Scilab Textbook Companion for

Fiber Optic Communications Technology

by D. K. Mynbaev And L. L. Scheiner1

Created by
Dr. Lochan Jolly
optical communication
Electrical Engineering
Mumbai/TCET
College Teacher
None
Cross-Checked by
None

July 31, 2019

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Textbook Companion Project”
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description

Title: Fiber Optic Communications Technology

Author: D. K. Mynbaev And L. L. Scheiner

Publisher: Pearson,newdelhi, India

Edition: 1

Year: 2009

ISBN: 9788177584189

1
 Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)

For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.

2
Contents

List of Scilab Codes 4

2 Physics of Light A brief Overview 5

3 Optical Fiber Basics 10

4 Optical Fibers A Deeper Look 21

5 Single Mode Fibers Basics 24

6 Single Mode Fibers A Deeper Look 30

8 Fiber Cable connectorization and testing 33

9 Light Sources and transmitters Basics 36

10 Characteristics of laser Diodes 38

11 Receivers 46

12 Components of Fiber Optic Networks 55

13 Passive Components Switches and Functional Modules of

FiberOptic Networks 62

3
14 An Introduction to Fiber Optic networks 67

4
List of Scilab Codes

Exa 2.2.1 light velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Exa 2.2.2 angle of reflection and refraction . . . . . . . 6
Exa 2.2.3 critical incident angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 2.3.1 Energy of single Photon . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 2.3.2 color of radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 3.1.1 Critical angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 3.1.2 Critical angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exa 3.1.3 acceptance angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exa 3.1.4 Numerical aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Exa 3.2.1 Light Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Exa 3.2.2 Maximum Transmission Distance . . . . . . 15
Exa 3.3.1 Number of modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Exa 3.3.2 distance covered by light pulse . . . . . . . . 16
Exa 3.3.3 maximum bit rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Exa 3.3.4 Maximum bit rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exa 3.3.5 Chromatic dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Exa 3.4.1 bit rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Exa 4.4.1 Power in cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Exa 4.6.1 pulse spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Exa 5.1.1 Numerical Aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Exa 5.2.1 Limitation in Transmission Length . . . . . 25
Exa 5.3.1 pulse spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 5.3.2 pulse spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Exa 5.3.3 chromatic dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Exa 5.3.4 pulse spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Exa 5.3.5 BRchrom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Exa 5.3.6 bit rate limited by PMD . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Exa 6.2.1 power leakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

5
Exa 6.3.1 DCF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Exa 8.1.1 Intrinsic Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Exa 8.4.1 Link Support Capability . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Exa 9.1.1 Power radiated by LED . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Exa 9.1.2 power coupled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Exa 10.1.1 Probability of exciting electron . . . . . . . 38
Exa 10.1.2 Ratio of majority to minority charge carriers 39
Exa 10.2.1 slope Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Exa 10.2.2 power efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Exa 10.3.1 Io and To . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Exa 10.3.2 delay time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Exa 10.3.3 noise power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Exa 10.4.1 Light coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Exa 11.1.1 Photocurrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Exa 11.1.2 Responsivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Exa 11.1.3 width of depletion region . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Exa 11.1.4 Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Exa 11.3.1 RMS and bandwidth normalized values . . . 49
Exa 11.3.2 SNR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Exa 11.3.3 SNR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Exa 11.3.4 NEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Exa 11.3.5 Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exa 12.2.1 channel spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Exa 12.3.1 Gain of Fabry Perot semiconductor optical
amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Exa 12.3.2 Gain of Travelling wave semiconductor am-
plifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Exa 12.3.3 Bandwidth of Fabry Perot semiconductor op-
tical amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Exa 12.3.4 Noise figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Exa 12.3.5 ASE power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Exa 12.4.1 Gain of EDFA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Exa 12.4.2 connection losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Exa 13.1.1 coupling length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Exa 13.2.1 Angular separation and length between trans-
mission diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Exa 13.3.1 frequency and tuning time . . . . . . . . . . 64
Exa 13.4.1 Length of Faraday rotators . . . . . . . . . . 65

6
Exa 14.1.1 time to download . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Exa 14.1.2 Link Power budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

7
 Chapter 2

Physics of Light A brief

Overview

Scilab code Exa 2.2.1 light velocity

1
2 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
3 // Example 2 . 2 . 1
4 //OS=Windows 10
5 // // S c i l a b v e r s i o n S c i l a b 6 . 0 . 0 − b e t a −2(64 b i t )
6 clc ;
7 clear ;
8
9 // g i v e n
10 c =3 E8 ; // v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
11 n =1.5; // r e f r a c t i v e i d e x o f g l a s s
12
13 v =( c / n ) ; // l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n g l a s s i n m/ s
14 mprintf ( ” L i g h t v e l o c i t y i n g l a s s =%. 1 f x 1 0 ˆ8 m/ s ” ,v /1
e8 ) ;

8
 Scilab code Exa 2.2.2 angle of reflection and refraction

1
2 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
3 // Example 2 . 2 . 2
4 //OS=Windows 10
5 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n S c i l a b 6 . 0 . 0 − b e t a −2(64 b i t )
6 clc ;
7 clear ;
8
9 // g i v e n
10 n1 =1; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x 1
11 theta1 =30; // a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e i n d e g r e e s
12 n2 =1.5; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x 2
13
14 u = sind ( theta1 ) ;
15 theta2 = asind ( u / n2 ) ; // a n g l e o f r e f r a c t i o n i n d e g r e e s
case1
16
17 theta3 = theta1 // From f i g u r e 2 . 4 ( a ) g i v e n t h e t a 3=
t h e t a 1 =30 d e g r e e s // a n g l e o f r e l e c t i o n
18 v = n2 * sind ( theta1 ) ;
19 theta4 = asind ( v / n1 ) // a n g l e o f r e f r a c t i o n i n d e g r e e s
case 2
20 mprintf ( ” \n A n g l e o f r e f l e c t i o n =%. 1 f d e g r e e s ” , theta3
);
21 mprintf ( ” \n A n g l e o f r e f r a c t i o n c a s e 1=%. 1 f d e g r e e s
” , theta2 ) ;
22 mprintf ( ” \n A n g l e o f r e f r a c t i o n c a s e 2=%. 1 f d e g r e e s ”
, theta4 ) ;

9
 Scilab code Exa 2.2.3 critical incident angle

1
2 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
3 // Example 2 . 2 . 3
4 //OS=Windows 10
5 // // S c i l a b v e r s i o n S c i l a b 6 . 0 . 0 − b e t a −2(64 b i t )
6 clc ;
7 clear ;
8
9 // g i v e n
10 n1 =1.6; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x i n g l a s s r o d
11 n2 =1; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f a i r
12 thetha2 =90; // a n g l e o f r e f r a c t i o n i n d e g r e e s
13
14 v = n2 / n1 ;
15 thethac = asind ( v ) ; // c r i t i c a l i n c i d e n t a n g l e i n
degrees
16 mprintf ( ” t h e c r i t i c a l i n c i d e n t a n g l e=%. 2 f d e g r e e s ” ,
thethac ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.3.1 Energy of single Photon

1
2 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
3 // Example 2 . 3 . 1

10
 4 //OS=Windows 10
5 // // S c i l a b v e r s i o n S c i l a b 6 . 0 . 0 − b e t a −2(64 b i t )
6 clc ;
7 clear ;
8
9 // g i v e n
10 lambda =650 E -9; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m e t e r
11 h =6.6 E -34; // Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t i n S I u n i t s
12 c =3 E8 ; // v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n m/ s
13
14 Ep =( h * c / lambda ) ; // e n e r g y o f s i n g l e p h o t o n i n V
15 E =1 e -3; // / t o t a l e n e r g y i n j o u l e s
16 N =( E / Ep ) ; // number o f p h o t o s
17 mprintf ( ” \n Number o f p h o t o n s=%. 1 f x10 ˆ15 ” ,N /1 e15 ) ;
// d i v i s i o n by 1 e 1 5 t o c o n v e r t t h e u n i t t o x10 ˆ15

Scilab code Exa 2.3.2 color of radiation

1
2 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
3 // Example 2 . 3 . 2
4 //OS=Windows 10
5 // // S c i l a b v e r s i o n S c i l a b 6 . 0 . 0 − b e t a −2(64 b i t )
6 clc ;
7 clear ;
8
9 // g i v e n
10 Ep =2.5*1.602*1 e -19; // e n e r g y i n V
11 c =3 E8 ; // v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n m/ s
12 h =6.6261 E -34; // Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t i n S I u n i t s
13
14 lambda =( c * h / Ep ) ; // lambda i n m e t e r

11
15 mprintf ( ” Wavelength i s =%. 1 f nm . \ n I t w i l l e m i t g r e e n
c o l o u r . ” , lambda *1 e9 ) ; // M u l t i p l i c a t i o n by 1 e 9 t o
c o n v e r t t h e u n i t from m t o nm
16 // t h e a n s w e r v a r y due t o r o u n d i n g

12
 Chapter 3

Optical Fiber Basics

Scilab code Exa 3.1.1 Critical angle

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 3 . 1 . 1
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 // c a s e 1
10 n1 =1.48; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c o r e
11 n2 =1.46; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c l a d d i n g
12
13 // c a s e 2
14 n3 =1.495; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c o r e
15 n4 =1.402; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c l a d d i n g
16
17 // c a s e 1
18 b = n2 / n1 ;
19 thetac = asind ( b ) ;
20 mprintf ( ” \n t h e c r i t i c a l incident angle for case 1

13
 i s =%. 2 f d e g r e e s ” , thetac ) ;
21
22 // c a s e 2
23 g = n4 / n3 ;
24 mprintf ( ” \n\ n t h e r a t i o =%. 2 f ” ,g ) ;
25 thetac2 = asind ( g ) ;
26 mprintf ( ” \n t h e c r i t i c a l i n c i d e n t angle for case 2
i s =%. 2 f d e g r e e s ” , thetac2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.1.2 Critical angle

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 7
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 3 . 1 . 2
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 // c a s e 1
10 n1 =1.48; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c o r e for silica
fiber
11 n2 =1.46; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c l a d d i n g f o r
silica fiber
12
13 // c a s e 2
14 n3 =1.495; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c o r e for plastic
optical fiber
15 n4 =1.402; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c l a d d i n g for
plastic optical fiber
16
17 // c a s e 1

14
18 alphac = asind ( sqrt (1 -( n2 / n1 ) ^2) ) ;
19 mprintf ( ” \n The C r i t i c a l p r o p o g a t i o n a n g l e f o r c a s e
1 = %. 2 f deg ” , alphac ) ;
20
21 // c a s e 2
22 alphac2 = asind ( sqrt (1 -( n4 / n3 ) ^2) ) ;
23 mprintf ( ” \n The C r i t i c a l p r o p o g a t i o n a n g l e f o r c a s e
2 = %. 2 f deg ” , alphac2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.1.3 acceptance angle

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 3 . 1 . 3
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 // c a s e 1
10 n1 =1.48; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c o r e
11 n2 =1.46; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c l a d d i n g
12
13 alphac = asin ( sqrt (1 -( n2 / n1 ) ^2) ) ;
14 mprintf ( ” \n The C r i t i c a l p r o p o g a t i o n a n g l e for case
1 = %. 2 f deg ” , alphac ) ;
15 b = sin ( alphac ) ;
16 thetaa = asind ( n1 * b ) ; // by s n e l l ’ s law
17
18 a =2* thetaa ; // a c c e p t a n c e a n g l e o f t h e f i b e r
19 mprintf ( ” \ nThe a c c e p t a n c e a n g l e f o r c a s e 1 i s = %. 2 f
deg ” ,a ) ;

15
20
21 // c a s e 2
22 n3 =1.495; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c o r e
23 n4 =1.402; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c l a d d i n g
24
25 alphac2 = asin ( sqrt (1 -( n4 / n3 ) ^2) ) ;
26 mprintf ( ” \n The C r i t i c a l p r o p o g a t i o n a n g l e f o r case
1 = %. 2 f deg ” , alphac2 ) ;
27 b2 = sin ( alphac2 ) ;
28 thetaa2 = asind ( n3 * b2 ) ; // by s n e l l ’ s law
29
30 a2 =2* thetaa2 ; // a c c e p t a n c e a n g l e o f t h e f i b e r
31 mprintf ( ” \ nThe a c c e p t a n c e a n g l e f o r c a s e 2 i s = %. 2 f
deg ” , a2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.1.4 Numerical aperture

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 3 . 1 . 4
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 // c a s e 1
10 n1 =1.48; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c o r e
11 n2 =1.46; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c l a d d i n g
12
13 // c a s e 2
14 n3 =1.48; // r e f r a c t i v e o f t h e i n d e x o f c o r e
15 n4 =1.402; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c l a d d i n g

16
16
17 // c a s e 1
18 b = n1 * n1 ;
19 c = n2 * n2 ;
20 v =b - c ;
21 NA = sqrt ( v ) ; // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r c a s e 1
22 mprintf ( ” \n n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r c a s e 1=%. 2 f ” , NA ) ;
23
24 // c a s e 2
25 e = n3 * n3 ;
26 r = n4 * n4 ;
27 t =e - r ;
28 NA1 = sqrt ( t ) ; // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r c a s e 2
29 mprintf ( ” \n n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r c a s e 2=%. 2 f ” , NA1 )
;
30 //

Scilab code Exa 3.2.1 Light Power

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 7
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 3 . 2 . 1
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 A =0.5; // a t t e n u a t i o n i n dB/Km
10 Pin =1 E -3; // i n p u t power i n m i l l i w a t t s
11 L =15; // l e n g t h i n k i l o m e t e r s
12
13 a =[( - A * L ) /10];

17
14 b =10^( a ) ;
15 Pout =( Pin * b ) *1 E3 ;
16 mprintf ( ” ouput power i s =%. 2 f mW” , Pout ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.2.2 Maximum Transmission Distance

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 7
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 3 . 2 . 2
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 A =0.5; // A t t e n u a t i o n i n dB/km
10 Pin =1 E -3; // Power l a u n c h e d i n mW
11 Pout =50 E -6; // R e c e i v e r s e n s i t i v i t y i n uW
12 e = Pin / Pout ;
13 s =10/ A ;
14 d = log10 ( e ) ;
15 lmax = s * d ; //maximum t r a n s i s t i o n d i s t a n c e
16
17 mprintf ( ”Maximum t r a n s i s t i o n d i s t a n c e = %. 2 f km” ,
lmax ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.3.1 Number of modes

18
1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 3 . 3 . 1
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8 d =62.5 E -6; // c o r e d i a m e t e r i n S I u n i t s
9 NA =0.275; // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e
10 lambda =1300 E -9; // o p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h lambda i n m
11
12 x =3.14* d * NA ;
13
14 V = x / lambda ;
15
16 N =( V ^2) /4;
17
18 mprintf ( ”Number o f modes f o r g r a d e d i n d e x fiber = %
. 2 f ” ,N ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.3.2 distance covered by light pulse

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 3 . 3 . 2
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n

19
 8 L =5; // f i b e r l e n g t h i n km
9 NA =0.275; // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e
10 c =3 E5 ; // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n km
11 n1 =1.48; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
12
13 p =2* c * n1 ;
14
15 e = NA * NA ;
16
17 d=L*e;
18
19 deltatsi =( d / p ) *1 E9 ; // a n s w e r i s c h a n g e d due round− o f f
20 Q =( deltatsi / L )
21
22 mprintf ( ” \n l i g h t p u l s e s p r e a d i n g= %. 2 f s e c ” ,
deltatsi ) ;
23 mprintf ( ” \n r a t i o o f d e l t a t s i p e r l e n g t h i s =%. 2 f s e c
/Km” ,Q ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.3.3 maximum bit rate

1
2 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
3 // Example 3 . 3 . 3
4 // windows 7
5 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
6 clc ;
7 clear ;
8 // g i v e n
9 L =5; // f i b e r l e n g t h i n km
10 NA =0.275; // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e
11 c =3 E5 ; // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n km
12 n1 =1.48; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
13

20
14 p =2* c * n1 ;
15
16 e = NA * NA ;
17
18 d = L * e ;
19
20 deltatsi =( d / p ) *1 E9 ; // p u l s e s p r e a d i n g i n n s // a n s w e r
v a r y due round− o f f
21 deltatsi_by_L =( deltatsi / L ) // p u l s e s p r e a d i n g p e r u n i t
l e n g t h i n n s /Km// a n s w e r v a r y due round− o f f
22 Maximum_bit_rate =1 e3 / deltatsi_by_L //maximum b i t r a t e
i n M b i t s / s // m u l t i p l i c a t i o n by 1 e 3 t o c o n v e r u n i t
from G b i t s / s t o M b i t s p e r s e c
23 mprintf ( ” \n maximum b i t r a t e = %. 1 f Mbits / s ” ,
Maximum_bit_rate ) ; // a n s w e r v a r y due t o r o u n d i n g

Scilab code Exa 3.3.4 Maximum bit rate

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 7
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 3 . 3 . 4
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8 N1 =1.487; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
9 delta =1.71;
10 L =5 E3 ; // l e n g t h o f t h e g r a d e d i n d e x f i b e r
11 c =3 E8 ; // v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n m/ s
12
13 b = delta * delta ;
14 e = L * N1 * b ;

21
15 w =8* c ;
16 deltatg1 =( e / w ) *1 E5 ; // p u l s e
s p r e a d i n g due t o modal
dispersion
17 Q =( deltatg1 / L ) *1 E3 ; //maximum b i t r a t e
18
19 mprintf ( ” \n p u l s e s p r e a d i n g due t o modal d i s p e r s i o n =
%. 2 f s e c ” , deltatg1 ) ;
20 mprintf ( ” \n maximum b i t r a t e=%. 2 f s e c /Km” ,Q ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.3.5 Chromatic dispersion

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 7
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 3 . 3 . 5
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 S0 =0.097; // z e r o d i s p e r s i o n s l o p e i n p s / (nm ˆ 2 . km)
10 lambda0 =1343 E -9; // z e r o d i s p e r s i o n w a v e l e n g t h i n m
11 lambda =1300 E -9; // o p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h i n m
12
13 b = lambda0 * lambda0 * lambda0 * lambda0 ;
14 c = lambda * lambda * lambda ;
15 x=b/c;
16 e = lambda - x ;
17 g = S0 /4;
18 Dlambda = g * e *1 E9 ;
19 Q =( Dlambda /(50 E -9) ) ;
20
21 mprintf ( ” \n t h e r a t i o o f t h e dlamda t o t h e l e n g t h i s

22
 =%. 2 f n s /Km” ,Q ) ;
22 mprintf ( ” \n c h r o m a t i c d i s p e r s i o n p a r a m e t e r =%. 2 f s e c
/m” , Dlambda ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.4.1 bit rate

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 7
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 3 . 4 . 1
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 NA =0.275; // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e
10 N1 =1.487; // r e f r a c t i v e i n dex
11 c =3 E8 ; // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s
12 L =1 E3 ; // l e n g t h o f t h e l i n k
13 a = N1 * N1 * N1 ;
14 b =8* c * a ;
15 d = NA * NA * NA * NA ;
16 g=L*d;
17 BRg1 =( b / g ) ;
18 mprintf ( ” t h e b i t s r e s t r i c t e d by modal d i s p e r s i o n i s =
%. 2 f b i t / s ” , BRg1 ) ;

23
 Chapter 4

Optical Fibers A Deeper Look

Scilab code Exa 4.4.1 Power in cladding

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 4 . 4 . 1
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 d =62.5 E -6; // c o r e d i a m e t e r i n S I u n i t s
10 D =125 E -6; // c l a d d i n g d i a m e t e r i n S I u n i t s
11 NA =0.275; // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e
12 lambda =1300 E -9; // o p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h lambda i n m
13
14 x =3.14* d * NA ;
15 V = x / lambda ;
16 PcladbyPtotal =2* sqrt (2) /(3* V )
17 mprintf ( ” \ nPower c a r r i e d by f i b e r c l a d d i n g = %. 3 f ” ,
PcladbyPtotal ) ;

24
 Scilab code Exa 4.6.1 pulse spreading

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 4 . 6 . 1
3 // windows 8
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 lambda =850; // w a v e l e n g t h i n nm
10 L =100 E12 ; // Length o f f i b e r i n nm
11 deltalambda =70; // s p e c t r a l w i d t h w a v e l e n g t h i n nm
12 S0 =0.097; // z e r o d i s p e r s i o n s l o p e i n p s /nm ˆ 2 . km
13 lambda0 =1343; // assumed z e r o d i s p e r s i o n w a v e l e n g t h i n
nm
14
15 y = lambda0 / lambda ;
16 x =1 -( y * y * y * y ) ;
17
18 Dlambda = -( S0 * x * lambda ) /4;
19
20 deltatgmat =( Dlambda * deltalambda ) /1000;
21
22 mprintf ( ” P u l s e s p r e a d i n g by m a t e r i a l d i s p e r s i o n = %
. 2 f n s /km” , deltatgmat ) ;
23
24 deltatmat = deltatgmat *100;
25
26 mprintf ( ” \ n P u l s e s p r e a d i n g o v e r e n t i r e f i b e r = %. 2 f
s ” , deltatmat ) ;

25
26
 Chapter 5

Single Mode Fibers Basics

Scilab code Exa 5.1.1 Numerical Aperture

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 5 . 1 . 1
3 // windows 8
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 n1 =1.4675; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c o r e for s i l i c a
fiber
10 n2 =1.4622; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c l a d d i n g f o r
silica fiber
11
12 x = n1 * n1 ;
13 y = n2 * n2 ;
14
15 NA = sqrt (x - y ) ;
16
17 mprintf ( ” N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e o f s i n g l e m o d e f i b e r =%. 2
f ” , NA ) ;

27
 Scilab code Exa 5.2.1 Limitation in Transmission Length

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 5 . 2 . 1
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 A =0.2; // A t t e n u a t i o n i n dB/km
10 Pin =0.029 E -3; // Power l a u n c h e d i n mW
11 Pout =0.001 E -3; // R e c e i v e r s e n s i t i v i t y i n mW
12 e = Pin / Pout ;
13 s =10/ A ;
14 d = log10 ( e ) ;
15 l = s * d ; //maximum t r a n s i s t i o n d i s t a n c e
16
17 mprintf ( ”Maximum t r a n s i s t i o n d i s t a n c e = %. 2 f km” ,l ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.3.1 pulse spreading

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0

28
 4 // Example 5 . 3 . 1
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8 lambda =1310; // o p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h i n nm
9 deltalambda =1; // w a v e l e n g t h i n nm
10 L =1; // l e n g t h o f f i b e r i n km
11
12 Dmatlambda =2; // m a t e r i a l d i s p e r s i o n i n p s /nm . km from
graph
13 deltatmat = Dmatlambda * deltalambda * L ;
14
15 mprintf ( ” p u l s e s p r e a d c a u s e d by m a t e r i a l d i s p e r s i o n =
%. 2 f p s ” , deltatmat ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.3.2 pulse spread

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 5 . 3 . 2
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8 lambda =1550; // o p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h i n nm
9 deltalambda =1; // w a v e l e n g t h i n nm
10 L =1; // l e n g t h o f f i b e r i n km
11 Dmatlambda =20; // m a t e r i a l d i s p e r s i o n i n p s /nm . km
12 Dwglambda =5; // w a v e g u i d e d i s p e r s i o n i n p s /nm . km
13
14 deltatmat = Dmatlambda * deltalambda * L ;
15 deltatwg = Dwglambda * deltalambda * L ;

29
16
17 mprintf ( ” p u l s e s p r e a d c a u s e d by m a t e r i a l d i s p e r s i o n =
%. 2 f p s ” , deltatmat ) ;
18 mprintf ( ” \ n p u l s e s p r e a d c a u s e d by w a v e g u i d e
d i s p e r s i o n =%. 2 f p s ” , deltatwg ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.3.3 chromatic dispersion

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 5 . 3 . 3
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 lambda =1550; // o p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h i n nm
10 L =1; // Length o f f i b e r i n km
11 deltalambda =1; // s p e c t r a l w i d t h w a v e l e n g t h i n nm
12 Dlambda =15; // g i v e n c h r o m a t i c d i s p e r s i o n p a r a m e t e r i n
p s /nm . km
13
14 deltatchrom = Dlambda * deltalambda ;
15 mprintf ( ” \ n c h r o m a t i c d i s p e r s i o n i n s i n g l e mode f i b r e
= %. 2 f p s ” , deltatchrom ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.3.4 pulse spread

30
 1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 5 . 3 . 4
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 Dpmd =0.5; // p o l a r i z a t i o n mode d i s p e r s i o n coefficient
i n p s / s q r t (km)
10 L =100; // f i b r e l e n g t h i n km
11 deltatpmd = Dpmd * sqrt ( L ) ;
12
13 mprintf ( ” P u l s e s p r e a d c a u s e d by PMD f o r s i n g l e mode
f i b e r = %. 2 f p s ” , deltatpmd ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.3.5 BRchrom

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 5 . 3 . 5
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 L =100; // g i v e n assumed f i b e r o p t i c l e n g t h i n km
10 deltalambda =1; // s p e c t r a l w i d t h w a v e l e n g t h i n nm
11 Dlambda =2; // g i v e n c h r o m a t i c d i s p e r s i o n p a r a m e t e r i n
p s /nm . km
12

31
13 e =4* Dlambda * deltalambda * L ;
14 BRchrom = 1000/ e ;
15 mprintf ( ”Maximum b i t r a t e l i m i t e d by c h r o m a t i c
d i s p e r s i o n = %. 2 f Gbps ” , BRchrom ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.3.6 bit rate limited by PMD

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 5 . 3 . 6
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 Dpmd =0.5; // p o l a r i z a t i o n mode d i s p e r s i o n coefficient
i n p s / s q r t (km)
10
11 L =100; // f o r assumed f i b r e l e n g t h i n km
12 deltatpmd = Dpmd * sqrt ( L ) ;
13 mprintf ( ” P u l s e s p r e a d c a u s e d by PMD f o r single mode
f i b e r = %. 2 f p s ” , deltatpmd ) ;
14
15 a =4* deltatpmd ;
16 BRpmd =1000/ a ;
17 mprintf ( ” \ n B i t Rate o f %. 2 f Gbps i s l i m i t e d by PMD. ”
, BRpmd ) ;

32
 Chapter 6

Single Mode Fibers A Deeper

Look

Scilab code Exa 6.2.1 power leakage

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 6 . 2 . 1
3 // windows 8
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 a1 =12.45 E -6; // r a d i u s of the cladding f o r silica
fiber
10 a =4.15 E -6; // r a d i u s o f t h e c o r e f o r silica fiber
11 w0 =5.15 E -6; // i n m
12 lambda =1600 E -9; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m
13 x = exp ( -2*( a1 ^2/ w0 ^2) ) ;
14 y =1 - x ;
15 Ploss = -10* log10 ( y ) ;
16
17 mprintf ( ” P o s s i b l e power l e a k a g e %. 2 f micro −dB” , Ploss

33
 *1000000) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.3.1 DCF

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 6 . 3 . 1
3 // windows 8
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 L =100 E12 ; // Length o f t h e s i n g l e −mode f i b e r link in
nm
10
11 lambda0 =1310; // a v e r a g e o f z e r o −d i s p e r s i o n w a v e l e n g t h
i n nm
12 lambda =1550; // o p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h i n nm
13 S0 =0.092; // z e r o d i s p e r s i o n s l o p e i n p s /nmˆ2
14
15 y = lambda0 / lambda ;
16 z =1 - y ^4;
17 Dlambda =( S0 /4) * lambda * z ;
18
19 deltalambda =1; // l i g h t s o u r c e ’ s s p e c t r a l w i d t h i n nm
20
21 deltat = Dlambda * deltalambda * L ;
22
23 mprintf ( ” P u l s e s p r e a d c a u s e d by c h r o m a t i c d i s p e r s i o n
= %. 2 f p s ” , deltat *1 E -12) ;
24
25 x =6.66; // h e r e , x= L/ L d c f assumed t o be 6 . 6 6

34
26
27 Ddcf = - Dlambda * x ;
28 mprintf ( ” \nWe n e e d DCF o f %. 2 f p s /nm . km t o
c o m p e n s a t e f o r d i s p e r s i o n i n a c o n v e n t i o n a l SM
f i b r e . ” , Ddcf ) ;

35
 Chapter 8

Fiber Cable connectorization

and testing

Scilab code Exa 8.1.1 Intrinsic Loss

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 8 . 1 . 1
3 // windows 8
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 // c a s e 1
10 d1 =65.5 E -6; // d i a m e t e r o f t h e c o r e c o n s i d e r i n g 62.5+3
in m
11 d2 =59.5 E -6; // d i a m e t e r o f t h e c o r e c o n s i d e r i n g 62.5 −3
in m
12
13 Pcoreloss = -10* log10 (( d2 / d1 ) ^2) ;
14 mprintf ( ” I n t r i n s i c l o s s due t o d i a m e t e r mismatch = %
. 2 f dB” , Pcoreloss ) ;
15

36
16
17 // c a s e 2
18 NA1 =0.290; // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e of f i be r considering
0.275+0.015
19 NA2 =0.260; // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e of f i be r considering
0.275 −0.015
20
21 Pna = -10* log10 (( NA2 / NA1 ) ^2) ;
22 mprintf ( ” \ n I n t r i n s i c l o s s due t o NA mismatch = %. 2 f
dB” , Pna ) ;

Scilab code Exa 8.4.1 Link Support Capability

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 8 . 4 . 1
3 // windows 8
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 L =2000; // i n s t a l l a t i o n l e n g t h i n m
10 lambda =850 E -9; // o p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h i n m
11 deltalambda =20 E -9; // s p e c t r a l w i d t h i n m
12 BW =16; //maximum b i t r a t e i n M b i t / s
13 TAUltwrise =4; // r i s e t i m e o f l i g h t wave e q u i p m e n t i n
ns
14
15
16 TAUsystrise =0.35/ BW ; // t o t a l s y s t e m r i s e t i m e i n n s
17 mprintf ( ” T o t a l s y s t e m r i s e t i m e= %. 2 f n s ” ,
TAUsystrise ) ;

37
38
 Chapter 9

Light Sources and transmitters

Basics

Scilab code Exa 9.1.1 Power radiated by LED

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 9 . 1 . 1
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 lambdap =850; // Peak w a v e l e n g t h i n nm
10 n =0.01; // quantum e f f i c e n c y i s 1%
11 Ep =1248/ lambdap ; // e n e r g y o f p h o t o n i n eV
12 I =50; // c u r r e n t s u p p o s e d t o be i n mA
13
14 P = n * Ep * I ;
15 mprintf ( ” Power r a d i a t e d by LED = %. 3 f mW” ,P ) ;

39
 Scilab code Exa 9.1.2 power coupled

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 9 . 1 . 2
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8 Pout =100 E -6; // r a d i a t e d power i n W
9
10 n1 =1.48; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c o r e
11 n2 =1.46; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c l a d d i n g
12
13 b = n1 * n1 ;
14 c = n2 * n2 ;
15 v =b - c ;
16 NA = sqrt ( v ) ; // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e
17 mprintf ( ” \n n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e=%. 2 f ” , NA ) ;
18
19 Pin = Pout * NA * NA *1000000;
20 mprintf ( ” \ n L i g h t power Pin=%. 2 f W” , Pin ) ;

40
 Chapter 10

Characteristics of laser Diodes

Scilab code Exa 10.1.1 Probability of exciting electron

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 1 0 . 1 . 1
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8 E =0.712; // t h e e n e r g y gap E=Ec−Ef i n eV
9 Kb =1.38 E -23; // Boltzman c o n s t a n t i n J /K
10 T =300; //Room t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
11 e =1.6 E -19; // E l e c t r o n s v a l u e i n Coulomb
12 P =( Kb * T ) / e ;
13 Y=E/P;
14 fE = exp ( - Y ) ;
15
16 mprintf ( ” t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f e x c i t e d e l e c t r o n s a t
c o n d u c t i o n band a t room t e n m p e r a t u r e = %. 3 f ” , fE
*1 E +12) ;

41
 Scilab code Exa 10.1.2 Ratio of majority to minority charge carriers

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 1 0 . 1 . 2
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8 T =300; // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
9 kB =1.38 E -23; // Boltzman c o n s t a n t i n J /K
10 E = kB * T ;
11 e =1.6 E -19; // E l e c t r o n s v a l u e i n Coulomb
12 Vd =0.7;; // d e p l e t i o n v o l t a g e i n V
13 P = e * Vd ;
14 Y=P/E;
15 Ratio = exp ( Y ) ;
16 mprintf ( ” R a t i o o f m a j o r i t y t o m i n o r i t y c h a r g e
c a r r i e r s i n an n t y p e and a p t y p e o f s i l i c o n
s e m i c o n d u c t o r = %. 2 f ” , Ratio ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.2.1 slope Efficiency

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 1 0 . 1 . 2
3 // windows 7

42
 4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8 T =300; // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
9 kB =1.38 E -23; // Boltzman c o n s t a n t i n J /K
10 E = kB * T ;
11 e =1.6 E -19; // E l e c t r o n s v a l u e i n Coulomb
12 Vd =0.7;; // d e p l e t i o n v o l t a g e i n V
13 P = e * Vd ;
14 Y=P/E;
15 Ratio = exp ( Y ) ;
16 mprintf ( ” R a t i o o f m a j o r i t y t o m i n o r i t y c h a r g e
c a r r i e r s i n an n t y p e and a p t y p e o f s i l i c o n
s e m i c o n d u c t o r = %. 2 f ” , Ratio ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.2.2 power efficiency

1
2 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
3 // Example 1 0 . 2 . 2
4 // windows 7
5 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
6 clc ;
7 clear ;
8 // g i v e n
9
10 // c a s e 1
11 lambda =840; // O p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h i n nm
12 Eg =1248/ lambda ; // s e m i c o n d u c t o r bandgap i n eV
13 e =1.6 E -19; // E l e c t r o n s v a l u e i n Coulomb
14 V = Eg ; // v o l t a g e i n V

43
15 R =1; // R e f l e c t i v i t y
16 I =10 E -3; // C u r r e n t i n A
17 P1 = I * I * R ;
18 P2 = I * V ;
19 P3 = P1 + P2 ;
20 Pout =1.25 E -3; // Output power i n W
21 ETAp = Pout / P3 ;
22 mprintf ( ” Power E f f i c i e n c y o f a VCSEL d i o d e = %. 3 f ” ,
ETAp ) ;
23 ETAP = ETAp *100;
24 mprintf ( ” \n Hence , Power E f f i c i e n c y o f a VCSEL d i o d e
= %. 1 f P e r c e n t ” , ETAP ) ;
25
26 // c a s e 2
27 lambda2 =1300; // O p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h i n nm
28 Eg2 =1248/ lambda2 ; // s e m i c o n d u c t o r bandgap i n eV
29 e2 =1.6 E -19; // E l e c t r o n s v a l u e i n Coulomb
30 V2 = Eg2 ; // v o l t a g e i n V
31 R2 =1.84; // R e f l e c t i v i t y
32 I2 =312 E -3; // C u r r e n t i n A
33 P11 = I2 * I2 * R ;
34 P22 = I2 * V2 ;
35 P33 = P11 + P22 ;
36 Pout1 =1 E -3; // Output power i n W
37 ETAp1 = Pout1 / P33 ;
38 mprintf ( ” \ nPower E f f i c i e n c y o f a b r o a d a r e a l a s e r
d i o d e = %. 3 f ” , ETAp1 ) ;
39 ETAP1 = ETAp1 *100;
40 mprintf ( ” \n Hence , Power E f f i c i e n c y o f a b r o a d a r e a
l a s e r d i o d e = %. 1 f P e r c e n t ” , ETAP1 ) ; // t h e a n s w e r
v a r y due t o r o u n d i n g

Scilab code Exa 10.3.1 Io and To

44
1
2 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
3 // Example 1 0 . 3 . 1
4 // windows 7
5 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
6 clc ;
7 clear ;
8 // g i v e n
9 Ith1 =40 // t h r e s h o l d c u r r e n t i n mA a t 25 d e g r e e
centigrade
10 Ith2 =66 // t h r e s h o l d c u r r e n t i n mA a t 25 d e g r e e
centigrade
11 T1 =25; // t e m p e r a t u r e in degree centigrade for
calculation of threshold current
12 T2 =65 // t e m p e r a t u r e in degree centigrade for
calculation of threshold current
13 delta =2.5 // t h r e s h o l d c u r r e n t c h a n g e w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e
in percent per degree c e n t i g r a d e
14 Io = Ith1 /(1+( delta /100) * T1 ) ; // c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c u r r e n t
i n mA a t 0
15 x = log ( Ith1 / Io ) // c o n s t a n t
16 To = T1 / x // c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t e m p e r a t u r e d e g r e e
centigrade
17 mprintf ( ” I o =%0 . 0 f mA ” , Io )
18 mprintf ( ” \nTo =%0 . 0 f d e g r e e C e n t i g r a d e ” , To ) // a n s w e r
v a r y due t o r o u n d i n g

Scilab code Exa 10.3.2 delay time

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 1 0 . 3 . 2

45
 3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 tau =2 E -9; // C a r r i e r r e c o m b i n a t i o n l i f e t i m e i n s
10 Ith =90 E -3; // t h r e s h o l d c u r r e n t i n A
11 Ip =40 E -3; // a m p l i t u d e o f m o d u l a t i o n c u r r e n t i n A
12
13 Ib =80 E -3; // Assumed b i a s c u r r e n t i n A
14 Td = tau * log ( Ip /( Ip + Ib - Ith ) ) ;
15
16 mprintf ( ” The d e l a y t i m e f o r broad −a r e a l a s e r d i o d e =
%. 2 f n s ” , Td *1 E +9) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.3.3 noise power

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 1 0 . 3 . 3
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8 RIN =1 E -16; // r e l a t i v e i n t e n s i t y i n 1/ Hz
9 P =100 E -6; // power r e c e i v e d i n W
10 BW =100 E +6; // R e c e i v e r bandwidth i n Hz
11
12 Pn = sqrt ( RIN *( P ^2) * BW ) ;
13
14 mprintf ( ” The a v e r a g e n o i s e power d e t e c t e d by

46
 r e c e i v e r = %. 2 f micro −w” , Pn *1 E +6) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.4.1 Light coupling

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 1 0 . 4 . 1
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 // c a s e 1
10 R =0.035; // R e f l e c t i v i t y f o r t h e a i r − s i l i c a i n t e r f a c e
11 NAt =0.275; // T y p i c a l N u m e r i c a l A p e r t u r e i n a GI
multimode f i b e r
12 D =1; // R a t i o o f t h e d i a m e t e r o f t h e f i b e r c o r e t o t h e
diameter of the source
13 X =2*( D ^2) ;
14 Y =1 -1/ X ;
15 ETAcgi =( NAt ^2) * Y ;
16
17 mprintf ( ” The amount o f l i g h t c o u p l i n g i n a GI
multimode f i b e r i s = %. 3 f ” , ETAcgi ) ;
18
19 // c a s e 2
20 NAt2 =0.13; // T y p i c a l N u m e r i c a l A p e r t u r e i n a S I
singlemode f i b e r
21 EATcsi = NAt2 ^2;
22 mprintf ( ” \ nThe amount o f l i g h t c o u p l i n g i n a S I
s i n g l e m o d e f i b e r i s = %. 3 f ” , EATcsi ) ;

47
48
 Chapter 11

Receivers

Scilab code Exa 11.1.1 Photocurrent

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 1 1 . 1 . 1
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 R =0.85; // R e s p o n s i v i t y od p h o t o d i o d e i n A/W
10 P =1 E -3; // I n p u t power s a t u r a t i o n i n W
11
12 Ip = R * P ;
13 mprintf ( ” The p h o t o c u r r e n t =%. 2 f mA” , Ip *1 E +3) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.1.2 Responsivity

49
 1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 1 0 . 3 . 3
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8 ETA =0.7; // The quantum e f f i c i e n c y
9 lambda =1664; // O p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h i n nm
10 R =( ETA /1248) * lambda ;
11
12 mprintf ( ” R e s p o n s i v i t y o f an InGaAs p h o t o d i o d e =%. 3 f
A/W” ,R ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.1.3 width of depletion region

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 1 1 . 1 . 3
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 ETA =0.7; // The quantum e f f i c i e n c y
10 alphaabs =1 E +5; // a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
11 w =( log (1 - ETA ) ) /( - alphaabs ) ;
12
13 mprintf ( ” The w i d t h o f t h e d e p l e t i o n r e g i o n
o f an
InGaAs p h o t o d i o d e =%. 1 f micro −m” ,w *1 E +6) ;

50
 Scilab code Exa 11.1.4 Bandwidth

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 1 1 . 1 . 4
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 Vsat =1 E +5; // s s a t u r a t i o n v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
10
11 // c a s e 1
12 w1 =40 E -6; // w i d t h o f t h e d e p l e t i o n r e g i o n o f an S i
photodiode
13 tautr1 = w1 / Vsat ;
14 BWsi =1/(2* %pi * tautr1 ) ;
15 mprintf ( ” Bandwidth o f S i p h o t o d i o d e = %. 3 f G b i t / s ” ,
BWsi *1 E -9) ;
16
17 // c a s e 2
18 w2 =4 E -6; // w i d t h o f t h e d e p l e t i o n
r e g i o n o f an InGaAs
photodiode
19 tautr2 = w2 / Vsat ;
20 BWInGaAs =1/(2* %pi * tautr2 ) ;
21 mprintf ( ” \ nBandwidth o f InGaAs p h o t o d i o d e = %. 2 f
G b i t / s ” , BWInGaAs *1 E -9) ;

51
 Scilab code Exa 11.3.1 RMS and bandwidth normalized values

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 1 1 . 3 . 1
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 Pin =0.1 E -6; // A v e r a g e i n p u t power i n W
10 lambda =1550; // O p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h i n nm
11 R =1; // R e s p o n s i v i t y o f an MF−432 PIN p h o t o d i o d e
12 Ip = R * Pin ;
13 e =1.6 E -19; // E l e c t r o n s v a l u e i n Coulomb
14 BWpd =2.5 E +9; // Bandwidth o f an MF−432 PIN p h o t o d i o d e
i n Hz
15 Is = sqrt (2* e * Ip * BWpd ) ;
16 Isn = Is / sqrt ( BWpd ) ; // s h o t n o i s e c u r r e n t i n A/ s q r t ( Hz )
17
18 Kb =1.38 E -23; // Boltzman c o n s t a n t i n J /K
19 T =300; //Room t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
20 P = Kb * T ;
21 Rl =50 E +3;
22 x =(4* P ) / Rl ;
23 It = sqrt ( x * BWpd ) ;
24 Itn = sqrt ( x ) ; // t h e r m a l n o i s e c u r r e n t i n A/ s q r t ( Hz )
25
26 id =3 E -9; // a v e r a g e d a r k n o i s e c u r r e n t i n A
27 Id = sqrt (2* e * id * BWpd ) ;
28 Idn = Id / sqrt ( BWpd ) ; // d a r k n o i s e c u r r e n t i n A/ s q r t ( Hz )

52
29
30 Inoise = sqrt ( Is ^2+ It ^2+ Id ^2) ;
31 mprintf ( ”RMS v a l u e o f n o i s e c u r r e n t f o r an MF−432
PIN p h o t o d i o d e = %. 1 f nA” , Inoise *1 E +9) ;
32
33 Inoisen = sqrt ( Isn ^2+ Itn ^2+ Idn ^2) ;
34 mprintf ( ” \ nBandwidth v a l u e o f n o i s e c u r r e n t f o r an
MF−432 PIN p h o t o d i o d e = %. 3 f pA/Hz” , Inoisen *1 E
+12) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.3.2 SNR

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 1 1 . 3 . 2
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 Pin =0.1 E -6; // A v e r a g e i n p u t power i n W
10 lambda =1550; // O p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h i n nm
11 T =300; //Room t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
12 R =1; // R e s p o n s i v i t y o f an MF−432 PIN p h o t o d i o d e
13 X = R ^2* Pin ^2;
14 Inoise =30.2 E -9; //RMS v a l u e o f n o i s e c u r r e n t f o r an
MF−432 PIN p h o t o d i o d e
15
16 SNR = X /( Inoise ^2) ;
17 mprintf ( ”SNR o f an MF−432 PIN p h o t o d i o d e = %. 2 f ” , SNR
);

53
 Scilab code Exa 11.3.3 SNR

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 1 1 . 3 . 3
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 M =20; // M u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r o f a p h o t o d i o d e
10 Pin =0.1 E -6; // A v e r a g e i n p u t power i n W
11 T =300; //Room t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
12 BWpd =2.5 E +9; // Bandwidth o f a p h o t o d i o d e i n Hz
13 Rl =50 E +3;
14 R =0.9; // R e s p o n s i v i t y o f a p h o t o d i o d e
15 e =1.6 E -19; // E l e c t r o n s v a l u e i n Coulomb
16
17 // c a s e 1
18 Fssi =2.49; // e x c e s s n o i s e f a c t o r o f S i a v a l a n c h e
photodiode
19 SNRs =( R * Pin ) /(2* e * Fssi * BWpd ) ;
20 mprintf ( ”SNR o f S i a v a l a n c h e p h o t o d i o d e = %. 2 f ” , SNRs
);
21
22 // c a s e 2
23 FsInGaAs =12.78; // e x c e s s n o i s e f a c t o r o f InGaAs
avalanche photodiode
24 SNRt =( R * Pin ) /(2* e * FsInGaAs * BWpd ) ;
25 mprintf ( ” \nSNR o f InGaAs a v a l a n c h e p h o t o d i o d e = %. 1 f
” , SNRt ) ;

54
 Scilab code Exa 11.3.4 NEP

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 1 1 . 3 . 4
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 NEPnormBW1 =3.3 E -12; // Bandwidth n o r m a l i s e d NEP i n W/
s q r t ( Hz )
10 BW1 =10 E +6; // Bandwidth f o r c a s e 1 i n Hz
11
12 x = NEPnormBW1 * sqrt ( BW1 ) ;
13
14 NEPnormBW2 =30 E -12; // Bandwidth n o r m a l i s e d NEP i n W/
s q r t ( Hz )
15 BW2 =115 E +6; // Bandwidth f o r c a s e 2 i n Hz
16
17 y = NEPnormBW2 * sqrt ( BW2 ) ;
18
19 NEP = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2) ;
20 mprintf ( ” N o i s e −E q u i v a l e n t power (NEP) = %. 1 f nW” , NEP
*1 E +9) ;
21
22 Rmax =1.1; //Maximum v a l u e o f r e s p o n s i v i t y o f a
p h o t o d i o d e i n A/W
23 Rlambda =0.9; // R e s p o n s i v i t y o f a p h o t o d i o d e f o r g i v e n
w a v e l e n g t h 1 3 0 0nm i n A/W
24

55
25 NEPlambdaBW1 = x *( Rmax / Rlambda ) ;
26 mprintf ( ” \ n N o i s e −E q u i v a l e n t power (NEP) f o r g i v e n
w a v e l e n g t h lambda =1550nm = %. 1 f nW” , NEPlambdaBW1
*1 E +9) ;
27
28 NEPlambdaBW2 = y *( Rmax / Rlambda ) ;
29 mprintf ( ” \ n N o i s e −E q u i v a l e n t power (NEP) f o r g i v e n
w a v e l e n g t h lambda =1550nm = %. 1 f nW” , NEPlambdaBW1
*1 E +9) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.3.5 Sensitivity

1 // F i b e r −o p t i c s c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o w e l l L . S c h e i n e r
2 // Example 1 1 . 3 . 5
3 // windows 7
4 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 BER =1 E -9; // b i t e r r o r r a t e
10 Kb =1.38 E -23; // Boltzman c o n s t a n t i n J /K
11 T =300; //Room t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
12 P = Kb * T ;
13 Rl =50 E +3;
14 x =(4* P ) / Rl ;
15 It = sqrt ( x * BWpd ) ;
16 Q =6;
17 e =1.6 E -19; // E l e c t r o n s v a l u e i n Coulomb
18
19 Pmin =( It + e * Q * BWpd ) *( Q / Rl ) ;
20 mprintf ( ” The m i n i m a l o p t i c a l power−p h o t o d i o d e

56
s e n s i t i v i t y Pmin= %. 2 f nW” , Pmin *1 E +9) ;

57
 Chapter 12

Components of Fiber Optic

Networks

Scilab code Exa 12.2.1 channel spacing

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 1 2 . 2 . 1
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 deltaf =100 E9 ; // s p a c i n g i n Hz
10 lambda =1550; // w a v e l e n g t h i n nm
11 c =3 E17 ; // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n nm/ s
12 f = c / lambda ;
13
14 x =1/( f * f ) ;
15 deltalambda = c * deltaf * x ;
16
17 mprintf ( ” S p a c i n g b e t w e e n c h a n n e l s i s = %. 2 f nm” ,
deltalambda ) ;

58
 Scilab code Exa 12.3.1 Gain of Fabry Perot semiconductor optical amplifier

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 1 2 . 3 . 1
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 R =0.32; // R e f l e c t a n c e ( power r e f l e c t i o n coeeficient )
10
11 // c a s e 1 Gs v a l u e assumed a s 2
12 Gs =2; // assumed s i n g l e −p a s s a m p l i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r
13
14 x = Gs *((1 - R ) ^2) ;
15 y =(1 - R * Gs ) ^2;
16 Gfpa = x / y ;
17
18 mprintf ( ” Gain o f Fabry−P e r o t s e m i c o n d u c t o r o p t i c a l
a m p l i f i e r = %. 2 f f o r Gs=2” , Gfpa ) ;
19
20 // c a s e 2 Gs v a l u e assumed a s 3
21 Gs2 =3; // assumed s i n g l e −p a s s a m p l i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r
22
23 x2 = Gs2 *((1 - R ) ^2) ;
24 y2 =(1 - R * Gs2 ) ^2;
25 Gfpa2 = x2 / y2 ;
26
27 mprintf ( ” \ nGain o f Fabry−P e r o t s e m i c o n d u c t o r o p t i c a l
a m p l i f i e r = %. 2 f f o r Gs=3” , Gfpa2 ) ;

59
 Scilab code Exa 12.3.2 Gain of Travelling wave semiconductor amplifier

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 1 2 . 3 . 2
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 g =106; //maximum g a i n c o e f f i c i e n t i n 1/cm
10 alpha =14; // l o s s c o e f f i c i e n t o f a c a v i t y i n 1/cm
11 tau =0.8; // c o n f i n e m e n t f a c t o r
12 L =500 E -3; // assumed l e n g t h o f a t y p i c a l t r a v e l l i n g −
wave s e m i c o n d u c t o r a m p l i f i e r i n cm
13
14 y = tau *g - alpha ;
15 z = y * L ;
16 Gs = exp ( z ) ;
17 mprintf ( ” Gain o f a t r a v e l l i n g −wave s e m i c o n d u c t o r
a m p l i f i e r = %. 2 f . ” , Gs ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.3.3 Bandwidth of Fabry Perot semiconductor optical amplifier

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r

60
 2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 1 2 . 3 . 3
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 x =0.96; // assumed R∗Gs v a l u e
10 L =500 E -3; // assumed l e n g t h o f a t y p i c a l travelling −
wave s e m i c o n d u c t o r a m p l i f i e r i n cm
11 v =3.6; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f SOA medium
12
13 y = asin ((1 - x ) /(2* sqrt ( x ) ) ) ;
14 BWfpa =(( v / L ) * y ) ;
15 mprintf ( ” Bandwidth o f Fabry−p e r o t s e m i c o n d u c t o r
a m p l i f i e r = %. 2 f r a d / s . ” , BWfpa ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.3.4 Noise figure

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 1 2 . 3 . 4
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 Pis =300 E -6; // i n p u t −s i g n a l power i n W
10 Pin =30 E -9; // i n p u t n o i s e power i n w
11 B =1 E -9; // Bandwidth i n m
12 Pos =60 E -3; // o u t p u t s i g n a l power i n W
13 Pon =20 E -6; // o u t p u t n o i s e power i n W

61
14
15 SNRin = Pis / Pin ;
16 SNRout = Pos / Pon ;
17
18 Fn = SNRin / SNRout ;
19
20 mprintf ( ” N o i s e f i g u r e o f an o p t i c a l a m p l i f i e r = %. 2 f
. ” , Fn ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.3.5 ASE power

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 1 2 . 3 . 5
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 lambda =1300 E -9; // o p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h i n m
10 c =3 E8 ; // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m
11 f = c / lambda ;
12 hf =1.53 E -19; // p h o t o n e n e r g y
13 nsp =3;
14 G =1000; // by c o n v e r t i n g g a i n i n t o a b s o l u t no .
15 deltalambda =40 E -9; // bandwidth o f TWA i n m
16 //BW=(( f ∗ d e l t a l a m b d a ) / ( lambda ˆ 2 ) ) ;
17 BW =1.775 E12 ;
18 Pase = 2* nsp * hf * G * BW ;
19
20 mprintf ( ”ASE power g e n e r a t e d= %. 2 f mW” , Pase *1000) ;

62
 Scilab code Exa 12.4.1 Gain of EDFA

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 1 2 . 4 . 1
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 // c a s e 1
10 Pin =300 E -6; // l i g h t i n p u t power i n W
11 Pout =60 E -3; // o u t p u t power i n W
12
13 Gain = Pout / Pin ;
14 x = log10 ( Gain ) ;
15 Gdb =10* x ;
16
17 mprintf ( ” Gain o f erbium−doped f i b r e f o r c a s e 1 = %. 2
f dB” , Gdb ) ;
18
19 // c a s e 2
20 Pase =30 E -6; //ASE power i n W
21
22 Gdb2 =10* log10 ( Gain -( Pase / Pin ) ) ;
23 mprintf ( ” \ nGain o f erbium−doped f i b r e f o r c a s e 2 = %
. 2 f dB” , Gdb ) ;

63
 Scilab code Exa 12.4.2 connection losses

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 1 2 . 4 . 2
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 w1 =10.5 E -6; //MFD o f t r a n s m i s s i o n f i b r e i n m
10 lambda =1550 E -9; // o p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h i n m
11 w2 =5.3 E -6; // assumed a v e r a g e MFD o f P i r e l l i EDF−PAX
−01 F i b e r i n m
12
13 a = w1 * w2 ;
14 y = w2 ^2+ w1 ^2;
15 z =(2* a ) / y ;
16
17 Ldb = -10* log10 ( z ^2) ;
18 mprintf ( ” C o n n e c t i o n l o s s i n t r a n s m i s s i o n f i b r e = %. 2
f dB” , Ldb ) ;

64
 Chapter 13

Passive Components Switches

and Functional Modules of
FiberOptic Networks

Scilab code Exa 13.1.1 coupling length

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 1 3 . 1 . 1
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 lambda1 =1300 E -9; // Wavelength o f lambda 1 i n m
10 lambda2 =1550 E -9; // Wavelength o f lambda 2 i n m
11 DELTA =0.0031; // g i v e n f o r SM f i b e r
12 delta =2* DELTA ; // r e l a t i v e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
13 a =4 E -6; // assumed f i b e r c o r e r a d i u s i n m
14 u =12 E -6; // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n 2 f i b e r a x e s i n m
15 w = u / a ;
16

65
17 k1 =411.06; //
18 k2 =852.47; //
19
20 // s i n c e t h e a r g u e m e n t o f r a i s e d s i n e and c o s i n e
s e r i e s r e a c h e s Pi / 4 = 0 . 7 8 5 h e n c e k ∗L=785 g i v e s :
21 Lc1 =785/ k1 ;
22 mprintf ( ” For 1 3 0 0nm , C o u p l i n g l e n g t h= %. 2 f mm” , Lc1 ) ;
23 Lc2 =785/ k2 ;
24 mprintf ( ” \ nFor 1 5 5 0nm , C o u p l i n g l e n g t h= %. 2 f mm” , Lc2
);

Scilab code Exa 13.2.1 Angular separation and length between transmission diffracti

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 1 3 . 2 . 1
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 // c a s e 1
10 lambda1 =1540.56 E -9; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m
11 lambda2 =1541.35 E -9; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m
12 d =5 E -6; // g r a t i n g p i t c h i n m
13
14 x = lambda1 / d ;
15 theta1 = asind ( x ) ;
16 y = lambda2 / d ;
17 theta2 = asind ( y ) ;
18
19 Asep = theta2 - theta1 ;

66
20 mprintf ( ” A n g l e o f s e p a r a t i o n = %. 2 f deg . ” , Asep ) ;
21
22 // c a s e 2
23
24 z = tand ( theta2 ) - tand ( theta1 ) ;
25 L =245 E -6/ z ;
26
27 mprintf ( ” \ nLength r e q u i r e d t o s e p a r a t e w a v e l e n g t h =
%. 2 f m” ,L ) ;

Scilab code Exa 13.3.1 frequency and tuning time

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 1 3 . 3 . 1
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 // c a s e 1
10 deltan =0.07; // D i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x e s
o f TE and TM modes
11 v =3.75 E3 ; // v e l o c i t y o f sound i n LiNb ) 3 i n m/ s
12 lambda =1540.56 E -9; // o p t i c a l w a v e l e n g t h i n m
13 L =22 E -3; // l e n g t h o f a c o u s t o −o p t i c i n t e r a c t i o n
14
15 LAMDA = lambda / deltan ; // w a v e l e n g t h f o r p e r i o d o f
grating
16 Fsaw = v / LAMDA ;
17 mprintf ( ” F r e q u e n c y o f s u r f a c e a c o u s t i c wave = %. 2 f
Hz” , Fsaw ) ;

67
18
19 // c a s e 2
20 Ttun =( L / v ) *1 E6 ;
21 mprintf ( ” \ nTuning t i m e a c o u s t o −o p t i c i n t e r a c t i o n = %
. 2 f micro −s ” , Ttun ) ;

Scilab code Exa 13.4.1 Length of Faraday rotators

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 1 3 . 4 . 1
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9
10 Oe =(10^3) /(4* %pi ) ;
11 pfib =0.0128/ Oe ; // v e r d e t ’ s a n g l e min /Oe−cm f o r silica
fibre
12 pcry =9*60/ Oe ; // v e r d e t ’ s a n g l e min /Oe−cm f o r BIG ( Bi−
substituted iron garnet ) c r y s t a l
13 H =1000* Oe ; // s t r e n g t h o f m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n A/m
14 phi =45*60; // a n g l e i n m i n u t e s
15
16 Lfib = phi /( pfib * H ) ;
17 mprintf ( ” Length o f f a r a d a y r o t a t o r s made from s i l i c a
f i b r e = %. 2 f cm” , Lfib ) ;
18
19 Lcry = phi /( pcry * H ) ;
20 mprintf ( ” \ nLength o f f a r a d a y r o t a t o r s made from
s i l i c a f i b r e = %. 2 f mm” , Lcry *10) ;

68
69
 Chapter 14

An Introduction to Fiber Optic

networks

Scilab code Exa 14.1.1 time to download

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 1 4 . 1 . 1
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8 H =4.16 E6 ; // I n f o r m a t i o n c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y ( t h a t i s
bandwidth ) o f a t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e i n b i t
9 C =56 E3 ; // t i m e o f t r a n s m i s s i o n i n b i t / s
10
11 //By H a r t l e y ’ s law
12 T = H / C ;
13
14 mprintf ( ” I t t a k e s %. 2 f s e c t o download %. 2 f b i t s
from i n t e r n e t t o PC” ,T , H ) ;

70
 Scilab code Exa 14.1.2 Link Power budget

1 // F i b r e O p t i c s Communication T e c h n o l o g y , by D j a f e r K
. Mynbaev and L o v e l l L . s c h e i n e r
2 // Windows 8
3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n − 6 . 0 . 0
4 // Example 1 4 . 1 . 2
5 clc ;
6 clear all ;
7 // g i v e n
8
9 lambda =1310; // o p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h i n m
10 L =36; // Length o f t r a n s p o r t l i n e i n km
11 p =10; // l i n k e d power b u d g e t i n dB
12 Lsm =0.6; // l o s s o f SM f i b e r i n db /km
13 Linkloss = Lsm * L ;
14
15 mprintf ( ” L i n k l o s s = %. 1 f dB\n Hence , we n e e d t o u s e
i n − l i n e a m p l i f i e r ” , Linkloss ) ;

71