Describing the Nature, Elements and Functions of anxieties.

You always have that need to connect, to

Communication in Multicultural Contexts participate, to belong… Can you imagine existing
without communication? How would life be? Even
LEARNING CONTENT
for the most introverted people who prefer “alone
Introduction: moment”, they could not possibly exist with zero
communication. Somewhere in the basic needs of
        This introductory lesson focuses on activating human existence lies the compulsion of people to
your prior knowledge on communication. It may get connected, because it is what completes us.
sound repetitive on your part as you might have
studied this already in Senor High School English Your Thoughts!
subjects. However, we would like you to have a
 In not more than 10 sentences, share your
smooth transition from high school lesson to college
insights on this question.
lessons. After all, the key word for this course is
“communication”, so it is just practical to start our  Why is communication a dynamic process
discussion with something you are familiar with, so and a social cement? Consider the analogy
that you may not find it difficult to adjust to the given. What is the role of cement in
more complicated topics. construction? Analyze its meaning in the
context of communication. What does
So, just what is communication? Several ideas might
communication do to human relationships?
be running in your head now, and slowly you are
What does it do to our society?
able to recall what you have learned in high school.
 ·    proceed to the discussion forum and post
As you read your lessons now through our online
your response.
platform, as you watch the latest event concerning
COVID19, as you participate in academic discussions ·     
through webinars, as you keep in touch with the
people close to your heart through the different  
social media apps, you might realize that the world Elements of Communication
has become smaller because of the accessibility of
communication. Even in the midst of lockdown due How do people communicate? Where does
to the pandemic, people can still have a window to communication begin?  The communication model
view what is happening in the outside world. below illustrates the elements and the
communication process or cycle.
Lesson Proper

Communication is derived from the Latin

word “communicare” which means “to
impart”, “to share”, “to participate” It is
one of the more essential human
activities that enable us to make
connections, create meanings, and
nurture understanding.

What do we share? What do we impart?

Why do we participate?

When you talk to your family, friends, or

anyone for that matter, you always give
something of yourself. You share your
ideas, your feelings, your aspirations,
your happiness, your anger, your
 in turn, responds to the sender, indicating
comprehension. The response is called
1. The Communicators. the feedback. Response can come in the form of
      The people involved in the process of either verbal or non-verbal cues, depending on the
communication are categorized preference of the receiver.
into sender  and receiver. You have to take note       Notice that there are elements and factors that
though, that in the process of communication,  both shape the way a conversation begins, continues and
communicators take turns in their roles. ends. Our total experience with communication
1.       sender. The sender is one who initiates largely depends on the context, the situation, who
the conversation with the intention of we are talking to, and what we are talking about.
passing information and ideas to others. Whether the conversation is a positive encounter or
a negative experience, there are several factors that
      The communication process begins with the account to it.
sender, who is also called the source. The sender has
some kind of information, a command, a request, or COMMUNICATION MODELS
idea- that he or she wants to present to others. For Source: Businesstopia.net (2019)
that message to get through the receiving end, the
sender must encode the message in a form that can  
be understood, such as using a common language
     Communication models are systematic
that both parties can understand.
representations of the process which helps in
                     2. The Receiver. The person to whom a understanding how communication works can be
message is directed is called the receiver or done. Models show the process metaphorically and
the interpreter. To comprehend the information in symbols. They form general perspectives on
from the sender, the receiver must first be able to communication by breaking communication from
receive the sender’s information and then decode it complex to simple and keeps the components in
or interpret it. order. Communication models can sometimes
encourage traditional thinking and stereotyping but
2.   The Message can also omit some major aspects of human
      The information that the sender wants to convey communication.
is called the message. It can come in the form of a       There are three general types of communication
question, a plain statement, a comment or remark. models in which all other communication models are
  mostly categorized.

3.  The Medium      1. Linear Model

     The medium, also called the channel, is the means

by which a message is transmitted. When people  In linear model, communication is considered one
communicate, they use a vehicle or a medium so way process where sender is the only one who sends
that the message can get across the receiver. This message and receiver doesn’t give feedback or
medium is called language. Communicators use a response. The message signal is encoded and
language that is common to both. transmitted through channel in presence of noise.
  The sender is more prominent in linear model of
communication.
4. Feedback
       Linear model was founded by Shannon and
      The communication process reaches its final Weaver which was later adapted by David Berlo into
point when the message has been successfully his own model known as SMCR (Source, Message,
transmitted, received and understood. The receiver, Channel, Receiver) Model of Communication.
 7.       Noise is the disruptions
that are caused in the
communication process in
channel or in
understandability of the
message.

  2. Transactional Model

Transactional model of
communication is the exchange of
messages between sender and
receiver where each take turns to send
or receive messages.

       Here, both sender and receiver are

known as communicators and their
role reverses each time in the
communication process as both
Linear model is applied in mass communication like processes of sending and receiving
television, radio, etc. This model is not applicable in occurs at the same time.
general human communication as general human
communication has to have feedback and
responses.

Components of Linear Communication

 Linear model has defined set of components

required for a communication to be established
where

1. Sender is the person who sends a

message after encoding.

2.       Encoding is the process of

converting the message into codes
compatible with the channel and
understandable for the receiver.
       The communicators can be humans or machines
3.       Decoding is the process of changing the
but humans are taken as communicators in this
encoded message into understandable
article to analyze general communication between
language by the receiver.
humans. The model is mostly used for interpersonal
4.       Message is the information sent by the communication and is also called circular model of
sender to the receiver. communication.

5.       Channel is the medium through which      The transactional model is the most general
the message is sent. model of communication. Everyday talk and
interactions are also a form of transactional model
6.       Receiver is the person who gets the communication. It is more efficient for
message after decoding. communicators with similar environment and
individual aspects. For instance, communication 1.     Encoder-Source-Decoder: The person
between people who know each other is more who originates a message is the source. The
efficient as they share same social system. encoder and decoder are the same
person/source. The second source is also
      In transactional model, efficiency and reliability of
encoder as well as decoder. The source acts
communicated message also depends on the
as an encoder while sending the message
medium used. For example, the same message might
and as decoder while receiving the
not be perceived by a person the same way when it
message. The second source decodes the
is sent through a phone and when it is provided face
message, then originates another message,
to face. It is because of possible loss of message on a
encodes it and sends it to the first source.
phone call or absence of gestures.
The source is known to be encoder and
  3.  Interactive Model decoder during the act of encoding and
decoding.

2.      Message: Message is the

information sent during the
interaction.

3.      Feedback: The decoder

forms a second message after
receiving the first which is
known as feedback.

4.     Field of Experience: Field of

experience is the experience
and knowledge that the source
possess which affects the
message formation and
interpretation. For example,
the source’s culture, social
behavior, etc.

Interactive model or convergence model is similar

to transactional model as they are both two way
communication model. But, interactive model is
mostly used for new media, like internet. Here,
people can respond to any mass communications
like videos, news, etc. People can exchange their
views and ideas.
Communicating Meaning: Verbal vs Non-Verbal
 
COMMUNICATING MEANING
Components of Interactive Model
When you communicate, what do you usually use
  Interactive Model of Communication requires as a medium? Do you use only words? Do you use
different following components for the other means to emphasize your ideas? What are
communication process to work: they?

  Verbal vs Non-Verbal Communication

      Communicating meaning utilizes verbal and non- intended meaning. For example, when you say you
verbal expressions. Verbal communication uses are happy, but displays a frowning expression,
words which can be expressed either written or there comes the confusion. It is expected that when
orally. (It is therefore wrong to say verbal to mean one claims to be happy, a smiling or gleeful
“oral”, like, “verbalize” you concern, to mean expression accompanies the emotion.
saying it orally). Non-verbal on the other hand is a
wordless communication. Other means are used to
convey meaning like facial expressions, proxemics, Proxemics
paralanguage, appearance, gestures, oculesics,
body language and posture, artifacts, haptics and Edward T. Hall, the cultural anthropologist who
chronemics. coined the term in 1963, defined proxemics as the
interrelated observations and theories of human
      For better understanding about these different use of space as a specialized elaboration of culture.
non-verbal cues, let us discuss each of them. (study.com)
     
Facial Expressions Proxemics is the study of human use of space and
the effect that population density has on bahavior,
communication and social interaction. It refers to
an individual’s perception of the use of space, both
personal (how much space do they take up) and
social (distance from one another).

 Facial expressions
are a form of non-verbal communication. They are
used by humans to convey various types of
meaning in various contexts. Facial expressions
such as a frown, a raised eyebrow, a smile can send
meanings depending on the context.

       Ekman (1992) claimed that there is a set of

expressions that are innate, and they mean that the
person making that face is experiencing an
emotion. For example, brow raising means. “I feel
surprised.” He also claimed that there are culturally
acquired facial expressions used to modulate the
innate emotional expressions, so-called display
rules, and others that are used for communication. Study this illustration. How can proxemics
communicate meaning? Can you easily detect
      While nonverbal communication and behavior people who are intimately close without them
can vary dramatically between cultures, the facial having announce publicly that they are in a certain
expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, and fear kind of relationship? When you see a couple who
are similar throughout the world. are normally so close everyday, but suddenly sits
apart or does not walk side by side, what usually is
    What is important to note is that, facial
your assumption?
expressions must be consistent with the meaning
that a speaker intends to convey. Sometimes,       People often refer to their need for "personal
communication breakdown happens because of the space," which is also an important type of
inconsistency in the facial expression and the nonverbal communication.5 The amount of
distance we need and the amount of space we  Does my voice enhance or detract from the
perceive as belonging to us is influenced by a impression I make?
number of factors including social norms, cultural
expectations, situational factors, personality  Does my voice support or contradict my
characteristics, and level of familiarity. intended meaning?

      The amount of personal space needed when  If I were interacting with me, would I want
having a casual conversation with another person to listen to the sound of my voice?
usually varies between 18 inches to four feet. On  
the other hand, the personal distance needed when
speaking to a crowd of people is around 10 to 12 Gestures
feet.

Paralanguage

       Paralanguage is the technical term for the voice

cues that accompany spoken words. It is concerned
with the sound of the voice and the range of
meanings that people convey through their voices
rather than the words they use

      The meaning of what you express is contained,

in part, in the words you say, but how you say it
Deliberate movements and signals are an important
also contains powerful meanings. For example, the
way to communicate meaning without words.
word “Yes”, can completely convey different
Common gestures include waving, pointing, and
meanings, even in the exact same sentence,
using fingers to indicate numeric amounts. Other
depending on how it is said—whether it is spoken
gestures are arbitrary and related to culture.
sincerely or sarcastically. The “how”—you say
something—is referred to as paralanguage, which Gestures are woven into the fabric of our daily
includes your conscious or unconscious intonation, lives. You may wave, point, beckon, or use your
accent, pitch Opens in new window, pace, pause, hands when arguing or speaking animatedly, often
silence, emphasis, word and syllable stress. expressing yourself with gestures without thinking.
However, the meaning of some gestures can be
Basically, paralanguage is your voice minus the
very different across cultures. While the OK sign
words you speak. Again, it denotes the tone
made with the hand, for example, conveys a
(sound) of your voice . The sound of your voice
positive message in English-speaking countries, it’s
communicates, revealing to others your emotional
consider offensive in countries such as Germany,
state, attitudes, status, personality, etc.
Russia, and Brazil. So, it’s important to be careful of
The tone of your voice can help you communicate how you use gestures to avoid misinterpretation
what you mean to convey, or it can reveal thoughts
1.     Body Language and Posture
you mean to conceal. It can reinforce or negate the
words you speak. How you speak influences how  
others interpret your intentions, as well as how
credible, intelligent, or attractive they judge you to Consider how your perceptions of people are
be. With this in mind, you may assess yourself by affected by the way they sit, walk, stand, or hold
responding to the following questions: their head. The way you move and carry yourself
communicates a wealth of information to the
world. This type of nonverbal communication Harry Harlow's classic monkey study demonstrated
includes your posture, bearing, stance, and the how deprived touch and contact impedes
subtle movements you make. development. Baby monkeys raised by wire
mothers experienced permanent deficits in
 6. Oculesics or Eye Gaze
behavior and social interaction. Touch can be used
The eyes play an important role in nonverbal to communicate affection, familiarity, sympathy,
communication and such things as looking, staring and other emotions.
and blinking are important nonverbal behaviors.
In her book Interpersonal Communication:
When people encounter people or things that they
Everyday Encounters, author Julia Wood writes that
like, the rate of blinking increases and pupils dilate.
touch is also often used as a way to communicate
Looking at another person can indicate a range of
both status and power.7
emotions including hostility,  interest, and
attraction. Researchers have found that high-status individuals
tend to invade other people's personal space with
 
greater frequency and intensity than lower-status
People also utilize eye gaze as a means to individuals. Sex differences also play a role in how
determine if someone is being honest.6 Normal, people utilize touch to communicate meaning.
steady eye contact is often taken as a sign that a
Women tend to use touch to convey care, concern,
person is telling the truth and is trustworthy. Shifty
and nurturance. Men, on the other hand, are more
eyes and an inability to maintain eye contact, on
likely to use touch to assert power or control over
the other hand, is frequently seen as an indicator
others.
that someone is lying or being deceptive.
 
 
8. Appearance
7. Haptics
This non-verbal cue is quite
controversial. We're taught not to judge
a book by its cover. We can't assess a
person's intelligence or demeanor by the
clothes they wear. Yet, in a professional
setting, one's appearance does send a
message. This is why we wear suits to
interviews or enjoy casual Friday at the
workplace.

 Our everyday attire and hairstyle sends

a message. Imagine a woman who
always wears bright, bold tones.
Perhaps she wears orange suits with red
blouses or yellow skirts with royal blue
shirts. This is a woman who's not looking
to be a wallflower. You can probably roll
the dice on her high level of self-
confidence.

Communicating through touch is another important  On the other hand, just because someone chooses
nonverbal behavior. There has been a substantial muted tones or grays, it doesn't mean they're shy.
amount of research on the importance of touch in They might simply prefer a simplistic style. To them,
infancy and early childhood. less may be more.
 Either way, how we present ourselves to people in groups. What a person actually says along with
and situations tells a story. We're told to take our his or her expressions, appearance, and tone of
hats off at the table, put a comb through our hair, voice might tell you a great deal about what that
and wear our Sunday best for a reason. It shows we person is really trying to say.
put a little thought into the interaction.

 
COMMUNICATION FILTERS/ BARRIERS
9. Artifacts
The communication process may not always result
to a positive experience. When the intended
meaning is not perceived by the recipient of the
message, miscommunication happens. Sometimes,
people misunderstand one another for a variety of
reasons. Specific items that can distort or prevent
communication refer to communication barriers or
filters.  To further understanding of the
communication barriers, the types of barriers are
explained below.

Types of Communication Filters

  Cultural Barriers

Objects and images are also tools that can be used Culture refers to the attitudes and beliefs that come
to communicate nonverbally. On an online forum, from our personal environment and experience.
for example, you might select an avatar to How can culture be a barrier to communication? 
represent your identity online and to communicate Study the following illustrations:
information about who you are and the
things you like.

People often spend a great deal of

time developing a particular image and
surrounding themselves with objects
designed to convey information about
the things that are important to them.

Uniforms, for example, can be used to

transmit a tremendous amount of
information about a person. A soldier
will don fatigues, a police officer will
wear a uniform, and a doctor will wear a
white lab coat. At a mere glance, these
outfits tell people what a person does for
a living.

Nonverbal communication plays an

important role in how we convey meaning and
information to others, as well as how we interpret People grow from different cultural backgrounds
the actions of those around us. and beliefs. How they perceive things therefore
differ from other cultures.
The important thing to remember when looking at
such nonverbal behaviors is to consider the actions
For example, basic pleasantries differ from culture Can you think of a specific example or situation or
to culture. Filipinos usually greet elders by maybe an experience where communication failed
“pagmamano”; The Japanese bow their heads as a or resulted to hilarious situation because of
form of greeting or respect; the Americans shake language differences?
hands or kiss those who are relatively close to
In the classroom, when your teacher uses jargons
them. When one is not particular about cultural
(technical terms), do you easily understand?
differences, communication breakdown happens.
Tendency is you would end the day learning
   nothing, unless the concepts are simplified and
explained further. 
What to do about cultural barriers?
What to do?
1.      Consider the cultural makeup of the
intended audience.       In a work place or in a more formal
setting, use visual methods of
2.      Seek to understand where are the
communication more than audio. Show
differences.
more than tell. Explain it with pictures as
3.      Fashion the message to ensure that it much as possible. Use pictures in your
says what you exactly mean. instruction manuals rather than words.
Almost every step in every process can be
Language Barrier described in picture format. Give your
listeners signs, cue cards or other methods
Inability to converse in a language that is known by
to help them learn.
both the sender and the receiver is the greatest
barrier to effective communication.      Use repetition. As with any new concept,
most people don't learn something the
Examples of language barriers that prevent
first time they hear it. People need to hear
individuals from effective communication include:
the same message over and over before
     Dialects - While two people may they fully grasp it. Don't expect people to
technically speak the same language, learn anything after being told once. This is
dialectal differences can make true of all of people whether they have a
communication between them difficult. language barrier or not.
Examples of dialectical language barriers
     Never raise your voice or over-enunciate
exist worldwide. Chinese, for example, has
your words. Talk slower, not louder. Speak
a variety of dialects that are commonly
clearly, not forcefully. People of a different
spoken, including Cantonese and
language and culture can hear fine. They
Mandarin.
probably also are intelligent enough to
     Language Disabilities - Language grasp what you are saying if you
disabilities are physical impediments to intelligently deliver your message without
language. Physical language disabilities talking down to them. Don't speak "Pidgin
that cause language barriers include English." Speak correct English the correct
stuttering, dysphonia or an articulation way, just more clearly. People cannot learn
disorder and hearing loss. the language right if you don't speak it
right.
When a person uses inappropriate words and
jargons while conversing or writing, it could lead to       Use simpler words with fewer syllables.
misunderstanding between the sender and the Be aware of the complexities of your
receiver. words. Use more common words that
convey your message in simpler terms.
 Again, don't talk down; just use a less hampered because you would not be able
complex vocabulary. to pay full attention to what the other
person is saying.
      Minimize the use of slang or idiom.
     Distance -Distance also plays an
      Keep it clear important part in determining the course
      Use an interpreter whenever possible of a conversation. For example, if the staff
in an organization are made to sit in
(Source: https://guides.co/g/the-seven-barriers-of- different buildings or different floors, they
communication/37696) might have to substitute face to face
communication with phone calls or emails.
 
      Ignorance of Medium -Communication
Physical Barriers
also includes using signs and symbols to
convey a feeling or a thought. However, if
there is a lack of ignorance about the
medium in which sender is sending the
message, the conversation can be
hampered.

Perceptual Barriers

We all have our own preferences, values, attitudes,

origins and life experiences that act as "filters" on
our experiences of people, events and information.
Seeing things through the lens of our own unique
life experiences or "conditioning" may lead to
assumptions, stereotyping and misunderstandings
of others whose experiences differ from our own.
Physical barriers are easy to spot : doors that are
closed, walls that are erected, and distance
between people all work against the goal of
effective communication. 

       Physical barriers can be anything from

background noise, distractions, interruptions,
equipment, connection  glitches and the like. When
on the phone, and you experience signal
interruption, when sending text messages, but you
suddenly run out of load so the message failed to
send, when you are talking with somebody in a
noisy environment, when taking a synchronous 
online exam and there is a sudden power
interruption, those are considered physical barriers. Anything that inhibits or prevents us from making
accurate perceptions is called a perceptual barrier
 Examples of physical barriers that prevent
or a perceptual error. ... Five of the most common
individuals from effective communication include:
perceptual barriers are selective perceptions,
     Environment -Some barriers are due to stereotypes, halo effect, projections, and
the existing environment. For example, if expectations.
you are standing in adverse weather
 
conditions, your conversation would be
Perceptual barriers are internal. If you go into a      Effective communication relies on being aware of
situation thinking that the person you are talking to nonverbal aspects of interactions with others. It is
isn't going to understand or be interested in what equally important to be aware of one's own
you have to say, you may end up subconsciously nonverbal behaviours and be sensitive to how they
sabotaging your effort to make your point. You will may be perceived. For instance, maintaining eye
employ language that is sarcastic, dismissive, or contact when communicating indicates interest.
even obtuse, thereby alienating your Staring out the window or around the room is often
conversational partner. perceived as boredom or disrespect.

Think of movie scenarios in which someone yells (Source: https://guides.co/g/the-seven-barriers-of-

clipped phrases at a person they believe is deaf. communication/37756)
The person yelling ends up looking ridiculous while
Emotional Barriers
failing to communicate anything of substance.
Emotional barriers can be tough to overcome, but
Examples of perceptual barriers that prevent
are important to put aside to engage in
individuals from effective communication include:
conversations. We are often taught to fear the
      Perceptual Filters -We all have our own words coming out of our own mouths, as in the
preferences, values, attitudes, origins and phrase "anything you say can and will be used
life experiences that act as "filters" on our against you." Overcoming this fear is difficult, but
experiences of people, events and necessary. The trick is to have full confidence in
information. Seeing things through the lens what you are saying and your qualifications in
of our own unique life experiences or saying it. People often pick up on insecurity. By
"conditioning" may lead to assumptions, believing in yourself and what you have to say, you
stereotyping and misunderstandings of will be able to communicate clearly without
others whose experiences differ from our becoming overly involved in your emotions.
own.
Examples of emotional barriers that prevent
      Triggers and Cues -What we say is individuals from effective communication include:
affected by how we say it (tone, volume)
     Anger- Anger can affect the way your
and by our nonverbal cues, such as body
brain processes information given to you.
language and facial gestures. For example,
For example, angry people have difficulty
you may perceive a situation differently if
processing logical statements, limiting
the person you are speaking with is smiling
their ability to accept explanations and
or frowning, has body odour and is
solutions offered by others
standing too close or is not giving you
direct eye contact.       Pride -The need to be right all the time
will not only annoy others, it can shut
 
down effective communication. For
What to do? example, you might focus only on your
perspective, or you might come up with
       To overcome perceptual barriers within the
ways to shoot down other people before
workplace, there are a few things you can do:
you even listen to their points.
      The audience may make assumptions about you
     Anxiousness -Anxiety has a negative
or the situation; perhaps you are new to the
impact on the part of your brain that
organization, or the situation is a challenging one.
manages creativity and communication
To get your message past these barriers, provide
skills. For example, your constant worries
evidence to support your claims and enhance your
can hinder your ability to concentrate on
credibility.
the information you are giving or receiving.
 Gender barriers have become less of an issue in
recent years, but there is still the possibility for a
To overcome emotional barriers within the
man to misconstrue the words of a woman, or vice
workplace, here are some helpful hints:
versa.
      Removing Yourself. Angry people have       Even in a workplace where women and men
difficulty processing logical statements, share equal stature, knowledge and experience,
limiting their ability to accept explanations differing communication styles may prevent them
and solutions offered by others. With this from working together effectively. Gender barriers
in mind, remove yourself from can be inherent or may be related to gender
communication until you feel you can stereotypes and the ways in which men and women
collect your thoughts, think clearly and are taught to behave as children.
hold back potentially hurtful and undue
comments.       Although not all men or all women
communicate the same way as the rest of their
      Accepting Imperfections. The drive to gender, several traits that tend to be more common
win every argument or get the last word in one gender or the other have been identified.
often spawns from overcompensation, or Understanding these tendencies is key in creating a
trying to cover emotional insecurities with work environment that fosters open
a sense of superiority. Other people might communication among all employees.
find you easier to communicate with when
you accept your imperfections from time  Examples Of Gender Barriers
to time.
According to Heather R. Huhman of Forbes,
     Relaxation Exercises. While a mental becoming aware of the following generalizations
health professional should address anxiety may help you more effectively communicate at
disorders such as post-traumatic stress work:
disorder or phobias -- typical anxiety, like
      Women talk about other people. Men
the anxiety you feel before giving a speech
talk about tangible things like business,
-- can be managed with relaxation
sports, food and drinks.
exercises.
      Women ask questions to gain an
Gender Barriers
understanding. Men talk to give
information rather than asking questions.

     Women are more likely to talk to other

women when a problem or conflict arises.
 Men are often known for dealing with common experiences increases women's
problems or issues internally willingness to talk openly, take risks, and
be vulnerable without fearing that others
     Women focus on feelings, senses and will misunderstand or judge them.
meaning. They rely on their intuition to
find answers. Men focus on facts, reason   Interpersonal Barriers
and logic. They find answers by analyzing
Interpersonal barriers are what ultimately keep us
and figuring things out.
from reaching out to each other and opening
     A disagreement between women affects ourselves up, not just to be heard, but to hear
many aspects of their relationship and may others. Oddly enough, this can be the most difficult
take a long time to resolve. Men can argue area to change. Some people spend their entire
or disagree and then move on quickly from lives attempting to overcome a poor self-image or a
the conflict. series of deeply rooted prejudices about their place
in the world. They are unable to form genuine
Please keep in mind that these are generalizations, connections with people because they have too
and do not necessarily apply to every individual. many false perceptions blocking the way.

Luckily, the cure for this is more

communication. By engaging with
others, we learn what our actual
strengths and weaknesses are. This
allows us to put forth our ideas in a
clear, straightforward manner.

Examples of interpersonal barriers

that prevent individuals from effective
communication include:

     Desire to Participate -The

lack of desire to participate in
the communication process is
a significant barrier. There is
nothing more frustrating than
trying to communicate with an individual
Overcoming Gender Barriers that clearly does not want to.
 To overcome gender barriers within the workplace,       Desire to Explore -Unwillingness to
here are some helpful hints: explore different ideas, opinions, and
priorities create communication barriers
      Educate Team About Gender Bias. Bias
every day of our lives. A clear lack of desire
is embedded in stereotypes and
to explore your views, opinions, or ideas
organizational practices that can be hard to
can be extremely frustrating.
detect, but when people are made aware
of it, they see possibilities for change. To overcome interpersonal barriers within the
workplace, here are some helpful hints:
     Create Safe "Identity Workspaces".
Companies should encourage women to      Use simple words to convey the
build communities in which similarly message. To have an effective process of
positioned women can discuss their interpersonal communication, you have to
feedback, compare notes, and emotionally simplify language. Everyone hates to
support one another's learning. Identifying decipher spoken words, reserve the
 deciphering to the writing and when their first language. On the other hand, almost half
speaking, keep it simple and easy to a billion people are using English as their second
understand. language.

      Learn the art of listening. A person will English has become the major language of many
always try to get his opinions across first countries worldwide especially in dealing with
before listening to the other person's point economic and political trades.
of view. To improve interpersonal
How do we connect with people across the globe?
communication, listen both attentively and
proactively. Online platforms are always available especially to
those who have access in it. During this pandemic,
     Keep composure while communicating.
most of us do not let the acquisition of learning
The process of interpersonal
stop. We participate in webinars and workshops
communication is more effective if
which allow us to widen our knowledge. We
emotions are kept at bay. Keeping your
connect with different people across the globe and
composure while talking or negotiating
the medium of instruction used is English.
with a business partner will keep you on
the right track towards your goal.  English as the Lingua Franca (ELF)
    Provide constructive criticism. Source: slideshare.net (2017)
Constructive criticism is perhaps the best
sign that you are communicating with the  
other person on a more personal level. What does lingua franca mean?
Both the sender and receiver of
communications may use feedback for The term ‘lingua franca’ was originally formed by
effective interpersonal communication. Arabic speakers to communicate with the European
travelers. It usually means “any lingual medium of
communication between people of different
mother tongues, for whom it is a second language."

It is also known as a bridge language, trade

language  or common language used to make
communication possible between people who do
not share a native language in particular.

English as a lingua franca is a contact language

between persons who share neither a common
native tongue nor a common culture.

The way English is used as a lingua franca is heavily

dependent on the specific situation of use.
Lesson Proper:
Speakers accommodate to each other’s cultural
  backgrounds and may also use a common language
understandable for both.
More than
350 million  
in the
world has Development of English as an International
been Language
speaking
English as
 Even if you are just simply surfing the Internet, you
may already explore anything that the world offers.
In terms of global leadership, you must have
command on English i.e., speaking, writing and
reading.

Hence, English is a vital language for learning and

communicating to the world

Nowadays, the world has become the global village

and with the rise of the Internet, English got a
distinguished role in world communication. It has
become a language of self-representation and
communication with people from all over the globe.

We can therefore say that English language is

owned by everyone, and we cannot live without it. Varieties of English Language
For example, if we want to interact with people
outside our locality, we would surely introduce Source: aston.ac.uk
ourselves using the English language.
 
     
Did you know that there are different ways to
speak the English language? Which variety should
we follow?

How we speak is influenced by many things. Our

way of pronouncing words is all part of learning
how to speak and somehow copying the speech of
those around us. Depending on our family history
or background, we could ether be monolingual,
bilingual or multilingual, then we may learn to
speak English alongside another language. As we go
further schooling, we will eventually learn the
standardized forms of the English language in terms
of spelling, punctuation and grammar which is
known as the standard English.
The demand for English as a lingua franca will
increase and continue possibly as more and more             As we move across the country, we
people use it as basic global communication tool. experience not only changing landscape and
Speaking English became a trend as it gains architecture but also a gradual change in the
popularity day by day because it has its own sounds we hear, in the accents and dialects that
potential to attract people in many different relate to the place in which they are spoken and to
countries. which they belong.

DIALECT – a variety of English that differs from

other dialects or varieties in three specific ways:
      Lexis (vocabulary) Americans go on vacation, while Brits go on
holidays, or hols.
     Grammar (structure)
New Yorkers live in apartments; Londoners live in
     Phonology (pronunciation or accent) flats.
ACCENT – refers to the differences in the sound There are far more examples than we can talk
patterns of a specific dialect and not its vocabulary about here. Fortunately, most Americans and Brits
and grammar can usually guess the meaning through the context
Attitudes towards Variations of English of a sentence.

For mainly historical reasons, certain English Collective nouns

dialects or varieties have been viewed more There are a few grammatical differences between
positively than others. Thus, standard English, the two varieties of English. Let’s start with
because of its association with being the national collective nouns. We use collective nouns to refer
English language, has been perceived as the most to a group of individuals.
prestigious English variety.
In American English, collective nouns are singular.
            As society changes, so too do attitudes For example, staff refers to a group of employees;
towards dialect, accent and variational use of band refers to a group of musicians; team refers to
English generally. Until not so very long ago, a group of athletes. Americans would say, “The
variational uses of English were associated with band is good.”
social class. Today, issues of social class are not
straightforward as they were once; increased But in British English, collective nouns can be
educational opportunity and economic prosperity singular or plural. You might hear someone
means that more and more young people are from Britain say, “The team are playing tonight” or
exposed to Standard English than ever before. Also, “The team is playing tonight.”
increased variety of accents in the media for
Auxiliary verbs
example, is a great help to break down prejudice
towards variational use of English. Another grammar difference between American
and British English relates to auxiliary verbs.
British VS. American English
Auxiliary verbs, also known as helping verbs, are
Source: learningenglish.voanews.com verbs that help form a grammatical function. They
“help” the main verb by adding information about
  time, modality and voice.
There is an old saying that America and Britain are Let’s look at the auxiliary verb shall. Brits
“two nations divided by a common language.” No sometimes use shall to express the future.
one knows exactly who said this, but it reflects the
way many Brits feel about American English. My For example, “I shall go home now.” Americans
British friend still tells me, “You don’t speak English. know what shall means, but rarely use it in
You speak American.” But are American and British conversation. It seems very formal. Americans
English really so different would probably use “I will go home now.”

Vocabulary In question form, a Brit might say, “Shall we go

now?” while an American would probably
The most noticeable difference between American say, “Should we go now?”
and British English is vocabulary. There are
hundreds of everyday words that are different. For When Americans want to express a lack of
example, Brits call the front of a car the bonnet, obligation, they use the helping verb do with
while Americans call it the hood. negative not followed by need. “You do not need to
come to work today.”  Brits drop the helping verb
and contract not. “You needn’t come to work Noah Webster, an author, politician, and teacher,
today.” started an effort to reform English spelling in the
late 1700s.
 
He was frustrated by the inconsistencies in English
Past tense verbs
spelling. Webster wanted to spell words the way
You will also find some small differences with past they sounded. Spelling reform was also a way for
forms of irregular verbs. America to show its independence from England.

The past tense of learn in American English is You can see Webster’s legacy in the American
learned. British English has the option of learned or spelling of words like color (from colour), honor
learnt. The same rule applies to dreamed and (from honour), and labor (from labour).  Webster
dreamt, burned and burnt, leaned and leant. dropped the letter u from these words to make the
spelling match the pronunciation.
Americans tend to use the –ed ending; Brits tend to
use the -t ending. Other Webster ideas failed, like a proposal to spell
women as wimmen. Since Webster’s death in 1843,
In the past participle form, Americans tend to use attempts to change spelling rules in American
the –en ending for some irregular verbs. For English have gone nowhere.
example, an American might say, “I have never
gotten caught” whereas a Brit would say, “I have Not so different after all.
never got caught.” Americans use both got and
British and American English have far more
gotten in the past participle. Brits only use got.
similarities than differences. We think the
Don’t worry too much about these small differences difference between American and British English is
in the past forms of irregular verbs. People in both often exaggerated. If you can understand one style,
countries can easily understand both ways, you should be able to understand the other style.
although Brits tend to think of the American way as
With the exception of some regional dialects, most
incorrect.
Brits and Americans can understand each other
Tag questions without too much difficulty. They watch each
other’s TV shows, sing each other’s songs, and read
A tag question is a grammatical form that turns a each other’s books.
statement into a question. For example, “The
whole situation is unfortunate, isn’t it?” or, “You They even make fun of each other’s accents.
don’t like him, do you?”
Here is the list of British words (words in blue) and
The tag includes a pronoun and its matching form their American counterparts (words in black)
of the verb be, have or do. Tag questions encourage arranged alphabetically for your easy reference.
people to respond and agree with the speaker.
 
Americans use tag questions, too, but less often
than Brits. British English American English
Spelling accommodation Accommodations
There are hundreds of minor spelling differences action replay instant replay
between British and American English. You can
thank American lexicographer Noah Webster for aerofoil Airfoil
this. You might recognize Webster’s name from the
dictionary that carries his name. aeroplane Airplane

agony aunt advice columnist

Allen key Allen wrench

aluminium aluminum catapult Slingshot

aniseed anise central reservation median strip

anticlockwise counterclockwise chemist drugstore

articulated lorry tractor-trailer chips French fries

asymmetric bars uneven bars cinema movie theater; the movies

aubergine Eggplant cling film plastic wrap

baking tray cookie sheet common seal harbor seal

bank holiday legal holiday consumer durables durable goods

beetroot beet(s) cornflour cornstarch

biscuit cookie; cracker cos (lettuce) Romaine

black economy underground economy cot crib

blanket bath sponge bath cot death crib death

block of flats apartment building cotton bud cotton swab

boiler suit Coveralls cotton wool absorbent cotton

bonnet (of a car) Hood council estate (housing) project

boob tube tube top courgette zucchini

boot (of a car) Trunk court card face card

bottom drawer hope chest crash barrier guardrail

bowls lawn bowling crisps chips; potato chips

braces Suspenders crocodile clip alligator clip

brawn (the food) Headcheese cross-ply bias-ply

breakdown van tow truck crotchet (music) quarter note

breeze block cinder block current account checking account

bridging loan bridge loan danger money hazard pay

bumbag fanny pack demister (in a car) defroster

candyfloss cotton candy dialling tone dial tone

car park parking lot diamante Rhinestone

casualty emergency room double cream heavy cream

 football soccer

draughts (game) checkers footway sidewalk

drawing pin thumbtack fringe (hair) bangs

dressing gown robe; bathrobe full

period
stop (punctuation)
drink-driving drunk driving
garden yard; lawn
drinks cupboard liquor cabinet
gearing (finance) leverage
drinks party cocktail party
gear lever gearshift
driving licence driver’s license
goods train freight train
dual carriageway divided highway
greaseproof paper wax paper/waxed paper
dummy (for a baby) Pacifier
green fingers green thumb
dust sheet drop cloth
grill (noun) broiler
dustbin garbage can
grill (verb) broil
earth (electrical) Ground
ground floor first floor
engaged (of a phone) Busy
groundsman groundskeeper
real estate agent,
estate agent
realtor (trademark) hairslide barrette

estate car station wagon hatstand hatrack

ex-directory unlisted hen night bachelorette party

faith school parochial school hire purchase installment plan

financial year fiscal year hoarding billboard

fire brigade/service fire company/department hob stovetop

first floor second floor holdall carryall

fish finger fish stick holiday vacation

fitted carpet wall-to-wall carpeting holidaymaker vacationer

flannel washcloth homely homey

flat apartment hosepipe (garden) hose

flexitime flextime in hospital in the hospital

flick knife switchblade hot flush hot flash

flyover overpass housing estate housing development

hundreds and marshalling yard railroad yard
sprinkles (for ice cream)
thousands
maths math
ice lolly Popsicle (trademark)
metalled road paved road
icing sugar confectioners’ sugar
milometer odometer
indicator (on a car) turn signal
minim  (music) half note
inside leg inseam
mobile phone cell phone
jelly babies jelly beans
monkey tricks monkeyshines
Joe Bloggs Joe Blow
motorway expressway; highway
Joe Public John Q. Public
mum/mummy mom/mommy
jumble sale rummage sale
nappy diaper
jump lead jumper cable
needlecord pinwale
jumper sweater
newsreader newscaster
junior school elementary school
noughts and crosses tic-tac-toe
kennel doghouse
number plate license plate
ladybird ladybug
off-licence liquor store; package store
a lettuce a head of lettuce
opencast mining open-pit mining
level crossing grade crossing
ordinary share common stock
lift elevator
oven glove oven mitt
lolly lollipop
paddling pool wading pool
lollipop lady (or man) crossing guard
paracetamol acetaminophen
loose cover slipcover
parting (in hair) part
lorry truck
patience solitaire
loudhailer bullhorn
pavement sidewalk
low loader flatbed truck
pay packet pay envelope
lucky dip grab bag
pedestrian crossing crosswalk
luggage van baggage car
peg clothespin
maize corn
pelmet valance
mangetout snow pea
petrol gas; gasoline
market garden truck farm
physiotherapy physical therapy
 remould (tyre) retread

pinafore dress jumper reverse the charges call collect

plain chocolate dark chocolate reversing lights back-up lights

plain flour all-purpose flour right-angled triangle right triangle

polo neck turtleneck ring road beltway

positive roundabout (at a
reverse discrimination carousel
discrimination fair)

postal vote absentee ballot roundabout (in road) traffic circle

postbox mailbox rowing boat rowboat

postcode zip code sailing boat sailboat

potato crisp potato chip saloon (car) sedan

power point electrical outlet sandpit sandbox

pram baby carriage; stroller sandwich cake layer cake

press stud snap sanitary towel sanitary napkin

press-up pushup self-raising flour self-rising flour

private soldier GI semibreve (music) whole note

public school private school semitone (music) half step

public transport public transportation share option stock option

punchbag punching bag shopping trolley shopping cart

pushchair stroller show house/home model home

pylon utility pole silencer (on a car) muffler

quantity surveyor estimator silverside rump roast

quaver (music) eighth note skeleton in the

skeleton in the closet
cupboard
queue line
skimmed milk skim milk
racing car race car
skipping rope jump rope
railway railroad
skirting board baseboard
real tennis court tennis
sledge sled
recorded delivery certified mail
sleeper railroad tie
registration plate license plate
sleeping partner silent partner
slowcoach slowpoke trolley shopping cart

snakes and ladders chutes and ladders twelve-bore twelve-gauge

solicitor lawyer underground Subway

soya/soya bean soy/soybean vacuum flask thermos bottle

splashback backsplash verge (of a road) Shoulder

spring onion scallion vest Undershirt

stag night bachelor party veterinary surgeon veterinarian

Stanley knife utility knife wagon (on a train) car

starter appetizer waistcoat vest

state school public school walking frame walker

storm in a teacup tempest in a teapot wardrobe closet

surtitle supertitle water ice Italian ice

swede rutabaga weatherboard clapboard

sweet(s) candy white coffee coffee with cream

takeaway (food) takeout; to go white spirit mineral spirits

taxi rank taxi stand wholemeal bread wholewheat bread

tea towel dish towel windcheater windbreaker

terrace house row house windscreen windshield

tick check mark wing (of a car) fender

ticket tout scalper worktop countertop

timber lumber zebra crossing crosswalk

titbit tidbit zed (letter Z) zee

toffee apple candy apple or caramel apple zip zippe

touch wood knock on wood

trade union labor union

trading estate industrial park Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written
Language
trainers sneakers
Lesson: Local and Global Communications in
transport cafe truck stop Multicultural Settings
Introduction:           It is also called lect.

Communication is guided by culture and context. It           It is any distinctive form of a language
is predicted by the type of culture dictated by its or linguistic expression.
context. Culture is manifested in our actions and
affects how we tell the world who we are and what           it refers to any of the
we believe in. It is also the basis of how we behave overlapping subcategories of a language
in a certain communication context. The context of including:
communication brings a better understanding a. dialect
about culture in general and our own culture in
particular. Context was contextualized by Edward T. b. register
Hall, a cultural anthropologist, as anything that
c. jargon
refers to the stimuli, environment, or ambience
surrounding an event. Our notion of context leads d. idiolect
us to be better able to adapt to a multicultural
perspective of communication.

            Local communication is highly grounded on Varieties of English refer to the different kinds of

the cultural context. This context of communication English used around the world based on
reflects the culture of people who are creating their geographical locations.
self-identity and community. On the other hand, Several Major Varieties are:
global communication has turned to be a modifying
factor of local communication. It attempts to bring American English
changes that affect communication conversations.
British English
The increasing diversity of cultures throughout the
Australian English
world requires the study of intercultural
communication, a discipline that focuses on how
culture affects communication. Intercultural
communication concerns on the ability to
understand and value cultural differences. It
considers the context of communication where
people from different cultural backgrounds interact
and underscores the wide range of communication
processes and problems that naturally appear
within a social context.

Language is a cultural component that is linked to

intercultural understanding. How language is used
and its non-verbal forms are decoded based on
culture. Hence enhancing oral and written
communication in intercultural environments is a
way to achieving intercultural competence.

  New Zealand English

Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Black English
Language
Other Varieties are:

Singapore English
Language Variety
Philippine English discrimination based on a person’s dialect or way of
speaking.
*These are identified as variations based on the
phonological (speech sounds) and  
lexical (vocabulary/grammar and
According to Carolyn temple and Donna Christian in
construction) levels of use. Language variations are
their article, “Applied Social Dialectology:
more or less similar and while most English
speakers can understand each other, problems “… dialect prejudice is endemic in public life, widely
occasionally arise. (Manzano, et al. 2018) tolerated  and institutionalized in social enterprise
that affect almost everyone such as education and
 
media.”
Difference of Lect from Standard English
There is limited knowledge about and little regard
Lect Standard English for linguistic study showing that all varieties of a
language display systematically and that the
Developed for a number ·         a form of the elevated social position of standard varieties has no
of reasons: English language specific linguistic basis.
that is written and
1.     Geographical =  
spoken by educated
people who live in
users.
different geographic 2. Register is the way a speaker uses language
areas often develop ·         it is differently in different circumstances. It is the level
distinct dialect – synonymous and style of your writing, and it should be
variations of Standard to  good and correct appropriate to the situation you are in. It
English. English usage. determines the vocabulary, structure and grammar
of your writing.
2.     Jargon = language ·         it also refers to
from specific academic a specific
and professional geographical dialect
groups which is known to of English  or a
and understood by dialect of English
members of the group.
·         or a dialect
3.     Idiolects = favored  by the
developed by individuals most  powerful and
at a particular period of prestigious social
time group.

 
Obser
Subcategories of Language Variety
ve how you speak with a friend and compare it with
1. Dialect - characterized as a way of speaking that the way you should speak before an audience or
differs from the standard variety of the language. during an interview; it varies formality. This
variation is called stylistic variation known
as  register in linguistics.
Greek word :  dia = ‘across,between’ + legein = Factors which determine Registers:
‘speak’
 social occasion
Dialect prejudice : certain dialects gained negative
connotations in the U.S., thus the term refers to  context

 purpose
  audience c. Write in the third person point of view –
avoid using:  I, we, you, us
- They are marked with a variety of specialized
vocabulary and turns of phrases, colloquialisms, the d. Avoid using too much passive voice –
use of jargon and difference in intonation and pace. Passive: The bone was eaten by the dog;
Active: The dog ate the bone
- Registers may be extremely rigid or very intimate
depending on the following: e. Avoid using slang, idioms, exaggeration,
and clichés – awesome/cool, ok/okay,
1. grammar check it out
2. syntax f. Avoid abbreviations and acronyms
3. tone – Department of Education (DepEd),
influenza (flu)
Forms of Language Register
g. Do not begin a sentence with words like
  and, so, but, also – Use these words
instead: Nevertheless, Additionally,
1. Formal Register – is more appropriate for
However, In addition, As a result of,
professional writing
Although
                                    - is impersonal
h. Always write in complete sentences.
*This form of language register is most appropriate
i. Write longer, more complex sentences. –
in professional and business writing. It entails the
*Longer and complex sentences are
use of formal writing which seems to be the most
acceptable as long as they do not become
difficult type of writing. Not all professionals are
wordy. Write using substantial and
good at it because of the many complexities that
meaningful sentences.
writing requires. It is impersonal which means that
it requires strict implementations of rules in 2. Informal Language Register – is
standard writing and is written without considering conversational
emotions. (Manzano, et al. 2018)
Informal writing is written in the way we talk to our
Examples: friends and family. This form is used when writing
to someone you know very well.
o Business letters
Examples:
o Business reports
o Personal emails
o Announcements
o Short notes
o Some essays
o Most blogs
o Official speeches
o Phone texts
o Professional emails
o Friendly letters
Rules of Formal Language Register:
o Diaries and journals
a. Do not use contractions – cannot instead
of can’t; have not instead of haven’t 3. Neutral Register – is not necessarily formal
or informal
b. Spell out numbers less than one hundred
– nineteen, seventy-eight, twenty-two, six                                           - is used to deliver facts
Some writings are written in a neutral language, In other words, jargon is a faux method of creating
which means that they are not specifically formal or a sort of dialect that only those on this inside group
informal, positive or negative. The neutral language can understand.
register is used with non-emotional topics and
information.
Jargon has social implications similar to dialect
Examples:
prejudice but in reverse:
o Reviews

o Some letters
It is a way of making those who understand this
o Technical writing particular variety of language more erudite and
learned;
o Articles
those who are members of the group that
o Some essays understands the particular jargon are considered
smart, while those on the outside are simply not
o Some reports
bright enough to comprehend this kind of language.
 
Types of Lects
3. Jargons
 
 refers to the specialized language of a
1. Regional dialect: A variety spoken in
professional or occupational group. 
a particular region.
 Such language is often meaningless to
Examples:
outsiders.
 Ilocano
 George Packer describes jargon in a similar
vein in a 2016 article in the New  Chavacano
Yorker  magazine:
 Waray
“Professional jargon—on Wall Street, in humanities
departments, in government offices—can be a  
fence raised to keep out the uninitiated and permit 2. Sociolect: Also known as a social dialect,
those within it to persist in the belief that what a variety of language (or register) used by a
they do is too hard, too complex, to be questioned. socioeconomic class, a profession, an age
Jargon acts not only to euphemize but to license, group, or any other social group.
setting insiders against outsiders and giving the
flimsiest notions a scientific aura.” Examples:                          

 gay lingo

 jejemon

3. Ethnolect: A lect spoken by a specific

ethnic group.

Example: Ebonics (the vernacular spoken by some

African-Americans).

 
 4. Idiolect: The language or speech pattern  Climate: temperate, with rainfall heavier in
of one individual at a particular period of summer than winter
time.
 Time Zone: Korea Standard Time UTC
Example, one would say: (UTC+09:00)

             “buhfor”  instead of “before”  Currency: South Korean ‘won’

 Government: Republic

Cultural Practices and Nuances (Korea)  Internet penetration: 92.1% (2016)

Korea LANGUAGE IN SOUTH KOREA
In a country where almost half the population have Koreans share one language, with approximately
the same last name, you may be forgiven for seventy million people around the globe speaking
becoming a little confused about who is who and Korean.
what is what. Valuable for anyone researching
Korean culture, customs, language, society, The language structure, grammar and vocabulary
manners, etiquette, values, business norms and are similar to Japanese. Dialects are regional;
essentially wanting to understand the people differing mainly in accent, but are so similar that
better. comprehension for speakers, or listeners, is not an
issue. Key difference in dialect are also attributed to
Whether visiting South Korea on business, for social status.
tourism or even hosting Korean colleagues or
clients in your own country, this guide will help you Korea has one of the highest literacy rates in the
understand your South Korean counterparts, world due to the phonetic nature of the written
improve communication and get the relationship language which was invented in the mid-fifteenth
off to the right start. How do we know all this century to give one language to Koreans.
information? Well, we are experts in cultural  
awareness training courses on Korean culture!
 
FACTS AND STATISTICS
SOCIAL CUSTOMS & ETIQUETTE TIPS FOR SOUTH
 Location: Eastern Asia, southern half of the KOREA
Korean Peninsula bordering the East Sea
and the Yellow Sea The Concept of Kibun

 Capital: Seoul  Kibun is a word with no literal English

translation; the closest terms are pride,
 National anthem: Aegukga face, mood, feelings, or state of mind.
 Nationality: Korean  If you hurt someone's kibun you hurt their
 Ethnic Make-up: Homogenous (except for pride, cause them to lose dignity, and lose
small percentage of the population who face. Korean interpersonal relationships
are from elsewhere but reside in the operate on the principle of harmony.
country permanently). It is one of the most  It is important to maintain a peaceful,
racially pure countries in the world. comfortable atmosphere at all times, even
 Population: 50,924,172 (July 2016 Est.) if it means telling a "white lie".

 Population growth rate: 0.53% (2016 Est.)

  It is important to know how to judge the  Your left hand should support your right
state of someone else's kibun, how to forearm when shaking hands
avoid hurting it, and how to keep your own
kibun at the same time.  Korean women do not always shake hands
and may slightly nod instead of a full bow
 In business, a manager's kibun is damaged
if his subordinates do not show proper  Always bow to individuals when departing
respect. A subordinate's kibun is damaged  
if his manager criticizes him in public.
Communication style
 Nunchi is the ability to determine another
person's kibun by using the eye.  Communication can be complicated in
South Korea due to an inherent dislike of
 Since this is a culture where social saying ‘no’ as it is considered poor
harmony is crucial, being able to judge etiquette
another person's state of mind is critical to
maintain the person's kibun. Nunchi is  Discussions can be prolonged due to the
accomplished by watching body language avoidance of declining or refusing
and listening to the tone of voice as well as
 If disquiet is verbally or visibly displayed it
what is said.
is a sure sign that something is amiss
Naming Conventions
 Good posture and positive body language
 In South Korea names operate in the is most beneficial in meetings; patience
reverse of Western cultures; Family name and politeness must be maintained
(surname), a second family name shared throughout
by all of that generation, and finally their
 Do not use excessive or overt body
given name.
language
 It is considered very impolite to address a
 Use two hands, or support your right arm
Korean with his or her given name. They
with your left, when passing on business
should be addressed using their
cards, gifts, or when receiving an item
professional titles, or Mr, Mrs Etc, until
permission is given otherwise.  Respect, trust and satisfaction are
displayed through a deeper bow
Meeting & Greeting
Personal Space

 It is insulting for Koreans to be touched by

someone with whom they are unfamiliar;
don’t pat them on the back or hug them

 Prolonged, direct eye contact can be

inferred as a challenge and is seen as
impolite, especially when dealing with
others of a higher social standing

 Bowing is the traditional way to greet in  Keep your body within its own personal
South Korea space; avoid extended or crossed legs and
limit arm movements when explaining
 Handshakes often accompany the bow something so as to evade others’ personal
among men space
  If calling someone over to you do not point  Always wait to be seated by your host. If
with your index finger, instead use your given the seat of honour (looking at the
hand palm down in a claw movement front door) it is polite to demonstrate a
slight objection
 In cities (especially Seoul) pushing, shoving
and touching are regular occurrences –  Elders are served first and begin the dining
don’t be offended by the lack of apologies process

 Friends, of both sexes, will often walk arm  Food and dining are important parts of
in arm together, especially teenagers and Korean culture and are used to build
the younger generations relationships. Be sociable and work at
shaping good associations for pleasure
Gift Giving Etiquette
and business as they are interlinked

 Don’t pour your own drink, although it is

 Koreans are generous people and enjoy considered good manners to pour
giving gifts another’s. Women often pour for men but
not for other women. Rather than refuse
 Accept the gift with both hands – but never more drink (remember, Koreans don’t like
open the gift immediately, wait until the outright refusal) simply leave your glass
giver is absent part full, as opposed to empty
 Return the favour and offer something of a  Do not tip if you see a ‘no tipping’ sign
similar value. Koreans enjoy Western gifts
and items so be prepared before leaving  There are often prolonged periods of
home silence during Korean meals – socialising
can happen once everyone has feasted
 If giving gifts be sure to wrap and present
them in an attractive way. Avoid using dark  Don’t forget to pass and receive food with
wrapping paper, especially red, instead two hands or with just your right if it is
choose bright yellow/green supported by your left

 If invited to a Korean home always take  When it comes to settling the bill, the
the hostess a gift; chocolates, sweets, invitee may offer to pay but the host will
cakes or flowers but preferably not alcohol generally pay for everyone.

 Gifts are often given at the first business  If you are invited to continue after dinner
meeting and the host should present his with drinks or a party, don’t refuse this
first. To reciprocate, give good quality invitation.
alcohol such as scotch, or desk accessories
 On occasion you may be asked to sing a
 Do not give overly expensive gifts as solo after dinner. Try not to refuse this
Koreans feel indebted to give as they request, instead sing with enthusiasm and
receive spirit

 Avoid gifts such as knives, scissors, sets of  Do not point with your chopsticks, or leave
four, and red writing (these are seen as them sticking out of your bowl
‘cutting ties’ and signifying death
 The national drink of Korea is ‘Soju’, a clear
respectively)
vodka-like drink that is generally 18-25%
Dining & Food alcohol

Visiting a home
 something. It is considered unlucky due to
the similarity between the Korean word for
 Always remove your shoes before entering death and the pronunciation of the word
a Korean home (in recent years there has ‘four’
been an increase in Western culture and
this may not always be the case - follow  Do not stand too close to people you are
the lead of your host if unsure) meeting for the first time – keep an arms
length between you
 It is possible to arrive up to thirty minutes
late without causing offence but BUSINESS CULTURE, ETIQUETTE AND PROTOCOL IN
punctuality is highly respected SOUTH KOREA

 Remember, never pour your own drink.

The host will do this in your presence
If you are considering doing business in South
 Being invited into a Korean’s home is Korea, or with a South Korean, it is essential to
considered an honour (especially if it is for understand their culture and business etiquette to
a meal) so it is essential to treat it as such. maximise your potential and avoid any unnecessary
Be polite, respectful and observe their awkwardness.
customs
Korean culture is profoundly influenced by
 Bring a gift to reciprocate your host’s Confucian principles and this pervades not only
kindness personal lives, but also business. Confucianism
supports group harmony, respect for elders and
 Once the party is over you will usually be authority, the importance of family, friendship and
escorted to your car or the gate by the ancestors, and also, tradition. Kibun (equivalent to
host. This is a sign of respect face, or honour) is highly significant to Koreans and
  they will always attempt to maintain their Kibun, or
personal dignity. Confrontation is to be avoided at
  all cost as once Kibun is lost it cannot be regained.

Taboos in South Korean Culture In South Korea, good relationships are crucial to
success both in personal and business circles, and
 Do not wear your shoes in places of
these are assimilated within the business world.
worship or peoples’ homes
Korean’s make friends first, and clients second. To
 Do not put your feet on furniture make the most of your business acumen you must
also appear trustworthy, honourable and
 Do not eat or drink in public places while respectable in a social and business setting.
walking
Korean business is founded upon relationships;
 Do not place your thumb between your even large corporations are often family managed
middle and index finger while making a fist with members still acting in executive positions.
as this an obscene gesture The Confucian principles regarding respect for age,
family, rank and tradition have ensured the
 Do not use red ink. This is a symbol of
continuance of this system. There have been recent
death and is reserved only for writing the
calls for reforms, due to economic downturns, in
names of the deceased. It is considered
Korea but this will take time due to the entrenched
unlucky and suggests you wish death to
systems in place.
the recipient
Alongside the formal power structures in place
 Do not use the number four if at all
within a company one must learn to recognise, and
possible – if giving gifts, do not give four of
assess, the informal structures which may be based
on long-standing family ties, personal relationships  Give and receive cards with both hands,
and allegiances.  Insight into these practises will with the Korean side uppermost for ease of
ensure a greater comprehension of Korean business reading
etiquette.
 Take time to read and examine the cards
  you are given – it is respectful

What to wear?  Place cards in a holder to keep them safe

and show you are treating them well
 Dress is conventional and conservative for
both women and men  Never write on or mark the cards you are
given
 Dark suits, white shirt and tie are accepted
as the norm for men Meetings

 Suits, dresses, or blouse and skirt are  Organise your meeting ahead of time,
acknowledged for women. Trousers are giving plenty of notice
not generally worn for business
 Arrive punctually and be prepared
 Women should avoid sleeveless, tight-
fitting garments  The most senior Korean will enter and be
seated first
 Colours should be understated and
traditional  As Koreans live and conduct business
within a Confucian framework, initial
 Good quality accessories are accepted meetings are often used in an introductory
fashion and business may be instigated
 Be aware that winter can be very cold, and
later
summer very hot, in South Korea
 Do not show impatience at this stage as
Titles
these pleasantries are a way of getting to
 As discussed previously, Koreans have know you
three names; they are used in order of
 Only remove your jacket once the senior
surname, generation name, and then given
Korean does
name.
 Choose delegates who are on par with
 If unsure address people as Mr_____
their Korean counterparts – this shows
(surname) or surname ______ and then
respect and knowledge
their title (teacher, professor, etc)
 Exchange business cards in a respectful
 Generally, Koreans will offer you their
manner after the initial introductions
name, which may be a westernised version
of their Korean name  Ask open ended questions that do not
require a yes or no answer as Koreans
Business cards
dislike refusals
 Business cards are considered important
Negotiating
and ritualistic in Korea
 Allow the senior Korean to instigate
 It is advisable to have one side printed in
business discussions
English and the other in Korean
 Phrase questions in a manner that allows
for discussion (Ask ‘When can we expect
 delivery?’ And not, ‘Will delivery be within communication and get the relationship off to the
two weeks?’) right start.

 Avoid using an outright ‘No’ in response to FACTS AND STATISTICS

questions
 Location: Middle East, bordering the Gulf
 Be aware of others’ Kibun – do not force of Oman and the Persian Gulf, between
an issue if you sense reluctance as you may Oman and Saudi Arabia.
harm you own dignity and lose their
 Capital: Abu Dhabi.
respect
 Flag: The flag of the United Arab Emirates
 Always show respect for senior colleagues
was adopted in 1971. Its colours of red,
and management
green, white and black represent the unity
 There are often times of silence during of the Arab countries.
meetings, try not to break these as they
 National anthem: The National Anthem of
are moments of contemplation and show
the United Arab Emirates is also known
consideration for others
as Ishy Bilady (Long Live my Nation) It was
 Avoid a hard sell and forceful negotiations adopted in 1971 when the UAE was first
– remember Kibun formed and composed by Mohammed
Abdel Wahab as an orchestral piece. It was
Management not until 1996 that the lyrics written by Arif
 Korean business and personal lives are Al Sheikh Abdullah Al Hassan were
based upon strict hierarchical structures officially adopted.        

 Confucianism supports this structure  Nationality: Emiratis.

within the family and workplace  Ethnic Make-up: Emirati 11.6%, South
 Older and senior delegates should be Asian 59.4% (includes Indian 38.2%,
deferred to at all times Bangladeshi 9.5%, Pakistani 9.4%, other
2.3%), Egyptian 10.2%, Philippine 6.1%,
 'Sonsaengnim' means "respected person" other 12.8% (2015 est.)
and is frequently used when addressing
someone of a higher position  Population: 6,072,475 (July 2017 est.

 In South Korea managers take a  Population growth rate: 1.2% annual

paternalistic role with employees and may change (2016).
be familiar with staff in a personal manner  Climate: Desert; cooler in The eastern
 This allows for a mutual respect and mountain area.
understanding so don’t be put off if asked  Time Zone: Gulf Time Zone – UTC+4:00
questions of a personal nature
 Currency: Dirham.

 Government: Federal Constitution.

 Internet penetration: 70.0% of the

UAE (United Arab Emirates)
population – est 2011
Whether visiting Abu Dhabi on business or Dubai 
BASIC INTRODUCTION
for tourism or even hosting Emirati colleagues or
clients in your own country, this guide will help you The United Arab Emirates was formed as an
understand your counterparts, improve independent federation on December 2nd, 1971
and originally included six countries: Abu Dhabi, SOCIAL CUSTOMS & PROTOCOL
Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain and
Naming conventions:
Fujairah.

The following year Ras al-Khaymah joined the  The first name is the personal name
federation. The Sheikhdoms also known as the followed by ibn which means son of and
Trucial States were formerly a British Protectorate the name of the father, then followed
from 1820 until they achieved independence in again by ibn meaning the name of the
1971. In the 18th and early 19th Century, the father of his father. This is then followed
Trucial coast (south-eastern Persian Gulf) was by the family name.
known in the West as the ‘Pirate Coast’ as shipping  Where a daughter is concerned the ibn
vessels in the area were frequently targeted by becomes bint. Her first name followed by
local tribal inhabitants. The British Government bint (daughter of) father’s name, then ibn
retaliated and were successful in bringing matters to indicate the grandfather’s name
under control. These events led to the creation of followed by the family name.
the ‘General Treaty of Peace’ in 1820 which
established Britain’s obligation to maintain peace in  When a couple marry, the wife retains her
the Gulf. family name and children will take the
name of the father.
Since the second half of the 20th Century, the
discovery of oil has been a driving force in the  In modern times ibn and bint are often
economy of the UAE. The international finance and only used in official circumstances. 
banking crisis in 2008 saw a severe economic slump Additionally, addresses are likely to only
in UAE and they narrowly avoided being caught up included son or daughter of the father as
in the so called ‘Arab Spring’ that ricocheted around opposed to both father and grandfather,
the Middle East in 2010. As a response to the crisis, e.g. the first prime minister of the UAE was
the UAE embarked upon an ambitious programme addressed as Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid
of economic and political reform. The poorer areas Al Maktoum
of the UAE received significant investment to
Meeting & Greeting:
improve the infrastructure and raise educational
standards.

The UAE is a member of the US-led anti-Islamic  A long but steady handshake is common.
State coalition along with 61 other states. Ensure you only use your right hand.
LANGUAGE IN THE UAE  Greetings between individuals of the same
gender who know each other well are
 
often warm and include hugs and
Arabic is the official language of the UAE although embraces.
English is widely spoken and understood.
 Arab men or women may decline to shake
Since the UAE is home to a large expatriate the hands of those from the other sex. 
community, a number of other languages are This is a religious adherence practiced by
widely spoken which primarily include:  Persian, many male and female Muslims.  It is not
Hindi, Urdu, Bengali and Chinese. personal and it should not be taken
offensively. We suggest therefore, that
 
men wait to see if a female offers her hand
  prior to offering his. 

   Likewise, if a female offers her hand and it

is refused by a male, then we suggest the
 use of a gesture that is often used across  It is not uncommon for men to greet other
the Muslim world as an alternative men with a kiss or a nose rub. Male friends
greeting whereby the right hand is placed often link arms or hold hands.
flat over the heart, coupled with a brief
nod of the head and a smile.  Members of the opposite sex do not
embrace or kiss in public
 It is polite to greet the oldest or most
senior members of the group first.

Communication style: Gift Giving:

 Small talk is common, indeed expected,  All gifts should be of a high quality. Good
and is often the prelude to business perfume is acceptable even for men who
discussion. take a pride in the appearance and status
but such a gift for a woman should
 Business is conducted on the basis of trust
in the UAE and will fall short if individuals   only be given by another woman.
try to hurry on to business matters to  Gifts with a personal touch that show
hastily.  Take the time to get to know your thoughtfulness are very acceptable.
counterpart by asking generic questions
and showing an interest in them  Never give alcohol, pork products, knives
personally.  Ask about their children, their or dog related items.
school, sporting interests, trips abroad etc. 

 It may take a good few meetings and a

restaurant visit before your counterpart
will feel ready to move into any business Dining & Food:
transactions with you.
 Dining in the UAE is a very social affair and
 Genuine flattery will never go amiss can be a means to doing business also.

 Be aware of hierarchal structures and  It is considered polite to arrive fifteen

show due respect to those in a higher minutes late.
position. Use titles where appropriate.
 Expect to eat with the right hand – the left
 Never criticize Islam, the ruling classes or hand is considered dirty. However, if you
local traditions. are left handed it is acceptable to eat with
a utensil in the left hand. Arabs may eat
 Never sit in a position that shows the soles
with their hand only and without utensils. 
of the feet. To do so is an insult as feet are
Hand cleanliness is therefore very
considered dirty.
important.  
Personal Space:
 Some families prefer to be seated on
cushions on the floor.

 Maintain eye contact with people of the  It is not considered polite to decline the
same sex. offer of more food.

 Men should show courtesy and respect for  If eating with utensils, place the cutlery
women. Never make prolonged eye facing up in the middle of the plate on
contact with a woman or compliment her finishing the meal.
on her appearance or dress.  
  If dining in a restaurant give more than the  Appointments should be made at least two
service charge – up to 10% is acceptable. weeks ahead and confirmed a day or two
before the meeting is due to take place.
Taboos:  
 It is not unusual for a meeting to take place
 Do not discuss religion or criticise Islam.
in a café or restaurant.
 Men should not stare at women or offer
 Punctuality is important and deemed
compliments
respectful.
 Do not go outside scantily dressed
 Informal ‘small talk’ prior to the start of
 Non-Muslims should not enter a mosque business is common and is essential to
or touch a Qu’ran building relationships.

 Kissing or cuddling in public is strictly  Face is important to the Emirates so that

prohibited and such conduct can result in any criticism or conflict should be strictly
arrest. avoided.

BUSINESS CULTURE & ETIQUETTE TIPS  It is not unusual for meetings to seem a
little disorganised and interruptions are
What to wear: not uncommon. An individual unrelated to
the meeting may therefore join the
 Dress conservatively. Men should wear a
meeting for a period and the subject may
neat suit and tie.
change accordingly.  You may also find that
 Women should dress smartly and modestly some individuals make or receive calls
ensuring that their arms are covered during the meeting.
regardless of temperature.
Negotiating:
Titles:
 Building relations in UAE and personal
 The Emiratis expect formality and respect. contacts are paramount to successful
business. If you have not taken the time
 Position is important and should be and made the effort to build a positive
recognised. relationship with your counterpart then it’s
unlikely that they will trust you sufficiently
 Expect to be addressed by your title and be
sure to research the position and titles of to negotiate with you.
those with whom you do business.It is  Any business agreements should be passed
polite for instance, to address the head of by a lawyer before signing on the dotted
the department or company as ‘Sheikh’. line.
Business cards:  If there is some doubt about the outcome
 Business cards are given before the of negotiations this should not be
meeting and should be printed in Arabic on expressed too negatively and the word ‘no’
one side. The Arabic side should be is best avoided.
presented first.  Do not use high pressure tactics as these
 Present and receive business cards with will not be tolerated and are likely to
your right hand. negatively impact proceedings.

Meetings: Management:
  Be aware that the work week in the UAE  Flag: The national flag for the UK is known
runs from Sunday to Thursday.  Friday and at The Union Jack and represents the three
Saturday are weekend days. older nations of Great Britain with the red
cross of St George (patron saint of
 Government office hours are typically England), the white saltire cross of St.
between 07:30 and 15:00, although private Andrew (patron saint of Scotland), and the
office hours are typically open for longer red saltire of St. Patrick (patron saint of
and often finish as late as 21:00.  However, Ireland -  Northern Ireland being part of
where this is the case, a three to four-hour the United Kingdom)
break at some point in the day is given.
 National anthem: God Save the Queen is
 The boss often holds a fairly paternalistic the patriotic song dedicated to the reigning
role. As such, it’s not uncommon for monarch of The United Kingdom
conversations to be move to more
personal matters during discussions  Nationality: English, Irish, Scottish or Welsh
between boss and team member. (or just British which covers all of them)

 Managers tend to be slightly more  Ethnic Make-Up: white 87.2%,

conservative in the UAE and, as such, this black/African/Caribbean/black British 3%,
may affect the speed and nature of change. Asian British: Indian 2.3%, Asian/Asian
British: Pakistani 1.9%, mixed 2%, other
 Although timescales and deadlines are 3.7% (2011 census)
broadly adhered to, less priority is given to
them compared to Western cultures.  If  Population: 65,511,098 – 2017
therefore, you are a Westerner doing
business in the UAE, then you may wish to,  Population growth rate: 0.8% annual
gently and politely, reinforce any change (2015)
deadlines.  Climate: Temperate; moderated by
 In family owned companies, deference is prevailing southwest winds over the North
paid to the head of the family who will also Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the
most likely be the key decision maker. days are overcast.

 Managers will typically consult  Time Zone: Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

stakeholders during the decision-making Britain operates daylight saving time (DST)
process.  Responsibility for which begins on last Sunday in March;
implementation will then be passed to ends last Sunday in October and puts the
subordinate team members. clock ahead of GMT by one hour

 Do not question the boss in a way that  Currency: Pound Sterling, known as the
puts him / her on the spot as this will Pound or Great British Pound (GBP)
potentially cause a loss of face and will not  Government: parliamentary constitutional
be well received. monarchy
UK (United Kingdom) OVERVIEW OF THE UK
FACTS AND STATISTICS The United Kingdom includes England, Scotland,
 Location:  Western Europe Wales and Northern Ireland. Historically the
country was a forerunner in the developing world
 Capital:  London and, at its peak during the 19th Century, had an
empire that stretched across the globe.
They have led the way in science, literature and  In the UK, the first name is also known as
industry. However, the influence and power of ‘the Christian name’, although this has
Great Britain began to erode in the first half of the little to do with religion today. This is
20th Century with two world wars. This had its traditionally followed by a middle name
consequences in the gradual breakup of the Empire and then the family name which in the UK
during the second half of the century since when, is known as the surname.
the UK has re modelled itself into a leading,
wealthy European nation.  In previous centuries children tended to be
named after a member of the family or a
The UK is one of the five permanent members of religious figure. Catholic families, in
the UN Security Council which was created on 24th particular, tend to name their children
October 1945 and a founding member of NATO and after saints.
the commonwealth. The UK takes a global stance in
foreign policy.  In modern times, children are often given
names that are liked by the parents and
Until June 2016, the UK played an active part in the which have no particular significance
European Parliament after joining in 1973 although regarding family or religion. Some children
they chose not to enter into the Economic and are named after famous football stars,
Monetary Union. Following a national referendum singers or film actors.
on June 23rd 2016, the UK narrowly voted to leave
the EU (known as Brexit) although this will not be  Traditionally when couples marry the
complete for some years.  It is largely thought the woman takes her husband’s name as her
vote to leave was driven by perceived ‘bureaucracy’ surname but some couple now choose to
in Brussels, the centre of the European Parliament amalgamate their names which is referred
and concerns regarding immigration. to as a double-barrelled name.  

LANGUAGE IN THE UK Meeting & Greeting

English is the main language spoken by  Although the British may appear on the
approximately 98% of the population in the UK with surface to be reserved and perhaps even
numerous dialects. Accents can vary tremendously aloof, they are in fact friendly people and
from south to north, even occasionally confusing welcoming to foreign visitors.
Brits themselves.  The etiquette when greeting is to shake
There are some regional language speakers hands with all those present, even
including Scottish Gaelic, Irish Gaelic and Welsh. children.
The latter is one of the most widely spoken regional
 At social or business meetings, it is polite
languages.
to also shake hands upon leaving. Hand-
As a multi-national country, the UK has a number of shakes should not be too hearty, just a
other languages spoken across the country. The light friendly touch.
second most spoken, non-native language in the UK
 Last names should be used with the
is Polish. The next commonly spoken languages
appropriate title unless specifically invited
come from India and Pakistan: Punjabi, Bengali and
to use the first name.
Gujarati. These are followed by Arabic, Chinese,
Portuguese and French. Communication style

SOCIAL CUSTOMS & ETIQUETTE

Naming conventions
  The British have an interesting mix of  It is not usual for gifts to be exchanged in a
communication styles encompassing both business setting.
understatement and direct
Dining & Food
communication.

 Many older businesspeople or those from

the 'upper class' rely heavily upon formal  Table manners are Continental, i.e. the
use of established protocol. fork is held in the left hand and the knife in
the right while eating.
 Most British are masters of
understatement and do not use effusive  The fork is held tines down so food is
language. If anything, they have a marked scooped on to the back of the fork. This is a
tendency to use ‘qualifiers’ such as skill that takes time to master.
'perhaps', ‘possibly’ or 'it could be'.
 Remain standing until invited to sit down.
 When communicating with people they see You may be shown to a particular seat.
as equal to themselves in rank or class, the
British are direct, but modest. If  Do not rest your elbows on the table.
communicating with someone they know
 If you have not finished eating, cross your
well, their style may be more informal,
knife and fork on your plate with the fork
although they will still be reserved.
over the knife.
 Written communication follows strict rules
 Indicate you have finished eating by laying
of protocol. How a letter is closed varies
your knife and fork together at the clock
depending upon how well the writer
position of 6.30.
knows the recipient.
 Toasts are given at formal meals when the
 Written communication is always
host will raise a glass (usually wine but a
addressed using the person's title and their
soft drink is acceptable) and will invite the
surname. First names are not generally
guests to commemorate a person or event.
used in written communication, unless you
The guests then raise their glass and repeat
know the person well.
the toast before taking a sip of their drink.
 E-mail is now much more widespread,
 When in a pub, it is common practice to
however the communication style remains
pay for a round of drinks for everyone in
more formal, at least initially, than in many
your group.
other countries. Most British will not use
slang or abbreviations and will think  If invited to a meal at a restaurant, the
negatively if your communication appears person extending the invitation usually
overly familiar. pays. It is important to arrive on time. Do
not argue about the check; simply
Gift Giving
reciprocate at a later time.
 It is customary to take a small gift for the
 Do not wave your hand or call out to
host if invited to their home. This is usually
summons a waiter if in a restaurant.
either a bottle of wine, flowers or
chocolates. Some people may send flowers Visiting a home
in advance of a dinner party but it is
equally acceptable to take them on the  Unlike many European cultures, the British
day. Gifts are opened on receipt. enjoy entertaining people in their homes.
  Although the British value punctuality, you  There is no ceremony as to business card
may arrive 10-15 minutes later than invited giving in the UK.
to dinner.
 Do not be surprised if someone writes on
 It is not always required to remove your your business card.
shoes when entering a British home, but it
Meetings
is recommended that you ask upon entry
whether or not shoes can be worn.  Meetings always have a clearly defined
Taboos purpose, which may include an agenda.

 Do not rest your elbows on the table.  There will be a brief amount of small talk
before getting down to the business at
 Do not stare. hand

 Do not be overly familiar with people you  If you make a presentation, avoid making
do not know well. exaggerated claims. Make brief eye
contact with the team members to
 Do not ask personal questions such as how encourage a feeling of inclusion.
much someone earns, who they voted for
etc.  Make certain your presentation and any
materials provided appear professional
 Do not speak too loudly or cut into a and well thought out.
conversation.
 Be prepared to back up your claims with
BUSINESS CULTURE & PRACTICE
facts and figures. The British rely on facts,
What to wear? rather than emotions, to make decisions.

 Although the rules on business wear have  Maintain a few feet of personal space.
changed in the last decade and some
 Always be on time to a meeting if not a bit
professions are less formal, more
early.
conservative businesses still expect men to
wear a suit and tie and women to dress  If you have hosted the meeting then you
smartly. should send an email summarizing what
was decided and the next steps to be
 This may involve a smart, unfussy dress
taken.
and shoes but it is also acceptable for
women to wear trousers, a smart blouse Negotiating
and jacket.
 Major decisions are made from the top and
Titles will be passed down the chain of
management.
 In addition to formal professional titles,
(such as doctor or professor), it is polite to  Any hard selling or confrontation is ill-
refer to men with ‘Mr’ and women as ‘Mrs’ advised.
(if married) or ‘Miss’ (if unmarried).
Management
 Formal titles should be used in business
unless otherwise stated.    The style of management in the UK has
been changing over the past few decades
Business cards from what may be perceived to be stuffy,
conservative values to a more open and
 These are usually given at the end of a
meeting.
 progressive approach recognising the American (0.9%), Asian American (4.8%)
significant role played by the employees.    (2010 Census)

 Where meetings are concerned, it is  Population: 324,700,000 (March 2017)

important to treat all people with respect
and deference and that time should not be  Population growth rate: 0.75%
wasted.  Climate: mostly temperate, but tropical in
 Always arrive promptly prepared for the Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska,
discussions on the content of the business semiarid in the great plains west of the
at hand. Mississippi River, and arid in the Great
Basin of the southwest.
 Although some organisations will appear
to be hierarchical people within the  Time Zone: There are 4 standard times
company, whatever their position, play an zones as follows -  Pacific Time UTC -8:00 /
important role in the decision-making -7:00 : Mountain Time UTC -7:00 / -6:00 :
process for the greater good of the Central Time    UTC -6:00 / -5:00 : Eastern
company. Time UTC -5:00 / -4:00

 Employees expect to be consulted on  Currency: US Dollar

issues that affect their working  Government: Constitution-based federal
environment and morale. republic

 Internet penetration: 84.2%
USA (United States of America) LANGUAGE IN AMERICA
This is a country so large that it has six time zones – There is no official language in the USA although
indicative of the many regional and geographical English (specifically American English) is the
distinctions. Understanding America through primary language used for legislation, regulations,
popular culture, media and politics will only ever executive orders, treaties, federal court rulings, and
offer skin-deep insights. Our guide is valuable for all other official pronouncements.
anyone researching American culture, customs,
language, society, manners, etiquette, values and Due to the large number of immigrants that make
essentially wanting to understand the people up the population America is very much a
better. multilingual nation. Per the American Community
Survey 2011, endorsed by the United States Census
FACTS AND STATISTICS Bureau, the top 5 spoken languages in America are:
 Location:  North America, bordering both 1. English – 230 million
the North Atlantic Ocean and the North
Pacific Ocean, 2. Spanish – 37.58 million
between Canada and Mexico
3. Chinese – 2.88 million
 Capital: Washington, DC
4. French – 2.05 million
 National anthem: The Star-Spangled
5. Tagalog – 1.59 million
Banner
SOCIAL CUSTOMS & PROTOCOL
 Nationality:  American
Naming conventions
 Ethnic Make-up:  White American (72.4%),
African American (12.6%),  Native  Family, friends and colleagues use first
names.
  Nicknames are also common.  This is down to the US communication
style which is influenced by the need to be
 In formal situations you would use your direct, clear, transparent and open about
name & surname or that of the person you matters.
are introducing, for example, “Please meet
Jane Doe.” Mr or Mrs may also be used in  Plain and simple talk is very much valued
more conservative states. in America.

 Within work situations use professional  Americans see coded, indirect

titles when addressing others, i.e. “Nice to communication which relies on body
meet you Professor Lacey.” language as confusing and unnecessary.

 Do not use professional titles when  The emphasis within communication is on

introducing yourself. the facts at hand and not the relationships
– thus the term, “It’s just business.”
Meeting & Greeting
 Americans are much more open in
conversation about private affairs than
 American greetings are generally quite many other cultures and do not shy away
informal and casual. from asking direct questions.

 It is becoming more common in social  

situations not to shake hands upon Personal Space
meeting and simply smile or nod.

 When people are introduced handshakes

are common accompanied with a “How  Americans do not tend to like close contact
d’ya do?”, “How you doing?” or “How are with others.
you”? depending on where in the US you
 2-3 feet of personal space during
are.
conversations is the norm.
 Within business handshakes are generally
 For most Americans there is little or no
expected when meeting and leaving.
touching ever with others although within
 Pleasantries are exchanged out of courtesy some communities this may be much more
rather than being genuine. common within the community itself.  This
will also be different between good friends
 Rather than say “bye” Americans may also and family.
use terms such as “call me some time,”
“let’s do lunch” or “see you around” as  In public, such as in parks or on the bus,
politer ways of departing. people try to give one another space.

 If introducing someone, use their full name Gift Giving

and a bit of information about them, for
 Americans do not really have any customs
example, “This is Larry Whyte; he works at
or taboos concerning gifts.
the local school as a science teacher.”
 Gifts are usually given for special occasions
Communication style
or between friends and family.
 Americans can come across as self-
 Gifts within business are generally
interested, aggressive and rude to some
discouraged due to anti-bribery policies.
outsiders.
 Cash should never be given as a gift.
  If visiting a house, bring flowers, a potted  If an invite says 6pm-8pm it is polite to
plant, a fruit basket, chocolate, wine, a leave as close to 8pm as possible.
book or a small household ornament like a
vase.  It is a good idea to bring a gift or if there is
going to be some food, then some drinks.
Dining & Food
 Send a note of thanks after the occasion to
 Americans socialise and do business over your host.
breakfast, lunch and dinner.
Taboos
 If business is the goal, then socializing is
In public:
kept to a minimum at the start and end.
 Do not spit.
 Social meals are more about eating that
chatting and taking hours over the food.  Do not discuss race, religion, politics or sex.
 If you invite someone to a restaurant, you  Do not swear.
should pay.
 Do not discuss the wrong/rights of
 The fork is held in the left hand facing abortion.
down with the knife is held in the right
hand.  Do not assume you can smoke anywhere,
even outside.
 Napkins if provided are placed on the lap.
BUSINESS CULTURE, PRACTICES & ETIQUETTE TIPS
 A toast might take place at the start of a
formal meal or for a special What to wear
occasion/guest.
 Dress code depends on where in the USA
 Feel free to refuse specific foods or drinks you are doing business. The weather and
without offering an explanation. local culture will determine what is
appropriate or not.
 Many foods are eaten by hand.
 In general, people in the East dress more
 Food is often served family-style, which formally, while people in the West are
means that it is in large serving dishes and known for being a bit more casual.
passed around the table for everyone to
serve themselves.  It is best to always dress conservatively
until it is clear what the accepted dress
 Do not begin eating until the hostess starts code is.
or says to begin.
 Men should wear shirts with suits and
 Remain standing until invited to sit down. shoes. Ties are generally worn but not in
all States. Colours should be traditional
 Do not rest your elbows on the table.
such as black, blue, grey, etc.
Visiting a home
 Women should wear modestly with not
 Being invited to an American’s home can too much make-up or jewellery.  Low-cut
be fairly informal. blouses, short skirts and tight clothing are
not appropriate.
 One should dress casually but also smart
and arrive no later than 10-15 minutes late  ‘Casual Friday’ is common in many
without notifying your host that you will companies. High technology companies
be late. often wear casual clothes every day.
Titles  Use statistics to back up your claims, since
Americans are impressed by hard data and
 Most Americans move to a first name basis
evidence.
pretty quickly.
 With the emphasis on controlling time,
 Always start by addressing people using
business is conducted rapidly.
Mr/Mrs/Miss + surname until you are
invited to call them otherwise.  Expect very little small talk before getting
down to business. It is common to attempt
 Some, such as Doctors, will use their
to reach an oral agreement at the first
professional titles.
meeting.
Business cards
 The emphasis is on getting a contract
 Americans have no etiquette when it signed rather than building a relationship.
comes to giving and receiving business The relationship may develop once the first
cards. contract has been signed.

 They are swapped with no fanfare. Negotiating

 It is quite common for the recipient to put  Final decisions are usually made from the
your card in their wallet, which may then top down although group consensus is
go in the back pocket of their trousers. This valued.
is not an insult.
 Hard selling tactics are used from time to
Meetings time.

 Arrive on time for meetings since time and  The deal at hand is always more important
punctuality are so important to Americans. than then personal relationship.

 In the Northeast and Midwest, people are  Americans sometimes start negotiations
extremely punctual and view it as a sign of with excessive demands or a low price. 
disrespect for someone to be late for a They are usually taking a starting position
meeting or appointment. that gives them room to bargain.

 In the Southern and Western states,  Negotiations may seem rushed – always 
people may be a little more relaxed, but to remember that "time is money" to
be safe, always arrive on time, although Americans.
you may have to wait a little before your
Management
meeting begins.
 In the U.S.A, there is a sense that all
 Meetings may appear relaxed, but they are
people in the organization have an
taken quite seriously.
important role to play and all are valued
If there is an agenda, it will be followed.
for their input.
 At the conclusion of the meeting, there will
 Employees expect to be consulted on
be a summary of what was decided, a list
decisions that affect them and the greater
of who will implement which facets and a
good of the organization.
list of the next steps to be taken and by
whom.  American managers are viewed as
facilitators--people who help employees
 If you make a presentation, it should be
do their best work--and not simply
direct and to the point. Visual aids should
decision makers.
further enhance your case.
  Missing a deadline is a sign of poor meaning through sentences using noun groups and
management and inefficiency. adjectives (Callow, 2013) which are written or typed
on paper or a screen.
INTRODUCTION:

The digital society in which we all live has

drastically altered reality across industries. It’s INFOGRAPHICS
changed the way we live (okay, Google!), the way
What is infographics?
we work (hello telecommuting!) and, most
importantly, the way we communicate. By definition, an infographic is a visual
representation of any kind of information or data.
Nowadays, there are many advanced and diverse
mediums that individuals use to create some form Whether it’s a study on market trends or a step-by-
of communication with his/her friends, family step guide on how to do your laundry, an
members or significant others. People are using infographic can help you present that information
images, graphics, audio, and video to share in the form of an attractive visual graphic.
information they would have otherwise shared
with ink and paper only a few decades ago. (Notice how the use of bright colors, illustrated
characters and bold text instantly grabs your
MULTIMODAL TEXTS attention and gives you an overview of the topic as
you skim through.)

Keep in mind that the goal of an infographic is not

This include picture books, text books, graphic
only to inform, but also to make the viewing
novels, comics, and posters, where meaning is
experience fun and engaging for your audience. It
conveyed to the reader through varying
all comes down to how you combine different
combinations of visual (still image) written
graphic elements—like colors, icons, images,
language, and spatial modes.
illustrations and fonts—to explain a topic in a
Digital multimodal texts compelling and easy-to-understand way.

This includes film, animation, slide shows, e- The infographic above also showcases the statistics
posters, digital stories, and web pages, convey and percentages in a visual form using radials and a
meaning through combinations of written and donut chart. So even if you don’t read the text
spoken language, visual (still and moving image), above, you’ll still get the picture.
audio, gestural and spatial modes.
REMEMBER:  In infographics, especially those that
include lots of data, ALWAYS include citations. 

Live multimodal texts Why should you use Infographics?

Example of this are dance, performance, and oral There’s a reason why infographics are so popular—
storytelling, convey meaning through combinations they’re fun, engaging and super easy to share. Plus,
of modes such as gestural, spatial, spoken they have tons of benefits for all kinds of content
language, and audio. creators, including businesses, educators and
nonprofits.

 Marketers can use infographics to drive

Each mode uses unique semiotic resources to
more website traffic, increase visibility and
create meaning (Kress, 2010). In a visual text, for
brand awareness, and boost engagement.
example, representation of people, objects, and
places can be conveyed using choices of visual  Educators and trainers can use infographics
semiotic resources such as line, shape, size, line and to explain difficult concepts or break down
symbols, while written language would convey this
 complex information to make it easier to  Process Infographics
understand.
- Process infographics usually make use of
 Nonprofits can use infographics to spread flowcharts, diagrams and even timelines to
awareness about a cause or social issue. guide readers through a series of steps or to help
simplify the decision-making process. Here’s an
Generally, infographics are used for one or more of
example of a process infographic template:
the following reasons:
(https://www.easel.ly/blog/selecting-best-
/ Illustrating data: Present statistics, facts and
template-business-infographic/process-infographic-
figures visually using charts, graphs and other
example/)
graphic tools.
 
/ Simplifying a complex subject: Explain difficult
concepts with the help of illustrations and visual  Timeline Infographics
cues.
- Timeline infographics are useful for presenting
/ Drawing a comparison: Visually compare two or information in a chronological order. Whether
more products, services, features, brands or you’re visually showcasing your brand history or
concepts. showing how something has evolved over time, a
timeline infographic can help you out.
/ Creating awareness: Spread word about an
important cause or create brand awareness and  Anatomical Infographics
visibility.
- Looking to break down and explain the different
/ Summarizing longer content: Repurpose long parts of something? An anatomical infographic can
videos, blog posts and reports into bite-sized help you do just that. This type of infographic has a
infographics. labelled diagram format, which can help you
highlight and explain ingredients, product parts,
 
characteristics, personality traits and more.
TYPES OF INFOGRAPHICS
 
 Statistical Infographics
PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES
- Statistical infographics make use of
Propaganda refers to a type of message aimed at
typography, charts and graphs to present research,
influencing opinions and/or the behavior of people.
facts and figures in a visual way. This helps make
Propaganda may provide only partial information
data look more interesting and easier to digest than
or be deliberately misleading. Propaganda
a bunch of plain numbers or tables.
techniques are often found on television and radio,
  as well as magazines and newspapers.

 Informational Infographics - Informational  BANDWAGON

Infographics use a mix of text and visual
As human beings, we have this innate desire to fit
elements to explain or simplify a topic, or
in. And that’s exactly the kind of follow-the-herd
guide readers through a series of steps.
mentality this technique follow.
The example explains the tips to keep
one’s chin up with the help of a colorful Bandwagon propaganda is all about persuading the
informational infographic that’s easy to target audience to take action. It’s about creating
follow and fun to read. an urge amongst people to become a part of the “in
crowd”.
(https://venngage.com/blog/9-types-of-
infographic-template/)
To enforce such a feeling, advertisers typically use
phrases like, “join the crowd” or “trending now” for Take a look at this advertisement right here. It uses
their products and services. a sweet-looking girl to appeal to the audience. The
main purpose of the ad is to promote healthy and
Notice how Maybelline uses the phrase “America’s
Favorite”? simple living.

That’s a way of persuading people to use the  OVERSIMPLIFICATION

product because it is loved by all of America. Favourable generalities are used to provide simple
 FLAG-WAVING answers to complex social, political, economic, or
military problems. An example of this is the use of
Flag waving is an attempt to justify an action on the the word “worklessness”  instead of
grounds that doing so will make one more patriotic, unemployment.
or in some way benefit a group, country or idea.
 TESTIMONIAL
 PLAIN FOLKS
Testimonial propaganda is popular advertising
Have you ever noticed how some brands use technique that uses renowned or celebrity figures
ordinary folks to promote their products and to endorse products and services. Now in this case,
services as opposed to celebrities? The ultimate when a famous person vouches for something,
goal here is to demonstrate how the product is viewers are likely to take account of the credibility
meant for everybody and will provide value to and popularity of that person.
everyone.
This establishes trust and boosts the credibility of
Today, buyers are on the lookout for REAL that particular brand. Consequently, some brands
experiences instead of the glossy images portrayed may also use figures like doctors and engineers
on television. (basically experts) to promote their products and
services.
  GLITTERING GENERALITIES
 JINGLE
Glittering generalities is a propaganda technique
This technique pertains to the use of musical
where propagandists use emotional appeal or/and
accompaniment to promote a certain brand or
vague statements to influence the audience.
advocacy.
Advertising agencies thus use of phrases like as
“inspiring you from within” or “to kick-start your  
day” to create positive anecdotes. This makes the
product look more appealing, resulting in better  STORYLINE
sales. This technique relates a story in-line with the
For better effect, brands may use hyperboles, product or program to appeal to the emotions of
metaphors or lyrical phrases to attract more the viewers.
attention.  

EDITORIAL CARTOONING

EDITORIAL

It’s a drawing that expresses a certain message or

viewpoint—an essay or a cartoon—that seeks to
persuade and reflects the point of view of the
author, the media organization’s editors, or its
publishers.
 AD NAUSEAM/REPETITION
NEWS REPORT
This approach uses tireless repetition of an idea. An
A text that informs readers about current events by
idea, especially a simple slogan, that is repeated
using facts and interviews.
enough times, may begin to be taken as the truth. 
 
 EXPERIMENTAL
Editorial cartoon uses pictures and text to make a
This technique pertains to the comparison of the
statement. Editorial cartoons express opinions
prime brand to the rival item.
about a wide range of topics in the news, such as
politics or culture. Cartoonists often use images of
well-known people, places and things to send a
message. Editorial cartoons can be challenging
because you often need background knowledge to
understand them.

 
STEPS TO FOLLOW WHEN CREATING AN EDITORIAL  Don't include so many ideas on your
CARTOON: cartoon, decide on a single point

1.  Brainstorm ideas for your cartoon; you have to  Use black ink- draw in bold lines and keep
understand the topic you choose. lettering large and legible

       - Think of possible ideas in your head that you  Draw in horizontal

could create, and do not neglect ideas if they seem
silly at first.  Don't do SLOGAN- limit the use of words
and labels
2.   Roughly draw a sketch of the idea that you like
the most.  Turn complex ideas into simple and
understandable but thought provoking
      -  Do a rough drawing/sketch on what you think
is the best that you thought of.  Go for emotion- aim to trigger emotional
response from the readers
3.  Make sure your idea shows symbolism, irony,
exaggeration, sarcasm, and/or multiple meanings  Target local news
of words.
 Be careful in placing labels-change parts
       - If you make your cartoon on just two people that can be libelous
talking and use none of the above techniques, that
 
is not a political cartoon.
Why do artists create editorial cartoons?
4.  Do not make the political cartoon too easy to
analyze. Artists create editorial cartoons to express their
opinions about events in the news.
          - Make the cartoon understandable, but yet
hard enough to make the reader think about the How can an editorial cartoon be evaluated?
topic and get their mind working.
 A good editorial cartoon combines a clear
5.  When you are finished, look at it and see if it drawing and good writing.
makes you think to understand it
 A good editorial cartoon expresses a
         - Look at it when you’re done and see if it recognizable point-of-view or opinion.
makes sense and yet still challenging to analyze.
 In the best instances, the cartoon cannot
6.  If needed, create a title. be read or understood by only looking at
the words or only looking at the picture.
       - Make sure it is creative and/or necessary
Both the words and the pictures must be
  read together in order to understand the
cartoonist’s message.
Tips in Editorial Cartooning
 Not all editorial cartoons are meant to be
 Give most importance in originality and funny. Some of the most effective editorial
clarity of your Cartoon's ideas and artistry cartoons are not humorous at all. Humor is
 Select update/current interesting news only one tool available to editorial
and draw a caricature of the personalities cartoonists.
involved. Editorial cartoons provide a window into history by
 Study professionally drawn editorial showing us what people were thinking and talking
cartoons. STUDY THEM- DON'T COPY about at a given time and place. Today’s editorial
cartoons will provide the same record of our own
time.
Types of Presentations and Presentation Software  ‘A multimedia presentation refers to the
integration of animation, audio, graphics, text, and
With the unexpected events that is happening now
full-motion video through computer hardware and
in the world which abruptly disturbed the semester
software for education, entertainment or training”
last school year, our university is all prepared for a
http://www.businessdictionary.com). Bear in mind
school year unlike any other- and teachers,
that you are not expected to incorporate all of
students, and parents will have to adjust to the
these elements; however, you need to integrate at
necessary help needed so education can be
least three of them in one presentation. Similar to
delivered to all. This lesson will enhance your skills
the process of writing a paper, making a multimedia
in the use of different tools of technology while
oral presentation involves three stages: 1) planning
learning different strategies of communication.
the presentation; 2) delivering the presentation;
While it is true that face to face learning is still and 3) evaluating the presentation. Although this
prohibited, communication’s scope is not only process is similar in most oral presentations, the
limited through this kind of learning. With the contexts that require you to present may vary.
continuous development in technology, people can
 Types of Presentations
now communicate through the use of different
online platforms that help them relay the message a) Individual Presentation
they wanted to pass. Lessons can now be accessed
            This involves one person who shares relevant
through these platform thus, making learning more
information about one’s research or work. This type
accessible.
of presentation              culminates in an open forum
Whatever platform you may have opted to use to that allows the audience to ask the presenter
continue learning, I am sure you have heard and certain relevant questions.
experience yourself the reality that our world has
 b) Group Presentation
changed, A lot! How seminars are now called
webinars, how we use LMS as a support learning             This involves at least three members who
platform before now becomes our main platform, take turns in sharing relevant information on a
and how people now use social media for business single topic that forms                  the group
purposes. All of these is communicating by applying research. This also leads to an open forum or a Q &
different aids and strategies using tools of A with the audience.
technology.
c) Panel Presentation
Lesson Proper:
            This involves around three to six members
 You learned from the previous lessons that with a moderator, the members called panelists,
different tools can be used to communicate certain present different topics that are based on a similar
messages. Aside from written texts, communication theme. Panelists do not necessarily belong to the
tools include audio-visual aids that may be same research team. At the end of the
developed through digital means. You may have presentation, the moderator facilitates the
done these presentations effectively because you discussion between the panelists and the audience.
knew your purpose, audience, and context.
d) Workshop Presentation
 
            This involves one or two members who act as
facilitators to give participants a chance to
experience how a                        specific skill,
In the academic context, one way you have learned
technique or concept can be employed; this is
to communicate is by writing effective
usually done with a small group.
compositions. Aside from sharing your ideas in
the written mode, some of your tasks in school can e) Poster Presentation
also be shared through multimedia presentations.
            This manner of presentation employs the use you and your audience follow the flow of the talk.
of a poster in showing one’s work. The audience Therefore, hey must not be overfilled. Six lines of
views the posters               on display while the text per slide are plenty. Nine lines is a lot.  Twelve
presenter stands next to it to respond to questions lines are pretty much unreadable.  Bullet points
or comments from the viewers. should be no more than two to six words – and
they should NOT be complete sentence.
f).Individual / Group Demonstration
            If you need more text, use more slides. One
            This involves one or more members who
of the beauties of software is that you can make as
demonstrate how something is done or how
many slides as you want. I’ve seen extremely
something is used in a specific context.
effective presentations with only one word on most
  slides, only one image on many others.  Why cram
one slide full of text when you can make two or
Preparing Audio-Visual Presentation three uncluttered slides instead.
  Use images. People are visual creatures, and the old
adage that a picture is worth a thousand words is
Planning a Presentation
especially apropos in presentations. Pictures,
    Knowing Your Purpose: graphs, charts, and other image can be extremely
helpful. As with text, keep them simplified and
            What is the objective of the presentation? uncluttered. Also, avoid dark images that won’t
Why is it relevant? What will your audience gain by show up well on a screen.
watching the presentation?
            Always choose white or light-colored slide
 Analyzing Your Audience: backgrounds. Why? To see light text on dark slides.
            Who is your target audience? What are their You’ll have to turn down the lights, or even turn
age range? Are they also students like you? Are them off. This makes it hard to see your notes, the
they professionals in the field of your study? What podium, etc. Worse, it will tend to put your
are their interests? How is your                        audience to sleep. Really. By contrast, dark text on
presentation relevant to them? light –colored slides can usually be read with lights
on and shades open. Don’t let your host or anyone
 Making Sense of Your Context: else, manage the lighting for you- tell them you
prefer to leave the lights on. If you can see it, your
What is the venue of your presentation? What is
audience can probably see it too. If in doubt, work
the occasion? Is it a formal event? What guidelines
to the back of the room and check.
have been given, if any? What considerations and
adjustments should you make about the materials,             Keep the glitz factor low. Fades, transitions,
design, content and delivery of the presentation? backgrounds, sound effects and so on can be a real
pitfall. Glitzing up your presentations can turn into
 Constructing Your Presentation slides
a serious time sink, detracting from the far more
The use of slides is crucial in delivering an effective important time you spend on content. Also, they
presentation. You can create slides with the help of can give your audience the impression that you
software like PowerPoint, Keynote or Prezi. In care more about surface than substance. Finally,
“How 10 Give an Academic Talk, v5.1,” Paul N. they can cause breakdowns during the
Edwards suggests the following: presentations if they work as you expect them to-
whirl are often. Nothing irritates an audience more
About Presentation Software than watching somebody fiddle frantically with a
computer in the middle of a talk. So keep
            Make slide extremely concise and visually
everything basic, at least until you’ve completely
uncluttered. Slides should be seen as maps not as
territories. They are tracking devices that let both
mastered the software. Always practice the final make eye Stare at your
version. contact laptop

            Talk to the audience, not the Focus on main

Get lost in details
screen. Everyone else is staring at the screen, so points
you may find yourself drawn to stare at it too. If
you do this, the audience will be looking at your Use outlines,
Have no visual
back and they won’t be able to hear you. Instead, images and
aids
have your laptop, or a paper version of your notes charts
in front of you. Speak from that, rather from the Finish within
slides on the screen. This takes practice and more Run overtime
your time limit
practice.
Summarize your Start without an
  main points at overview. Trail
Delivering the presentation the beginning off without a
and end conclusion
            Depending on the type of presentation you
will make, you need to know and understand your Notice your
role as a speaker. Are you going to be the only audience and ignore audience
speaker who will present everything and address respond to its behavior
your audience ‘s queries after? Are you one of needs
several speakers in a team? If so, are you the man Emulate your
speaker? Are you going to start or end the Emulate
advisor, even if
presentation? Whatever your role is; you need to excellent
he/she gives
remember that you have to own the stage once you speakers
lousy talks.
are up there. Here are some tips from Paul N.
Edwards (2013)  

In making effective presentations, Baker (2011)

suggests that you take the control of the material,
  the audience, and yourself. First, make sure you
have sufficient knowledge on your topic. How well
Some Rule of Thumb do you know your subject matter? Can you present
without reading your notes? Do you have credible
Usually Better Usually Worse and reliable information from purposeful research? 
Remember that you must demonstrate credibility
as a presenter. Aside from knowing and
Talk Read
understanding your topic, you also need to know
who your target audience is. Learn as much as you
Stand Sit can about them.  Are they older, younger, or the
same age as you? Are they experts in the field?
Move Stand still How can your presentation capture and sustain
their levels of interest and attention?  Lastly you
Vary the pitch of Speak in a need to take control of yourself. Remember that
your voice monotone although you will use multimedia elements, you are
your best visual aid. So you need to prepare
Speak loudly, emotionally, psychologically and intellectually for
Mumble, facing
facing the the presentation. To be an effective communicator,
downward
audience use your voice, eyes and body effectively. Be
mindful of the time allotted for your presentation
and stick to it. Avoid doing anything that feels
unnatural to you. Feel comfortable on stage and in
front of the audience.  Establish and maintain eye
contact. Make sure you practice as it will go a long TESTIMONIALS
way.
2◦ This propaganda technique uses words of
  an expert or a famous person to promote a
particular idea.
Evaluating and Reflecting on the Presentation
3◦ GLITTERING GENERALITIES
             Being an effective communicator does not
happen overnight. Like any successful individual, - Emotionally appealing words applied to a
one goes through a process that involves looking product or idea
back in order to learn from experience prepare for
the next similar task. In the context of oral EXPERIMENTAL
presentations, here are some questions to help you
- Comparing the prime brand to the rival
evaluate and reflect on your experience:
item
 How did | perform as a speaker? Did I
PLAIN FOLK
fulfill the role effectively?
4◦ An attempt by the propagandist to
           How did I communicate my message convince the public that his views reflect those of
to my audience? Did my presentation the common person and that they are also working
make any visible impact on them? for the benefit of the common person
           What should I continue to do
effectively?
5◦ FLAG WAVING
           What should I improve on for next
time? 6◦ An attempt to justify an action on the
grounds that doing so will make one more patriotic,
or in some way benefit a group, country or idea

PROPAGANDA OVER
TECHNIQUES SIMPLIFICATION
PROPAGANDA - refers to avoiding the complexity of any idea or a
TECHNIQUE situation in order to attract more masses .
- Strong ground of inviting others to support your JINGLE
opinion
7◦ Use of musical accompaniment to promote
a certain brand or advocacy
0◦ AD NAUSEAM / REPETITION STORYLINE
1◦ Uses tireless repetition of an idea 8◦ Relating a story in-line with the product or
BANDWAGON program

0• Persuades the target audience to join in

and take the course of action
MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATIONS 2• Evaluating the presentation

MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION I. PLANNING THE PRESENTATION

0▹ - integration of animation, audio, graphics, 0 Knowing your purpose

text, and full-motion video through computer
II. DELIVERING THE PRESENTATION
hardware and software for education,
entertainment or training III. EVALUATING THE PRESENTATION
TYPES EVALUATING
OF THE PRESENTATION
ORAL PRESENTATIONS

1. Individual Presentation
3• How did I perform as a speaker? Did I fulfill
- One person who shares relevant information the role effectively?
about one’s research or work
4• How did I communicate my message to my
2. Panel Presentation audience? Did my presentation make any visible
impact on them?

5• What should I continue to do effectively?

- Involves around three to six members with a
moderator; the members called panelists 6• What should I improve on for the next
time?
2. Group

Presentation

- At least three members who take turns in sharing

relevant information on a single topic.

4. Workshop Presentation

Involves one or two members who act as

facilitators to give participants an experience how a
specific concept can be employed

5. Poster Presentation

- Employs the use of a poster in showing one’s

work.

6. Individual /Group Demonstration

-one or more members who demonstrate how

something is done.

THREE STAGES OF
MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION

0• Planning the presentation

1• Delivering the presentation