As per the estimates of the UNO, around 32 billion

d
US dollars of turnout is registered in the illegal trade of human trafficking

he
in the year 2012-13. pu S
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be TB
Due to inhuman practices like Devadasi, children are forced into
bl
sexual slavery and child marriages in the Indian Society. Often, the
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parents from poor families willingly participate in such illegal practices.

©

In some other cases, the mediators lure the girls into such practices. In
other cases the nearest male relatives of the girls lure them in the name
of love or marriage and sell them off later. In some other cases, boys
trap the girls in the name of love and marriage and later sell them to
ot

human trafficking mafia. According to the studies of the Developmental

N

Studies department of Kannada University, in many cases the female

head’s (Gharwali) immediate male relatives engage in such activities and
they roam around in villages and trap innocent girls.
They roam around in the villages and keep an eye on those families
who have financial difficulties and have female children. Initially they
provide some money and later transfer the girl children in the name of
providing employment. In some cases they lure girls in the name of love
and force them into prostitution later. Recently, there are reports of small
girls who have been lured by giving chocolates, or lured on the pretext of
taking to cinema or ice-cream parlour and later sold for money. As per
the study of Development Studies department, around 4% of the Non
Devadasi women in prostitution were trapped by various means when
they were very young. One needs to careful about unknown people around
83
our houses and schools. Any suspicious activities should be reported to
the teachers or parents immediately.
What is child trafficking? If any human being below 18 years is
recruited, transported, transferred, shifted, sheltered, sent and owned
with the intention of exploitation is called as Child Trafficking. As per
estimates, 27% of the children trafficked are in forced labour, 27%
in house hold works and around 46% of them are in sexual trade or
subjected to sexual exploitation. Many of the children under forced labour
are in beggary.
Reasons for Child Trafficking
Child labour, child marriage, school dropout, poverty, negligence in
the families, bonded labour are some of the main reasons. Apart from
these, frequent migrations and shifting of residences, over exposure to

d
internet and social media, social inequalities, gender discrimination, lack

he
of skills, financial difficulties in the families, and may other issues are the
pu S
is
reasons for this problem.
be TB

Effects:
bl
to K

It affects the holistic development of children. Children are exposed

©

to physical, psychological and sexual exploitation. Many children become

infected with HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. They
undergo unwanted pregnancy, abortions, forced pregnancies, murders
ot

and drug addictions, and many other unwanted developments take place
N

in the society.
Immoral Human Trafficking Prevention Act 1956 has been amended
and it prohibits any trafficking of children and women totally. Any person
who lures children or women with the intention of trafficking or trafficks
them is liable for punishment under IPC 370 and would be imprisoned
for a minimum of ten years or would be imprisoned for life.
Some Remedial actions:
Many remedial actions for the prevention of child labour, child
marriages, child trafficking, sexual exploitation of children can be taken
in the society.
1. Formation of Child Right Clubs in all government/aided/private
schools of Karnataka.
84
 2. Formation of ‘Child Protection Committees’ in all the government/
aided/private schools of Karnataka.

3. Organizing ‘Children Grama Sabha’ in all the villages of the state

and listen to the various problems of children under 18 years of
age.

4. Formation of ‘Child Rights Protection Units’ in all the Gram/

Taluk/Zilla panchayet levels and organizing at least one meeting
in two months could address the issues related to children.

5. Formation of ‘Women and Children Trafficking Prevention’

committees at Gram/Taluk/Zilla Panchayet and organizing at
least one meeting in two months could solve the problems better.
The committee should oversee that no human trafficking takes

d
place in its geographical jurisdiction.

he
6. Formation of ‘Baalika Sanghas’ in all the anganawadis of the
pu S
is
state. The girls aged between 11-18 years should be educated in
be TB
bl
these sanghas about gender discriminations, child labour, child
to K

marriages, child trafficking, unsafe touch, personal hygiene, issues

©

of teenage development, child rights, child laws, malnutrition,

and many other issues so that they become empowered in their
day to day life.
ot

Interestingly, all these measures have been chalked out in the form
N

of programmes by the government and instructions have been given to all

related agencies. The need of the hour is to implement these.

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

1. The child labour is prohibited as per ……………………..article of

the constitution.

2. Child marriage prevention act was implemented in the year

………………

3. A national policy was implemented in the year ……………for the

welfare of child labour.
85
 4. The law prohibiting female feticide was implemented in the year
………….
5. The law protecting children from sexual crimes was implemented
in the year ……………….
II. Answer the following in a sentence
1. Name any two social problems of India.
2. Who are the child labourers?
3. What is female feticide?
4. What is child marriage?
5. What is gender discrimination?

d
6. What is child trafficking?

he
III. Discuss in groups and then answer the following:
pu S
is
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bl
1. What are the reasons for child labour? Explain.
to K

2. What are the effects of child Marriage?

©

3. What are the measures to eradicate child labour? Explain.

4. What are the ill effects of female feticide?
ot

5. What are the types of Gender Discrimination?

N

6. What are the ill effects of hunger?

IV. Activity :
1. Make a list of social problems in your village/city and suggest
remedies for them.
V. Project :
1. Invite legal experts to your school and organize a talk and
discussion on issues like child marriage, female feticide, gender
discrimination, and other social problems.

86
 GEOGRAPHY
UNIT – 8
INDIA - MINERAL AND
POWER RESOURCES

We learn about the following in this chapter

• Meaning and Importance of minerals.
• Important minerals of India – their occur, distribution and
production.
• Power Resources of India - meaning and importance.
• Conventional Power Resources-Coal, Petroleum and Nuclear power.
• Energy crisis and remedies in Indi

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he
Meaning and Importance of Minerals
pu S
is
be TB
bl
Mineral is a natural inorganic substance that possesses a definite
chemical composition and physical properties. eg. Iron ore, Manganese,
to K

Bauxite etc. The process of extracting minerals from the Earth is called
©

‘Mining’.
Minerals are the gift of nature. They contribute to the prosperity
of a country. They are useful for industrial development, construction
ot

purpose, progress of transport and communication, trade and commerce.

Some minerals have great economic value. eg; gold, diamond etc. India is
N

endowed with many minerals.

IMPORTANT MINERALS
Iron ore : Iron ore is a ferrous metallic mineral. It is an important
raw material for the Iron and Steel industry. India is endowed with large
reserves of iron ore. It is found in many states. But few states are rich in
reserves and production. eg. Odisha, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand,
Telangana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.
Odisha is the largest producer of iron ore in India. Its iron ore occurs
mainly in the districts of Mayurbanj, Keonjhar, Sundargarh, Cuttack and
Koraput. Bastar, Durg, and Jabalpur districts in Chhattisgarh, Singbhum,
Palamau, Dhanbad and Hazaribagh in Jharkhand, Sandur - Hosapete,
Kemmannugundi and Kudremukh areas in Karnataka. Iron ore is also
found in Goa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.
87
 India is the 4th largest producer
of iron ore in the world. Nearly
35% of its production is consumed
by our Iron and Steel industry.
The rest of it is exported.

Do you Know !
Ore: The deposits from
which the mineral is obtained
Mineralogy: The scientific
study of minerals.

Manganese ore: Manganese

d
he
is the most important ferro-alloy
pu S metal. It is used for the manufacture

is
be TB
bl of steel. It is also in the manufacture
of dry batteries, paints, glass,
to K

pottery and calico printing.

©

Do you Know ?
Manganese is known as “the jack-of-all traders” among the
minerals, because of its many uses.
ot
N

India is one of the leading producer and exporter of manganese ore in

the world. Odisha, Maharashtra, Madhya Predesh and Karnataka states
are main producers of Manganese in the country. Odisha is the largest
possesser and producer of manganese ore in India. Its best manganese
ore is found in Sundargarh, Kalahandi and Koraput districts.
Nagpur, Bhandara, Rathnagiri in Maharashtra, Balghat, Chindwara,
Jabalpur and Dewas in Madhaya Pradesh, Uttara Kannada, Shivamogga,
Ballari, Chitradurga and Tumakuru districts in Karnataka are the major
producers of manganese ore. Telangana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Jharkhand
and Bihar are the other minor producers of manganese.
India is the 5th largest producers of manganese in the world. India exports
its surplus manganese ore mainly to Japan, the UK. the USA and Belgium.
88
 Bauxite: It is the main source
of Aluminium. India has rich
deposits of bauxite. The largest
reserves of bauxite are in Odisha,
Gujarat, Jharkhand,
Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh,
Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh.
Odisha has largest reserves
and is the biggest producer of
bauxite ore in India. Its bauxite
deposits are mainly found in
Kalahandi, Koraput, Sundargarh
and Sambalpur districts. Bauxite
ore is also found in Bilaspur,

d
Durg, Surguja and Raigarh in

he
pu S Chhattisgarh, Rathnagiri,

is
Kollapur, Thana and Satara in
be TB
bl Maharashtra. Ranchi, Lohardaga
and Palamau in Jharkhand,
to K

Jamnagar, Junagadh, Kheda

©

and Bhavanagar in Gujarat,

Shahdol, Mandal and Balghat in
Madhya Pradesh, Godavari and
ot

Visakhapatnam in Andhra
N

Pradesh, Salem and Niligiri in

Tamil Nadu, Uttar Kannada,
Belgavi and Chikkamagaluru
districts in Karnataka.

Do you Know ?
Bauxite: This word is
derived from ‘Les Baux’,
near Arles in France where
it was first found.
Aluminium: The ‘wonder
metal of the 20th century’
used for several purposes.

89
 Mica: It is important non-metallic mineral. It can be easily split into
very thin, transparent sheets and is heat resistant. Mica sheets are used
in electrical industry, telephone, aeroplanes, automobiles and wireless
communications.
The reserves of mica are largely found in Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Jharkhand and Bihar.
Do you Know ? Andhra Pradesh is the leading producer of mica in
India. Most of its production coming from Nellore, Krishna, Visakhapatnam,
Mica which is found in Nellore is light green in colour and is
Godavari and Ananthapur
locally called districts.
‘Honey mica’.

In Rajasthan, which is
the second largest producer,
mica deposits are found
mainly in the districts of

d
he
Jaipur, Ajmer, Bhilwara and
pu S Udaipur. Hazaribagh,

is
Dhanbad, Palamau, Ranchi
be TB
bl and Singbhum in Jharkhand,
to K

Gaya, Munger and Bhagalpur

©

in Bihar are the other

important producers of mica.
Small deposits of mica are
ot

found in Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Odisha,
N

Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and

Chhattisgarh.
India is the largest
producer and exporter of
mica in the world. Recently
mica export has declined, because synthetic mica is being produced in
many countries.
POWER RESOURCES
Meaning and Importance: The resources which are necessary for
the generation of energy are called ‘power resources’. Power resources are
essential for economic development and improving the standard of living

90
of the people in a country. They play a major role in the development of
industry, agriculture, commerce, transport and communications etc.
On the basis of their nature power resources can be divided as
conventional and non-conventional power resources. Conventional power
resources includes coal, petroleum, natural gas etc. Most of these are
exhaustable.
Non-conventional power resources include alternative sources of energy
such as solar, wind, tidal, geo-thermal power, biogas etc., India needs to
develop these resources to overcome energy crisis.
Coal
Coal is a fuel substance of plant origin. It is composed largely of carbon.
The vegetative matter which was buried in the past ages has changed into
coal due to high temperature and pressure.
Importance: Coal is an

d
important source of power in

he
pu S India. It contributes to about

is
67% of the total energy
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bl consumed in the country.
It also provides many by-
to K

products such as ammonia,

©

coal tar, coal gas, benzol,

naptha, sulphur etc. These
are used as raw materials
in chemical industries. eg.
ot

dyes, plastics, synthetic

fibres, rubber etc.
N

Coal reserves of India

are associated with two
geological periods, namely
Gondwana and Tertiary
coal deposits. However the
Gondwana coal is extensive
and more important.
Distribution and
Production: In India coal
reserves are located largely
in the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh, Telangana and West Bengal. These states have about 96% of the
total coal reserves of the country. Coal deposits are also found in Assam,
Meghalaya and Nagaland India is third largest producer of coal in the world.

91
 Do you Know ?
On account of its multiple utility coal is known as ‘Black Diamond.’

Petroleum
Petroleum is mineral oil which is composed of hydrocarbons. It is an
important fuel as well as raw material for many industries. It is an
important source of commercial energy and is largely used for transport.
It provides raw materials for various petro-chemical industries such as
synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre, drugs, fertilizers, dye stuffs etc.,
Distribution: In India,
most of the petroleum
reserves are found in

d
Bombay High and in the

he
states of Gujarat, Assam,
pu S
is
Andhra Pradesh and Tamil
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bl Nadu.
to K

Bombay High oil field

extend in Arabian Sea near
©

to Mumbai has the largest

reserves of petroleum and
has the highest production
ot

of crude oil in India. Gujarat

N

is the second leading oil

producing area in India.
Its important oil fields
are Ankaleswar, Cambay,
Kalol, Navgaon and
Mehsena. Petroleum was
first discovered in India at
Makum in Assam. Formerly, Assam was the leading producer of crude oil.
Now it ranks third. The main oil fields are Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran-
Hugrijan, Sibsagar and Rudrasagar. The other oil fields are located in the
basin and deltas of the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri river.
India is not a significant producer of petroleum. It has to import a
large quantity of petroleum to meet its requirements.
92
 Do you Know !
• The word “petroleum” has been derived from two Latin words
‘Petra’ meaning ‘rock’ and ‘Oleum’ meaning oil. So it is called
‘rock oil.’
• Petroleum is also known as ‘Liquid Gold’ on account of its
economic and strategic values.

Do you Know ?
Fossil Fuel: Any fuel made from fossilized remains of plants
and animals. eg; coal, petroleum and natural gas.
Hydro-electricity

d
he
Electricity generated from the force of falling water is called ‘hydro-
electricity’. It is renewable, cheaper and has higher calorific value than
pu S
is
coal and oil. It keeps the machines clean and it can be easily transmitted.
be TB
bl
India does not have adequate fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural
to K

gas. Hence there is the need to develop hydel power. Besides the factors
©

favourable for the developmant of hydel power are found in India.

The first hydro-electricity power plant in India was installed at
Darjeeling in West Bengal (1897). But the real generation of hydel power
ot

was started with the hydel power stations at Shivanasamudram on Kaveri

N

river (1902).
The important hydel power generation stations are-
Karnataka: Shivanasamudram, Shimsa, Sharavathi, Linganamakki,
Alamatti, Varahi, Kali and Bhadra.
Tamil Nadu: Mettur, Pykara, Papanasum, Periyar, Moyar Kundah,
Suruliyar, Kodayar, Solayar.
Maharashtra: Koyana, Khopoli, Bhola, Bhivpuri and Bhira.
Odisha: Hirakud, Bhimkud, Balimela and Regali.
Andhra Pradesh: Srisailam, Ramapadasagar, Sileru.
Telangana: Nizamsagar, Nagarjunasagar,Pochampad.
Kerala: Iddiki, Sabargiri, Pallivasal, Parambikulam,
93
 Others: Ukai, Kadana in Gujarat, Subarnarekha, Maithon Tilaiya,
Panchat hill in Jharkhand, Bhakra-Nangal in Punjab, Kosi in Bihar,
Gandhisagar in Madhya Pradesh.
Besides there are many other hydel power projects are found in various
parts of the country.
Nuclear Power
The energy generated from the atomic minerals is called ‘nuclear power’.
In India the demand for energy has increased. However the production of
power is not enough to meet the requirement. Hence India formulated the
programme of nuclear power production.
India has large reserves of atomic minerals. eg. Uranium and
thorium which are required for the generation of nuclear energy. It
also has the technical know-how. The first nuclear power plant was

d
set up at Tarapur (1969). Now there are 7 nuclear power plants in

he
the country. They are -1) Tarapur, near Mumbai, in Maharashtra.
pu S
2) Ranapratapsagar, near Kota in Rajasthan. 3) Kalpakam, near

is
be TB
Chennai in Tamil Nadu. 4) Narora near Narora in Uttar Pradesh.
bl
5) Kakrapara in Gujarat, 6) Kaiga near Karwar in Karnataka and
to K

7) Kundan Kulam in Tamil Nadu.

©

Need for Non-conventional power resources

In India non-conventional power resources are found in abundance. They
are renewable, pollution free and eco-friendly. They can be conveniently
ot

supplied to urban as well as rural areas. They are capable of meeting the
N

requirements of power in India, In recent years rate of energy consumption

has increased. Thus there is urgent need to develop of alternative power
resources in India.
Energy Crisis
This is one of the problems of India these days. There is a great
demand for energy. But the production of energy is no sufficient. This
causes energy crisis in the country. It has adverse effect on industrial,
agriculture, transport, trade etc.
Reasons: The main reasons for energy crisis are- i) meager
deposits and shortage of petroleum. ii) poor quality of coal. iii) erratic
rainfall, hence shortage of water for the generation of hydro-electricity.
iv) loss of power in the process of transmission and v) limited use of non-
conventional energy resources.
94
 Remedies: Measures to solve the energy crisis are- i) increase the
production of petroleum and coal. ii) steps to be taken to have substitutes
for oil and coal. iii) importance must be given to increase water power
generation. iv) greater use of non-conventional sources of energy.
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.
1. The most important ferro-alloy metal is .
2. The main source of Aluminium is .
3. The important non-metallic mineral is .
4. A fuel substance of plant origin is .
5. Shivanasamudram hydal power station is in the state
of .

d
II. Answer the following question after discussing them in groups.

he
1. Define the terms Mineral and Mining.
pu S
is
2. What are the main uses of Manganese ore?
be TB
bl
3. Mention the major states producing Bauxite in India
to K

4. Explain the meaning and importance of power resources in

©

India.
5. Explain the distribution of Petroleum in India.
6. Mention the Nuclear power stations in India.
ot

7. Mention the main hydal power plants of Tamil Nadu.

N

III. Activities :
1. Draw an outline map of India, mark and name the Petroleum
and Nuclear energy producing places.
2. Draw an outline map in India an locate major hydro electric
power centres.
IV. Project work :
1. Collect the samples of minerals available in India and write
a note on them.

95
 UNIT - 9
INDIA - TRANSPORT AND
COMMUNICATION

In this chapter we learn about the following

• Meaning and importance of transport
• Modes of transport in India
1) Land transport - types
2) Water transport - types
3) Air transport - types

d
• Communication : Meaning, Importance, Types

he
Meaning and Importance of Transport
pu S
is
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Meaning : Transport means movement of goods, service and
bl
passengeres from one place to another. It provides utility of place and time.
to K

It links production, distribution, exchange and all other related activities.

©

Importance : Transport plays a very important roles in the

development of all factors of human activities namely the primary
sector, the secondary sector and the tertiary sector. It is said that
“ If agriculture and industries are the body and bones of a national
ot

organism, transport and communications are the nerves''.

N

Efficient and cheap means of transport helps to develop resources,

agriculture, promotes industrial progress, widen the market, increases
internal and external trade, provides employment, raises the income and
standard of living of the people, encourages tourism and helps defence.
Modes of Transport
The following chart helps us to know about the different means of
transport in india. Transport

Land transport Water transport Airways

i) Roods i) Inland waterways i) National

ii) Raiways ii) Ocean transport ii) International
iii) Pipe lines

96
i) Road Transport : Roads are the most ancient and universal means of
tansport. They play a vital role in the economic growth of a nation. India is
a land of villages and mainly an agricultural nation. For the devolopment
of agriculture and village industries, roads are essential, becuase they
are very convenient to connect isolated villages. Roads can be contructed
in forests and hilly regions. They connect remote places with towns and
cities, provide Door to Door service. They are the feeders to railways, sea
ports and airports. They play a very important role in tourism, trade and
commerce, and industries. They create employment opportunities and are
most useful for defence, especially in border areas.
Tyeps of Roads : 1) On the basis of physical structure roads can be
divided into two types. They are i) Metalled roads which are constructed
with cement concrete or asphalt and ii)Unmetalled roads which are
common in rural areas. Attempts are being made to convert mudroades

d
he
into matalled roads , Prime Minister’s “Grama Sadak Yojana” is taken up
in this direction.
pu S
is
be TB
bl
2) On the basis of construction and maintenance roads are classified
into Five types: They are -
to K
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i) Golden Quadrilateral and Super Highways.

ii) National Highways. iv) District Roads.
iii) State Highways. v) Village Roads.
ot

Golden Quadrilateral and Super Highways: The Golden quadrilateral

N

is a project with 4 to 6 lane roads. It was started in 1999. This highway

network connect major cities as well as cultural and industrial centres
of the country. It links Delhi - Jaipur - Ahmedabad - Surat - Mumbai -
Pune - Bengaluru - Chennai - Visakhapatnam - Bhubaneswar - Kolkata
- Allahabad - Kanpur - Delhi.
The Super Highways are divided into two division: a) The North- south
corridor which runs from Srinagar to Kanyakumari and b) The East-West
corridor which runs from Silchar in Assam to Porbandar in Gujarat. They
also connect many importanct cities, industrial centres and ports.
The construction and maintenance of these roads is under the control
of Central Public works department (CPWD).

97
 INDIA
Golden Quadrilateral
Corridor Highways

Amruthsara

Lakhnadaon Kolkata

Bhuvaneshwar
Pune

d
Vishakapatnam

he
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is
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bl
to K

Madurai
©

ii) National Highways : These trunk roads connect the state capitals,
ot

ports, towns and cities of national importance. National Highways Authority

N

of India (NHAI) looks after the construction and maintenance of these

roads.
iii) State Highways: They connect the district head quarters with state
capital and with the national highways. The State Public Works Department
under taken the construction and maintenance of these roads.
iv) District Roads : Zilla panchayat is incharge of these roads. They
connect the Taluk head quarters with state highways, railways etc.
v) Village Road : These roads links the villages with one another,
towns and market centers. Most of them are unmetalled roads and are
unusable during the rainy season. But all attempts are being made to
convert these roads into metalled roads.

98
 Border Roads : Roads in border areas, which are especially used for
defence purpose, are called ‘Border Roads’. These roads are found along
Indian borders with Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar.
The construction and maintenance of these roads comes under Border
Roads Development Authority.

Do you know !
• No.7, National Highway is the longest in India.
• The Manali- Leh road is the world’s highest road.

Railway Transport: Railways are the other important mode of land

transport. They are very useful to carry heavy goods and large number of
passengers over a long distance. They play a vital role in the development

d
of agriculture, industry and economy of India. They help to expand trade

he
and tourism. pu S
is
In India the railways were constructed during the British period for
be TB
bl
convenient transport of raw materials and the movement of army from
to K

one place to another. The first railway line was laid between Bombay
©

and Thane in 1853, followed by Kolkata to Raniganj (1854), Chennai to

Arkonam (1864). Then gradually developed in other parts of the country.
Railways form the largest public sector undertaking in India. It have a
ot

network of about 7031 stations and a length of 64,015 Kms. The railways
N

are divided into 17 zones for the purpose of efficient management. Many
steps are taken to provide comfortable and safe railway travel.
Pipelines : They are a new mode of land trasnport. Pipelines are laid
under the earth’s surface. They are mostly used to transport crude oil from
oil field to refineries, natural gas and mineral slurry. The total length of
pipelines in India is 35,676Kms.

Do you know !
The Hazira - Bijaipur - Jagadishpur (HBJ) gas pipeline is the
longest (2300Kms) in India.

99
2. Waterways
India was one of the most advanced seafaring country in the past.
Waterways provides navigation fecilities by means of ships and boats.
Waterways can be divided into two types: i) Inland waterways and ii) Ocean
waterways.
i) Inland Waterways : Rivers, lakes, backwater and canals are the
inland waterways. At one time, inland waterways played an important
part in the transport system of India. Now they play a limited role due to
the development of roads and railways. In India inland waterways mainly
carried goods and people along river Ganga, the Bramhaputra and their
tributaries in north India. The south Indian rivers are navigable only in
their deltaic course.
ii) Ocean Waterway : Water transport through seas and oceans form

d
he
ocean waterways. India has a long coastline and some ports. India is located
at the centre of the eastern hemisphere. Nearly 85% of our foreign trade
pu S
is
is seaborne. All these factores favour for ocean transport.
be TB
bl
Ports : They are meeting points between land and sea routes where
to K

ships are docked for loading and unloading. There are many ports in India.
©

They are grouped under Major, Intermediate and Minor ports. Major
ports with facilitates for large ships, have a sheltered harbour and modern
facilities for handling cargo. There are 14 major ports in India, of which
ot

six are along the west coast and seven along the east coast. Another one
N

is located in Andaman and Nicobar islands.

ports on the west coast.
Kandla : It is located at the head of the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat
Mumbai : It is the biggest, most spacious and well sheltered port,
situated in Maharashtra. It is called the Gateway of India.
Jawaharlal Neharu Port : Formerly known as Nhava Sheva port It is
located near Elephanta caves, 10 Km from Mumbai. It has been built for
the release of pressure on the Mumbai port.
Mormugoa : It is situated at the entrance of Zuari river estuary in Goa.
New Mangaluru : It is know as “The Gateway of Karnataka”. It is
situated at Panambur to the north of Mangaluru.
100
 Kochi : It is located on the coast of kerala. It is called “the Queen of
the Arabian Sea”.
Ports on the east coast
Tuticorin : It is situated
at the south eastern part of
TamilNadu.
Chennai : It is located in
TamilNadu and it is oldest
port. It has an artificial
harbour.
Ennore : It has been
developed to reduce the

d
pressure of traffic on

he
Chennai port. It is located
to the north of Chennai
pu S
is
be TB

Visakhapatnam : It is
bl
to K

the deepest land locked and

protected port. It is located
©

on the coast of Andhra

Pradesh.
Paradip : It is located in
ot

Mahanadi delta in Odisha.

N

Haldia : It is situated on the confluence of river Hugli and Haldi (West

Bengal). It receives larger ships which cannot enter the Kolkata port.
Kolkata : It is a riverine port, located on the left bank of the river
Hugli. It is the second biggest port in India and largest terminal port in
southeast Asia. Many times it suffers from the problem of silting. So to
clear this silt dredging is required.
Port Blair : It is situated in Andaman-Nicobar islands, which is one
of the Union territories of India.
3) Air Transport
Air transport is the quickest means of transport. It is a very efficient to

101
carry passengers and mail. On the times of emergencies like war, floods,
earthquakes, air transport is very useful. India is a vast country and has
all the favourable factors for the development of air transport.
Air India is India’s national flag carrier after merging with Indian
Airlines in 2011 and plays a major role in connecting India with the rest
of the world. recently air transport was in the public sector. But now there
are private air transport companies holding permits for non-seheduled
services. i,e Jet Airways, Sahara Air lines, Paramount Air ways etc.
Airports : There are 141 airports in India of which 28 designated
International Airports, 88 domestic airports and 25 civil enclaves at defence
airfields. The Airport Authority of India manages these airports.

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102
Some important International Airports
1. Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi
2. Chatrapathi Shivaji International Airport Mumbai
3. Netaji Subash Chandra Bose International Kolkata
Airport
4. Anna International Airport Chennai
5. Kempegowda International Airport Bengaluru
6. Rajeev Gandhi International Airport Hyderabad
7. Sri Guru Ramdas Jee International Airport Amritsar
8. Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Guwahati
Airport
9. Biju Patnaik International Airport Bhubaneswar
10. Saradar Vallabhai Patel International Airport Ahmedabad

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11. Veer Savarkar International Airport Portblair

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12. Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar International
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Airport
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13. Zaruki International Airport

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14. Lal Bahadur Shasthri International Airport Varanasi

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COMMUNICATION
Meaning: Conveyance of messages from one person to another or from
one place to another is called 'communication'. It is not new to human
ot

beings. Birds and animals were used as means communication in ancient

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times.
Importance
• It helps in quick transmission and dissemination of ideas, information
and messages from person to person and place to place.
• Communication helps in creating awareness among the people about
government policies and programmes of development.
• It enables us to know about natural hazards and disasters, weather
forecasting etc. It helps in the progress of trade, industry, agriculture
etc.
• It provides entertainment, day to day information of the world. Helps
to maintain unity and integrity of the country.
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 Today India has various modes of communication. They may be broadly
divided into two categories : i) Personal and ii) Mass communication. Letters
(Post), Telephone, Telegram, Fax, E-mail, Internet, Seminar, Conference
etc are personal communication. Newspaper, Radio, Television, Magazines
and Books come under mass communication.
Postal Service: This is one of the most important communication
systems that existed for a long time in India. Post offices provide many
services such as delivering letters, packets, parcels, money order etc, from
one place to another. They also provide savings bank facilities, issuing
National Savings Certificates etc.
Telecommunication: It refers to communication over a distance by
cable, telegraph, telephone, fax etc. In India telecommunication network
has reached almost every corner. Telephone and mobile phone services

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have replaced telegraphic service.

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Radio and Television: These play a very important role in mass
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communication. Even in remote places of India people can listen to radio
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messages and watch TV. They are very useful because our farmers get
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uptodate information about agricultural problems, farm commodity

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prices, weather forecast, modern methods of cultivation etc. They

provide a variety of programmes such as educational and informative
news, entertainment ect. All India Radio (AIR) was started in 1930. TV
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broadcasting was started under the name of Dooradarshan (DD) at Delhi

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in 1959.
Newspapers: They are a very important media of communication
which come under print media. More than a lakh newspapers and
periodicals in different languages are registered in India. Out of these,41
newspapers have a history of more than 100 years. The oldest and
still existing newspaper of India is “Bombay Samachar” (Now Mumbai
Samachar) in Gujarati language. It was started in 1822.
Satellites and Computer Network: The development of electronic
technology and space science has brought about great change in
communication . Computer network has provided Internet facility, E-mail
service, etc,. Artificial satellite has started a new era in the history of
global telecommunication. Radio and TV networking in India are done
through satellite technology.
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 The Geographical Information System (GIS), Global Positioning System
(GPS) and Remote sensing technology have been developed in India. GIS
is a computer based system which can accumulate and internet data
on the Earth’s surface. The GPS indicates the location of a stationary or
moving object or person through pointing out the latitude and longitude
and height above sea level. The Remote sensing Technology collects
information regarding the Earth’s surface. It gathers information about
the distance between two objects without touching the objects. Aerial and
satellite photoes are taken through remote sensing.

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.

1. For the development of villages and agriculture in India ________

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means of transport is essential.

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2. The first railway line in India was laid between __________
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and ____________
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3. Mumbai port is called as _______________
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4. Bengaluru International Air port is called ___________

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5. The newspaper Bombay Samachar was started in ___________

II. Answer the following after discussing them in groups.
1. Define Transport and Communication.
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2. Explain Golden Quadrilateral and Super Highways.

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3. Give an account of Railways in India.

4. Explain briefly the importance of Transport in India.
5. Write a note on Airways in India.
6. Mention the different types of communication in India.
III. Activity :
1. Draw an outline map of India, mark and name the important
national highways.
IV. Project work :
1. Collect the satallite launching photos in India.

105
 UNIT – 10
INDIA-INDUSTRIES

In this chapter, we learn about the following

• Meaning and importance of Industries.
• Localization of Industries
• Major Industrial Regions in India
• Major Industries. Iron and steel, Alluminium, Cotton textilies, Sugar,
paper industries and knowledge based industry

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Meaning and Importance of Industries

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Many natural resources and rawmaterials cannot be utilized directly.
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They have to be processed or refined. For example; conversion of sugarcane
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into sugar, iron ore into steel, cotton into cloth, wood pulp into paper
etc. So, the conversion of raw materials into usable products is known as
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‘manufacturing industries’.
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Industries are vital for economic progress. The development of

industries reduces the reliance on primary products, imported goods, helps
to increase the national and percapita income and earn foreign exhange.
Also create job opportunities and raise GDP and the living standard of the
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people. They help to reduce the pressure on agriculture.

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Localization of Industries
The localization and growth of industries are influenced by
many factors. The most important factors affecting the localization
of industries are: 1) Supply of raw materials, 2) Supply of power
,3) Transport and communication facilities, 4) Market facilities,
5) Capital, 6) Labour and water supply, 7) Ideal climate and 8) Government
policies
Major Industrial Regions
Industrial region refers to a region with the concentration of one or a
variety of industries. It is dominated by industries and industrial activities.
It is usually urbanized. Industrial regions located in areas where ideal
factors for their location are found.
In India there are 8 major industrial regions. They are - 1) The Hooghly -
Kolkata region. 2) The Mumbai - Pune region, 3) The Ahmedabad - Vadodara

106
region, 4) The Madurai - Coimbatore region, 6) The Delhi - Meerut region,
7) Visakhapatnam _ Guntur region and 8) Kollam - Thiruvananthapuram
region.
MAJOR INDUSTRIES OF INDIA
1. Iron and Steel Industry
It is the basis of all other industries. Many industries like engineering,
locomotives, machine tools, automobiles, agricultural equipments etc.,
depend on iron and steel industry. It is the most important metal based
industry in India. Ancient India knew the art of smelting iron ore. The best
example for this is the Iron Pillar in Delhi (Meharuli).
The modern iron and steel industry in India was started in 1874 at Kulti
in West Bengal. But the credit for modern iron and steel industry goes to
J.N Tata who started the Tata Iron and Steel company in 1907 at Sakchi
(Jamshedpur). The industry made great progress after independence.

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Under the five year plans efforts were made to develop this industry.
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 The factors of location of Iron and Steel industry are- i) Supply
of basic raw material of iron ore. ii) Coking coal as a main source
of power and hydel power. iii) Railway transport and port facilities.
iv) Plenty of water supply. v) Cheap labour. vi) Capital and local market.
Producing centre: There are 14 integrated Iron and Steel plants in India.
Of these 4 are in the private sector and others are in the public sector.
They are as follows.
Private sector
1. The Tata Iron and Steel co (TISCO) at (Sakchi) Jamshedpur in
Jharkhand.
2. Jindal Vijayanagar Steel Ltd (JVSL) at Torangallu, Ballari district
in Karnataka.

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3. Ispat Iron and Steel Ltd. at Dolvi, Raigad district in Maharashtra

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4. Tata Steel plant at Gopalpur in Odisha
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Public sector
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1. Indian Iron and Steel Co. (IISCO) at Burnpur in West Bengal.
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2. Vishweshwaraiah Iron and Steel Ltd. (VISL) at Bhadravathi in

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Karnataka.
3. Bhilai Steel Plant, Durg distict in Chhattisgarh
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4. Rourkela Steel Plant, Sundargarh distict in Odisha.

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5. Durgapur Steel Plant in West Bengal.

6. Bokaro Steel Plant at Bokaro in Jharkhand.
7. The Salem Steel Plant at Salem in Tamil Nadu.
8. The Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (VSP) at Visakhapatnam in Andhra
Pradesh
9. Daitari Steel Plant at Daitari in Odisha.
10. Tata Steel Ltd.at Kalinganagar in Odisha
In addition, there are 199 mini steel plants set up in different parts of
the country. India is the 8th largest steel producing country in the world.

108
2. Aluminium Industry
Aluminium is the most important non - ferrous metal. It has a wide
range of uses. It is used in manufacturing aeroplanes, automobiles,
railways, ships, household appliances, electrical cables and its foils are
used as packing materials, for paint industry etc. It is a good substitute
for steel and copper.
The location of aluminium industrey is mainly governed by - i) the
availability of bauxite, which is the main raw material. ii) supply of hydro
electric power. iii) wide market and capital.
Distribution: The aluminium industry is the second important metal based
industry in India. It was started in 1942 at Jayakaynagar in West Bengal.
Now there are nine major aluminium plants in the country. They are at
Jaykaynagar in West Bengal, Alupuram in Kerala, Mettur in Tamil Nadu,
Belagavi in Karnataka, Hirakud and Damanjodi in Odisha, Renukoot in

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Uttar Pradesh, Korba in Chhattisgarh and Rathnagiri in Maharashtra.
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India has the eleventh place in the world for the production of
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aluminium products. India import aluminium to meet its local demands.
3. Cotton Textile Industry
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Cotton textile is the biggest and the most important branch of textile
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industry in India. It is the most important agro - based industry. Cotton

cloth making was known to the Indians since a long time. But it was
confined to handlooms. The first modern cotton textile industry was started
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in1854 when a cotton mill was setup at Mumbai. After that the industry
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made rapid progress and more mills were established. Now India ranks
second in the world in respect of cotton fabrics production, next to the
china. Also India is the second largest exporter of cotton textiles.
The location of cotton textile industry is governed by the supply of
raw cotton, power, vast market, capital, skilled labour and humid climate.
Distribution: Cotton textile industry is widely distributed over more than
76 towns and cities of India. However it is concentrated mainly in the cotton
growing states. i.e Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana. Maharashtra and
Gujarat are the leading manufacturers of cotton textiles. Mumbai is the
most popular centre for cotton textile industry. It is known as ‘Cottonopolis
of India’ and Manchester of India.

109
4. Sugar Industry:
It is the second important agro - based industry in India, next only to
cotton textiles. The art of sugar making was known to the Indians confined
to preparing gur and khandasari. The modern sugar mills were started in
the beginning of the 20th century. But the industry made rapid progress
only ofter independence.
Supply of sugarcane (which is main rawmaterial), cheap and efficient
transport facilities, government encouragement, market and capital are
the main factors for the location of sugar industry.
Distribution: The sugar industry is concentrated in sugarcane growing
areas. i.e Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andra
Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar and Odisha. India is the second
largest producer of sugar in the world, next only to Brazil.

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Do you know

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The by - products of sugar industry are:
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Molasses - Uncrystallized syrup extracted from raw sugar during
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refining and used in the preparation of alcholic drinks and manure
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Bagasse - Crushed stems of sugarcane which can be used for the

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manufacture of paper and as fuel.

5. Paper Industry
Paper is an indispensable and useful product. It is used for many
ot

purposes such as writing, wrapping, packing, printing etc. Education and

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literacy level in a country are measured by the consumption of paper in

that country.
The art of paper making was introduced in India during 10th century.
It was a cottage industry. The first modern paper mill was set up in 1932
at Serampur in West Bengal. But it was a failure. The real start was made
in 1870 at Balley near Kolkata. However the industry made rapid progress
during the world wars and after independence.
Paper industry is a forest - based industry. The rawmaterials used in
this industry are soft wood like bamboo and cellulosic pulp, grasses like
Sabai and Babhar. Due to lack of forest based rawmaterials straw of paddy,
wheat, bagasse, cotton lints, rags etc; are being use as rawmaterials.

110
 Besides plenty of water, a vast market, supply of cheap labour,
transport facilities, power and some chemicals are the other factors of
location of this industry.
Distribution: Earlier paper industry of India was developed in the Hugli
basin of West Bengal. Now it is highly concentrated in Maharashtra,
Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Madhy Pradesh
and Odisha.
In India the present production of paper is not sufficient to meet its
local requriment. So it has to be met by imports.
6. Knowledge-based Industries:
The term “ Knoweldge based industries” usually refer to those industries
which are relatively intensive in their inputs of technology and human
Knowledge. They require intellectual capabilities rather than any physical

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inputs and rawmaterials.

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The development of knowledge based industry has become a powerful
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tool of socio - economic change. India has the potential to become a
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leading knowledge based industry with its young population and growing
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information technology. So, at present it is very rapidly developing industry

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in the country.
Information Technology (IT) is a key knowledge based industry. Its
main components are software and hardware. The software industry is
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supported by both state and central Government of India. To encouraging

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the industry many software technology parks (STP) were established (1995)
in different parts of the country. However the industry is mainly developed
in southern states such as Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and
Telangana. Karnataka has achived a great name in software industry.
Several Information Technology Institutions have been established and
concentrated in Bengaluru, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata,
Delhi and Noida.
Bengaluru is the most important centre for Indian software industry
and it is called “Silicon Valley of India". Mysuru, Mangaluru, Udupi and
Hubballi are other centres for software in Karnataka. Side by side hardware
industry has also developed.
Software has become an important item of export in India and earns
a large amount of foreign exchange for the country.
111
 EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.
1. Jindal Vijayanagar Steel Ltd is located in ________ state.
2. Bauxite is the main rawmaterial for ___________ industry.
3. The Paper industry is a __________ based industry.
4. The first modern paper mill was set up in 1932 at __________.
II. Answer the following questions after discussing them in groups.

1. What is meant by manufacturing industries? Mention their factors

of location.
2. List out the major Industrial Regions in India?
3. Give an account of Aluminium industry in India?

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4. Describe the distribution of Cotton textile industry in India?

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5. Write the importance of Knowledge - based industry in India?
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III. Match the following.
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A B
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1. Bengaluru a. VISL
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2. Mumbai b. Cottonopolis of India

3. Bhadravathi c. Aluminium industry
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4. Renukoot d. Silicon Valley of India

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IV. Activity :

1. On an outline map India, mark and label the iron and steel
producing centres.

V. Project Work :
1. Visit a nearby factory and prepare a report.
2. Prepare a chart listing out the various industries of Karnataka and
their products.

112
 UNIT – 11
INDIA - NATURAL
DISASTERS

We learn the following in this chapter

• Meaning of Natural disasters
• Causes, effects and distribution of cyclones, floods, landslides,
coastal erosion, earthquakes in India
Meaning of Natural Disasters
The natural hazards which create widespread destruction are known as
natural disasters. Disasters may be natural or man made. Natural disasters

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can be geological hazards such as earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis,

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landslides and avalanches. The weather associated natural disasters
are cyclones, drought, floods and epidemics. Most natural disasters are
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infrequent and unpredictable. However a better knowledge about them
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could reduce the extent of damage.

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India is a vast country and has been facing various natural disasters.
i.e cyclones, floods, landslides, coastal erosion, earthquakes etc.
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1. Cyclones
In a cyclone the wind blows spirally inwards towards the centre of
low presseure. This disaster is associated with the atmosphere. There are
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two types of cyclones namely tropical cyclones and temperate cyclones.

Tropical cyclones are more common in India.
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Causes: The most ideal conditions for the origin and development of tropical
cyclones are; 1) high temperature; 2) calm air and; 3) highly saturated
air. These conditions result in the development of low pressure centre
(depression). Relative high pressure prevaits around the low pressure.
So the winds blows spirally inwards the centre of low pressure causing
cyclones. Such conditions are found in tropical zone especially over the
seas.
Effects: Tropical cyclones are very destrutive to causes loss of life and
property, damage to buildings, transports and communication system,
disrupt power supply, destroy crops, vegetation, animals etc.
Distribution: In India most of the tropical cyclones develop in the Bay of
Bengal. Hence the eastern coast is more prone to cyclones. It includes the
coastal areas of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal.
Only a few cyclones develop in the Arabian Sea.

113
 Tropical cyclones occur mainly in India during the North East Monsoon
season. October and November are known for severe cyclones. Few cyclones
occur in the month of May and June.
Preventive Measures: Cyclones are natural phenomenon. We cannot
prevent them. But people can pay heed to the warnings. They should keep
in touch with radio, television and other communicative lines. Temporary
shelters should be provided during cyclones. Cyclone proof structures
can be constructed. Mangrove forests and other deep rooted trees can be
grown along the coastline to check the impact of cyclonic winds and the
soil erosian
2. Floods
Flood refer to the inundation of land by river water. It is recuring
disaster in India. One part of the country or the other has to face floods
almost every year.

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Causes: Floods are caused by both natural and man made factors. The

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natural factors include heavy rainfall, melting of snow, tropical cyclones,
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cloud burst, blockage of the free flow of river water and silting river beds etc.
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The man made causes are deforestation, faulty irrigation and agricultural
practices, breaching of barrages and rapid urbanization.
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Effects:
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• Floods causes loss of life and property

• Damage to crops, vegetation etc.
• Breakdown of communication and power system.
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• Dislocation of transport system.

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• Soil erosion, disruption of essential services etc.

Flood Prone Areas
1. The Ganga and the Brahmaputra river basins. They cover a part of
Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Assam.
2. The Sutluj, the Beas, the Ravi and Chenab river basins. They
include Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh
3. In peninsular India the deltaic areas of river basins i.e deltaic
regions of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri rivers. They
include Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu and
Andhra Pradesh
4. The lower parts of Narmada and Tapi river basins i.e Gujarat.
In Peninsular India floods are occasional. They are due to sudden
heavy rainfall.
114
Flood control measuares
• Afforerstation in the catchment area which helps in the reduction
of run off.
• Construction of dams across the rivers and storing of water in
reservoirs. It reduce the volume of water and helps to provide water
for irrigation etc.
• Construction of embankments for protection against inundation
of the inhabited areas and agricultural land.
• Flood forecasting and early warnings. This is essential for taking
timely action to prevent loss of human life, livestocks and property.
3. Landslides
The sliding of land mass along steep slopes of hills or mountains is
called landslides. It involves downward sliding or falling of a mass of soil,

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rock and debris or combination of these under the force of gravity.

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Causes: Both natural and human induced forces cause landslides.
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Natural forces: Under cutting of the slope as in sea wave erosion of a sea
cliff, earthquakes and heavy rainfall.
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Human forces: Deforestation, construction of roads, railway lines, dams

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and reservoirs, hydel power projects, mining, quarrying etc.

Effects: Landlsides are destructive natural disasters. Major effects are
ot

blocking of roads, railway lines, burrying of human settlements and

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vegetation, loss of life and property etc. Roads blocking is a very common
problem.
Distribution: In India landslides are occur very often in hilly states like
Jammu - Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and North East states.
Preventive Measures: Slope reduction, prevention of rock falls along
highways and other slope, avoiding of mining and quarrying activities
near the steep slopes and human settlement and buildings. There should
be massive reforestation etc. steps to reduce the occurance of landslides.
4. Coastal Erosion
Sea waves strike the coasts with great force. This constant process
leads to erosion of coasts. Hence coastal erosion is the process of wearing
away and removal of materials along the coast line by wave action.
115
Causes and Distribution: Coastal erosion is mostly caused by sea waves
and ocean currents. In India the causes are; i) Monsoon winds. ii) Tropical
cyclones and iii) Tsunamis.
i) The South West Monsoon winds causes intensive coastal erosion
along the west coast of India. During this season the coasts of Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu are largely affected by
coastal erosion.
ii) Tropical cyclone are destructive and mostly occur during the North
East Monsoon season over the Bay of Bengal. They cause serious coastal
erosion along the east coast of India including the coastal areas of Tamil
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.
iii) Tsunamis are large waves generated by earthquakes. The coastal
erosion occurs due to tsunamis in India. Andaman - Nicobar Islands and

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east coast of India have been affected by Tsunamis.
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Do you know!
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Groins: A series of groynes, including huge rock masses or concrete
logs. These are placed at right angles to the shore lines to reduce the
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coastal erosion.
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Breakers: A barrier built into sea to check the impact of waves and
protect the coast.
Human interference also result in coastal erosion. Removal of sand
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and construction breakwater are the main causes.

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Effects: Coastal erosion is one of the natural disasters.

• Coastal areas including trees and building can be washed away.
• The roads, railway lines, bridges etc., along the coast can be
damaged.
• Coastal areas can remain flooded over a long period of time requiring
resettlement of people.
Preventive Measures
• Constructing retention walls, groynes and breakwaters to protect
the coastal areas from wave erosion.
• Restrict sand mining in coastal areas.
• Planting of trees along the coast to stabilise the coastal dunes.
116
5. Earthquakes
An earthquake is a violent vibration in the Earth’s crust. It is one of
the worst natural hazards which often results in disaster.
Causes: Earthquake occur due to several causes such as plate movements,
volcanic eruption, faulting and folding, landslides, collapse of underground
cave roofs, hydrostatic pressure of man made water bodies like reservoirs
etc. In India most of the earthquakes that have occured earlier were due
to plate movement.

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Effects: The disastrous effects of earthquakes are cracking of ground

surface, damage and destruction of buildings, rails, roads, power lines,

117
telecom lines, bridges, dams, factories, loss of human and animal lives
and property. The other effects are fires, landslides, disturbance in ground
water level, blockage and diversion of river course, destruction of forests
due to fires etc.
Distribution: There are 3 major earthquake zones in India:
i) The Himalayan Zone: This zone include the states of Jammu and
Kashmir, Himachal pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. It is a zone of
maximum intensity. The earthquakes in this zone are basically due to
plate tectonics i.e in Chamoli and Uttarakashi.
ii) The Indo - Gangetic Zone: It lies to the south of the Himalayas. It
comprises of Rajasthan, plains of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and

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West Bengal. This zone is called "The zone of moderative intensity".

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iii) The peninsular zone: It includes the Islands of Lakshadweep,
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Andaman and Nicobar and Rann of Kutch. Peninsular India had been
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considered as a stable landmass. Only a few earthquakes have been
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occured in this zone mostly in recent years. Therefore it is known as

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“Zone of minimum intensity”.

Precautionary measures
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• Avoid the human settlements in the earthquake prone zones.

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• Follow earthquake resistant designs for the construction of

buildings.
• Use building materials of high quality and avoid high rise buildings.
• Restrict diggings of deep wells for groundwater.
• Restrict urban growth in the hilly areas with high seismic
vulnerability.
• Avoid the construction of large dams and reservoires.
• Stop deforestration and heavy quarrying activities.
Besides post disaster measures after earthquakes are also essential
i.e relief, recovery, rehabilitations.

118
 EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.

1. The most destructive atmospheric disaster is ____________
2. In India the eastern coast is more prone to ___________
3. In peninsular India ___________ occur occasionally.
4. In India ___________ occur very aften in hilly states.
5. Coastal erosion is mostly caused by ___________ action.
II. Discuss in groups and answer the following.
1. What are natual disarters? Give example?
2. What are floods? Mention the natural causes of floods?

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3. What is a cyclone? Mention their major effects.
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4. Explain the causes and effects of landslides.
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5. Write about causes and distribution of coastal erosion in India.
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6. Mention the precautionary measures to be taken to reduce the

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effects of earthquakes .

III. Activities :
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1. Draw an outline map of India and mark the flood prone areas
and cyclone prone areas.
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2. Listout the most destructive earthquake in India during the

last 100 years.

IV. Project work :

1. Collect photographs of natural disaster and prepare an album.

119
 UNIT – 12
INDIA - POPULATION
We learn about the following in this chapter
• Size of pulation in India.
• Growth of population in India.
• Causes for the growth of population.
• Distribution and density of population.
• Factors affecting distribution of population.
Size of population: The total number of people living in a particular
area is called “population”. India is the second populous country in the
world, next to China. As per 2011 census the total population of India was
121.01 crores. It accounts for 17.5% of the world’s population with 2.4%

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of the total land area.

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Growth of Population: At the beginning of the last century, during
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1901 - 1921, population growth was slow. The main reason was high death
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rates due to diseases, epidemics and lack of medical care. The period from
1921 to 1951 was considered as a period of moderate growth. The main
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reason was decline in death rate due to control of epidemics, better health
©

and sanitation facilities.

The growth rate of population was very high from 1951 - 1991. The
population has almost trebled itself. The reasons were further fall in death
ot

rate while birth rate continued to be high. However the growth rate started
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declining from 1981 onwards. It declined from 24.7% in 1981 to 17.64% in

2011
Causes for the growth of
Population Growth population: Many factors are
(in million) responsible for the growth of
population in India. The main
reasons are as follows:
1) High birth rate: This is the
main factor in rapid growth of
population in India. Reasons
for high birth rate are early
marriage, religious and social
attitudes, polygamy, poverty, tropical climate etc.

120
 2) Low death rate: This is another factor in population growth. The
main reasons for the low death rate are improved medical facilities, control
of epidemics, lower infant mortality, spread of education etc.
Do you know
Census: An official count of a population.
Birth rate: The number of live births per 1000 population per year.
Death rate: The number of deaths per 1000 population per year.

Impact of Growth: The rapid growth of population has posed several

problems. The most important among them are: - Unemployment, shortage
of food and malnutrition, burden on civic and social amenities, low
percapita income, slow economic development, political unrest, poverty,
low standard of living, environmental pollution etc.

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Measures to control growth of population: The Goverment of

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India has taken some measures to check the growth of population. The
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measures are the family planning, women welfare projects, publicity and
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advertisements, creating awareness among the rural people etc .
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Population Distribution: The distribution of population in India is

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uneven. This is due to varied geographical and cultural factors. Among

the states Uttar Pradesh is the most populous (19.95 crores). In contrast
Sikkim has the smallest population (6.1 lakh). Among the Union Territories
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the highest population is in Delhi (1.67 crore) and Lakshadweep has the
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smallest population (64,429).

The sparsely populated areas are the Himalayan region, central
highlands, Thar deserts and Islands. On the other hand the densely
populated areas are located the Gangetic plain, coastal plains urban and
industrialised areas.
Density of population: The number of people per sq km is called
density of population. Accordings to 2011 census the average density of
population in India is 382 per sq.kms. Bihar has the highest density with
1102 persons per sq.kms. In contrast Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest
density of 17 persons per sq.kms. Among the Union Territories Delhi has
the highest density with 11,297 persons where as Andaman and Nicobar
Islands have lowest density of population (463).

121
 On the basis of population density, India can be divided into 3 zones:
1) Areas of high density 2) Areas of medium density and 3) Areas of low
density.
1) Areas of high density: The northern great plains and the western
and eastern coastal plains have the high density of population in India. It
includes Bihar(1102), West Bengal(1030), Uttar Pradesh (328), Haryana(573),
Punjab(550), Kerala(859) and Tamil Nadu(555) states. These have high
density of population due to fertile soil, transport and communication
facilities. Among the union territories Delhi(17,297), Chandigarh(9252),
Puducherry(2598), Daman and Diu(2169), Lakshadweep(2113), Dadra and
Nagar Haveli have high density of population. Outside this main belt few
industrial, commercial and urban areas have high density of population.
i.e Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, Kolkata, Pune etc.

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122
 2) Areas of medium density These areas have a density of 251 -
500 persons per km2. Most of the areas are located in peninsular India.
They include Jharkhand(414), Assam(397), Goa(394), Maharashtra(365),
Tripura(350), Karnataka(319), Andhra Pradesh(308), Gujarat(308), and
Odisha(269). Minaral resources and development of metallugical industries
are the main reasons for medium population density.
3) Areas of low density: The area with less than 250 persons per km2 come
under this zone i.e Madhya Pradesh(136), Rajasthan(201), Uttaranchal(189),
Chhattisgarh(189), Meghalaya(132), Himachal Pradesh(123), Manipur(122),
Nagaland(119), Jammu and Kashmir(124), Sikkim(86), Andaman - Nicobar
islands (46) and Arunachal Pradesh(17). The mountain and hilly terrains, low
temperature or semi arid climate are responsible for low population density.
Factors affecting on distribution of population

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Various factors namely geographical, political, socio - economical factors
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influence the distribution of population in India. The main factors are as

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follows. bl
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1. Physical features: The mountain and hilly areas are sparsely

populated i.e. The Northern and North Eastern hilly areas. But the great
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plains of North India and the deltas have dense population.

2. Climate: The population is high in favourable climatic regions;
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where as it is sparse in hot or cold and dry regions as in the Thar desert
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and Himalayas.
3. Soils: The fertile soil regions attract more population, for example
the Northern plain, the Western and the Eastern coastal plains. In contrast
infertile sandy soil areas have low population density.
4. Resources: The areas which are rich in minerals and power
resources are densely populated, i.e West Bengal, Odisha etc.
5. Industries and commerce: Highly industrialised, commercial and
urban centres have dense population, i.e New Delhi, Bengaluru, Mumbai,
Chennai, Kolkata, Hyderabad etc.
Supply of water, tourism and good security of life and property also
have influence on population distribution.

123
 EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:

1. As per 2011 Census the total population of India was _________
crores.
2. The total population of India accounts for _________ percent of the
world’s population.
3. The most populous state in India is ___________.
4. Among the Union Territeries __________ has the smallest population.
5. In India ___________ state has the lowest density of population.
II. Discuss in groups and answer the following.

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1. What is meant by population?
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2. Define the term ‘density of population’?
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3. What are the main causes for the growth of population in India?
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4. What is the impact of population growth in India?

5. Mention the main factors influencing the distribution of population
in India.
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6. Explain the reasons for low density of population in India in some

areas.
III. Activity :
1. Prepare a map to show uneven distribution of population in India.
IV. Project Work :
1. Collect details about the population of your district and write a
short note on it.

124
 ECONOMICS
UNIT 3
MONEY AND CREDIT
We learn about the following in this chapter:
• Importance, evolution and functions of money.
• Importance of banks
• Functions of Reserve Bank of India
• Concept of money supply and its measurement.
• Credit control measures adopted by the RBI.

1. Meaning and Evolution of Money

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Money is an important discovery that has made day to day transactions;

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valuing goods and services; as well as storing the wealth for future easier.
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“Every branch of knowledge has its fundamental discovery. In mechanics
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it is the wheel, in science it is the fire, in politics the vote, similarly in eco-
©

nomics, in the whole commercial side of man’s social existence, money is

the essential invention on which all the rest is based” – Geoffery Crowther

We can buy goods and services using money because it is a commonly

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accepted means of payment; measure; and store of value. As Robertson

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says ‘Money is anything which is widely accepted in payment for goods or

in discharge of other business obligations”.
Evolution of Money: Today we use paper notes, coins as money. Money
has evolved over a number of years through various stages. Let us discuss
the different stages of evolution of money.
Barter system: In the primitive stage, people exchanged goods for goods
without the use of money. Barter was extremely difficult method of trade.
For example if you had cow and wanted sheep in exchange, you had to
search an individual who not only had a sheep, but also who needed cow in
exchange. If finally, you came across such an individual then the question
is how many sheep are equivalent to one cow? Hence, barter system had
many deficiencies for easy transaction.
125
Commodity money: Later on the societies started using some commodities
against which goods were exchanged. A commodity with a prescribed size
and weight was adopted as money and everything else was measured
in terms of that standard commodity. Varied commodities were used as
commodity money in different countries. For example, cattle in Greece,
sheep in Rome, teeth in China, etc. However, commodity money could not
solve all the difficulties of barter.
Metallic money: Gradually, the precious metals like Gold, Silver, Bronze,
etc., began to be used as money. The standard weight, fineness and
general acceptability of these metals made them a very suitable medium
of exchange. The coins minted out of these metals were of different
denominations, easily divisible, portable and were convenient in making
payments.

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Activity: Know different types of coins used by different rulers in history

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Paper money: The metallic coins were unsafe to carry from one place to
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another. Therefore, traders began to carry the written documents issued
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by well known financiers as evidence of the quantity of money at their
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command. The written documents were not actual money, but were
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accepted and exchanged for money. When such documents were issued by
governments, they were called as ‘promissory notes’ or currency. Later on
the central banks established by the governments started printing notes
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that had the guarantee of the government. This paper money became legal
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tender that is the legally acceptable money. No individual can refuse the
legal tender in that respective country. The legal tender is called as Rupee
in India; Dollar in the USA; Pound in England; Euro in Europe; Yen in
Japan; Yuan in China, etc.
Bank money: As trade and commerce flourished bankers started issuing
instruments for still easy transaction. Cheques, drafts, deposit (credit)
receipts etc., thus, came to be used as money. These help in transactions
as well as transfer of money between persons and places.
Plastic money: Very recently, the banks have innovated plastic cards
known as the credit and debit cards through which transactions and
transfers of money have become still easier. Now you need not carry or
handle cash at all. You only need to swipe the card and use your PIN

126
(personal identification number) for conducting transactions. Since it is
done through electronic means, it is also called as e-money.
2. Functions of money
2.1. Primary or main functions: The important primary functions of
money are:
a) Medium of exchange or means of payment: Money is used for
selling and buying goods and making corresponding payments.
b) Measure of Value: The prices of all goods and services are expressed
in terms of money only. This makes it easier to determine the value
of goods and services with a common unit.
2.2. Secondary functions: The important secondary functions of
money are:

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a) Standard of deferred payments: Money eases the future
transactions too. A borrower is under an obligation to pay a specified
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sum of money on a specified future date. Similarly, a person buys
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now agrees to pay a stated amount of money on a future date. Use
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of money facilitates such future payments.

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b) Store of value: Since the future value is assured, money has

made it possible to save or store wealth for future and help in its
accumulation.
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c) Transfer of value: The introduction of money has made the

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exchange of goods to distant places possible. The ease of transferring

purchasing power from person to person and place too has expanded
trade and commerce.
3. Banks
Banks play a vital role in the development of trade, commerce and other
economic activities in a country. The Indian Banking Regulation Act of 1949
defined the term “Banking Company” as “any company which transacts
the business of banking in India”, and the term “banking” is defined as
“accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment, of deposits of money
from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise withdrawable by cheque,
draft, order or otherwise”.

127
 In India, the banking system consists of the State Bank of India and
20 public sector commercial banks (14 nationalized in 1969 and 6 in
1980); Regional Rural Banks (established in 1976); private sector banks,
co-operative societies and banks that are registered with the RBI and
regulated by it.
Importance of banks: Banks play an important role in economic
development. They mobilize the savings of the public and make these
available for investors, thereby helping the process of capital formation.
Banks provide a convenient way of remittance (transfer) of money through
the accounts of the customers. Banks offer higher rates of interest on
fixed deposits. They give loans to the borrowers at lower rates of interest.
They also discount the bills of exchange. They lend money to agriculture,
industry and service activities for their development. They issue demand
drafts, credit cards, debit cards. The banks also invest the funds on

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securities of the government.
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4. Reserve Bank of India
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Reserve bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of India. It was
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established on 1st April 1935 and nationalized on 1st January 1949.

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Functions of RBI
i) Monopoly of Note issue: RBI has the monopoly of issuing currency
notes of Rs 2 and above, namely Rs 5, Rs 10, Rs 20, Rs 100, Rs 200, Rs
ot

500, and Rs 2000. One Rupee is issued and circulated by RBI on behalf
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of the Central Government.

The Preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes the basic functions
of the Reserve Bank as : « ... to regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keep-
ing of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and
generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its
advantage”.
ii) Banker to Government: The RBI accepts the deposits of Central and
State Governments, collects money (like taxes and other charges) and
also makes payments on behalf of the Government. It issues Government
bonds, Treasury bills and also acts as financial adviser to the Government.
RBI also extends loans advances to central and state governments as and
when necessary.

128
iii) Bankers’ bank: It also acts as the bank for all banking institutions in
the country. All the banks of the country have to keep a predetermined
part of their deposits as reserves with the RBI. Whenever banks need
additional money RBI provides credit to them. It regulates the activities
of the banks and guides them in monetary management.
iv) National Clearing House: RBI acts as the clearing house for settlement
of transactions across banks. This function helps banks to settle their
inter banks claims easily.
v) Controller of credit: The RBI regulates the amount of credit created
by the banks, according to the monetary situation of the country.
vi) Custodian of Foreign Exchange Reserves: The RBI is also the
custodian of foreign exchange reserves of the country through which it
manages the foreign exchange rates. In order to reduce the fluctuations

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in exchange rate, it resorts to buying and selling of foreign currencies.
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vii) Promotion of Banking Habits: The RBI promotes saving through

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branch expansion of the banking system in unbanked areas and financial
literacy programmes.
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RBI has been playing an important role in framing the development

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strategy of Indian Economy. It has a rich tradition of data collection,

generating useful economic research, and knowledge sharing. The Reserve
Bank’s measures have helped the nation to withstand many financial
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crises.
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The oldest existing central bank is Sweden’s “Riks bank established

in 1668; Bank of England, the Central Bank of Britainwas established
in 1694; and the Federal Reserve System, the Central Bank of USA was
established in 1913.

5. Regulation of Money Supply

Currency notes and coins issued by the monetary authority of the
country form the money supply in a country at any given time. Apart
from currency notes and coins, the balance in savings or current account
deposits is also considered as money. Because these savings can be
withdrawn at short notice and the bank is liable to pay it on demand, they
are also called as demand deposits. Other deposits having a fixed period of

129
maturity are called as time deposits. The currency and demand deposits
forms the total money in circulation with the public at any point of time.
In India, four measures of money supply are used to measure the
monetary stock, viz., M1, M2, M3 and M4. They are defined as follows:
M1 = currency notes and coins + net demand deposits held in
commercial banks;
M2 = M1 + Savings deposits with Post Office savings banks;
M3 = M1 + Net time deposits of commercial banks; and
M4 = M3 + Total deposits with Post Office savings banks.
For the purposes of monetary management, M1 and M2 are referred
to as narrow money, and M3 and M4 as broad money.
Apart from this money supply, the banks engage in credit creation

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which adds to the total money available in the economy. This money supply
and the available supply of goods and services, affects the demand for
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them and therefore, their prices. Thus, a higher supply of money without
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concomitant supply of goods would lead to a situation of inflation or a
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period of rising prices.

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Mild increase in prices is like tonic to the economy, but if the same
is very rapid or high, it is not good for economic growth. It affects the
purchasing power of individuals and income distribution in the country,
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the sentiments of investors, and the overall investment.

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In order to regulate the price situation, the RBI varies the supply of
currency. It also regulates the credit lending by banks through certain
measures. The measures taken to regulate credit, overall money supply
in the economy and interest rates are together called as the Monetary
Policy. Let us briefly discuss the credit control measures of the RBI.
6. Credit Control Measures
These are broadly classified into two types, namely i) quantitative
control measures, and ii) qualitative or selective control measures.
A. Quantitative Credit Control Measures
The quantitative credit control measures directly affect the quantity of
money available to the business and people. They comprise of the following:

130
i. Bank Rate Policy: The bank rate is the rate at which the RBI lends funds
to banks. This affects the rate at which banks can lend to its borrowers.
Higher the bank rate, lower the credit creation and vice-versa. RBI also
varies the Repo Rate and reverse Repo Rate affecting the interest rate
on short term borrowings and deposits, respectively, by the commercial
banks, thereby affecting their capacity to lend.
ii. Open Market Operations: Open market operations is the buying
and selling of government securities by the central bank from and to the
banks. The sale of government securities to banks reduces their reserves
and vice-versa.
iii. Varying Reserve Requirements (Legal Reserve Ratio): Banks are
obliged to maintain reserves with the central bank in two accounts. One
is the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and the other is Statutory Liquidity
Ratio (SLR). The ratio of their deposits, which the banks are required to

d
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keep with RBI, is the CRR. The minimum cash which the banks have to
keep with themselves as a ratio of their deposits is the SLR. By varying
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these CRR and SLR the RBI can vary the lending capacity of banks.
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B. Qualitative Credit Control Measures
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The qualitative or selective credit control measures affect the usage

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of credit for different purposes. They affect the quality of usage of credit.
Important qualitative instruments of credit control are:
i. Change in lending margins: Collateral security is required for obtaining
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any loan. The percentage value of the security required to be kept with
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the bank for getting loan is called as the margin. Margin against a
particular security is reduced or increased in order to encourage or to
discourage the flow of credit to a particular sector.
ii. Ceiling on credit or credit rationing: The RBI fixes the maximum
amount of credit given to a particular use or sector. The rationing of
credit is done to prevent excessive expansion of credit.
iii. Moral suasion: Moral suasion is a method of persuading the commercial
banks to advance the credit or reduce the credit to certain activities.
The RBI does this through periodical letters and circulars to the banks.
iv. Direct Action: Direct control consists of the measures taken by the
central bank against commercial banks and financial institutions when
all other methods prove ineffective.
131
 Thus, the RBI aim at restricting the availability of credit through
various measures for the purpose of regulating money supply and the
consequent effects on prices and growth of the economy.

EXCERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.
1. Barter is exchange of goods for _______.
2. Cheque is a _______ form of money.
3. The Reserve Bank of India was established in the year ____.
4. The currency of Japan is _______.
5. Government of India nationalized 14 commercial Banks in
_______.

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6. Narrow money comprises of _______ and _______.

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7. Inflation occurs when supply of money is _______ than the
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availability of goods and services in a country.
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II. Answer the following questions.

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1) What is Barter system?

2) Explain the meaning and functions of money.
3) Explain the functions of RBI.
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4) Explain the various concepts of money supply used in India.

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5) Discuss the various credit control methods adopted by RBI.

III. Activity :
1) Explain the evolution of money with pictorial information.
IV. Project work :
1) Give a report on the functions of commercial banks with real
observation.
2) Visit the nearest bank and write a report on its functioning.

132
 UNIT - 4

PUBLIC FINANCE AND BUDGET

We learn about the following in this chapter:

• The meaning of public finance and its importance
• Budget
• Public expenditure and public income
• Deficit finance and fiscal deficit

1. Introduction

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Do you know how much income your family gets and from which

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sources? Each family earns income by working in the agricultural,
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industrial or service activities. Usually, an individual earns income in
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the form of rent (on fixed assets such as land, buildings, etc.), wages (for
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working as labourer in various economic sectors), interest (for lending

©

money to others or depositing in a bank), or profits (for investing in a

productive activity). Individuals use this income for their day to day
requirements (consumption) as well as to earn higher income in the future
ot

through investments (saving and investment). However, not all of us earn

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incomes sufficient to meet all our requirements. Therefore, balancing

income and expenditure becomes crucial. When we spend more than we
earn, we are forced to borrow and incur debt. This management of income,
expenditure and debt of an individual is called as ‘personal finance’. In the
same manner, the government has to manage its income and expenditure,
the study of which is called as ‘Public Finance’. In this chapter, you will
study how a government manages its finances.
Meaning of Public Finance:
Public finance deals with how a Government raises revenues to meet
its expenditure. As Dalton says, public finance is “concerned with the
income and expenditure of public authorities and with the adjustment of
133
one to the other.” Public finance studies the way in which the government
manages its income, expenditure and loans.
Importance of Public Finance: The government’s activities of
mobilizing revenue, incurring expenditure and raising loans are part of
its fiscal policy. The objectives of fiscal policy are to achieve economic
growth, maintain economic (price) stability, and achieve a fair distribution
of income.
The government usually spends the revenue collected through taxes
or the money raised through borrowings for development activities. This
increases the growth rate of the economy and benefits everyone. Similarly,
by spending more during recession and controlling expenditure during
inflation, the government tries to regulate the economic activities. Since

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all these are part of the annual budget prepared by the government, the
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study of public finance also helps in analysis and evaluation of budgets.

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2. Budget
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The government prepares and presents budget every year. In India, the
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financial year starts from April 1 and ends on 31 March of the subsequent
year. Budget for the next financial year is prepared during the current
year itself and placed in the Parliament for its approval. Through this
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budget, the government tries to achieve the objectives of growth, stability

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and redistribution. So, what is a budget?

The statement of estimated income and expenditure of a year prepared
by the government is called budget. The Central and state governments
prepare their own budgets. Normally, the finance minister presents the
Central budget in the Lok Sabha in February or March. There will be a
detailed discussion on the budget in both the Houses of the Parliament
and the government obtains the approval of both the Houses before 31st
March.
Budgets can be of three types: surplus, deficit and balanced budgets.
If the budget shows excess revenue as compared to expenditure, it is

134
called as surplus budget. If the expenditure is more than the revenue,
it is called as deficit budget. If both income and expenditure are equal,
it is called as balanced budget. In developing countries like India, the
governments normally prepare deficit budget and try to spend more to
achieve economic progress.
2.1. Public Expenditure
The expenditure incurred by public authorities like central, state and
local governments to satisfy the collective social wants of the people is
known as public expenditure. It is incurred on various activities for the
welfare of the people and also for the economic development, especially
in developing countries.

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In the 20th century the role and scope of the governments has expanded

he
and public expenditure also increased. Public expenditure has to create
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and maintain conditions conducive to economic development. It has to
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improve the climate for investment. It should provide incentives to save,
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invest and innovate. It should also help in acceleration of economic growth

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and ensure economic stability. The goals of public expenditure are to:
i. promote faster economic development.
ii. promote industry, trade and commerce.
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iii. promote agricultural and rural development

iv. promote balanced regional growth
v. build socio-economic overheads e.g., roadways, railways, dams,
power etc.
vi. promote full – employment, and
vii. maximize social welfare.
2.2. Public Revenue
Public revenue is the income mobilized by the government for purposes
of financing the government’s activities. Public revenue may be realized
from taxation or from non-tax sources such as revenue from government-
135
owned corporations, public wealth funds, grants etc. Due to the rising
incomes and also due to increasing requirements of the governments, the
amount of revenue raised is also increasing. Along with classification of
functions, the Constitution has also specified the sources of revenue of
the central and state governments. We shall now briefly understand the
sources of revenue of the Central Government.
The Central government collects its income from various sources. These
sources can be classified under two heads as revenue and capital receipts.
A. Revenue Receipts: The revenue generated by the government
through taxes and non-tax sources is called revenue receipts. Revenue
receipts comprise revenue from tax and non-tax sources.

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i. Tax Revenue: Tax is described a compulsory payment by citizens

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to the government without expecting any direct benefit in return. The
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Central government imposes several types of taxes. Taxes are the major
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sources of revenue for the government. The government imposes higher
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rate of taxes on high-income group and lower rate of taxes on low-income

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group. The poor are exempted from income tax. Similarly, a higher tax
is imposed on luxury goods and services used by the rich; and a lower
tax on goods and services used by the common people. This is called as
ot

progressive taxation.
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The taxes imposed by the central government are of two types:

a. Direct Taxes: When the tax is paid by an individual on whom it
is levied, it is called direct tax. The burden of this tax is not transferable
to others. The important direct taxes are: personal income tax, corporate
tax, stamp duty etc.
b. Indirect Taxes: If the burden of tax imposed by the government is
transferable to others, it is called Indirect Tax. Generally, indirect taxes
are imposed on goods and services. For example the government imposes
tax on the manufacturer of goods and services at the time of producing
such goods and services. The manufacturer transfers this burden to the
trader. The trader transfers this burden to the consumer. This means that
136
if the government imposes tax on the producer, the tax is ultimately paid
by the consumer. The main forms of indirect taxes are central excise duty,
value added tax (VAT), import-export taxes and service tax etc. However,
with effect from 1st July 2017, a single goods and service tax (GST) has
been introduced.
Goods and Services Tax (GST)
GST is a comprehensive indirect tax on manufacture, sale and consumption of
goods and services throughout India, and has replaced the indirect taxes levied
by the central and state governments. GST will be levied and collected at each
stage of sale or purchase of goods or services.
The introduction of GST is a significant step in the reform of indirect taxation in
India. It will mitigate cascading or double taxation and helps in creating a com-
mon national market. The simplicity of the tax should lead to easier administra-
tion and enforcement. From the consumer point of view, the biggest advantage

d
would be in terms of a reduction in the overall tax burden on goods – the highest

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rate being 28%; free movement of goods from one state to another without stop-
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ping at state borders for hours for payment of state tax or entry tax; reduction in
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paperwork to a large extent; and a higher tax compliance.
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ii. Non-Tax Revenue: Apart from taxes, the government gets revenue
©

from other sources. This is called as non-tax revenue. The main types of
non-tax revenue are:
i. profit earned by the Reserve Bank of India;
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ii. profit generated by the Indian Railways;

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iii. revenue generated by the Departments of Post and Telecommunications;

iv. revenue generated by the public sector industries;
v. revenue generated by the coins and mints;
vi. Various types of fees and penalties; etc.
B. Capital Receipts: Capital receipts refers to those receipts which
either create a liability or cause a reduction in the assets of the government.
For example, borrowings lead to an increase in the liability for the
government; similarly receipts from sale of shares of public enterprises
leads to reduction in assets of the government; hence, they are called as
capital receipts.

137
 The government generates capital revenue through other sources
too. It withdraws its investment from its own industries. This is called
disinvestment. From time to time, the state governments repay the loans
they have taken from the central government.
2.3. Public Debt (Loans):
The government borrows money from internal and external sources.
The loan obtained from citizens of the country, banks, financial institutions
and industries is called internal debt. The loan obtained from foreign
governments, foreign financial institutions and international financial
institutions is called foreign or external debt.
The figure below shows the revenue and expenditure of the Government

d
of India as per 2014-15 budget.

he
pu S
is
be TB
bl
to K
ot ©

Activity: Study the above figure and discuss the implications.

N

4. Deficit Financing:
As studied earlier, the government first estimates its expenditure
and then plans the revenue mobilization. When doing so, it usually
plans for more expenditure than revenue. In developing countries, public
expenditure is usually higher than the public revenue. This is good for
the development of the country.
In order to fill any gaps between its income and expenditure,
the government raises loans from internal and external sources etc.
Governments resort to various measures to cover up this deficit in
expenditure over revenue, usually borrowing from the Central bank (RBI)
138
of the country or by printing additional currency. Thus, deficit financing
is defined as financing the budgetary deficit through loans from RBI and
creation of new money.

Four concepts of deficit are used and are calculated as shown below:

i. Fiscal Deficit: The excess of government’s expenditure over its

revenue receipts and non-debt capital receipts is the fiscal deficit. It is
calculated as:

Fiscal deficit = (Revenue receipts + Non-debt Capital Receipts) –

Total Expenditure

ii. Revenue deficit is excess of total revenue expenditure of the

d
government over its total revenue receipts. It is calculated as:

he
pu S
is
Revenue Deficit = Revenue receipt – Revenue Expenditure
be TB
bl
iii. Primary deficit is defined as fiscal deficit of current year minus
to K

interest payments on previous borrowings. It is calculated as:

©

Primary Deficit = Fiscal Deficit – Interest Payment

iv. Budget deficit is the overall gap between revenue and expenditure
ot

during a given year. It is calculated as:

N

Budget Deficit = Total Revenue – Total Expenditure

But high amount of deficits are not good for the economy as they create
liabilities and uncontrolled deficit also indicates financial indiscipline on
the part of the government. It also increases inflation. That is why to check
such practices of the governments, the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget
Management Act (FRBMA) was passed in 2003. It seeks to instill financial
discipline, reduce fiscal deficit, improve macroeconomic management and
the overall management of the public funds by moving towards a balanced
budget.

139
 The table below gives a concise idea about the budgetary situation
(Budget At a Glance) in India as revealed in 2017-18 budget.

Budget at a Glance, 2017-18 Rs. Crores

1. Revenue Receipts 15,15,771
2. Tax Revenue (Net to Centre) 12,27,014
3. Non-Tax Revenue 2,88,757
4. Capital Receipts 6,30,964
5. Recoveries of Loans 11,932
6. Other Receipts 72,500
7. Borrowings and Other Liabilities 5,46,532
8. Total Receipts (1+4) 21,46,735

d
9. Scheme Expenditure 9,45,078

he
10. On Revenue Account pu S 6,74,057

is
11. On Capital Account 2,71,021
be TB
bl
12. Expenditure on Other than Schemes (13+15) 12,01,657
to K

13. On Revenue Account 11,62,877

©

14. Of which, Interest Payments 5,23,078

15. On Capital Account 38,780
16. Total Expenditure (9+12) 21,46,735
ot
N

17. On Revenue Account 18,36,934

18. Of which, Grants-in-Aid for Creation of Capital
1,95,350
Assets
19. On Capital Account 3,09,801
20. Revenue Deficit (17-1) 3,21,163
21. Effective Revenue Deficit (20-18) 1,25,813
22. Fiscal Deficit [16-(1+5+6)] 5,46,532
23. Primary Deficit (22-14) 23,454

140
 EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.
1. The government manages the public finance through _____
policy.
2. When the government’s revenue is more than its expendi
ture, it is called ___________ budget
3. The person who presents the Central Government Budget
in the Lok Sabha is _____________.
4. GST came into effect from ______________.
II. Answer the following in one sentence each:
1. What is meant by Public Finance?
2. What do you mean by Budget?

d
he
3. Give the meaning of Deficit Budget.
4. What are Direct Taxes? pu S
is
be TB
bl
5. Write the formula for calculation of fiscal deficit.
III. Answer the following in five to six sentences each:
to K

1. Explain the reasons for increase in public expenditure.

©

2. What types of taxes are imposed by the government?

3. Explain the aspects of non-tax revenue of the central government.
ot

4. What is deficit? Mention the types of deficits.

N

IV. Activities :
1. Visit a Gram Panchayat or Taluk Panchayat office nearby,
and collect information about its budget.
2. Watch the presentation of the central and state budgets on
T.V., and discuss them in your class.
3. Collect the reports from newspapers about the presentation
of the budgets, and display them in your classroom.
4. Prepare the Budget of your family.

141
 BUSINESS STUDIES
UNIT - 3
GLOBALIZATION OF BUSINESS
We learn the following after reading this chapter,
• Meaning of Globalization
• The factors that are included in Globalization
• Main characteristics of Globalization
• Advantages of Globalization
• Disadvantages of Globalization
• W.T.O - World Trade Organisation
Globalization in not a new phenomenon to business field, the period

d
between 1870 and 1913 played a growing trend towards globalization.

he
But after 1980 globalization achieved a great progress in the economic
pu S
is
reforms of developing countries. Of late the achievements in technology,
be TB
bl
communication and Internet communication systems have made large
business units as global units that mean the activities of these large
to K

business units are not confined only to the place where they are established
©

but spread all over the world. As a result of this the close relation and
inter-dependence among the countries of the world has increased and
business and market have become world wide units.
ot

Meaning of Globalization : The International Monetary Fund (IMF)

N

has defined globalization as “the growing economic interdependence of

countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-border
transactions in goods and services and of international capital flow, and
also through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology’’.
From this definition, it is clear that
• Globalization is the increasing cross-border movement of goods
and services
• International flow of capital, technology and information
• Formation of one worldwide market by obtaining raw materials
and other resources from cheap market
• Production of goods in any region of the world at cheaper cost

142
Factors which include in Globalization
• Globalization refers to the worldwide phenomenon of technical,
economic, political and cultural exchanges, brought about by
modern communication, transportation and legal infrastructure
as well as the political choice to consciously open cross-border
links in the international trade and finance.
• Globalization encourages international capital and trade
overcoming the political barriers among the countries.
• Globalization creates free trade zone by removing the import and
export duties.
• Through container service in shipping, globalization reduces the
transportation expenses.

d
• Globalization helps to reduce the restrictions on capital investment

he
or fully removes the barriers on capital flow.
pu S
is
• Globalization creates subsidies to the worldwide trade organization.
be TB
bl
• Globalization creates harmonization of intellect property laws
to K

across the majority of states which have more restrictions.

©

(Ex: some patent goods of China are found in some prominent business
houses of America)
ot

Main Characteristics of Globalization :

N

• Increases international trade at a faster rate for the growth of

world economy.
• Increases the international flow of capital including foreign
investment.
• Globalization creates international agreements leading to
organisations like the WTO and OPEC (Oil Producing and
Exporting Countries)
• Development of global financial system.
• Increases the role of international organizations such as WTO.
WIPO (World intellectual Property Organization), IMF (International
Monetary Fund), etc., that deal with international transactions.

143
 • Increases economic practices like outsourcing by multinational
corporations.
• Creates international cultural exchange.
• Spreading of multi-culturalisation and better individual access to
cultural diversity.
• Creates international travel and tourism.
• Greater immigration including illegal immigration.
• Spread of local foods such as Pizza and Indian food to other
countries.
• Development of global telecommunication infrastructure and
greater transfer-border data flow.

d
• Use of technologies such as exchange of data technology, Internet

he
communication satellites and cell phones improves.
pu S
is
Advantages of Globalization (Positive impacts of Globalization)
be TB
bl
■ Globalization promotes economic growth and generates a wider
to K

range of products and services.

©

■ Globalization helps to Increase the standard of living of the

people.
■ Globalization has made the availability of the similar type of
ot

products all over the world.

N

■ Globalization increases the GDP of a country.

■ Globalization has helped in increasing the income of the people
■ By buying the products from other countries, customers are
offered a much wider choice of goods and services.
■ Globalization creates competition for local firms and thus keeps
the costs down.
■ Globalization promotes specialization. Countries can begin to
specialist in those products that are best at making.
■ Economic interdependence among different countries can build
improved political and social links.

144
Disadvantages of Globalisation (Negative impacts of Globalisation)
Though it is true that the globalization has brought new dimensions
to this world and people are mingling with each other more freely and
professionally, there are certain challenges one need to face in accepting
the new-u-turn… Some of the negative impacts of globalization are as
follows.
• In order to cut down costs, many firms in developed nations have
outsourced their manufacturing and white collar jobs to Third-
world countries where the cost of labor is low. Globalization has
also led to an increase in activities such as child labour and
slavery.
• Globalization has resulted in a fiercely- competitive global market
with the embarrassment of unethical practices in business

d
he
dealings.
•
pu S
It is also observed that globalization helped terrorists and

is
be TB
criminals. bl
to K

• Globalization has expanded the growth and development of cities

which has been reduced to garbage-dumps where all the industrial
©

waste is accumulated and pollution levels are sky-high.

• Fast food chains like McDonalds and KFC are spreading fast in
ot

the developing world. People have started consuming more junk

food. This results in the degradation of health and spread of
N

diseases. The traditional family attached food habits are being

slowly disappearing.
• Another comment leveled is that the rich are getting richer and
the poor are struggling for a square meal.
• Some of the deadly viral diseases such as AIDS and CANCER,
Dengue fever etc., Spread all over the world.
• Globalization has led to environmental degradation.
• The amount of raw materials needed to run industries and
factories is taking a heavy toll on the natural reserves of planet
earth and pollution has severely impacted the quality of air that
we need so much for our survival.
145
 • The other challenges of globalization are cheap imports of goods
from developing nations could lead to unemployment in devel-
oped countries where the cost of production is high.
• Further it leads to increased competition for infant industry, and
Small scale industries and by dumping’ of goods by certain coun-
tries at below cost price may harm industries in other countries.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international
organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. WTO office
is located at Geneva in Switzerland, established on 1st January 1995. At
present 164 countries of the world are the members of WTO. The members
meet once in two years to take decisions.
The Major Functions of WTO

d
he
• Bring into force the trade agreements throughout the world.
pu S
is
• Administering the world trade agreements as a mediator.
be TB

•
bl
Stress for free and independent trade throughout the world.
to K

• Solving trade disputes that arise among the nations.

©

• Striving to reduce the Taxes in international trade.

• Bringing the international trade under legal framework.
• Assistance to under developed nations to get more facilities in
ot

international trade.
N

• Bringing efficiency in production and trade by utilising resources

effectively.
Apart from the above functions WTO also aims at:
• Bringing down the living cost and raise the standard of living of
the member countries.
• Settling disputes and reduces trade tension of the member coun-
tries.
• Stimulating economic growth and employment.
• Reducing the cost of doing business internationally.
• Encouraging good governance.
• Contributing to promote peace and stability of member countries.
146
 EXERCISES
I. Discuss the following questions in group and then answer.
1. What is Globalization? Explain.
2. “Globalization is the worldwide economic movement” substantiate
your answer.
3. What are the advantages of Globalization?
4. Make a list of the characteristics of Globalization.
5. Explain the negative aspects of Globalization with examples.
6. What are the aims of World Trade Organisation?
II. Activities :
1. Make a list of the business organisations that have emerged as a

d
he
result of Globalization.
pu S
is
2. Collect information regarding the special goods that are being
be TB
bl
supplied through Globalization.
to K

III. Project Work :

©

1. Collect information regarding Globalization through internet and

prepare a detailed report with pictures.
2. Discuss: “Globalization has changed the food habits”
ot
N

147
 UNIT – 4
CONSUMER EDUCATION
AND PROTECTION

We learn about the following in this chapter :

• Consumer, consumer rights, exploitation and consumer
awareness.
• The major objectives of the consumer protection and its
importance.
• To follow certain precautionary measures while buying goods

d
he
and services.
•
pu S
The significance of the Consumer Education and information

is
be TB
bl
with regard to methods of filing cases with the consumer court.
to K

The User and the Provider

©

The Service Organisations have used the term “User” to those who use
the goods and services. The person who supplies goods or services is called
“Provider”. The Government in its consumer protection Act has used the
ot

word “Consumer” in place of user. It is the duty of the traders and producers
N

to provide quality goods and services for the price paid by the consumer.
It is the right of every consumer to get quality goods and services. The
traders or the producers cheat the consumers in many ways. To stop this
hindrance some social organisations started some movements. The history
of consumer movement began in U.S. In India the planning commission
backed the idea of foundation of “Indian Association of consumers” in
1956, for various reasons it was not effective. The real beginning of the
movement was started in India in 1965. During that year, some women
of Mumbai started a movement called AWARE (The Association of Women
Against Rising Expenses). This movement gave raise to start some movents
at the National level in some parts of the country. The important are the
Federation of Consumer Organisation. The National Consumer Protection
Council etc.
148
The Reasons for Consumer Exploitation:
During the past the Producers were supplying goods directly to the
consumers. e.g - milk, fruits, vegetables etc., without any hindrance of
middlemen. When agricultural occupations developed, it changed the
marketing methods. The direct transaction between the producer and
consumer has almost stopped. The Price Fixation of the goods and services
was done mainly by the middle men. It led to many hindrances. Consumers
had to face various difficulties and problems. They incurred many losses.
The development of information technology has led to Tele shopping.
Through Tele shopping the consumer can sit at home and directly buy
the goods from the traders.

What is teleshopping?

d
he
The consumers instead of going to traders can place order for the
pu S
is
goods which are advertised over Television and other media. Through
be TB
bl
Internet, SMS or Telephone consumers can place the order for the goods
selected. Payment can be made after receiving the goods at door. This
to K

transaction is called Teleshopping.

©

Consumer: Consumer is a person who buys goods or hires or avails

services for a consideration called Price or Wages. The goods purchased may
ot

be for self consumption or meant for resale or for a commercial purpose

N

(Any activity or transaction carried on with the motive of making profit

is a commercial purpose). Every consumer has certain wants. He buys
goods to satisfy his wants. It is the duty of every producer to satisfy the
needs of the consumers. Ours is a free enterprise economy and consumer
is regarded as the king and occupies a prime place. But, unfortunately
many a times the consumers are neglected, exploited and cheated. They
suffer heavily.
Consumer Protection: It refers to protection to consumers against
the exploitation by the producers and traders. There is a great need for
consumer protection. To safeguard the interests of consumers, consumer
rights are assured.

149
 Consumer Protection Act: The Consumer Movements were started by
a few people who suffered on account of regular exploitation by traders (a
few are mentioned in the first paragraph of this chapter). Such movements
brought pressure on the government and alerted it to formulate new Acts
to safeguard the interests of the consumers. In the last five decades, more
than 30 Acts have been implemented. E.g. Essential Commodities Act,
Weights and Measures Act, Act against Adulteration of Food Articles etc.
The Consumer protection Act 1986 is a significant step in this direction.
World Consumers’ Day
In the history of World Consumers’ Movement, March 15, 1962 is
an important day. On that day, the president John F.kennedy gave the
American consumer four basic rights: the right to safety, the right to

d
he
choose, the right to information, and the right to be heard. For this reason,
pu S
March 15 of every year is celebrated as the World Consumers’ Day.

is
be TB

Major Objectives of the Act:

bl
to K

• The Act accords importance for safety and quality.

©

• Avoiding production and sale of dangerous goods.

• Prevention of Trade Malpractices in the market.
ot

• Supervision on Quality, Weights, Measures and Price.

N

• Compensating the Consumers in case of any problem arising as

a result of trade.
• Creating awareness to the consumers through Consumer
Education.
In total, the major objective of the Act is to ensure quality goods and
services at reasonable prices through healthy competition.
The Consumer Protection Act extends to the whole of India. It applies to
all goods and services. The Act promotes the rights to consumers such as:
• The Right to Protect against the marketing of goods which are

150
 hazardous to life and property of the consumers.
• The Right to Information- information about the quality, quantity,
purity, standard etc, to protect the consumer against unfair trade
practices.
• Right to Choice: Wherever possible access to variety of goods at
competitive prices.
• Right to be Heard: The interests of the consumers to be heard
with due consideration.
• Right to seek Redressal against the unfair trade practices or
unscrupulous exploitation.
• Right to Consumer Education: The Consumer are to be educated

d
he
about their rights.
pu S
is
• Right to stop exploitation.
be TB

•
bl
Right to healthy environment that is good physical environment
to K

to enhance the quality of their life.

©

The Consumer Protection Act provides for the establishment of Central

Protection Council at National Level, State Consumer Protection Council at
ot

State Level and District Consumer Protection Council at district level. These
N

councils are formed in accordance with the jurisdiction and the Minister
in charge of Consumer Affairs at Central Government is the Chairman at
the National Council. The Minister In charge of Consumer Affairs at the
State Level. The District Commissioner/Collector is the chairman at the
district level.

Consumer disputes redressal Agencies:

The Consumer Protection Act provides for the establishment of
consumer disputes redressal agencies such as:
1. District Forum. 2. State Commission. 3. National Commission.
1) District Forum: There shall be a forum in each district. A qualified

151
district judge nominated by the state government presides over the
deliberations. It entertains the complaints where the value of goods and
services is less than Rs. 20 lakhs. There shall be two members of whom
one shall be a woman.

2) The State Commission: A person who is or has been a High

Court Judge is its president. There shall be two other eminent members,
who have adequate knowledge relating to consumer affairs. It entertains
complaints of exceeding Rs. 20 lakhs but not more than one crore. Of the
two members one shall be a woman.

3) The National Commission: It is headed by a Judge of Supreme

Court to be appointed by the Central Government as President. There shall

d
be four other members of eminence, integrity and standing. Of them one

he
shall be a woman. National Commission shall dispose of any complaints
pu S
is
where the claim shall exceed Rs. one crore.
be TB
bl
The methods to be followed to file a case in consumer court
to K

• There is no preseribed proforma to file a case.

©

• The complaint may be typed one or hand written.

• The complaint should include the name of the person
ot

(complainant), Full address and Telephone Number.

N

• The person or organisation against whom the complaint is made

should be, mentioned clearly with address.
• The particulars of the goods by which the loss has incurred and
the amont of loss should be specified clearly. The bill or receipt
should be enclosed.
• There is no fees or stamp duty for the complaint
• No advocate or lawyer is required. The cosumer himself/herself
can argue.

152
 EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:

1. The other name of the Consumer is .....................

2. Person giving goods or services for money is called ..................

3. The Consumer Day is observed on .................every year.

4. In the case of compensation exceeding 5.00 lakhs, the complaint

has to be submitted to the ............................. .

II. Answer the following questions in one word or sentence each:

d
1. Who is called a consumer?

he
pu S
is
2. What is the main aim of Consumer Movement?
be TB
bl
3. What is the Right of every Consumer?
to K

4. When did Consumer Protection Act come into force in India?

©

5. Who appoints the President of the District Consumer Forum?

III. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each:

ot
N

1. What are the problems faced by consumer?

2. What are the causes for consumer exploitation?
3. Mention the four important aims of the Consumer Protection
Council.
4. What are the major functions of the Consumer Protection
Council?
5. Mention three stages of Consumer Courts.
6. What are the methods to follow to file a complaint in consumer court?

153
IV. Observe the picture given below and answer the questions given
below:

d
he
pu S
is
be TB

1.
bl
What is the Company’s name printed on the packet?
to K

2. What is the maximum price printed?

©

3. What is the date of manufacturing of this item?

4. What is the date within this item is to be used?
V. Activities:
ot

1. Visit your district Consumer Forum with your teacher. Observe

N

the functions of the forum and collect information.

2. Prepare four slogans to create consumer awareness.
3. Plan a Jatha on the World Consumer Day and engage yourself in
creating consumer awareness.
4. Collect different types of bills/receipts of awareness.
VI. Project:
Imagine on instance of being cheated by the trader and prepare an
application of complaint. Prepare your own supporting documents.

154