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Essential Electronics & Microcontrollers: FYS3240-4240 Data Acquisition & Control

This document provides an overview of topics related to data acquisition and control using microcontrollers. It discusses synchronous and asynchronous serial communication methods like SPI and UART. It also covers concepts like duty cycle, ports, pull-up/pull-down resistors, and relay drivers. Example microcontrollers like the AVR XMEGA are described along with their features. Interrupt-driven programming and the use of timers are also summarized. C programming concepts such as pointers, memory allocation, and increment operators are briefly explained.

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64 views

Essential Electronics & Microcontrollers: FYS3240-4240 Data Acquisition & Control

This document provides an overview of topics related to data acquisition and control using microcontrollers. It discusses synchronous and asynchronous serial communication methods like SPI and UART. It also covers concepts like duty cycle, ports, pull-up/pull-down resistors, and relay drivers. Example microcontrollers like the AVR XMEGA are described along with their features. Interrupt-driven programming and the use of timers are also summarized. C programming concepts such as pointers, memory allocation, and increment operators are briefly explained.

Uploaded by

jack
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FYS3240-4240

Data acquisition & control

Essential Electronics &


Microcontrollers
Spring 2018 – Lecture #4

Reading: RWI Chapter 2 page 39-57 (and Ch4 for C-programming )

Bekkeng, 11.02.2018
Essential Electronics
Topics you should know
• Duty-cycle
• Port
• High-impedance state (outputs)
• Pull-up and pull-down
• Relay driver
• Counters and Timers
Pulse-width modulation (PWM)
Serial I/O

• SynchronousTransfer
– Data sent at constant rate using a
shared periodic clock

• AsynchronousTransfer (i.e.,
Handshaking)
– Data sent upon request using
handshake signals
– Tx and Rx still have internal clocks,
they just don’t share them

Asynchronous transfer means that the information is not sent in predefined time
slots. Data transfer can start at any given time and it is the task of the receiver to
detect when a message starts and ends.
Synchronous serial data communication

Figure 2-37 RWI


Full duplex

SPI
• SPI = Serial Peripheral Interface
• Serial data link (bus) standard that operates in full duplex mode
• Devices communicate in master/slave mode where the master
(only one master) device initiates the data frame. Multiple slave
devices are allowed with individual slave select (chip select)
lines.
• Sometimes SPI is called a "four-wire" serial bus, contrasting
with three-, two-, and one-wire serial buses.
– Serial Clock (output from master)
– Serial Data In Notes:
• CS = Chip Select (an enable signal)
– Serial Data Out • An n before a signal name, such as
– nCS nCS, means that the signal is active
low
• Bit rate usually in the MHz range • A bar over a signal name, such as 𝐶𝑆,
• Short distance communication means that the signal is active low

– Longer cables means lower speed (because of cable capacitance etc.)


ADCs with SPI interface
• Many ADCs have an SPI interface
• Example: MCP3204
– 4-Channel,12-Bit A/D Converters with SPI Interface
Asynchronous serial interface
UART
• UART = Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter.
• A UART is usually an individual integrated circuit used for serial
communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port.
• UARTs are now commonly included in microcontrollers.
• A dual UART, or DUART, combines two UARTs into a single chip.
• Many modern ICs now come with a UART that can also communicate
synchronously; these devices are called USARTs (universal
synchronous/asynchronous receiver/transmitter).

Reset a 16 bit counter

0-7 0-15 0-15 All bits are read close to the middle of a bit value

A clock 16 times faster than the bit clock is


used as input to the counter
Parallell I/O
Microcontrollers
Lab: AVR Studio

• Microcontrollers can be programmed using Assembly or C


language
– In FYS3240/4240 you have to program in C

• AVR studio 5
– Works as editor for Assembly and C
– Integrated C-compiler (AVR-GCC)

http://www.avrfreaks.net/
Some common uC resources
• Counters
• UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter)
• A/D Converters (ADC)
– Time-multiplexing of channels is common
– Usually 12 or less bits per sample (8, 10, 12 bits common)
• SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)
• I2C (at least slave function)
I2C
• I²C = Inter-Integrated Circuit
• Is a multi-master serial computer bus (but only one master at a
time)
• Uses only two bidirectional lines
– Data (SDA)
– Clock (SCL)
• Speed up to 3.4 Mbit/s (high speed mode)
– 100 kbit/s or 400 kbit/s more common?
• Practical communication distances are limited to a few meters
– The longer the cable, the lower the speed
Example: AVR XMEGA B
• A family of low-power, high-performance, and peripheral rich CMOS
8/16-bit microcontrollers based on the AVR enhanced RISC (reduced
instruction set) architecture
• Two-channel DMA controller
• Multilevel interrupt controller
• Up to 53 general purpose I/O lines
• 16-bit real-time counter (RTC)
• Up to three flexible 16-bit timer/counters
• Up to two USARTs
• I2C and SMBUS compatible two wire serial interface (TWI)
• One full-speed USB 2.0 interface
• One serial peripheral interface (SPI)
• Up to two 8-channel, 12-bit ADCs
• Up to four analog comparators
• Watchdog timer
• LCD controller
• Internal oscillators with PLL
XMEGA

uC I/O direction Output Input


XMEGA PORTn.DIR PORTn.OUT PORTn.IN

PORTB.DIR = 0xFF; /* All pins in PORTB configured as output*/


Note: 0x specifies a HEX number, 0b specifies a binary number
Example code for XMEGA
Interrupt-Driven Programming
• In interrupt-driven systems software is designed such that when
a registered event, such as a timer, is received, a response is
fired to respond to this event.
• There are two components of any interrupt-driven system: the
interrupt and the interrupt handler.
• An interrupt is a signal that is generated by hardware, which
indicates an event has occurred that should halt the currently
executing program.
• Interrupt handlers (also referred to as interrupt service
routines - ISRs) are portions of code that are registered with
the processor to execute once a particular interrupt has
occurred. Once the processor is aware of an interrupt, it halts
the currently executing process, performs a context switch to
save the state of the system, and executes the interrupt
handler. Once the interrupt handler code has executed, the
processor returns control to the previously running program.
Interrupts
• Interrupts halt normal code execution in order to go do
something more important or time sensitive
• Used Instead of polling
• Can be generated internally or externally
• Interrupts are used e.g. for:
– RESET
– Timers
– Time-Critical Code
– Hardware signaling
• such as a switch pressed by the user
Note: in C you can only call
C programming functions that have been
defined/decleared earlier
Increment Operators

i+= // in order to specify how much to increment


C programming – Pointers I
A pointer is an address in RAM

&i get the address of the


variable i

*p get the content of the


address location that the
pointer points to
C programming – Pointers II
C programming - Memory Management

• Allocate memory : malloc()


• Free used memory : free()

Look out for memory leakage!

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