Food Science and Applied Biotechnology, 2020, 3(1), 77-84

Food Science and Applied Biotechnology

Journal home page: www.ijfsab.com

https://doi.org/10.30721/fsab2020.v3.i1

Research Article

Evaluating the vapour evaporation from the surface of liquid pure organic solvents and
their mixtures

Stepan Akterian1✉
1
Department of Technology of fats, essential oils, perfumery and cosmetics. Technological Faculty. University of
Food Technologies - Plovdiv. Bulgaria

Abstract
Some perfumery and cosmetic products represent mixtures and they include large parts of solvents as ethanol, water,
acetone and isopropyl alcohol. Solvents as pure hexane and ethanol-water mixtures are used in the solvent extraction
of oil-bearing plant materials and herbs. The goal of this study was the emissions of volatile solvents released during
above pointed productions to be evaluated. It was found that the specific evaporation rate varies from 1.2 kg/(m 2.h)
(for pure methoxy-propanol) to 66 kg/(m2.h) (for three-component mixture including acetone). The evaporation rate
is higher for solvents with higher vapour pressure and at a higher velocity of surrounding air. The evaporation is less
intensive from pure solvents than their mixtures. The time for the evaporation from a film of solvents and their mix-
tures was also evaluated. It varies from 14 s (for acetone) to 9 min (for methoxy-propanol). Practical applications: The
evaluation of volatile solvent emissions is a mandatory step in the design of plants for manufacturing perfumery,
cosmetics, deriving essential and edible oils by means of organic solvents. Most of volatile organic solvents used are
highly flammable and healthy hazardous. For assuring fire safety and safety-health working conditions and environ-
ment the ventilation system must be designed on the base of these emissions evaluated. The obtained results were
applied for plant design of the company “Star Nails Bulgaria” Ltd. Plovdiv for manufacturing cosmetic products.

Keywords: volatile solvent, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, hexane

✉
Corresponding author: Prof. Stepan Akterian, tel. +359-032-603737, fax. +359 32 644 102
University of Food Technologies. 4000 Plovdiv, 26 Maritza Blvd, Bulgaria. E-mail: [email protected]

Article history:
Received 7 June 2018
Reviewed 4 August 2018
Accepted 13 December 2018 https://doi.org/10.30721/fsab2020.v3.i1.76
Available on-line 19 March 2020 © 2020 The Authors. UFT Academic publishing house, Plovdiv

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 Food Science and Applied Biotechnology, 2020, 3(1), 77-84

Introduction evaluation of evaporation rates and the time for

evaporating solvents from the free surface of a liq-
Some perfumery and cosmetic products represent uid film including these solvents.
mixtures and they include large parts of solvents as
ethanol, water, acetone, isopropyl alcohol and oth-
ers. Solvents as pure hexane and ethanol-water mix- Materials and Methods
tures are used for extracting oil-bearing plant mate-
Materials
rials and herbs. These solvents can be referred to liq-
uids with flash point less or equal to 28°С. For in- The objects of interest were the following pure or-
stance, the flash point of acetone is -20°С, it is 13°С ganic solvents:
for isopropyl alcohol, 16.6°С for pure ethanol and (i) Ethanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl ace-
26°С for 40% ethanol-water mixture (Haynes tate, methoxy-propanol used as ingredients in the
2014). According to Art. 8 of Bulgarian government manufacturing of perfumery products and cleaners
regulation Iз-1971 (2009) for fire safety, the work for nail varnishes;
areas are classified in the heaviest category F5A for
functional fire safety if there are operations with (ii) Hexane and ethanol used as mediator agents for
above pointed solvents. For this category, the mini- extracting edible and essential oils from raw plant
mal multiplicities of ventilation in case of normal materials.
and emergency modes should be 8 h-1 and 16 h-1, Some selected physical properties of these solvents,
respectively. The organic solvents – what are the collected from Haynes (2014), Poling et al. (2008)
objects in this study – represent volatile organic and DDBST date bank, are presented in Table 1.
compounds according to Bulgarian government reg-
ulation № 7 (2003) and the Council directive Table 1. Selected physical properties of
1999/13/EC (1999) of the European Council. Vola- the solvents studied
tile organic compound according to the first regula- Vapour Boiling
Relative
tion is each organic compound whose vapour pres- Molar pres-
density
Liquid point
Solvents mass, sure at density, at
sure (at a temperature of 20°C) is more than 10 Pa. g/mol 20 °С,
of va-
kg/m3 101.3
For instance, the vapour pressure (at 20°C) of ace- pours, 1
kPa kPa, °С
tone, ethyl acetate, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol is Methoxy-propanol 90.1 1.45 3.12 998 118.5
respectively 24.6 kPa; 9.7 kPa; 5.8 kPa; 4.2 kPa Water 18.0 2.31 0.62 922 99.7
(Haynes 2014). The workshops operating with
Isopropyl alcohol 60.1 4.24 2.08 661 82.6
above pointed organic solvents and their mixtures
must have proper mechanical ventilation and fire Ethanol 46.1 5.83 1.60 902 78.24
systems for ensuring safe working environment. For Ethyl acetate 88.1 9.70 3.05 789 77
the design of these systems the emissions of evapo- n-Hexane 86.2 17.6 2.98 786 68.7
rating solvents should be evaluated quantitatively.
The known publications as Hofman (1932) and Acetone 58.1 24.6 2.01 784 56.05

Mackay and van Wesenbeeck (2014) reported for

the evaporation rate of solvents, but only in case of Objects of the study were also the following model
still surrounding air. There are many studies (Car- mixtures of solutions:
rier 1918; Rohwer 1931; Smith et al. 1994; Poósa
and Varju 2017) for water evaporation from free (i) Two-component mixture: ethanol - water that
surfaces. They reported many semi-empirical corre- models “Antimicrobial hand gel”. The shares of eth-
lations that take into account the velocity of sur- anol and water in this model mixture are respec-
rounding air. tively 75% and 25%.
The goal of this study was to be evaluated the emis- (ii) Two-component mixture: isopropyl alcohol –
sion of volatile solvents evaporated from the free water that models “Nail gel remover liquid”. The
surface of pure liquid solvents and some their two- shares of its components are 83% and 17%, respec-
and three-component mixtures in case of using me- tively.
chanical ventilation. The particular tasks were the

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 Food Science and Applied Biotechnology, 2020, 3(1), 77-84

(iii) Two-component mixture: acetone – water that where MS and MA= 28,96 Da are the molecular
models “Liquid nail polish remover”. The shares of masses of solvent and air, respectively, Da; pS – the
its components are 95% and 5%, respectively. vapour pressure of solvent at ambient temperature
20°С, Pa; pA = 101.3 kPa – the atmospheric pressure
(iv) Three-component mixture: acetone – water - of air.
ethyl acetate that also models “Liquid nail polish re-
mover”. The shares of its components are respec- For two-component mixtures of solvents (as ethanol
tively 94%, 4% and 2%. or isopropyl alcohol) with water the solvent content
xS in air saturated with solvent vapours and the sol-
vent content xA in the surrounding air were calcu-
Methods lated as follows:
For evaluating the evaporation rate (kg/h) of solvent xS = (MS/MA).pS/(pA – pS – pW), xA = 0, (4)
from a liquid surface the following well known where pW is the vapour pressure of water at ambient
equation for the two-film model of Lewis and Whit- temperature 20°С, Pa.
man was used:
For two-component mixtures the maximal water
E = k.F.(xS – xA), (1) content xS in air saturated with solvent and water va-
where F is the area between liquid surfaces and air, pours was calculated in a similar way:
m2; xS = (MW/MA).pW/(pA – pS – pW), (5)
xS, xA – the contents of solvent in dry air, kg/kg air; where MW = 18 Da is the molecular mass of water.
k - the coefficient of evaporation or mass transfer For these mixtures the water content xA in the sur-
coefficient, kg/(m2.h). For determining this coef-fi- rounding air was determined as:
cient depending on the velocity of airflow the fol-
lowing well-recognised correlation of Carrier xA  φ.xS , (6)
(1918) was employed: where φ = 0.7 is the assumed relative humidity of
surrounding air.
k = 25 + 19.v , (2)
For three-component mixture, the maximal contents
where v is the velocity of air above the free surface
xS1 and xS2 of the first solvent S1 (acetone) and the
of liquid, m/s.
second solvent S2 (ethyl acetate) and the content xA
of these solvents in the surrounding air were calcu-
The correlation of Carrier (1918) for the rate of wa-
lated as follows:
ter evaporation is recommended by the ASHRAE
Handbook (Parsons 1999) and by the popular engi- xS1 = (MS1/MA).pS1/(pA – pS1 – pS2– pW),
neering website Engineering toolbox (2018) as well.
Physical properties of vapours that influence to xS2 = (MS2/MA).pS2/(pA – pS1 – pS2– pW), (7)
mass transfer coefficient k are their mass diffusivity xA = 0
in air, viscosity and density. These properties of the
solvents studies and on the other hand the water where pS1, pS2 are respectively the vapour pressures
properties are comparable. For that Eqn. 2 could be of solvents S1 and S2 at ambient temperature 20°С,
also applied for the solvents studied with acceptable Pa;
accuracy for engineering evaluations. MS1, MS2 - the molecular masses of solvents S1 and
In case of evaporation from pure solvents the maxi- S2, respectively, Da.
mal content of solvent xS in air saturated with sol- The maximal water content xSW and the water con-
vent vapours and the content of solvent xA in the tent xA in the surrounding air for these mixtures
surrounding air were determined as follows: were determined in a similar way:
xS = (MS/MA).pS/(pA – pS), xA = 0, (3)

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 Food Science and Applied Biotechnology, 2020, 3(1), 77-84

xSW = (MW/MA).pW/(pA – pS1 – pS2– pW), are higher than the rate of corresponding pure sol-
(8) vents. These results are in accordance with the ob-
xA  φ.xS. servations of other researches (Hofman 1932). The
where φ = 0.7 is the assumed relative humidity of mixture of vapours contains mainly solvent vapours
surrounding air. (above 95%).

For evaluating the solvent evaporation in closed The mass shares of isopropyl-alcohol, ethanol and
vessels during their prolonged storage the following acetone are respectively equal to 95%, 95.1-95.9%
assumption were done. The velocity in airspace over and 98.7 % in the vapour mixtures including solvent
the liquid solvent in these vessels was assumed as and water.
zero. The content of all solvents in the head space The specific evaporation rates for the free surface of
of vessel was determined as xA  φ.xW, where φ = 0.7 three-component mixture “acetone – water - ethyl
is the assumed relative saturation of air with solvent acetate” are presented in Table 3. The evaporation
vapours. rate of acetone in three-component mixture is 15 %
higher, than its rate in two-component mixture. The
The evaporation rate was calculated for five levels
overall evaporation rate of three-component mix-
of the velocity of surrounding air in a range from 0.1
ture including ethyl acetate with high vapour pres-
to 1.5 m/s. According to ISO 7730 (2005) for ther-
sure is 1.8 times higher than the rate of two-compo-
mal comfort of indoor environment, the velocity of
nent mixture “acetone – water”. The mass share of
surrounding air should be less than 0.2 m/s in winter
acetone in three-component vapour mixtures is
and less than 0.25 m/s in summer. ASHRAE Stand-
62 %.
ard 55 (2004) points that the maximum allowable
velocity of air in case of emergency ventilation During the storage and the maturation of perfumery
should be less than 1.5 m/s. The studied range from and liquid cosmetic products and on other hand the
0.1 to 1.5 m/s is in accordance with Orosa and extraction of plant materials by using organic sol-
Oliveira (2012) as well. vents in closed vessels the evaporation of sol-vents
is also observed. The evaporation rates in closed
vessels for eight solvents and their mixtures are pre-
Results and Discussion
sented in Table 4. The velocity in airspace over liq-
Specific evaporation rates uid solvent was assumed as zero. The sol-vent con-
tent in the head space of vessel was determined as
These rates for six pure organic solvents from a free
liquid surface with an area of 1 m2 are presented in xA  φ.xW, where φ = 0.7 is the assumed relative sat-
Table 2. These results are compatible with the val- uration of air with solvent vapours. Here, it was
ues pointed in previous research (Hofman 1932). taken into account the prolonged storage of solvent
The evaporation rate is higher for compounds with mixture in the vessel. The evaporation rate of pure
higher vapour pressure as the rate for acetone is solvents in closed vessel is almost four times less
about 170 times higher than the rate for water evap- than the rate in case of mechanical ventilation in
oration. The evaporation rate in case of emergency normal mode (at a velocity of 0.2 m/s). The ration
mode of ventilation (at a velocity v = 1.5 m/s) is between the evaporation rates in case of ventilated
about two times higher than the rate in case of nor- air and still air is equal to 3.7 for two- component
mal operation mode (at v = 0.2 m/s). mixtures. This relation is 3.5 for the three-compo-
nent mixture.
The specific evaporation rates for the free surface of
two-component mixtures “ethanol – water”, “iso-
propyl alcohol – water” and “acetone – water” are
presented in Table 2 as well. The evaporation rates
of solvents and water were determined separately.
The evaporation rates of solvents in these mixtures

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Table 2. Specific evaporation rates (kg/(m2 h)) of solvents from a liquid film depending on
the velocity of surrounding air
Solvent vapours, evaporated from pure liquid solvents Velocity of surrounding air, m/s
or two-component liquid mixtures of solvents 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5
Liquid film of pure solvents
Methoxy-propanol 1.2 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.4
Isopropyl alcohol 2.4 2.6 3.1 4.0 4.9
Ethanol 2.6 2.8 3.4 4.3 5.2
Ethyl acetate 8.7 9.3 11.1 14.2 17.2
Hexane 16.8 18.0 21.6 27.5 33.5
Acetone 17.3 18.5 22.2 28.3 34.4
Liquid film of the mixture “ethanol – water”
Ethanol vapours, evaporated from the mixture 2.68 2.87 3.43 4.38 5.33
Water vapours, evaporated from the mixture 0.14 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.23
Vapours of ethanol and water, evaporated from the mixture 2.82 2.99 3.58 4.57 5.55
The share of ethanol vapours in the mixture, % 95.1 95.9 95.9 95.9 95.9
Liquid film of the mixture “isopropyl alcohol – water”
Isopropyl-alcohol vapours, evaporated from the mixture 2.50 2.67 3.20 4.09 4.97
Water vapours, evaporated from the mixture 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.21 0.26
Isopropyl-alcohol and water vapours, evaporated from
2.63 2.82 3.37 4.30 5.23
the mixture
The share of isopropyl-alcohol vapours in the mixture, % 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0
Liquid film of the mixture “acetone – water”

Acetone vapours, evaporated from the mixture 17.8 19.1 22.9 29.2 35.5

Water vapours, evaporated from the mixture 0.24 0.26 0.31 0.40 0.48

Vapours of acetone and water, evaporated from the mixture 18.1 19.4 23.2 29.6 36.0

The share of acetone vapours in the mixture, % 98.7 98.7 98.7 98.7 98.7

Table 3. Specific evaporation rate (kg/(m2 h)) of vapours from a film of three-component mixture of
“acetone – water” depending on the velocity of surrounding air
Solvents vapours, Velocity of surrounding air, m/s
evaporated from the liquid mixture 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5
Acetone vapours, evaporated from the mixture 20.5 22.0 26.3 33.6 40.8
Water vapours, evaporated from the mixture 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.53 0.64
Vapours of ethyl acetate, evaporated from the mixture 12.3 13.1 15.7 20.1 24.4
Vapours of acetone, water and ethyl, evaporated from
33.1 35.5 42.5 54.2 65.9
the liquid mixture
The mass share of acetone vapours in the vapours mixture, % 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.0
The mass share of ethyl-acetate vapours in the vapours mixture, % 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0
The mass share of water vapours in the vapours mixture, % 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

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Table 4. Specific evaporation rate (kg/(m2 h)) Table 5. Expecting minimal time τ for
from the surface of solvents or their mixtures evaporating the pure solvents from a liquid film
in a closed vessel with an area of 1 m2 and a thickness 0.2 mm
Solvent or For com- For com- For com- depending on the velocity of surrounding air
Total
mixture ponent 1 ponent 2 ponent 3
Pure solvent Share, Velocity of surrounding air, m/s Time
Isopropyl alcohol 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68
or mixture % 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 1.5 τ in
Ethanol 0.73 - - 0.7
Pure solvents
Hexane 4.69 - - 4.7 Methoxy-
100 9.1 8.5 7.1 5.6 4.6 min
propanol
Acetone 4.83 - - 4.8 Isopropyl
100 3.9 3.6 3.0 2.4 1.9 min
Isopropyl alcohol alcohol
0.70 0.12 - 0.8
- water Ethanol 100 3.6 3.4 2.8 2.2 1.8 min
Ethanol –
0.75 0.13 - 0.9 Ethyl acetate 100 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 min
water
Acetone –
4.98 0.23 - 5.2 Hexane 100 39 36 30 24 19 s
water
Acetone - water - Acetone 100 28 26 22 17 14 s
5.72 0.30 3.42 9.4
ethyl acetate
Mixture “ethanol - water”
Ethanol in
75 2.8 2.6 2.2 1.7 1.4 min
the mixture
Water in the
Time for evaporating solvents from a liquid film mixture
25 18.0 21.1 16.8 13.3 11.0 min

These evaluations were done for a film with a thick- Mixture “isopropyl alcohol – water”
ness 0.2 mm and an area of 1 m2. The times for evap- Isopropyl
alcohol in 83 3.3 3.1 2.6 2.0 1.6 min
orating solvents were calculated taking into account the mixture
the mass of each solvent in this film and the corre- Water in the
17 12.7 11.9 9.9 7.8 6.4 min
sponding its evaporation rate pointed in Table 2. mixture
The expecting minimal times for evaporating pure Mixture “acetone - water - ethyl acetate”
solvents depending on the velocity of surrounding Acetone in
94 26.4 24.7 20.6 16.1 13.3 s
the mixture
air are presented in Table 5. In practice the evapora- Water in
tion rate is maximal in the beginning and then it de- 4 71.7 67.0 55.9 43.8 36.0 s
the mixture
clines. The evaporation of these solvents is realised Ethyl acetate
in the 2 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 s
for short time as the latter is in the range of seconds mixture
for solvents with vapour pressure more than 10 kPa
(see Table 1). In Table 5 the times for evaporating It was evaluated the time τ* for evacuating solvent
solvents from two-component mixtures are shown vapours by means ventilating air as well. The results
as well. The solvents in mixtures are evaporated for three pure solvents and their mixtures are shown
faster than pure solvents. The more volatile compo- in Table 6. The masses of solvents evaporated from
nent is evaporated first even when its content is 4-5 a surface with area 1 m2 are also pointed in this ta-
times higher in the mixture. The evaporation of wa- ble. It was assumed that the relative saturation of air
ter is faster in a mixture with more volatile compo- with solvent vapours is respectively equal to 0 in in-
nent as acetone. The expecting times for evaporat- coming airflow and 50 % in out-going flow. The re-
ing solvents from a three-component mixture with sults show that the times τ* for evacuating solvent
volatile acetone are also presented in Table 5. All vapours by ventilation are less the times τ for evap-
components even less volatile water are evaporated orating the solvents from a free thin liquid film (see
faster in the range of seconds. Table 5). Therefore the ventilation system (even at
normal a velocity of 0.2 m/s) can take off the solvent
vapours faster than they can evaporate from a film
of liquid spilled.

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Table 6. Expecting minimal time τ* (s) The corresponding solvent emission will be 0.81
for evacuating solvent vapours depending on kg/h acetone or 0.74 kg/h isopropyl alcohol, or 0.67
the velocity of air ventilated kg/h ethanol. So, the evaporation rate of acetone in
Mass of case of an emergency spill in an area of 1 m2 is 23-
Liquid evapo- Air velocity, m/s
Solvent
rated
solvent, 42 times higher than this rate during a normal mode
g/m2 0.2 0.5 1.5
of operation. The evaporation rates of isopropyl al-
Pure
solvent
156.9 23.1 9.3 3.1 cohol or ethanol in case of an emergency spillage is
Acetone
in a mixture 3.5-6.6 and 4.2-7.8 times higher, respectively.
with water
150.5 22.1 8.9 3.0
and ethyl ac-
etate Conclusions
Pure
157.8 143.5 54.4 18.3
Ethanol
solvent An analytical approach was developed for evaluat-
in a mixture ing the evaporation rate of solvent from free sur-
126.2 114.7 43.5 14.7
with water
Pure face of solvents and their mixtures in case using me-
Isopro- 157.2 145.2 58.1 19.4
pyl
solvent chanical ventilation.
in a mixture The evaporation rates for six volatile solvents, their
alcohol 136.5 126.1 50.4 16.8
with water
two- and three-component mixtures were evaluated
depending on the velocity of surrounding air. Their
Additional discussions specific evaporation rates varies from 1.2 kg/(m2.h)
(for methoxy-propanol) to 66 kg/(m2.h) (for three-
A scenario of emergency spillage was modelled by component mixture including acetone). In case of an
the latter evaluations for the evaporation time from emergency mode of ventilation (at a velocity v = 1.5
a thin film of liquid spilled. Under normal ventila- m/s) the evaporation rate is about two times higher
tion (at a velocity of 0.2 m/s) more volatile pure ac- than this rate in case of a normal operation mode (at
etone and hexane from the spot of emergency spill v = 0.2 m/s). The evaporation rate of pure solvents
will evaporate up to 40 seconds and less volatile in closed vessel is almost four times less than the
pure ethanol and isopropyl alcohol – for up to 4 rate in case of ventilation in a normal mode (at 0.2
minutes. In case of emergency ventilation (at a ve- m/s). It was evaluated that the time for evaporating
locity of 1.5 m/s) more volatile hazard organic sol- volatile solvents from a liquid film (with a thickness
vents (as acetone and hexane) can be evaporated in 0.2 mm) vary from 0.5 sec to 9 minutes. The time
the range of seconds and less volatile ethanol and for evaporating pure solvents with a vapour pressure
isopropyl alcohol – up to 2 minutes. Taking into ac- higher than 10 kPa (as acetone and hexane) is in the
count the high evaporation rate of hazard organic range of seconds. The solvent from mixtures is
solvents, it may be recommended in a case of an evaporated faster than from a pure solvent.
emergency spill all staff must leave immediately the The results of these evaluations were applied for the
workroom and press the emergency button for design and calculation of ventilation system in the
switching on the emergency mode of ventilation. workshops of “Star Nails Bulgaria” Ltd. Plovdiv.
The time evaluated for sucking vapours from a film
of liquid spilled is less than five minutes, even when
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