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Introduction to Java

What Is Java? A Beginner's Guide to Java and Its Evolution

Why Java is a Popular Programming Language?
Top 10 Reasons Why You Should Learn Java
Why Java is a Secure language?
What are the different Applications of Java?
Java for Android: Know the importance of Java in Android
What is the basic Structure of a Java Program?
What is the difference between C, C++ and Java?
Java 9 Features and Improvements
Top 10 Java Frameworks You Should Know
Netbeans Tutorial: What is NetBeans IDE and how to get started?

Environment Setup

How To Set Path in Java?

How to Write Hello World Program in Java?
How to Compile and Run your first Java Program?
Learn How To Use Java Command Line Arguments With Examples

Control Statements

What is for loop in java and how to implement it?

What is a While Loop in Java and how to use it?
What is for-each loop in Java?

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 What is a Do while loop in Java and how to use it?
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Java Core Concepts

Java Tutorial For Beginners – Java Programming Made Easy!

What are the components of Java Architecture?
What are Comments in Java? – Know its Types
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What is a Constructor in Java?
What is the use of Destructor in Java?
Know About Parameterized Constructor In Java With Examples
What are Operators in Java and its Types?
What Are Methods In Java? Know Java Methods From Scratch
What is Conditional Operator in Java and how to write it?
What is a Constant in Java and how to declare it?
What is JIT in Java? – Understanding Java Fundamentals
What You Should Know About Java Virtual Machine?
What is the role for a ClassLoader in Java?
What is an Interpreter in Java?
What is Bytecode in Java and how it works?
What is a Scanner Class in Java?
What is the Default Value of Char in Java?
this Keyword In Java – All You Need To Know
What is Protected in Java and How to Implement it?
What is a Static Keyword in Java?
What is an Array Class in Java and How to Implement it?
What is Ternary Operator in Java and how can you use it?
What is Modulus in Java and how does it work?
What is the difference between Method Overloading And Overriding?
Instance variable In Java: All you need to know
Know All About the Various Data Types in Java
What is Typecasting in Java and how does it work?
How to Create a File in Java? – File Handling Concepts
File Handling in Java – How To Work With Java Files?
What is a Comparator Interface in Java?
Comparable in Java: All you need to know about Comparable & Comparator interfaces
What is Iterator in Java and How to use it?
Java Exception Handling – A Complete Reference to Java Exceptions
All You Need to Know About Final, Finally and Finalize in Java
How To Implement Volatile Keyword in Java?
Garbage Collection in Java: All you need to know
What is Math Class in Java and How to use it?
What is a Java Thread Pool and why is it used?
Synchronization in Java: What, How and Why?
Top Data Structures & Algorithms in Java That You Need to Know
Java EnumSet: How to use EnumSet in Java?
How to Generate Random Numbers using Random Class in Java?
Generics in Java – A Beginners Guide to Generics Fundamentals
What is Enumeration in Java? A Beginners Guide
Transient in Java : What, Why & How it works?
What is Wait and Notify in Java?
Swing In Java : Know How To Create GUI With Examples
Java AWT Tutorial – One Stop Solution for Beginners
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How To Implement Static Block In Java?

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 What is Power function in Java? – Know its uses
Java Array Tutorial – Single & Multi Dimensional Arrays In Java
Access Modifiers in Java: All you need to know
What is Aggregation in Java and why do you need it?
How to Convert Int to String in Java?
What Is A Virtual Function In Java?
Java Regex – What are Regular Expressions and How to Use it?
What is PrintWriter in Java and how does it work?
All You Need To Know About Wrapper Class In Java : Autoboxing And Unboxing
How to get Date and Time in Java?
What is Trim method in Java and How to Implement it?
How do you exit a function in Java?
What is AutoBoxing and unboxing in Java?
What is Factory Method in Java and how to use it?
Java Thread Tutorial: Creating Threads and Multithreading in Java
Join method in Java: How to join threads?
What is EJB in Java and How to Implement it?
What is Dictionary in Java and How to Create it?
Daemon Thread in Java: Know what are it's methods
How To Implement Inner Class In Java?
What is Stack Class in Java and how to use it?

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What is the concept of String Pool in java?

Java String – String Functions In Java With Examples
Substring in Java: Learn how to use substring() Method
What are Immutable String in Java and how to use them?
What is the difference between Mutable and Immutable In Java?
BufferedReader in Java : How To Read Text From Input Stream
What are the differences between String, StringBuffer and StringBuilder?
Split Method in Java: How to Split a String in Java?
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Everything You Need to Know About Loose Coupling in Java
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Packages in Java: How to Create and Use Packages in Java?

Java Objects and Classes – Learn how to Create & Implement
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Singleton Class in Java – How to Use Singleton Class?
What are the different types of Classes in Java?
What is a Robot Class in Java?
What is Integer class in java and how it works?
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What is the role for a ClassLoader in Java?
Char in Java: What is Character class in Java?
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Java OOPS

Object Oriented Programming – Java OOPs Concepts With Examples

Inheritance in Java – Mastering OOP Concepts

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 Polymorphism in Java – How To Get Started With OOPs?
How To Implement Multiple Inheritance In Java?
Java Abstraction- Mastering OOP with Abstraction in Java
Encapsulation in Java – How to master OOPs with Encapsulation?
How to Implement Nested Class in Java?
What is the Use of Abstract Method in Java?
What is Association in Java and why do you need it?
What is the difference between Abstract Class and Interface in Java?
What is Runnable Interface in Java and how to implement it?
What is Cloning in Java and its Types?
What is Semaphore in Java and its use?
What is Dynamic Binding In Java And How To Use It?

Java Collections

Java Collections – Interface, List, Queue, Sets in Java With Examples

List in Java: One Stop Solution for Beginners
Java ArrayList: A Complete Guide for Beginners
Linked List in Java: How to Implement a Linked List in Java?
What are Vector in Java and how do we use it?
What is BlockingQueue in Java and how to implement it?
How To Implement Priority Queue In Java?
What is Deque in Java and how to implement its interface?
What are the Legacy Classes in Java?
Java HashMap – Know How to Implement HashMap in Java
What is LinkedHashSet in Java? Understand with examples
How to Implement Map Interface in Java?
Trees in Java: How to Implement a Binary Tree?
What is the Difference Between Extends and Implements in Java?
How to Implement Shallow Copy and Deep Copy in Java
How to Iterate Maps in Java?
What is an append Method in Java?
How To Implement Treeset In Java?
Java HashMap vs Hashtable: What is the difference?
How to Implement Method Hiding in Java
How To Best Implement Concurrent Hash Map in Java?
How To Implement Marker Interface In Java?

Java Programs

Palindrome in Java: How to check a number is palindrome?

How to check if a given number is an Armstrong number or not?
How to Find the largest number in an Array in Java?
How to find the Sum of Digits in Java?
How To Convert String To Date In Java?
Ways For Swapping Two Numbers In Java
How To Implement Addition Of Two Numbers In Java?
How to implement Java program to check Leap Year?
How to Calculate Square and Square Root in Java?
How to implement Bubble Sort in Java?
How to implement Perfect Number in Java?
What is Binary Search in Java? How to Implement it?
How to Perform Merge Sort in Java?
Top 30 Patterns in Java: How to Print Star, Number and Character
Know all about the Prime Number program in Java
How To Display Fibonacci Series In Java?

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 How to Sort Array, ArrayList, String, List, Map and Set in Java?
How To Create Library Management System Project in Java?
How To Practice String Concatenation In Java?
How To Convert Binary To Decimal In Java?
How To Convert Double To Int in Java?
How to convert Char to Int in Java?
How To Convert Char To String In Java?
How to Create JFrame in Java?
What is Externalization in Java and when to use it?
How to read and parse XML file in Java?
How To Implement Matrix Multiplication In Java?
How To Deal With Random Number and String Generator in Java?
Java Programs: Know the Best Java Programs for Beginners

Advance Java

How To Connect To A Database in Java? – JDBC Tutorial

Advanced Java Tutorial- A Complete Guide for Advanced Java
Servlet and JSP Tutorial- How to Build Web Applications in Java?
Introduction to Java Servlets – Servlets in a Nutshell
What Is JSP In Java? Know All About Java Web Applications
How to Implement MVC Architecture in Java?
What is JavaBeans? Introduction to JavaBeans Concepts
Know what are the types of Java Web Services?
JavaFX Tutorial: How to create an application?
What is Executor Framework in Java and how to use it?
What is Remote Method Invocation in Java?
Everything You Need To Know About Session In Java?
Java Networking: What is Networking in Java?
What is logger in Java and why do you use it?
How To Handle Deadlock In Java?
Know all about Socket Programming in Java
Important Java Design Patterns You Need to Know About
What is ExecutorService in Java and how to create it?
Struts 2 Tutorial – One Stop Solution for Beginners
What is Hibernate in Java and Why do we need it?
What is Maven in Java and how do you use it?
What is Machine Learning in Java and how to implement it?

Career Opportunities

Java Developer Resume: How to Build an Impressive Resume?

What is the Average Java Developer Salary?

Interview Questions

100+ Java Interview Questions You Must Prepare In 2020

Top MVC Interview Questions and Answers You Need to Know
Top 50 Java Collections Interview Questions You Need to Know
Top 50 JSP Interview Questions You Need to Know
Top 50 Hibernate Interview Questions That Are A Must

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100+ Java Interview Questions You Must Prepare In 2020

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Aayushi Johari
Aayushi Johari A technophile who likes writing about different technologies and spreading knowledge. A technophile who likes writing about different technologies and spreading knowledge.

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Become a Certified Professional

Java Interview Questions

In this Java Interview Questions blog, I am going to list some of the most important Java Interview Questions and Answers which will set you apart in the interview process. Java is used by approx 10 Million developers worldwide to develop
applications for 15 Billion devices supporting Java. It is also used to create applications for trending technologies like Big Data to household devices like Mobiles and DTH boxes. And hence today, Java is used everywhere! This is the reason
why Java Certification is the most in-demand certification in programming domain.

Let us start by taking a look at some of the most frequently asked Java interview questions,

Q1. Explain JDK, JRE and JVM?

Q2. Explain public static void main(String args[]) in Java
Q3. Why Java is platform independent?
Q4. Why Java is not 100% Object-oriented?
Q5. What are wrapper classes in Java?
Q6. What are constructors in Java?
Q7. What is singleton class in Java and how can we make a class singleton?
Q8. What is the difference between Array list and vector in Java?
Q9. What is the difference between equals() and == in Java?
Q10. What are the differences between Heap and Stack Memory in Java?

Want to upskill yourself to get ahead in Career? Check out the Top Trending Technologies.
We have compiled a list of top Java interview questions which are classified into 7 sections, namely:

1. Basic Interview Questions

2. OOPs Interview Questions
3. JDBC Interview Questions
4. Spring Interview Questions
5. Hibernate Interview Questions
6. JSP Interview Questions
7. Exception and thread Interview Questions

Java Interview Questions and Answers | Edureka

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As a Java professional, it is essential to know the right buzzwords, learn the right technologies and prepare the right answers to commonly asked Java Interview Questions. Here’s a definitive list of top Java Interview Questions that will
guarantee a breeze-through to the next level.

In case you attended any Java interview recently, or have additional questions beyond what we covered, we encourage you to post them in our QnA Forum. Our expert team will get back to you at the earliest.

So let’s get started with the first set of basic Java Interview Questions.

Basic Java Interview Questions

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Q1. Explain JDK, JRE and JVM?

JDK vs JRE vs JVM

JDK JRE JVM

It stands for Java Development Kit. It stands for Java Runtime Environment. It stands for Java Virtual Machine.

JRE refers to a runtime environment in which Java bytecode can be It is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides a run-time environment
It is the tool necessary to compile, document and package Java programs.
executed. in which Java bytecode can be executed.

JVM follows three notations: Specification, Implementation, and Runtime

It contains JRE + development tools. It’s an implementation of the JVM which physically exists.
Instance.

Q2. Explain public static void main(String args[]) in Java.

main() in Java is the entry point for any Java program. It is always written as public static void main(String[] args).

public: Public is an access modifier, which is used to specify who can access this method. Public means that this Method will be accessible by any Class.
static: It is a keyword in java which identifies it is class-based. main() is made static in Java so that it can be accessed without creating the instance of a Class. In case, main is not made static then the compiler will throw an error as
main() is called by the JVM before any objects are made and only static methods can be directly invoked via the class.
void: It is the return type of the method. Void defines the method which will not return any value.
main: It is the name of the method which is searched by JVM as a starting point for an application with a particular signature only. It is the method where the main execution occurs.
String args[]: It is the parameter passed to the main method.

Q3. Why Java is platform independent?

Java is called platform independent because of its byte codes which can run on any system irrespective of its underlying operating system.

Q4. Why Java is not 100% Object-oriented?

Java is not 100% Object-oriented because it makes use of eight primitive data types such as boolean, byte, char, int, float, double, long, short which are not objects.

Q5. What are wrapper classes in Java?

Wrapper classes convert the Java primitives into the reference types (objects). Every primitive data type has a class dedicated to it. These are known as wrapper classes because they “wrap” the primitive data type into an object of that class.
Refer to the below image which displays different primitive type, wrapper class and constructor argument.

Q6. What are constructors in Java?

In Java, constructor refers to a block of code which is used to initialize an object. It must have the same name as that of the class. Also, it has no return type and it is automatically called when an object is created.

There are two types of constructors:

1. Default Constructor: In Java, a default constructor is the one which does not take any inputs. In other words, default constructors are the no argument constructors which will be created by default in case you no other constructor is
defined by the user. Its main purpose is to initialize the instance variables with the default values. Also, it is majorly used for object creation.
2. Parameterized Constructor: The parameterized constructor in Java, is the constructor which is capable of initializing the instance variables with the provided values. In other words, the constructors which take the arguments are called
parameterized constructors.

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Q7. What is singleton class in Java and how can we make a class singleton?

Singleton class is a class whose only one instance can be created at any given time, in one JVM. A class can be made singleton by making its constructor private.

Q8. What is the difference between Array list and vector in Java?

ArrayList Vector

Array List is not synchronized. Vector is synchronized.

Array List is fast as it’s non-synchronized. Vector is slow as it is thread safe.

If an element is inserted into the Array List, it increases its Array size by 50%. Vector defaults to doubling size of its array.

Array List does not define the increment size. Vector defines the increment size.

Array List can only use Iterator for traversing an Array List. Vector can use both Enumeration and Iterator for traversing.

Q9. What is the difference between equals() and == in Java?

Equals() method is defined in Object class in Java and used for checking equality of two objects defined by business logic.

“==” or equality operator in Java is a binary operator provided by Java programming language and used to compare primitives and objects. public boolean equals(Object o) is the method provided by the Object class. The default
implementation uses == operator to compare two objects. For example: method can be overridden like String class. equals() method is used to compare the values of two objects.

Q10. What are the differences between Heap and Stack Memory in Java?

The major difference between Heap and Stack memory are:

Features Stack Heap

Memory Stack memory is used only by one thread of execution. Heap memory is used by all the parts of the application.

Access Stack memory can’t be accessed by other threads. Objects stored in the heap are globally accessible.

Memory Management Follows LIFO manner to free memory. Memory management is based on the generation associated with each object.

Lifetime Exists until the end of execution of the thread. Heap memory lives from the start till the end of application execution.

Usage Stack memory only contains local primitive and reference variables to objects in heap space. Whenever an object is created, it’s always stored in the Heap space.

Q11. What is a package in Java? List down various advantages of packages.

Packages in Java, are the collection of related classes and interfaces which are bundled together. By using packages, developers can easily modularize the code and optimize its reuse. Also, the code within the packages can be imported by
other classes and reused. Below I have listed down a few of its advantages:

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 Packages help in avoiding name clashes
They provide easier access control on the code
Packages can also contain hidden classes which are not visible to the outer classes and only used within the package
Creates a proper hierarchical structure which makes it easier to locate the related classes

Q12. Why pointers are not used in Java?

Java doesn’t use pointers because they are unsafe and increases the complexity of the program. Since, Java is known for its simplicity of code, adding the concept of pointers will be contradicting. Moreover, since JVM is responsible for
implicit memory allocation, thus in order to avoid direct access to memory by the user, pointers are discouraged in Java.

Q13. What is JIT compiler in Java?

JIT stands for Just-In-Time compiler in Java. It is a program that helps in converting the Java bytecode into instructions that are sent directly to the processor. By default, the JIT compiler is enabled in Java and is activated whenever a Java
method is invoked. The JIT compiler then compiles the bytecode of the invoked method into native machine code, compiling it “just in time” to execute. Once the method has been compiled, the JVM summons the compiled code of that
method directly rather than interpreting it. This is why it is often responsible for the performance optimization of Java applications at the run time.

Q14. What are access modifiers in Java?

In Java, access modifiers are special keywords which are used to restrict the access of a class, constructor, data member and method in another class. Java supports four types of access modifiers:

1. Default
2. Private
3. Protected
4. Public

Modifier Default Private Protected Public

Same class YES YES YES YES

Same Package subclass YES NO YES YES

Same Package non-subclass YES NO YES YES

Different package subclass NO NO YES YES

Different package non-subclass NO NO NO YES

Q15. Define a Java Class.

A class in Java is a blueprint which includes all your data. A class contains fields (variables) and methods to describe the behavior of an object. Let’s have a look at the syntax of a class.

1 class Abc {
2 member variables // class body
3 methods}

Q16. What is an object in Java and how is it created?

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An object is a real-world entity that has a state and behavior. An object has three characteristics:

1. State
2. Behavior
3. Identity

An object is created using the ‘new’ keyword. For example:

ClassName obj = new ClassName();

Q17. What is Object Oriented Programming?

Object-oriented programming or popularly known as OOPs is a programming model or approach where the programs are organized around objects rather than logic and functions. In other words, OOP mainly focuses on the objects that are
required to be manipulated instead of logic. This approach is ideal for the programs large and complex codes and needs to be actively updated or maintained.

Q18. What are the main concepts of OOPs in Java?

Object-Oriented Programming or OOPs is a programming style that is associated with concepts like:

1. Inheritance: Inheritance is a process where one class acquires the properties of another.
2. Encapsulation: Encapsulation in Java is a mechanism of wrapping up the data and code together as a single unit.
3. Abstraction: Abstraction is the methodology of hiding the implementation details from the user and only providing the functionality to the users.
4. Polymorphism: Polymorphism is the ability of a variable, function or object to take multiple forms.

Q19. What is the difference between a local variable and an instance variable?
In Java, a local variable is typically used inside a method, constructor, or a block and has only local scope. Thus, this variable can be used only within the scope of a block. The best benefit of having a local variable is that other methods in the
class won’t be even aware of that variable.

Example

1 if(x > 100)

2 {
3 String test = "Edureka";
4 }

Whereas, an instance variable in Java, is a variable which is bounded to its object itself. These variables are declared within a class, but outside a method. Every object of that class will create it’s own copy of the variable while using it. Thus,
any changes made to the variable won’t reflect in any other instances of that class and will be bound to that particular instance only.

1 class Test{
2 public String EmpName;
3 public int empAge;
4 }

Q20. Differentiate between the constructors and methods in Java?

Methods Constructors

1. Used to represent the behavior of an object 1. Used to initialize the state of an object

2. Must have a return type 2. Do not have any return type

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 3. Needs to be invoked explicitly 3. Is invoked implicitly

4. No default method is provided by the compiler 4. A default constructor is provided by the compiler if the class has none

5. Method name may or may not be same as class name 5. Constructor name must always be the same as the class name

Q21. What is final keyword in Java?

final is a special keyword in Java that is used as a non-access modifier. A final variable can be used in different contexts such as:

final variable

When the final keyword is used with a variable then its value can’t be changed once assigned. In case the no value has been assigned to the final variable then using only the class constructor a value can be assigned to it.

final method

When a method is declared final then it can’t be overridden by the inheriting class.

final class

When a class is declared as final in Java, it can’t be extended by any subclass class but it can extend other class.

Q22. What is the difference between break and continue statements?

break continue

1. Can be used in switch and loop (for, while, do while) statements 1. Can be only used with loop statements

2. It causes the switch or loop statements to terminate the moment it is executed 2. It doesn’t terminate the loop but causes the loop to jump to the next iteration

3. It terminates the innermost enclosing loop or switch immediately 3. A continue within a loop nested with a switch will cause the next loop iteration to execute
Example break:

1 for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)

2 {
3 if (i == 3)
4 {
5 break;
6 }
7 System.out.println(i);
8 }

Example continue:

1 for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)

2 {
3 if(i == 2)
4 {
5 continue;
6 }
7 System.out.println(i);
8 }

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Q23.What is an infinite loop in Java? Explain with an example.

An infinite loop is an instruction sequence in Java that loops endlessly when a functional exit isn’t met. This type of loop can be the result of a programming error or may also be a deliberate action based on the application behavior. An infinite
loop will terminate automatically once the application exits.

For example:

1 public class InfiniteForLoopDemo

2 {
3 public static void main(String[] arg) {
4 for(;;)
5 System.out.println("Welcome to Edureka!");
6 // To terminate this program press ctrl + c in the console.
7 }
8 }

Q24. What is the difference between this() and super() in Java?

In Java, super() and this(), both are special keywords that are used to call the constructor.

this() super()
1. this() represents the current instance of a class 1. super() represents the current instance of a parent/base class
2. Used to call the default constructor of the same class 2. Used to call the default constructor of the parent/base class
3. Used to access methods of the current class 3. Used to access methods of the base class
4. Used for pointing the current class instance 4. Used for pointing the superclass instance
5. Must be the first line of a block 5. Must be the first line of a block

Q25. What is Java String Pool?

Java String pool refers to a collection of Strings which are stored in heap memory. In this, whenever a new object is created, String pool first checks whether the object is already present in the pool or not. If it is present, then the same
reference is returned to the variable else new object will be created in the String pool and the respective reference will be returned.

Q26. Differentiate between static and non-static methods in Java.

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Static Method Non-Static Method
1. The static keyword must be used before the method name 1. No need to use the static keyword before the method name
2. It is called using the class (className.methodName) 2. It is can be called like any general method

3. They can’t access any non-static instance variables or methods 3. It can access any static method and any static variable without creating an instance of the class

Q27. What is constructor chaining in Java?

In Java, constructor chaining is the process of calling one constructor from another with respect to the current object. Constructor chaining is possible only through legacy where a subclass constructor is responsible for invoking the superclass’
constructor first. There could be any number of classes in the constructor chain. Constructor chaining can be achieved in two ways:

1. Within the same class using this()

2. From base class using super()

Q28. Difference between String, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer.

Factor String StringBuilder StringBuffer

Storage Area Constant String Pool Heap Area Heap Area

Mutability Immutable Mutable Mutable

Thread Safety Yes No Yes
Performance Fast More efficient Less efficient

Q29. What is a classloader in Java?

The Java ClassLoader is a subset of JVM (Java Virtual Machine) that is responsible for loading the class files. Whenever a Java program is executed it is first loaded by the classloader. Java provides three built-in classloaders:

1. Bootstrap ClassLoader
2. Extension ClassLoader
3. System/Application ClassLoader

Q30. Why Java Strings are immutable in nature?

In Java, string objects are immutable in nature which simply means once the String object is created its state cannot be modified. Whenever you try to update the value of that object instead of updating the values of that particular object, Java
creates a new string object. Java String objects are immutable as String objects are generally cached in the String pool. Since String literals are usually shared between multiple clients, action from one client might affect the rest. It enhances
security, caching, synchronization, and performance of the application.

Q31. What is the difference between an array and an array list?

Array ArrayList

Cannot contain values of different data types Can contain values of different data types.

Size must be defined at the time of declaration Size can be dynamically changed

Need to specify the index in order to add data No need to specify the index

Arrays are not type parameterized Arraylists are type

Arrays can contain primitive data types as well as objects Arraylists can contain only objects, no primitive data types are allowed

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Q32. What is a Map in Java?
In Java, Map is an interface of Util package which maps unique keys to values. The Map interface is not a subset of the main Collection interface and thus it behaves little different from the other collection types. Below are a few of the
characteristics of Map interface:

1. Map doesn’t contain duplicate keys.

2. Each key can map at max one value.

Q33. What is collection class in Java? List down its methods and interfaces.

In Java, the collection is a framework that acts as an architecture for storing and manipulating a group of objects. Using Collections you can perform various tasks like searching, sorting, insertion, manipulation, deletion, etc. Java collection
framework includes the following:

Interfaces
Classes
Methods

The below image shows the complete hierarchy of the Java Collection.

FrameworkHierarchy - Java Collections - Edureka

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OOPS Java Interview Questions

Q1. What is Polymorphism?

Polymorphism is briefly described as “one interface, many implementations”. Polymorphism is a characteristic of being able to assign a different meaning or usage to something in different contexts – specifically, to allow an entity such as a

variable, a function, or an object to have more than one form. There are two types of polymorphism:

1. Compile time polymorphism

2. Run time polymorphism

Compile time polymorphism is method overloading whereas Runtime time polymorphism is done using inheritance and interface.

Q2. What is runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch?

In Java, runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile-time. In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable
of a superclass. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1 class Car {

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 2 void run()
3 {
4 System.out.println(“car is running”);
5 }
6 }
7 class Audi extends Car {
8 void run()
9 {
10 System.out.prinltn(“Audi is running safely with 100km”);
11 }
12 public static void main(String args[])
13 {
14 Car b= new Audi();    //upcasting
15 b.run();
16 }
17 }

Q3. What is abstraction in Java?

Abstraction refers to the quality of dealing with ideas rather than events. It basically deals with hiding the details and showing the essential things to the user. Thus you can say that abstraction in Java is the process of hiding the implementation
details from the user and revealing only the functionality to them. Abstraction can be achieved in two ways:

1. Abstract Classes (0-100% of abstraction can be achieved)

2. Interfaces (100% of abstraction can be achieved)

Q4. What do you mean by an interface in Java?

An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class or you can say it is a collection of abstract methods and static constants. In an interface, each method is public and abstract but it does not contain any constructor. Thus, interface basically is a group
of related methods with empty bodies. Example:

public interface Animal {

public void eat();
public void sleep();
public void run();
}

Q5. What is the difference between abstract classes and interfaces?

Abstract Class Interfaces

An abstract class can provide complete, default code and/or just the details that have to be overridden An interface cannot provide any code at all, just the signature

In the case of an abstract class, a class may extend only one abstract class A Class may implement several interfaces

An abstract class can have non-abstract methods All methods of an Interface are abstract

An abstract class can have instance variables An Interface cannot have instance variables
An abstract class can have any visibility: public, private, protected An Interface visibility must be public (or) none
If we add a new method to an abstract class then we have the option of providing default implementation and If we add a new method to an Interface then we have to track down all the implementations of the interface and define
therefore all the existing code might work properly implementation for the new method

An abstract class can contain constructors An Interface cannot contain constructors

Abstract classes are fast Interfaces are slow as it requires extra indirection to find the corresponding method in the actual class

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Q6. What is inheritance in Java?

Inheritance in Java is the concept where the properties of one class can be inherited by the other. It helps to reuse the code and establish a relationship between different classes. Inheritance is performed between two types of classes:

1. Parent class (Super or Base class)

2. Child class (Subclass or Derived class)

A class which inherits the properties is known as Child Class whereas a class whose properties are inherited is known as Parent class.

Q7. What are the different types of inheritance in Java?

Java supports four types of inheritance which are:

1. Single Inheritance: In single inheritance, one class inherits the properties of another i.e there will be only one parent as well as one child class.
2. Multilevel Inheritance: When a class is derived from a class which is also derived from another class, i.e. a class having more than one parent class but at different levels, such type of inheritance is called Multilevel Inheritance.
3. Hierarchical Inheritance: When a class has more than one child classes (subclasses) or in other words, more than one child classes have the same parent class, then such kind of inheritance is known as hierarchical.
4. Hybrid Inheritance: Hybrid inheritance is a combination of two or more types of inheritance.

Q8. What is method overloading and method overriding?

Method Overloading :

In Method Overloading, Methods of the same class shares the same name but each method must have a different number of parameters or parameters having different types and order.
Method Overloading is to “add” or “extend” more to the method’s behavior.
It is a compile-time polymorphism.
The methods must have a different signature.
It may or may not need inheritance in Method Overloading.

Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

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1 class Adder {
2 Static int add(int a, int b)
3 {
4 return a+b;
5 }
6 Static double add( double a, double b)
7 {
8 return a+b;
9 }
10 public static void main(String args[])
11 {
12 System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));
13 System.out.println(Adder.add(12.3,12.6));
14 }}

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Method Overriding:

In Method Overriding, the subclass has the same method with the same name and exactly the same number and type of parameters and same return type as a superclass.
Method Overriding is to “Change” existing behavior of the method.
It is a run time polymorphism.
The methods must have the same signature.
It always requires inheritance in Method Overriding.

Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1 class Car {
2 void run(){
3 System.out.println(“car is running”);
4 }
5 Class Audi extends Car{
6 void run()
7 {
8 System.out.prinltn("Audi is running safely with 100km");
9 }
10 public static void main( String args[])
11 {
12 Car b=new Audi();
13 b.run();
14 }
15 }

Q9. Can you override a private or static method in Java?

You cannot override a private or static method in Java. If you create a similar method with the same return type and same method arguments in child class then it will hide the superclass method; this is known as method hiding. Similarly, you
cannot override a private method in subclass because it’s not accessible there. What you can do is create another private method with the same name in the child class. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1 class Base {
2 private static void display() {
3 System.out.println("Static or class method from Base");
4 }
5 public void print() {
6 System.out.println("Non-static or instance method from Base");
7 }
8 class Derived extends Base {
9 private static void display() {
10 System.out.println("Static or class method from Derived");
11 }
12 public void print() {
13 System.out.println("Non-static or instance method from Derived");
14 }
15 public class test {
16 public static void main(String args[])
17 {
18 Base obj= new Derived();
19 obj1.display();
20 obj1.print();
21 }
22 }

Q10. What is multiple inheritance? Is it supported by Java?

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 If a child class inherits the property from multiple classes is known as multiple inheritance. Java does not allow to extend multiple classes.

The problem with multiple inheritance is that if multiple parent classes have the same method name, then at runtime it becomes difficult for the compiler to decide which method to execute from the child class.

Therefore, Java doesn’t support multiple inheritance. The problem is commonly referred to as Diamond Problem.

Q11. What is encapsulation in Java?

Encapsulation is a mechanism where you bind your data(variables) and code(methods) together as a single unit. Here, the data is hidden from the outer world and can be accessed only via current class methods. This helps in protecting the data
from any unnecessary modification. We can achieve encapsulation in Java by:

Declaring the variables of a class as private.

Providing public setter and getter methods to modify and view the values of the variables.

Q12. What is an association?

Association is a relationship where all object have their own lifecycle and there is no owner. Let’s take the example of Teacher and Student. Multiple students can associate with a single teacher and a single student can associate with multiple
teachers but there is no ownership between the objects and both have their own lifecycle. These relationships can be one to one, one to many, many to one and many to many.

Q13. What do you mean by aggregation?

An aggregation is a specialized form of Association where all object has their own lifecycle but there is ownership and child object can not belong to another parent object. Let’s take an example of Department and teacher. A single teacher can
not belong to multiple departments, but if we delete the department teacher object will not destroy.

Q14. What is composition in Java?

Composition is again a specialized form of Aggregation and we can call this as a “death” relationship. It is a strong type of Aggregation. Child object does not have their lifecycle and if parent object deletes all child object will also be deleted.
Let’s take again an example of a relationship between House and rooms. House can contain multiple rooms there is no independent life of room and any room can not belongs to two different houses if we delete the house room will
automatically delete.

Q15. What is a marker interface?

A Marker interface can be defined as the interface having no data member and member functions. In simpler terms, an empty interface is called the Marker interface. The most common examples of Marker interface in Java are Serializable,
Cloneable etc. The marker interface can be declared as follows.

1 public interface Serializable{

2 }

Q16. What is object cloning in Java?

Object cloning in Java is the process of creating an exact copy of an object. It basically means the ability to create an object with a similar state as the original object. To achieve this, Java provides a method clone() to make use of this
functionality. This method creates a new instance of the class of the current object and then initializes all its fields with the exact same contents of corresponding fields. To object clone(), the marker interface java.lang.Cloneable must be
implemented to avoid any runtime exceptions. One thing you must note is Object clone() is a protected method, thus you need to override it.

Q17. What is a copy constructor in Java?

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Copy constructor is a member function that is used to initialize an object using another object of the same class. Though there is no need for copy constructor in Java since all objects are passed by reference. Moreover, Java does not even
support automatic pass-by-value.

Q18. What is a constructor overloading in Java?

In Java, constructor overloading is a technique of adding any number of constructors to a class each having a different parameter list. The compiler uses the number of parameters and their types in the list to differentiate the overloaded
constructors.

1 class Demo
2 {
3 int i;
4 public Demo(int a)
5 {
6 i=k;
7 }
8 public Demo(int a, int b)
9 {
10 //body
11 }
12 }

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Servlets Interview Questions

Q1. What is a servlet?

Java Servlet is server-side technologies to extend the capability of web servers by providing support for dynamic response and data persistence.
The javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http packages provide interfaces and classes for writing our own servlets.
All servlets must implement the javax.servlet.Servlet interface, which defines servlet lifecycle methods. When implementing a generic service, we can extend the GenericServlet class provided with the Java Servlet API. The HttpServlet
class provides methods, such as doGet() and doPost(), for handling HTTP-specific services.
Most of the times, web applications are accessed using HTTP protocol and thats why we mostly extend HttpServlet class. Servlet API hierarchy is shown in below image.

Q2. What are the differences between Get and Post methods?

Get Post

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 Limited amount of data can be sent because data is sent in header. Large amount of data can be sent because data is sent in body.

Not Secured because data is exposed in URL bar. Secured because data is not exposed in URL bar.

Can be bookmarked Cannot be bookmarked

Idempotent Non-Idempotent

It is more efficient and used than Post It is less efficient and used

Q3. What is Request Dispatcher?

RequestDispatcher interface is used to forward the request to another resource that can be HTML, JSP or another servlet in same application. We can also use this to include the content of another resource to the response.

There are two methods defined in this interface:

1.void forward()

2.void include()

Q4. What are the differences between forward() method and sendRedirect() methods?

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 forward() method SendRedirect() method

forward() sends the same request to another resource. sendRedirect() method sends new request always because it uses the URL bar of the browser.

forward() method works at server side. sendRedirect() method works at client side.

forward() method works within the server only. sendRedirect() method works within and outside the server.

Q5. What is the life-cycle of a servlet?

There are 5 stages in the lifecycle of a servlet:

1. Servlet is loaded
2. Servlet is instantiated
3. Servlet is initialized
4. Service the request
5. Servlet is destroyed

Q6. How does cookies work in Servlets?

Cookies are text data sent by server to the client and it gets saved at the client local machine.
Servlet API provides cookies support through javax.servlet.http.Cookie class that implements Serializable and Cloneable interfaces.
HttpServletRequest getCookies() method is provided to get the array of Cookies from request, since there is no point of adding Cookie to request, there are no methods to set or add cookie to request.
Similarly HttpServletResponse addCookie(Cookie c) method is provided to attach cookie in response header, there are no getter methods for cookie.

Q7. What are the differences between ServletContext vs ServletConfig?

The difference between ServletContext and ServletConfig in Servlets JSP is in below tabular format.

ServletConfig ServletContext

Servlet config object represent single servlet It represent whole web application running on particular JVM and common for all the servlet

Its like local parameter associated with particular servlet Its like global parameter associated with whole application

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 It’s a name value pair defined inside the servlet section of web.xml file so it has servlet wide scope ServletContext has application wide scope so define outside of servlet tag in web.xml file.

getServletConfig() method is used to get the config object getServletContext() method is used to get the context object.

for example shopping cart of a user is a specific to particular user so here we can use servlet config To get the MIME type of a file or application session related information is stored using servlet context object.

Q8. What are the different methods of session management in servlets?

Session is a conversational state between client and server and it can consists of multiple request and response between client and server. Since HTTP and Web Server both are stateless, the only way to maintain a session is when some unique
information about the session (session id) is passed between server and client in every request and response.

Some of the common ways of session management in servlets are:

1. User Authentication
2. HTML Hidden Field
3. Cookies
4. URL Rewriting
5. Session Management API

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In case you are facing any challenges with these java interview questions, please comment your problems in the section below. Apart from this Java Interview Questions Blog, if you want to get trained from professionals on this technology,
you can opt for a structured training from edureka! Click below to know more.

JDBC Interview Questions

1. What is JDBC Driver?
JDBC Driver is a software component that enables java application to interact with the database. There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:

1. JDBC-ODBC bridge driver

2. Native-API driver (partially java driver)
3. Network Protocol driver (fully java driver)
4. Thin driver (fully java driver)

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 2. What are the steps to connect to a database in java?

Registering the driver class

Creating connection
Creating statement
Executing queries
Closing connection

3. What are the JDBC API components?

The java.sql package contains interfaces and classes for JDBC API.

Interfaces:

Connection
Statement
PreparedStatement
ResultSet
ResultSetMetaData
DatabaseMetaData
CallableStatement etc.

Classes:

DriverManager
Blob
Clob
Types
SQLException etc.

4. What is the role of JDBC DriverManager class?

The DriverManager class manages the registered drivers. It can be used to register and unregister drivers. It provides factory method that returns the instance of Connection.

5. What is JDBC Connection interface?

The Connection interface maintains a session with the database. It can be used for transaction management. It provides factory methods that returns the instance of Statement, PreparedStatement, CallableStatement and DatabaseMetaData.

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6. What is the purpose of JDBC ResultSet interface?

The ResultSet object represents a row of a table. It can be used to change the cursor pointer and get the information from the database.

7. What is JDBC ResultSetMetaData interface?

The ResultSetMetaData interface returns the information of table such as total number of columns, column name, column type etc.

8. What is JDBC DatabaseMetaData interface?

The DatabaseMetaData interface returns the information of the database such as username, driver name, driver version, number of tables, number of views etc.

9. What do you mean by batch processing in JDBC?

Batch processing helps you to group related SQL statements into a batch and execute them instead of executing a single query. By using batch processing technique in JDBC, you can execute multiple queries which makes the performance
faster.

10. What is the difference between execute, executeQuery, executeUpdate?

Statement execute(String query) is used to execute any SQL query and it returns TRUE if the result is an ResultSet such as running Select queries. The output is FALSE when there is no ResultSet object such as running Insert or Update
queries. We can use getResultSet() to get the ResultSet and getUpdateCount() method to retrieve the update count.

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Statement executeQuery(String query) is used to execute Select queries and returns the ResultSet. ResultSet returned is never null even if there are no records matching the query. When executing select queries we should use executeQuery
method so that if someone tries to execute insert/update statement it will throw java.sql.SQLException with message “executeQuery method can not be used for update”.

Statement executeUpdate(String query) is used to execute Insert/Update/Delete (DML) statements or DDL statements that returns nothing. The output is int and equals to the row count for SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML)
statements. For DDL statements, the output is 0.

You should use execute() method only when you are not sure about the type of statement else use executeQuery or executeUpdate method.

Q11. What do you understand by JDBC Statements?

JDBC statements are basically the statements which are used to send SQL commands to the database and retrieve data back from the database. Various methods like execute(), executeUpdate(), executeQuery, etc. are provided by JDBC to
interact with the database.

JDBC supports 3 types of statements:

1. Statement: Used for general purpose access to the database and executes a static SQL query at runtime.
2. PreparedStatement: Used to provide input parameters to the query during execution.
3. CallableStatement: Used to access the database stored procedures and helps in accepting runtime parameters.

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Spring Interview Questions

Q1. What is Spring?

Wikipedia defines the Spring framework as “an application framework and inversion of control container for the Java platform. The framework’s core features can be used by any Java application, but there are extensions for building web
applications on top of the Java EE platform.” Spring is essentially a lightweight, integrated framework that can be used for developing enterprise applications in java.

Q2. Name the different modules of the Spring framework.

Some of the important Spring Framework modules are:

Spring Context – for dependency injection.

Spring AOP – for aspect oriented programming.
Spring DAO – for database operations using DAO pattern
Spring JDBC – for JDBC and DataSource support.
Spring ORM – for ORM tools support such as Hibernate
Spring Web Module – for creating web applications.
Spring MVC – Model-View-Controller implementation for creating web applications, web services etc.

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 Q3. List some of the important annotations in annotation-based Spring
configuration.

The important annotations are:

@Required
@Autowired
@Qualifier
@Resource
@PostConstruct
@PreDestroy

Q4. Explain Bean in Spring and List the different Scopes of Spring bean.

Beans are objects that form the backbone of a Spring application. They are managed by the Spring IoC container. In other words, a bean is an object that is instantiated, assembled, and managed by a Spring IoC container.

There are five Scopes defined in Spring beans.

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 Singleton: Only one instance of the bean will be created for each container. This is the default scope for the spring beans. While using this scope, make sure spring bean doesn’t have shared instance variables otherwise it might lead to
data inconsistency issues because it’s not thread-safe.
Prototype: A new instance will be created every time the bean is requested.
Request: This is same as prototype scope, however it’s meant to be used for web applications. A new instance of the bean will be created for each HTTP request.
Session: A new bean will be created for each HTTP session by the container.
Global-session: This is used to create global session beans for Portlet applications.

Q5. Explain the role of DispatcherServlet and ContextLoaderListener.

DispatcherServlet is basically the front controller in the Spring MVC application as it loads the spring bean configuration file and initializes all the beans that have been configured. If annotations are enabled, it also scans the packages to
configure any bean annotated with @Component, @Controller, @Repository or @Service annotations.

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 ContextLoaderListener, on the other hand, is the listener to start up and shut down the WebApplicationContext in Spring root. Some of its important
functions includes tying up the lifecycle of Application Context to the lifecycle of the ServletContext and automating the creation of ApplicationContext.

Q6. What are the differences between constructor injection and setter injection?

No. Constructor Injection Setter Injection

1) No Partial Injection Partial Injection

2) Doesn’t override the setter property Overrides the constructor property if both are defined.
Doesn’t create a new instance if you change the property
3) Creates a new instance if any modification occurs
value
4) Better for too many properties Better for a few properties.

Q7. What is autowiring in Spring? What are the autowiring modes?

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Autowiring enables the programmer to inject the bean automatically. We don’t need to write explicit injection logic. Let’s see the code to inject bean using dependency injection.

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1. <bean id=“emp” class=“com.javatpoint.Employee” autowire=“byName” />

The autowiring modes are given below:

No. Mode Description

1) no this is the default mode, it means autowiring is not enabled.
2) byName Injects the bean based on the property name. It uses setter method.
3) byType Injects the bean based on the property type. It uses setter method.
4) constructor It injects the bean using constructor

Q8. How to handle exceptions in Spring MVC Framework?

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Spring MVC Framework provides the following ways to help us achieving robust exception handling.

Controller Based:

We can define exception handler methods in our controller classes. All we need is to annotate these methods with @ExceptionHandler annotation.

Global Exception Handler:

Exception Handling is a cross-cutting concern and Spring provides @ControllerAdvice annotation that we can use with any class to define our global exception handler.

HandlerExceptionResolver implementation:

For generic exceptions, most of the times we serve static pages. Spring Framework provides HandlerExceptionResolver interface that we can implement to create global exception handler. The reason behind this additional way to define global
exception handler is that Spring framework also provides default implementation classes that we can define in our spring bean configuration file to get spring framework exception handling benefits.

Q9. What are some of the important Spring annotations which you have used?

Some of the Spring annotations that I have used in my project are:

@Controller – for controller classes in Spring MVC project.

@RequestMapping – for configuring URI mapping in controller handler methods. This is a very important annotation, so you should go through Spring MVC RequestMapping Annotation Examples

@ResponseBody – for sending Object as response, usually for sending XML or JSON data as response.

@PathVariable – for mapping dynamic values from the URI to handler method arguments.

@Autowired – for autowiring dependencies in spring beans.

@Qualifier – with @Autowired annotation to avoid confusion when multiple instances of bean type is present.

@Service – for service classes.

@Scope – for configuring the scope of the spring bean.

@Configuration, @ComponentScan and @Bean – for java based configurations.

AspectJ annotations for configuring aspects and advices , @Aspect, @Before, @After, @Around, @Pointcut, etc.

Q10. How to integrate Spring and Hibernate Frameworks?

We can use Spring ORM module to integrate Spring and Hibernate frameworks if you are using Hibernate 3+ where SessionFactory provides current session, then you should avoid using HibernateTemplate or HibernateDaoSupport classes
and better to use DAO pattern with dependency injection for the integration.

Also, Spring ORM provides support for using Spring declarative transaction management, so you should utilize that rather than going for hibernate boiler-plate code for transaction management.

Q11. Name the types of transaction management that Spring supports.

Two types of transaction management are supported by Spring. They are:

1. Programmatic transaction management: In this, the transaction is managed with the help of programming. It provides you extreme flexibility, but it is very difficult to maintain.
2. Declarative transaction management: In this, transaction management is separated from the business code. Only annotations or XML based configurations are used to manage the transactions.

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 Hibernate Interview Questions
1. What is Hibernate Framework?

Object-relational mapping or ORM is the programming technique to map application domain model objects to the relational database tables. Hibernate is Java-based ORM tool that provides a framework for mapping application domain
objects to the relational database tables and vice versa.

Hibernate provides a reference implementation of Java Persistence API, that makes it a great choice as ORM tool with benefits of loose coupling. We can use the Hibernate persistence API for CRUD operations. Hibernate framework provide
option to map plain old java objects to traditional database tables with the use of JPA annotations as well as XML based configuration.

Similarly, hibernate configurations are flexible and can be done from XML configuration file as well as programmatically.

2. What are the important benefits of using Hibernate Framework?

Some of the important benefits of using hibernate framework are:

1. Hibernate eliminates all the boiler-plate code that comes with JDBC and takes care of managing resources, so we can focus on business logic.
2. Hibernate framework provides support for XML as well as JPA annotations, that makes our code implementation independent.
3. Hibernate provides a powerful query language (HQL) that is similar to SQL. However, HQL is fully object-oriented and understands concepts like inheritance, polymorphism, and association.
4. Hibernate is an open source project from Red Hat Community and used worldwide. This makes it a better choice than others because learning curve is small and there are tons of online documentation and help is easily available in
forums.
5. Hibernate is easy to integrate with other Java EE frameworks, it’s so popular that Spring Framework provides built-in support for integrating hibernate with Spring applications.
6. Hibernate supports lazy initialization using proxy objects and perform actual database queries only when it’s required.
7. Hibernate cache helps us in getting better performance.
8. For database vendor specific feature, hibernate is suitable because we can also execute native sql queries.

Overall hibernate is the best choice in current market for ORM tool, it contains all the features that you will ever need in an ORM tool.

3. Explain Hibernate architecture.

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4. What are the differences between get and load methods?

The differences between get() and load() methods are given below.

No. get() load()

1) Returns null if object is not found. Throws ObjectNotFoundException if an object is not found.

2) get() method always hit the database. load() method doesn’t hit the database.
3) It returns a real object, not a proxy. It returns a proxy object.

It should be used if you are not sure about the

4) It should be used if you are sure that the instance exists.
existence of instance.

5. What are the advantages of Hibernate over JDBC?

Some of the important advantages of Hibernate framework over JDBC are:

1. Hibernate removes a lot of boiler-plate code that comes with JDBC API, the code looks cleaner and readable.
2. Hibernate supports inheritance, associations, and collections. These features are not present with JDBC API.
3. Hibernate implicitly provides transaction management, in fact, most of the queries can’t be executed outside transaction. In JDBC API, we need to write code for transaction management using commit and rollback.
4. JDBC API throws SQLException that is a checked exception, so we need to write a lot of try-catch block code. Most of the times it’s redundant in every JDBC call and used for transaction management. Hibernate wraps JDBC
exceptions and throw JDBCException or HibernateException un-checked exception, so we don’t need to write code to handle it. Hibernate built-in transaction management removes the usage of try-catch blocks.
5. Hibernate Query Language (HQL) is more object-oriented and close to Java programming language. For JDBC, we need to write native SQL queries.
6. Hibernate supports caching that is better for performance, JDBC queries are not cached hence performance is low.
7. Hibernate provides option through which we can create database tables too, for JDBC tables must exist in the database.
8. Hibernate configuration helps us in using JDBC like connection as well as JNDI DataSource for the connection pool. This is a very important feature in enterprise application and completely missing in JDBC API.
9. Hibernate supports JPA annotations, so the code is independent of the implementation and easily replaceable with other ORM tools. JDBC code is very tightly coupled with the application.

In case you are facing any challenges with these Java interview questions, please comment on your problems in the section below. Apart from this Java Interview Questions Blog, if you want to get trained from professionals on this technology,
you can opt for structured training from edureka!

Java Interview Questions: JSP

1. What are the life-cycle methods for a jsp?

Methods Description

public void jspInit() It is invoked only once, same as init method of servlet.

public void _jspService(ServletRequest

It is invoked at each request, same as service() method of
request,ServletResponse)throws
servlet.
ServletException,IOException

It is invoked only once, same as destroy() method of

public void jspDestroy()
servlet.

2. What are the JSP implicit objects?

JSP provides 9 implicit objects by default. They are as follows:

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Object Type
1) out JspWriter
2) request HttpServletRequest
3) response HttpServletResponse
4) config ServletConfig
5) session HttpSession
6) application ServletContext
7) pageContext PageContext
8) page Object
9) exception Throwable

3. What are the differences between include directive and include action?

include directive include action

The include directive includes the content at page translation time. The include action includes the content at request time.

The include directive includes the original content of the page so page size increases at runtime. The include action doesn’t include the original content rather invokes the include() method of Vendor provided class.

It’s better for static pages. It’s better for dynamic pages.

4. How to disable caching on back button of the browser?

<%
response.setHeader(“Cache-Control”,”no-store”);
response.setHeader(“Pragma”,”no-cache”);
response.setHeader (“Expires”, “0”); //prevents caching at the proxy server
%>

5. What are the different tags provided in JSTL?

There are 5 type of JSTL tags.

1. core tags
2. sql tags
3. xml tags
4. internationalization tags
5. functions tags

6. How to disable session in JSP?

1. <%@ page session=“false” %>

7. How to delete a Cookie in a JSP?

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The following code explains how to delete a Cookie in a JSP :

1 Cookie mycook = new Cookie("name1","value1");

2  
3 response.addCookie(mycook1);
4  
5 Cookie killmycook = new Cookie("mycook1","value1");
6  
7 killmycook . set MaxAge ( 0 );
8  
9 killmycook . set Path ("/");
10  
11 killmycook . addCookie ( killmycook 1 );

8. Explain the jspDestroy() method.

jspDestry() method is invoked from javax.servlet.jsp.JspPage interface whenever a JSP page is about to be destroyed. Servlets destroy methods can be easily overridden to perform cleanup, like when closing a database connection.

9. How is JSP better than Servlet technology?

JSP is a technology on the server’s side to make content generation simple. They are document-centric, whereas servlets are programs. A Java server page can contain fragments of Java program, which execute and instantiate Java classes.
However, they occur inside an HTML template file. It provides the framework for the development of a Web Application.

10. Why should we not configure JSP standard tags in web.xml?

We don’t need to configure JSP standard tags in web.xml because when container loads the web application and find TLD files, it automatically configures them to be used directly in the application JSP pages. We just need to include it in the
JSP page using taglib directive.

11. How will you use JSP EL in order to get the HTTP method name?

Using pageContext JSP EL implicit object you can get the request object reference and make use of the dot operator to retrieve the HTTP method name in the JSP page. The JSP EL code for this purpose will look
like ${pageContext.request.method}.

In case you are facing any challenges with these java interview questions, please comment on your problems in the section below. Apart from this Java Interview Questions Blog, if you want to get trained from professionals on this technology,
you can opt for structured training from edureka!

Exception and Thread Java Interview Questions

Q1. What is the difference between Error and Exception?
An error is an irrecoverable condition occurring at runtime. Such as OutOfMemory error. These JVM errors you cannot repair them at runtime. Though error can be caught in the catch block but the execution of application will come to a halt
and is not recoverable.

While exceptions are conditions that occur because of bad input or human error etc. e.g. FileNotFoundException will be thrown if the specified file does not exist. Or a NullPointerException will take place if you try using a null reference. In
most of the cases it is possible to recover from an exception (probably by giving the user feedback for entering proper values etc.

Q2. How can you handle Java exceptions?

There are five keywords used to handle exceptions in Java:

1. try
2. catch
3. finally
4. throw
5. throws

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Q3. What are the differences between Checked Exception and Unchecked Exception?

Checked Exception

The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as checked exceptions.
Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time.
Example: IOException, SQLException etc.

Unchecked Exception

The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions.

Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-time.
Example: ArithmeticException, NullPointerException etc.

Q4. What purpose do the keywords final, finally, and finalize fulfill?

Final:

Final is used to apply restrictions on class, method, and variable. A final class can’t be inherited, final method can’t be overridden and final variable value can’t be changed. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1 class FinalVarExample {
2 public static void main( String args[])
3 {
4 final int a=10;   // Final variable
5 a=50;             //Error as value can't be changed
6 }

Finally

Finally is used to place important code, it will be executed whether the exception is handled or not. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1 class FinallyExample {
2 public static void main(String args[]){
3 try {
4 int x=100;
5 }
6 catch(Exception e) {
7 System.out.println(e);
8 }
9 finally {
10 System.out.println("finally block is executing");}
11 }}
12 }

Finalize

Finalize is used to perform clean up processing just before the object is garbage collected. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1 class FinalizeExample {
2 public void finalize() {
3 System.out.println("Finalize is called");
4 }
5 public static void main(String args[])
6 {
7 FinalizeExample f1=new FinalizeExample();
8 FinalizeExample f2=new FinalizeExample();

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 9 f1= NULL;
10 f2=NULL;
11 System.gc();
12 }
13 }

Q5. What are the differences between throw and throws?

throw keyword throws keyword

Throw is used to explicitly throw an exception. Throws is used to declare an exception.
Checked exceptions can not be propagated with
Checked exception can be propagated with throws.
throw only.
Throw is followed by an instance. Throws is followed by class.
Throw is used within the method. Throws is used with the method signature.

You can declare multiple exception e.g. public void

You cannot throw multiple exception
method()throws IOException,SQLException.

Q6. What is exception hierarchy in java?

The hierarchy is as follows:

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Throwable is a parent class of all Exception classes. There are two types of Exceptions: Checked exceptions and UncheckedExceptions or RunTimeExceptions. Both type of exceptions extends Exception class whereas errors are further
classified into Virtual Machine error and Assertion error.

Q7. How to create a custom Exception?

To create you own exception extend the Exception class or any of its subclasses.

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 class New1Exception extends Exception { } // this will create Checked Exception
class NewException extends IOException { } // this will create Checked exception
class NewException extends NullPonterExcpetion { } // this will create UnChecked exception

Q8. What are the important methods of Java Exception Class?

Exception and all of it’s subclasses doesn’t provide any specific methods and all of the methods are defined in the base class Throwable.

1. String getMessage() – This method returns the message String of Throwable and the message can be provided while creating the exception through it’s constructor.
2. String getLocalizedMessage() – This method is provided so that subclasses can override it to provide locale specific message to the calling program. Throwable class implementation of this method simply use getMessage() method to
return the exception message.
3. Synchronized Throwable getCause() – This method returns the cause of the exception or null id the cause is unknown.
4. String toString() – This method returns the information about Throwable in String format, the returned String contains the name of Throwable class and localized message.
5. void printStackTrace() – This method prints the stack trace information to the standard error stream, this method is overloaded and we can pass PrintStream or PrintWriter as an argument to write the stack trace information to the file or
stream.

Q9. What are the differences between processes and threads?

Process Thread
An executing instance of a program is
Definition A thread is a subset of the process.
called a process.
Processes must use inter-process
Threads can directly communicate with other
Communication communication to communicate with
threads of its process.
sibling processes.
Processes can only exercise control over Threads can exercise considerable control over
Control
child processes. threads of the same process.
Any change in the parent process does Any change in the main thread may affect the
Changes
not affect child processes. behavior of the other threads of the process.
Memory Run in separate memory spaces. Run in shared memory spaces.

Process is controlled by the operating

Controlled by Threads are controlled by programmer in a program.
system.

Dependence Processes are independent. Threads are dependent.

Q10. What is a finally block? Is there a case when finally will not execute?
Finally block is a block which always executes a set of statements. It is always associated with a try block regardless of any exception that occurs or not.
Yes, finally will not be executed if the program exits either by calling System.exit() or by causing a fatal error that causes the process to abort.

Q11. What is synchronization?

Synchronization refers to multi-threading. A synchronized block of code can be executed by only one thread at a time. As Java supports execution of multiple threads, two or more threads may access the same fields or objects. Synchronization
is a process which keeps all concurrent threads in execution to be in sync. Synchronization avoids memory consistency errors caused due to inconsistent view of shared memory. When a method is declared as synchronized the thread holds the
monitor for that method’s object. If another thread is executing the synchronized method the thread is blocked until that thread releases the monitor.

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Q12. Can we write multiple catch blocks under single try block?
Yes we can have multiple catch blocks under single try block but the approach should be from specific to general. Let’s understand this with a programmatic example.

1 public class Example {

2 public static void main(String args[]) {
3 try {
4 int a[]= new int[10];
5 a[10]= 10/0;
6 }
7 catch(ArithmeticException e)
8 {
9 System.out.println("Arithmetic exception in first catch block");
10 }
11 catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
12 {
13 System.out.println("Array index out of bounds in second catch block");
14 }
15 catch(Exception e)
16 {
17 System.out.println("Any exception in third catch block");
18 }
19 }

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Q13. What are the important methods of Java Exception Class?

Methods are defined in the base class Throwable. Some of the important methods of Java exception class are stated below.

1. String getMessage() – This method returns the message String about the exception. The message can be provided through its constructor.
2. public StackTraceElement[] getStackTrace() – This method returns an array containing each element on the stack trace. The element at index 0 represents the top of the call stack whereas the last element in the array represents the
method at the bottom of the call stack.

3. Synchronized Throwable getCause() – This method returns the cause of the exception or null id as represented by a Throwable object.

4. String toString() – This method returns the information in String format. The returned String contains the name of Throwable class and localized message.
5. void printStackTrace() – This method prints the stack trace information to the standard error stream.

Q14. What is OutOfMemoryError in Java?

OutOfMemoryError is the subclass of java.lang.Error which generally occurs when our JVM runs out of memory.

Q15. What is a Thread?

A thread is the smallest piece of programmed instructions which can be executed independently by a scheduler. In Java, all the programs will have at least one thread which is known as the main thread. This main thread is created by the JVM
when the program starts its execution. The main thread is used to invoke the main() of the program.

Q16. What are the two ways to create a thread?

In Java, threads can be created in the following two ways:-

By implementing the Runnable interface.

By extending the Thread

Q17. What are the different types of garbage collectors in Java?

Garbage collection in Java a program which helps in implicit memory management. Since in Java, using the new keyword you can create objects dynamically, which once created will consume some memory. Once the job is done and there are
no more references left to the object, Java using garbage collection destroys the object and relieves the memory occupied by it. Java provides four types of garbage collectors:

Serial Garbage Collector

Parallel Garbage Collector
CMS Garbage Collector
G1 Garbage Collector

In case you are facing any challenges with these java interview questions, please comment your problems in the section below. Apart from this Java Interview Questions Blog, if you want to get trained from professionals on this technology,
you can opt for structured training from edureka!

So this brings us to the end of the Java interview questions blog. The topics that you learned in this Java Interview Questions blog are the most sought-after skill sets that recruiters look for in a Java Professional. These set of Java Interview
Questions will definitely help you ace your job interview. Good luck with your interview!

Check out the Java Training by Edureka, a trusted online learning company with a network of more than 250,000 satisfied learners spread across the globe. We are here to help you with every step on your journey, for becoming a besides this
java interview questions, we come up with a curriculum which is designed for students and professionals who want to be a Java Developer. The course is designed to give you a head start into Java programming and train you for both core
and advanced Java concepts along with various Java frameworks like Hibernate & Spring.

Got a question for us? Please mention it in the comments section of this “Java Interview Questions” and we will get back to you as soon as possible.

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Comments
38 Comments

Jame Narongsak says:

Nov 5, 2018 at 12:42 pm GMT

Nice article. Thank for your dedicate to make all of this.

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 Reply

Shimeles Tessema says:

Nov 5, 2018 at 12:41 pm GMT

In Question 10, describing the difference between heap and stack, the last comparison is not totally accurate. starting from Java 6 we have something called Escape Analysis made by the JVM. This is not only primitives and references
are stored but also Objects that has no hope of being referenced outof scope are stored in the Stack Memory. This is efficient because the garbage collector shouldn’t care about local variables that end their lifetime in side the same scope.

Reply

EdurekaSupport says:
Nov 5, 2018 at 12:42 pm GMT

Hey Tessema, thank you for reading our blogs and for pointing this out. We are glad to have avid learners like you on our channel. Cheers :)

Reply

Greshma Liz George says:

Nov 5, 2018 at 12:41 pm GMT

In qn 18, isnt the parent method foo supposed to be hidden? so that all outputs belong to child class..

Reply

EdurekaSupport says:
Mar 29, 2019 at 5:40 am GMT

Hey Greshma, we would definitely like to help. May we know which question are you talking about? We can’t find a qn18. Thanks!

Reply

K says:
Mar 29, 2019 at 5:40 am GMT

Q3 1st and 3rd row are wrong. Interfaces have been able to provide code via default methods for years (Java 8, 2014).

Reply

Neha says:
Jan 13, 2018 at 7:42 am GMT

Question no 13 of exception where question says some methods of Exception class , toString() is method of Object class not of Exception class. Throwable class override this method from Object class. Throwable is parent of Exception
class, that’s why Exception is able to use it. Correct it.

Reply

EdurekaSupport says:
Jan 24, 2018 at 12:33 pm GMT

Hey Neha, thak you for pointing this out. We will definitely look into this. Cheers :)

Reply

Poonam says:
Jan 10, 2018 at 12:21 pm GMT

Hi,
Kindly provide explanation for DAO and parallel programming implementation in java.

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 Reply

Bhargav Patel says:

Jan 3, 2018 at 10:09 am GMT

Hi.
Section OOPS Java Interview Questions:
Q5 example is not valid in terms of syntax you missed curly braces.

Reply

EdurekaSupport says:
Jan 24, 2018 at 12:33 pm GMT

Hey Bhargav, this was mostly probably a typo. We regret the mistake and thank you for pointing it out. Do browse through our other blogs and let us know how you liked it. Cheers :)

Reply

Maignanamgnanavel Maignanam says:

Nov 30, 2017 at 1:20 pm GMT

what are the modifiers applicable in java main method

Reply

Red Rajesh says:

Sep 12, 2017 at 7:04 pm GMT

thank you need sum advance concept

Reply

Red Rajesh says:

Sep 12, 2017 at 7:03 pm GMT

explain very well excepted with image good

Reply

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Chile+56
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Cook Islands+682
Costa Rica+506
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Croatia (Hrvatska)+385
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Curaçao+599
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Denmark (Danmark)+45
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 Egypt (‫)ﻣﺼﺮ‬+20
El Salvador+503
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Ethiopia+251
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Fiji+679
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Gabon+241
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Gibraltar+350
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Guadeloupe+590
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Haiti+509
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Hungary (Magyarország)+36
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भारत
India ( )+91
Indonesia+62
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Iraq (‫)اﻟﻌﺮاق‬+964
Ireland+353
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Jamaica+1876
⽇本
Japan ( )+81
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Jordan (‫)اﻷردن‬+962
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Kenya+254
Kiribati+686
Kosovo+383
Kuwait (‫)اﻟﻜﻮﯾﺖ‬+965
Kyrgyzstan (Кыргызстан)+996
Laos (ລາວ)+856
Latvia (Latvija)+371
Lebanon (‫)ﻟﺒﻨﺎن‬+961
Lesotho+266

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 Liberia+231
Libya (‫)ﻟﯿﺒﯿﺎ‬+218
Liechtenstein+423
Lithuania (Lietuva)+370
Luxembourg+352
Macau (澳⾨ )+853
Macedonia (FYROM) (Македонија)+389
Madagascar (Madagasikara)+261
Malawi+265
Malaysia+60
Maldives+960
Mali+223
Malta+356
Marshall Islands+692
Martinique+596
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Mauritius (Moris)+230
Mayotte+262
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Micronesia+691
Moldova (Republica Moldova)+373
Monaco+377
Mongolia (Монгол)+976
Montenegro (Crna Gora)+382
Morocco (‫)اﻟﻤﻐﺮب‬+212
Mozambique (Moçambique)+258
Myanmar (Burma) ( မာ)+95
Namibia (Namibië)+264
Nauru+674
नेपाल
Nepal ( )+977
Netherlands (Nederland)+31
New Caledonia (Nouvelle-Calédonie)+687
New Zealand+64
Nicaragua+505
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Nigeria+234
Niue+683
Norfolk Island+672
North Korea ( 조선 민주주의 인민 공화국 )+850
Norway (Norge)+47
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Pakistan (‫)ﭘﺎﮐﺴﺘﺎن‬+92
Palau+680
Palestine (‫)ﻓﻠﺴﻄﯿﻦ‬+970
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Papua New Guinea+675
Paraguay+595
Peru (Perú)+51
Philippines+63
Poland (Polska)+48
Portugal+351
Puerto Rico+1
Qatar (‫)ﻗﻄﺮ‬+974
Réunion (La Réunion)+262
Romania (România)+40

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 Russia (Россия)+7
Rwanda+250
Saint Barthélemy+590
Saint Helena+290
Saint Martin (Saint-Martin (partie française))+590
Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon)+508
Samoa+685
San Marino+378
São Tomé and Príncipe (São Tomé e Príncipe)+239
Saudi Arabia (‫)اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﯾﺔ‬+966
Senegal (Sénégal)+221
Serbia (Србија)+381
Seychelles+248
Sierra Leone+232
Singapore+65
Sint Maarten+1721
Slovakia (Slovensko)+421
Slovenia (Slovenija)+386
Solomon Islands+677
Somalia (Soomaaliya)+252
South Africa+27
South Korea (대한민국 )+82
South Sudan (‫)ﺟﻨﻮب اﻟﺴﻮدان‬+211
Spain (España)+34
Sri Lanka ( ලංකාව)+94
Sudan (‫)اﻟﺴﻮدان‬+249
Suriname+597
Svalbard and Jan Mayen+47
Swaziland+268
Sweden (Sverige)+46
Switzerland (Schweiz)+41
Syria (‫)ﺳﻮرﯾﺎ‬+963
Taiwan (台灣 )+886
Tajikistan+992
Tanzania+255
Thailand (ไทย)+66
Timor-Leste+670
Togo+228
Tokelau+690
Tonga+676
Tunisia (‫)ﺗﻮﻧﺲ‬+216
Turkey (Türkiye)+90
Turkmenistan+993
Tuvalu+688
Uganda+256
Ukraine (Україна)+380
United Arab Emirates (‫)اﻹﻣﺎرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬+971
United Kingdom+44
United States+1
Uruguay+598
Uzbekistan (Oʻzbekiston)+998
Vanuatu+678
Vatican City (Città del Vaticano)+39
Venezuela+58
Vietnam (Việt Nam)+84

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 Wallis and Futuna (Wallis-et-Futuna)+681
Western Sahara (‫)اﻟﺼﺤﺮاء اﻟﻐﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬+212
Yemen (‫)اﻟﯿﻤﻦ‬+967
Zambia+260
Zimbabwe+263
Åland Islands+358

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