MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Name: Theory of Machines
Important Instructions to examiners:
Model Answer Subject Code: 22438
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.

1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: (2 x 5 ) 10

1 (a) Define term ‘Kinetics’. 02
Ans. (02 Mark for the appropriate significance of Kinetics)
Definition of Kinetics: 02
It is that branch of Theory of Machines which deals with the inertia forces which arise from
the combined effect of the mass and motion of the machine parts.
1 (b) List different types of ‘Kinematic Pair’. 02
(Classification on any 2 basis with sub types, 01 Mark each)
Types of Kinematic pairs:
[1] According to the type of relative motion between the elements:
(a) Sliding pair.
(b) Turning pair.
(c) Rolling pair.
(d) Screw pair.
(e) Spherical pair.
[2] According to the type of contact between the elements:
(a) Lower pair. 02
(b) Higher pair.
[3] According to the type of closure:
(a) Self closed pair.
(b) Force - closed pair.
[4] According to Constrained Motion:
(a) Incompletely Constrained
(b) Completely Constrained
(c) Successfully Constrained

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Q. Sub Answer Marking
No. Q. Scheme
N.

1 (c) State the relation between relative velocity and motion of link in mechanism. 02

Ans. Relation between Relative Velocity and motion of link in mechanism:

The relative velocity is the velocity of any point with respect to any other some point on the
same link. 02
Let,
V be the relative velocity of one end w.r.t. other end of link in m/sec
ω be the angular motion in rad/sec &
r as the length of same link in meter
Then, the relation is expressed as;
V = r x ω m/sec
1 (d) List any four applications of ‘cam’ and ‘follower’. 02

Ans. (Any four applications, ½ Marks for each)

Applications of Cam and Follower:
[1] Operating the inlet and exhaust valves of internal combustion engines
[2] Used in Automatic attachment of machineries, paper cutting machines 02
[3] Used in Spinning and weaving textile machineries.
[4] Used in Feed mechanism of automatic lathes etc.
[5] Used in Diesel Fuel Pumps.
[6] Used in printing control mechanism
[7] Used in wall clock
[8] Used in feed mechanism of automatic lathe.
1 (e) Define the term ‘Dwell’ w.r.t. cam profile. 02

Ans. Definition of Dwell:

It is duration of cam rotation during which there is no motion to the follower. That means 02
during dwell period though cam rotates but follower remains stationary.
OR When the follower is not moving upward and downward even when the cam rotates is
called as dwell.
1 (f) State the functions of clutches. 02

Ans. Functions of Clutches:

[1] To engage and disengage output shaft with the engine shaft as and when required. 02
[2] To engage shafts very smoothly without much slipping of friction surfaces.
[3] To transmit power from engine shaft to output shaft without loss.
[4] To engage the shafts smoothly without noise and jerk

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Q. Sub Answer Marking
No. Q. Scheme
N.

1 (g) Define coefficient of fluctuation of energy. 02

Ans. Definition of Coefficient of Fluctuation of Energy:

It may be defined as the ratio of the maximum fluctuation of energy to the work done 02
per cycle.
Mathematically it is expressed as;

2 Attempt any THREE of the following: (3 x 4) 12

2 (a) Draw a neat diagram of ‘Scotch Yoke Mechanism’. Explain its constructional features 04
in brief.

02 Marks for
Labeled
Sketch

Constructional Features of Scotch Yoke Mechanism:

[1] In this mechanism, two sliding pairs and two turning pairs are used. So it is an
inversion of Double Slider Crank Chain Mechanism.
[2] It consists of following types of links with relative motion as mentioned below; 02 Marks for
Link 1 (B) – Fixed Link – Guide the Frame Constructional
Link 2 – Crank – Turning Motion – Rotates about Point B in Link 1 Features
Link 3 - Slider -Sliding Motion
Link 4 – Fixed Link – Frame – Reciprocating Motion
[3] The inversion is obtained by fixing either the Link 1 or Link 3.

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Q. Sub Answer Marking
No. Q. Scheme
N.

2 (a) Draw a neat diagram of ‘Scotch Yoke Mechanism’. Explain its constructional features 04
in brief.
Ans. [4] When the link 2 (which corresponds to crank) rotates about B as centre, the link 4
(which corresponds to a frame) reciprocates. It is used for converting rotary motion
into a reciprocating motion.

2 (b) Explain the term: (i) Slip (ii) Creep 04

Ans. Slip: The forward motion of the driver without carrying the belt with it or forward
motion of the belt without carrying the driven pulley with it, is called slip of the belt.
Slip reduces velocity ratio and also power transmission capacity of the belt drive. Less
slip in the belt drive is desirable.
01
OR
When belt is transmitted power from driver to driven pulley, there is a loss of motion
due to insufficient frictional grip and therefore the speed of driven pulley is less than
driver pulley. This is known as Slip of the belt & generally expressed in %
Slip of Belt by neglecting thickness of belt is expressed as below;

Creep: When the belt passes from the slack side to the tight side, a certain portion of 01
the belt extends and it contracts again when the belt passes from the tight side to
slack side. Due to these changes of length, there is a relative motion between the belt
and the pulley surfaces. This relative motion is termed as creep.
Creep reduces velocity ratio and also power transmission capacity of the belt drive.
Less creep in the belt drive is desirable. 01
Creep of Belt is expressed as below;

01

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Sub Answer Marking

Q. Q. Scheme
No. N.
2 (c) Draw the following displacement diagram for follower: 04
(i) SHM (ii) Uniform acceleration and deceleration
Ans. Displacement Diagram for Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM):

02

Angular Displacement

Displacement Diagram for Uniform Acceleration and Deceleration:

02

2 (d) Differentiate between belt drive and gear drive. 04

Ans. Difference between Belt and Gear Drive: (Any 04 Points, 01 Mark for each)
Basis Belt Drive Gear Drive
Power transmitting Less High
capacity
Slip & Creep Occurs No
Material used Flexible in nature Rigid material used 04
Type of drive Slip drive Positive drive
Centre distance between Medium or large Very less
the shafts
Overload taking capacity Slips when overloaded Damages when
overloaded
Velocity Ratio Does not remain constant Remain constant
Use Low to moderate power High power transmission
transmission

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Sub Answer Marking
Q. Q. Scheme
No. N.
3 (a) Draw a neat sketch of ‘Locomotive coupler’ mechanism. Explain its working in brief. 04

02

Figure: Coupler Rod of Locomotive

(Link AD = Link BC = Crank Link CD = Coupling Rod Link AB = Fixed Link = Frame)

Working of Coupler Rod of Locomotive:

It is an example of Double Crank Mechanism in which, Links AD and BC (having equal
02
length) act as cranks and are connected to the respective wheels. Link CD acts as a
coupling rod and link AB is fixed in order to maintain a Constant center to center
distance between them. This mechanism is meant for transmitting rotary motion
from one wheel to the other wheel.
3 (b) Name the suitable mechanism to be used for following applications: 04

(Correct Name of Suitable Mechanism for Given Application, 01 Mark for each)

S.N. Application Suitable Mechanism

(i) Lifting water from well Pendulum pump (Bull Engine)

04
(ii) Connecting misaligned shaft Oldham’s coupling
(iii) Converting rotary motion into Beam Engine (Crank & Lever Msm)
reciprocating motion
(iv) Maintain constant relative motion Coupling rod of locomotive
between two rotary elements

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Q. Sub Answer Marking
No. Q. Scheme
N.
3 (c) Explain the construction of ‘Disc Brake’ with neat sketch. 04

Ans. Construction of Disc Brake:

Modern vehicles always equipped with disc brakes on at least the front two wheels. It
consists of mainly 3 parts,
[1] Rotor [2] Caliper [3] Brake pads
In between each piston and disc, friction pad held in position by springs. Higher
02
applied forces can be used in disc brakes than in drum brakes, because the design of
the rotor is stronger than the design of the drum. Due to this, large resistance is
carried by flat disc. In this, Flat plate disc with flat friction pad are used against heavy
drum. Friction surface directly exposed to air cooling which results better (faster) heat
dissipation.

02

Figure: Disc Brake

3 (d) Draw basic ‘cam-follower’ diagram showing its terminology (Minimum four terms) 04

Ans. Basic Cam Follower Profile:

02 Marks for
Cam Profile

02 Marks for
04 Terms
indicating on
it

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Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.
3 (e) State the necessity of Balancing. List different types of Balancing Methods. 04

(02 Marks for Necessity, 02 Marks for Types)

Necessity of Balancing:
[1] The high speed of engines and other machines is a common phenomenon now-a-
days. It is, therefore, very essential that all the rotating and reciprocating parts should
be completely balanced as far as possible.
02
[2] If these parts are not properly balanced, the dynamic forces are set up. These
forces not only increase the loads on bearings and stresses in the various members,
but also produce unpleasant and even dangerous vibrations.
[3] The balancing of unbalanced forces is caused by rotating masses, in order to
minimize pressure on the main bearings when an engine is running.

Types of Balancing Methods:

[1] Balancing of rotating masses:
(a) Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single rotating mass in the same plane
(b) Balancing of a single rotating mass by two masses rotating in the different planes
02
(c) Balancing of different masses rotating in the same plane
(d) Balancing of different masses rotating in the different planes

[2] Balancing of Several masses revolving in same plane:

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Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.

4 Attempt any TWO of the following (2 x 6 ) 12

4 (a) Draw the labeled diagram of Crank and slotted lever Quick Return Mechanism. 06

Neat labeled Sketch of Crank and Slotted Lever Quick Return Mechanism:

04 Marks for
suitable
sketch

02 Marks for
Labeling

4 (b) A crank of slider crank mechanism rotates clock wise at constant speed of 300 rpm.
The crank is 150 mm and connecting rod is 600 mm long. Determine:
06
(i) Linear velocity of the mid-point of connecting rod.
(ii) Angular acceleration of connecting rod at a crank angle of 45º from inner
dead centre position.
Ans. Given Data:

01 Mark for
Given Data

01 Mark for
each of Space,
Velocity &
Acc. Diagram

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Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.
4 (b) (i) Linear velocity of the midpoint of connecting rod :

01

(ii) Angular acceleration of connecting rod at a crank angle of 45º from inner
dead centre position:

01

4 (c) Draw the profile of cam operating a knife edge follower from following data:
(i) Follower to move outwards through 40 mm during 60º of cam rotation.
(ii) Follower dwells for next 45º. 06
(iii) Follower to return to its original position during next 90º.
(iv) Follower to dwell for rest of the rotation. The displacement of follower is
to take place with simple harmonic motion during both outward and
return strokes. The least radius of cam is 50 mm. if the cam rotates at 300
rpm.
(02 Marks for Displacement Diagram, 04 Marks for Cam Profile)
Given Data:
Lift (S) = 40 mm
Outward Stroke (θo) = 60º Dwell (θD) = 45º
Return Stroke (θR) = 90º. Base Radius of Cam (R) = 50 mm

02

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Q. Sub Answer Marking
No. Q. Scheme
N.
4 (c)

04

5 Attempt any TWO of the following: (2 x 6) 12

5 (a) Two parallel shafts whose centre lines are 4.8 m apart are connected by open belt
drive. The diameter of larger pulley is 1.5 m and that of smaller pulley 1 m. the initial
tension in the belt when stationary is 3 KN. The mass of the belt is 1.5 Kg/m length. 06
The coefficient of friction between belt and pulley is 0.3. Taking centrifugal tension
in to account, calculate power transmitted when smaller pulley rotates at 400 rpm.
Ans. Given Data:
Open Belt Drive:
Where, C = 4.8 m
01 Mark for
D1 = 1.5 m D2 = 1 m N2 = 400 rpm
3
Given Data
Ti = 3 KN = 3 x 10 N
m = 1.5 Kg/m length
µ = 0.3
Considering Centrifugal Tension (Tc) =mV2
[1] We know that, Velocity (V) of the Open Belt Drive;

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Q. Sub Answer Marking
No. Q. Scheme
N.
5 (a) [2] Centrifugal Tension in Belt (Tc),
(Tc) =mV2 = 1.5 x (21)2 = 661.5 N

01 Mark for
[3] We know that initial tension in Belt (Ti) as,
TC & Ti
Let, T1 = Tension in Tight Side (N) Calculation
T2 = Tension in Slack Side (N)

Ti =

3000 x 2 = T1 + T2 + 2 x (661.5)
T1 + T2 = 4677 N ………………………………Eq. [1]
[4] For an Open Belt Drive,

01 Mark for
ά&θ
Calculation
So, angle of lap on the smaller pulley is;

[5] We know that relation between T1 & T2 is;

02 Marks for
T1 & T2
Calculation
………………….E1. [2]

From Eq.1 and Eq. 2 , we get,

[6] Power transmitted by Belt (P),

01 Mark for
Calculation of
Answer: Power Transmitted by Belt = 42.1 KW
Power (P)

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Q. Sub Answer Marking
No. Q. Scheme
N.
5 (b) A 4-bar mechanism has following dimensions:
l(DA) = 300 mm, l(CB) = l(AB) = 360mm, l(DC) = 600 mm. the link ‘DC’ is fixed. The 06
angle ADC is 60º. The driving link ‘DA’ rotates at a speed of 100 rpm clockwise and
constant driving torque is 50 N-m. Calculate the velocity of point ‘B’ and angular
velocity of driven link ‘CB’.
Ans. Given Data:
NAD = 100 rpm DA = 300 mm = 0.3 m T A = 50 N-m 01 Mark for
Given Data
ωAD = 2 π x 100 /60 = 10.47 rad/sec.

Velocity of A w.r.t. D (VAD);

……….Perpendicular to DA
Velocity of Point B: 01 Mark for
[1] Since the link DC is fixed, therefore points d and c are taken as one point in the Calculation of
velocity diagram. Draw vector da perpendicular to DA, to some suitable scale, to VAD and VB
represent the velocity of A with respect to D or simply velocity of A (i.e. VAD or VA) such
that,
Vector da =VAD = VA = 3.14 m/s
[2] Now from point a, draw vector ab perpendicular to AB represents the velocity of B
with respect to A (i.e. VBA), and from point c draw vector cb perpendicular to CB to
represent the velocity of B with respect to C or simply velocity of B (i.e. VBC or VB). The 02 Marks for
Vectors ab and cb intersect at b. Space &
Vector
Diagram
[3] By measurement, we find that velocity of point B,
VB = VBC = vector cb = 2.25 m/s

:
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Q. Sub Answer Markin
No Q. g
. N. Schem
e
5 (b) [4] Angular Velocity of driven link CB
Since CB = 360 mm =0.36 m, therefore angular velocity of the driven link CB, 02
Marks
for ωBC

5 (c)Explain the following terms of centrifugal governor with neat sketch:

(i) Height of Governor 06
(ii) Equilibrium Speed
(iii) Sleeve Lift
Ans (1.5 Marks for Sketch, 1.5 Marks for significance of each term)
. Terms related with Governor:

1.5
Mark
T
h

Fc
Sleeve
r
1.5
W Mark

1.5
Mark

(i) Height of Governor:

1.5
It is the vertical distance from the centre of the ball to a point where the axes of the arms (or Mark
arms produced) intersect on the spindle axis. It is usually denoted by h as shown in figure.
(ii) Equilibrium Speed:
It is the speed at which the governor balls, arms etc. are in complete equilibrium & the sleeve
does not tend to move upwards or downwards.

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(iii) Sleeve Lift:
It is the vertical distance which the sleeve travels due to change in equilibrium speed.
6 Attempt any TWO of the following: (2 x 6) 12
6 (a) Two pulleys one 450 mm diameter and the other 200 mm diameter are on parallel shafts 1.95
m apart and are connected by a crossed belt. Find the length of belt required and angle of 06
contact between belt and each pulley. Estimate the power transmitted by belt when the
larger pulley rotates at 200 rpm. If the maximum tension in the belt is 1 KN and coefficient of
friction between belt and pulley is 0.25.
6 (a) Given Data:
Crossed Belt Drive
D1 = 450 mm = 0.45 m D2 =200 mm = 0.20 m C = 1.95 m 01
N1 = 200 rpm µ = 0.25 T1 = Tmax = 1 KN = 1000 N Mark
LCross = ? Θs = ? P=? for
Given
[1] We know that speed of the Belt is; Data

01
Mark
[2] Length of the Crossed Belt Drive (LCross);
for
Speed

01
[3] Angle of Contact between belt and each pulley; Mark
for
LCross

[4] Power transmitted by Belt; 01

Mark
Let, T2 = Tension in Slack side of the belt for Θ

We know that,

01
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Mark
for T2

6 (a) Power transmitted by belt (P) is;

P = (T1 – T2) x V 01
Mark
for P
=
Answers:
LCross = 4.975 m Θs = 3.477 rad. P = 2.74 KW

6 (b) Draw the constructional details diagram of Centrifugal clutch. Explain its working principle. 06
Ans. (03 Marks for neat labeled sketch, 03 Marks for Working principle in brief)

03
Marks
for
neat
labeled
sketch

Working Principle of Centrifugal Clutch:

The centrifugal clutch uses centrifugal force, instead of spring force for keeping it in engaged
position. Also, it does not require clutch pedal for operating the clutch. The clutch is operated
automatically depending upon the engine speed. The vehicle can be stopped in gear without
stalling the engine. Similarly the vehicle can be started in any gear by pressing the accelerator 03
Marks
pedal. This makes the driving operation very easy.
for
Approp
OR riate
principl
e of
workin
g

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Q. Sub Answer Marking
No. Q. Scheme
N.
6 (b) The centrifugal clutches are usually incorporated into the motor pulleys. It consists of
a number of shoes on the inside of a rim of the pulley, as shown in Fig. The outer
surface of the shoes is covered with a friction material. These shoes, which can move
radially in guides, are held against the boss (or spider) on the driving shaft by means of
springs. The springs exert a radially inward force which is assumed constant. The mass
of the shoe, when revolving, causes it to exert a radially outward force (i.e. centrifugal
force). The magnitude of this centrifugal force depends upon the speed at which the
shoe is revolving. A little consideration will show that when the centrifugal force is less
than the spring force, the shoe remains in the same position as when the driving shaft
was stationary, but when the centrifugal force is equal to the spring force, the shoe is
just floating. When the centrifugal force exceeds the spring force, the shoe moves
outward and comes into contact with the driven member and presses against it. The
force with which the shoe presses against the driven member is the difference of the
centrifugal force and the spring force. The increase of speed causes the shoe to press
harder and enables more torque to be transmitted.
6 (c) The weights of four masse A, B, C, D are 200 Kg, 300 Kg, 240 Kg and 260 Kg
respectively. The corresponding radii of rotation are 200 mm, 150 mm, 250 mm and
300 mm respectively and the angle between successive masses are 45º, 75º and 06
135º. Find the position and magnitude of the balance weight required if its radius of
rotation is 200 mm.
Ans. Given Data: (Either solve by Analytical Or Graphical Method)
01 Mark for
Given Data

02 Mark for
Space
Diagram

Figure: Space Diagram

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Q. Sub Answer Marking
No. Q. Scheme
N.
6 (c)

[a] Analytical Method:

03 Marks for
Calculation of
Magnitude
and Direction
by
Analytically.

OR

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Q. Su Answer Marking
No b Scheme
. Q.
N.
6 (c) [b] Graphical Method:
02 Marks
for Space
Diagram

02 Marks
for Vector
Diagram

01 Marks
for
Calculatio
n of
Magnitude
&
Direction
by
Graphicall
y.

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