BABCOCK UNIVERSITY, ILISAN-REMO

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Department of Computer Science

COSC 784: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Assignment

SUBMITTED BY: AFENI AKINOLA DAVID

Matric Number: PG/20/0131

Lecturer-in-Charge: Prof. Awodele Oludele

Question One: Given the information you have at hand, use the situation to expantiate on
the 4 paradigms of AI

Artificial intelligence (AI) is both science and engineering. It is the science of

understanding intelligent entities of developing theories which attempt to explain

and predict the nature of such entities; and it is the engineering of intelligent

entities.

There are four main views of AI

 AI means acting humanly: acting like a person. The classic example of

this is the “Turing test” AI means thinking humanly, thinking like a person. The field

of Cognitive Science delves into this topic, trying to model how humans think. The

difference between “acting humanly” and “thinking humanly” is that the first is only

concerned with the actions, the outcome or product of the human’s thinking

process; whereas the latter is concerned with modeling human thinking processes.

 AI means thinking rationally: modeling thinking as a logical process, where

conclusions are drawn based on some type of symbolic logic. AI means acting

rationally, performing actions that increase the value of the state of the agent

or environment in which the agent is acting. For example, an agent that is

playing a game will act rationally if it tries to win the game.

 Acting humanly: Turing Test this is a problem that has greatly troubled AI

researchers for years. They ask the question “when can we count a machine as being

intelligent?” the most famous response is attributed to Alan Turing, a British

mathematician and computing pioneer. The famous “Turing Test” was named after
him, based on ideas he expressed in a paper published in 1950. Human interrogates

entity via teletype for 5 minutes. If, after 5 minutes, human cannot tell whether

entity is human or machine, then the entity must be counted as intelligent. To date,

no program has yet passed the Turing Test! However, there is the annual Loebner

Prize which awards scientists for getting close. In order to pass the Turing Test, a

program that succeeded would need to be capable of speech recognition, natural

language understanding and generation, and speech synthesis knowledge

representation; learning; and automated reasoning and decision making.

 Acting humanly: Searle’s Chinese Room another famous test is called

the “Chinese Room” which was proposed by John Searle in a paper published in

1980, suppose you have a computer in a room that reads Chinese characters as

input, follows a program and outputs (other) Chinese characters. Suppose this

computer does this so well that it passes the Turing Test (convinces a human Chinese

speaker that it is talking to another human Chinese speaker). Does the computer

understand Chinese? Suppose Searle is in the room, and he uses a dictionary to

translate the input characters from Chinese to English; he then constructs his answer

to the question, translates that back into Chinese and delivers the output does Searle

understand Chinese? Of course not. This is Searle’s argument: the computer doesn’t

understand it either, because all it is doing is translating words (symbols) from one

language (representation) to another.

 Thinking humanly: Thinking humanly means trying to understand and

model how the human mind works, there are (at least) two possible routes that
humans use to find the answer to a question: We reason about it to find the answer.

This is called “introspection”. We conduct experiments to find the answer, drawing

upon scientific techniques to conduct controlled experiments and measure change.

The field of Cognitive Science focuses on modeling how people think.

 Thinking rationally: Trying to understand how we actually think is one

route to AI but another approach is to model how we should think the “thinking

rationally” approach to AI uses symbolic logic to capture the laws of rational thought

as symbols that can be manipulated. Reasoning involves manipulating the symbols

according to well-defined rules, kind of like algebra, the result is an idealized model

of human reasoning. This approach is attractive to theoretists, modeling how

humans should think and reason in an ideal world.

 Acting rationally: Acting rationally means acting to achieve one’s goals,

given one’s beliefs or understanding about the world. An agent is a system that

perceives an environment and acts within that environment. An intelligent agent is

one that acts rationally with respect to its goals. For example, an agent that is

designed to play a game should make moves that increase its chances of winning the

game. When constructing an intelligent agent, emphasis shifts from designing the

theoretically best decision-making procedure to designing the best decision-making

procedure possible within the circumstances in which the agent is acting. Logical

approaches may be used to help find the best action, but there are also other

approaches. Achieving so-called “perfect rationality”, making the best decision

theoretically possible, is not usually possible due to limited resources in a real

environment (e.g., time, memory, computational power, uncertainty, etc.).The trick

is to do the best with the information and resources you have. This represents a shift

in the field of AI from optimizing(early AI) to satisfying(more recent AI).

Question Two: Select any two fields that contributed to AI and write extensively on
them.

What Contributes to AI?

Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as

Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering.

computer engineering

Computer engineer write the codes for making the neural network for artificial

intelligence. It then updates the values/properties of the neural network based on

the data provided to the system. This way Artificial Intelligence is achieved.

Computer programmer should have very high programming skills along with the

knowledge of Mathematics and other disciplines used with AI.

Linguistics

The modern Linguistics is called computational linguistics or natural language

processing. The natural language processing allows the intelligent system to

communicate through language such as English. To natural language processing

experience is also a must for developing Artificial Intelligence system for machines.
Linguistic intelligence: The ability to speak, recognize, and use mechanisms of

phonology (speech sounds), syntax (grammar), and semantics (meaning).

Question three: Research on the history of AI and write a paper of not less than 1000

words highlighting where we are coming from and how AI will impact the world in

the future

History of AI

Here is the history of AI during 20th century

Year Milestone / Innovation

192 Karel Čapek play named “Rossum's Universal Robots” (RUR) opens in

3 London, first use of the word "robot" in English.

194 Foundations for neural networks laid.

3
194 Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumni, coined the term Robotics.

5
195 Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence and

0 published Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Claude Shannon

published Detailed Analysis of Chess Playing as a search.

195 John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence. Demonstration of the

6 first running AI program at Carnegie Mellon University.

195 John McCarthy invents LISP programming language for AI.

8
196 Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT showed that computers can understand

4 natural language well enough to solve algebra word problems correctly.

196 Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an interactive problem that carries
5 on a dialogue in English.
196 Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey, a robot,

9 equipped with locomotion, perception, and problem solving.

197 The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy, the

3 Famous Scottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate and assemble

models.
197 The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was built.

9
198 Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing program, Aaron.

5
199 Major advances in all areas of AI −

0
 Significant demonstrations in machine learning

 Case-based reasoning

 Multi-agent planning

 Scheduling

 Data mining, Web Crawler

 natural language understanding and translation

 Vision, Virtual Reality

 Games

199 The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess champion, Garry

7 Kasparov.
200 Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT displays Kismet,

0 a robot with a face that expresses emotions. The robot Nomad explores

remote regions of Antarctica and locates meteorites.

THE FUTURE OF AI

In a journal published by Dr. Kai-Fu Lee he pointed out that “AI is going to change the

world more than anything in the history of mankind. More than electricity.” AI oracle

and venture capitalist Dr. Kai-Fu Lee, 2018

AI has evolve drastically with time since it’s inception in 1956 when John McCarthy

coined the term Artificial Intelligence, there is no limit to how we can imagine

Artificial Intelligence to be or become in the future, but few of the areas where AI

will make splendid impact are highlighted below:

 Chatbots to become more critical: In 2019, we saw Alexa and Google Home

gaining immense popularity, from advertisements to e-commerce platforms, voice-

activated bots are becoming a part of our lives. In the coming year, it is expected to

penetrate deeper into the markets and homes and serve various purposes. Its major

presence is expected to be felt in e-commerce, universities and banking sector.

 Deep learning and small data to get bigger: What was at the forefront of the

2020 corporate AI development is the acquisition, generation and working around

the massive amount of data points needed for machine and deep learning and to

create models which do not require much training. It would enhance productivity

and speed, making machine learning more feasible and approachable. In the coming

year, the focus is also going to be on bringing AI closer to matching the human ability

to conceptualize. In the coming year, more AI systems are expected to rely on

“neuro-symbolic” technology which blends earning and logic. This is going to be

greatly useful for conversational automated customer care.

 Predictive marketing: What AI has given us the tool to predict. What is likely

to pick up further pace as time goes on is the power of AI in predictive marketing.

With the help of AI, images and language, basically data can be analyzed to create a

holistic profile. This could prove immensely helpful for marketers to understand their

customer base better and engage with them in better ways.

 Facial recognition to get more pervasive: This year witnessed the major

developments as well as problems associated with facial recognition. From private to

public lives, it is being used for different purposes, mainly surveillance though. Soon,

AI is going to increasingly deployed to assist human face recognition and tracking

people’s locations. It has already started being used at airports across the world, but

coming year will see it in parallels to the security.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)-led technologies is impacting today’s businesses,

irrespective of industry, company or people. “With the number of digital natives

increasing every day and the way business is done in a more personalized mode, how

organizations leverage AI will prove whether they stay relevant and competitive.

AI's Impact Is Already Everywhere

There’s virtually no major industry modern AI more specifically, “narrow AI,” which

performs objective functions using data-trained models and often falls into the

categories of deep learning or machine learning hasn’t already affected.

Some sectors are at the start of their AI journey, others are veteran travelers. Both

still have a long way to go. Regardless, the impact artificial intelligence is having on

our present day lives are hard to ignore:

 Transportation: Although it could take a decade or more to perfect them,

autonomous cars will one day ferry us from place to place.

 Manufacturing: AI powered robots work alongside humans to perform a

limited range of tasks like assembly and stacking, and predictive analysis

sensors keep equipment running smoothly.

 Healthcare: In the comparatively AI-nascent field of healthcare, diseases are

more quickly and accurately diagnosed, drug discovery is sped up and

streamlined, virtual nursing assistants monitor patients and big data analysis

helps to create a more personalized patient experience.

 Education: Textbooks are digitized with the help of AI, early-stage virtual

tutors assist human instructors and facial analysis gauges the emotions of

students to help determine who’s struggling or bored and better tailor the

experience to their individual needs.

 Media: Journalism is harnessing AI, too, and will continue to benefit from it.

Bloomberg uses Cyborg technology to help make quick sense of complex

 financial reports. The Associated Press employs the natural language abilities

of Automated Insights to produce 3,700 earning reports stories per year

nearly four times more than in the recent past.

Customer Service: Google is working on an AI assistant that can place human-like

calls to make appointments at, say, your neighborhood hair salon. In addition to

words, the system understands context and nuance. Natarajan Radhakrishnan said

and I quote “I see it (AI) being extensively used by companies in improving the

customer experience (CX) journey to create a differentiation in markets they’re in.”

But those advances are only the beginning; there’s much more to come more than

anyone can fathom.