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Perturbatio Theory

Perturbation theory provides approximate solutions to quantum mechanical systems that have been perturbed, or had a small change made to the Hamiltonian. There are two types of perturbation theory: time-independent and time-dependent. Time-independent perturbation theory can further be divided into non-degenerate and degenerate cases. Non-degenerate perturbation theory involves expanding the wavefunction and energy in a power series in terms of the perturbation strength parameter. This allows calculating corrections to the unperturbed energy order-by-order.

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Abu Bakr Amin
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2K views

Perturbatio Theory

Perturbation theory provides approximate solutions to quantum mechanical systems that have been perturbed, or had a small change made to the Hamiltonian. There are two types of perturbation theory: time-independent and time-dependent. Time-independent perturbation theory can further be divided into non-degenerate and degenerate cases. Non-degenerate perturbation theory involves expanding the wavefunction and energy in a power series in terms of the perturbation strength parameter. This allows calculating corrections to the unperturbed energy order-by-order.

Uploaded by

Abu Bakr Amin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Perturbation Theory

➢ Perturbation means
➢ Small change or small disturbance
➢ In Quantum Mechanics it mans a small disturbance in the Hamiltonian of the system
෡ = 𝑇෠ + 𝑉෠
➢ As Hamiltonian is ; 𝐻
➢ I depth, change in potential of the 𝑉෠ of the system is called perturbation
➢ In terms of square well potential a small bump in the bottom of square well
What is Perturbation Theory

 Perturbation Theory is a tool or a systematic procedure for obtaining approximate


solutions to perturbed problems by using solutions for unperturbed case
 We obtain approximate solutions for 𝐸𝑛 & 𝜓 𝑛
 For unperturbed case values of 𝐸𝑛 & 𝜓 𝑛 are
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
 𝜓 𝑛= sin
𝑎 𝑎

𝑛 2 𝜋 2 ħ2
 And 𝐸𝑛 =
2𝑚𝑎2
 Perturbed system  Unperturbed system
Types Of Perturbation Theory

 There are two types of perturbation theory


 Time Independent Perturbation Theory
 Time Dependent Perturbation Theory
Time independent perturbation theory
 The Perturbed Hamiltonian of the system is
 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑜 + 𝐻′
 Here” H” is perturbed Hamiltonian , 𝐻𝑜 is unperturbed Hamiltonian &
𝐻′ is Perturbation term
 In this type of perturbation theory 𝐻′ (perturbation term)in time
independent and we use Time Independent Schrodinger wave eq to
solve square well potential .
 Means 𝐻′ 𝑡 ≠ 𝐻(𝑡)
 For example 𝐻′ = 𝑔 cos 𝑘𝑥
 𝐻′ = 𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑎)
Time dependent Perturbation Theory

 In this type of perturbation theory perturbation term depends upon


perturbation term
 Means 𝐻′ 𝑡 = 𝐻 𝑡
 For example 𝐻′ 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜 cos 𝜔𝑡
 𝐻′ 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜 sin 𝜔𝑡
Time Independent Perturbation types

 There are two types of Time Independent Perturbation Theory


 Non degenerate Time Independent Perturbation Theory
 In this theory unperturbed Hamiltonian has non degenerate Energy eigen
values
 For example
𝐻𝑜 𝜓1 = 𝐸1 𝜓1
𝐻𝑜 𝜓2 = 𝐸2 𝜓2
𝐻𝑜 𝜓3 = 𝐸3 𝜓3
Degenerate Time Independent Perturbation Theory
 In this theory unperturbed Hamiltonian has Degenerate Energy eigen
values For example
𝐻𝑜 𝜓1 = 𝐸1 𝜓1
𝐻𝑜 𝜓2 = 𝐸1 𝜓2
𝐻𝑜 𝜓3 = 𝐸1 𝜓3
Non Degenerate Time Independent
Perturbation Theory
 We define time independent Schrodinger eq for some potential (one
dimensional infinite square well)
𝐻0 𝜓𝑛0 = 𝐸𝑛0 𝜓𝑛0
 Obtaining complete set of orthogonal functions 𝜓𝑛0
𝜓𝑛0 𝜓𝑛0 = 𝛿𝑛𝑚

And corresponding eigenvalues 𝐸𝑛0


For perturbed system 𝐻 𝜓𝑛 = 𝐸𝑛 𝜓𝑛 … … … … … (𝐴)
In this case we write Hamiltonian
𝐻 = 𝐻0 + 𝜆𝐻′ … … … … … … . (1)
Here H is perturbed Hamiltonian
𝐻0 is unperturbed Hamiltonian
And 𝐻′
Is perturbation term
Non Degenerate Time Independent
Perturbation Theory
𝜆 is perturbation strength
 If take power series expansion of the eq
𝐻 𝜓𝑛 = 𝐸𝑛 𝜓𝑛

 We get for eigen function 𝜓𝑛


𝜓𝑛 = 𝜓𝑛0 + 𝜆 𝜓𝑛1 + 𝜆2 𝜓𝑛2 +. . . . . . . . . .
 And for eigen energy
𝐸𝑛 = 𝐸𝑛0 + 𝜆𝐸𝑛1 + 𝜆2 𝐸𝑛2 +. . . . . . . . . . .

 and by putting values of 𝜓𝑛 & 𝐸𝑛 and eq (1) in (A) we obtain


Non Degenerate Time Independent
Perturbation Theory
∞
 As we have for energy 𝑗
𝐸𝑛 = ෍ 𝜆𝐸𝑛
𝑗=0 ∞
𝑗
 And for wane function 𝜓𝑛 = ෍ 𝜆𝜓𝑛
𝐻0 + 𝜆𝐻′ 𝜓𝑛0 + 𝜆 𝜓𝑛1 + 𝜆2 𝜓𝑛2 +. . . . . . . . . 𝑗=0

= 𝜓𝑛0 + 𝜆 𝜓𝑛1 + 𝜆2 𝜓𝑛2 +. . . . . . . . . 𝐸𝑛0 + 𝜆𝐸𝑛1 + 𝜆2 𝐸𝑛2 +. . . . . . . . . . .

 After the whole calculations we find for 0 order of 𝜆 ,𝜆0


𝐻0 𝜓 0 = 𝐸 0 𝜓 0

 For Ist order of 𝜆 ,𝜆1


𝐻0 𝜓𝑛1 + 𝐻′ 𝜓𝑛0 = 𝐸𝑛0 𝜓𝑛1 + 𝐸𝑛1 𝜓𝑛0
Energy correction toNon Degenerate
Time Independent Perturbation Theory
 We find the 2nd order of 𝜆2
𝐻0 𝜓𝑛2 + 𝐻′ 𝜓𝑛1 = 𝐸𝑛0 𝜓𝑛2 + 𝐸𝑛1 𝜓𝑛1 + 𝐸𝑛2 𝜓𝑛0

 By using these values of 𝜆0 ,𝜆1 and 𝜆2 We get the first order correction for
energy
𝐸𝑛1 = 𝜓𝑛0 𝐻′ 𝜓𝑛0

 For 2nd order energy correction we have


𝐸𝑛2 = 𝜓𝑛0 𝐻′ − 𝐸𝑛1 𝜓𝑛1
 For 3rd order correction
𝐸𝑛3 = 𝜓𝑛0 𝐻′ − 𝐸𝑛1 𝜓𝑛2 − 𝜓𝑛0 𝐸𝑛2 𝜓𝑛1

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