MEIR12 Engineering Graphics

Lecture Notes
On
Section of Solids

By
Dr. Prakash Kumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Production Engineering
NIT Tiruchirappalli
Section of Solids:
• One of engineering application of projection of solids is section of solids.
• Hidden features of an object are shown using dotted lines in their projected views
• When there are too many hidden features, it becomes difficult to visualize the object
• In such cases one usually shows a sectioned view of the solid – the view obtained by
virtually cutting the solid by a plane called the section (cutting) plane and removing the
part between the observer and the plane
• Sections and sectional views are used to show hidden detail more clearly. They-are created
by using a cutting plane to cut the object.
• A section is a view of no thickness and shows the outline of the object at the cutting plane.
Visible outlines beyond the cutting plane are not drawn.
• A sectional view, displays the outline of the cutting plane and all visible outlines
which can be seen beyond the cutting plane
• Cutting Plane
• Section views show how an object would look if a cutting plane (or saw) cut through the
object and the material in front of the cutting plane was discarded.
• Representation of cutting plane
• According to drawing standards cutting plane is represented by chain line with alternate
long dash and dot. The two ends of the line should be thick.
11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 2
• Full Section View
• In a full section view, the cutting plane cuts across the entire object
• Note that hidden lines become visible in a section view
• Hatching
• On sections and sectional views solid area should be hatched to indicate this fact.
Hatching is drawn with a thin continuous line, equally spaced (Preferably about 4
mm apart, though never less than 1 mm) and preferably at an angle of 45 degrees.
• Frustum of a solid and Truncated solid: When a solid is cut by a cutting plane parallel
to its base, the portion obtained after removing the top portion is called "Frustum".
• When a solid is cut by a cutting plane inclined to its base, the portion obtained after
removing the top portion is called the "truncated" solid.

11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 3

SECTIONING A SOLID.
An object ( here a solid ) is cut by some imaginary cutting plane to understand internal
details of that object.
The action of cutting is called SECTIONING a solid & The plane of cutting is called
SECTION PLANE.
Two cutting actions means section planes are recommended.
OBSERVER
A) Section Plane perpendicular to Vp and inclined to Hp. ASSUME
UPPER PART
( This is a definition of an Aux. Inclined Plane i.e. A.I.P.) REMOVED
NOTE:- This section plane appears
(A)
as a straight line in FV.

B) Section Plane perpendicular to Hp and inclined to Vp.

( This is a definition of an Aux. Vertical Plane i.e. A.V.P.)
NOTE:- This section plane appears
(B)
as a straight line in TV.
Remember:-
1. After launching a section plane ASSUME
LOWER PART
either in FV or TV, the part towards observer REMOVED
OBSERVER
is assumed to be removed.
2. As far as possible the smaller part is
assumed to be removed.
11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 4
IMPORTANT TERMS IN SECTIONING
For TV

SECTION
PLANE

TRUE SHAPE
Of SECTION

x y

Apparent Shape
of section
SECTION LINES
(450 to XY)

SECTIONAL T.V.
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Typical Section Planes & Typical Shapes Of Sections.

Triangle Section Plane Ellipse Section Plane Parallel

Section Plane to end generator.
Through Generators
Through Apex

Ellipse Trapezium

Section Hyperbol Cylinder through Sq. Pyramid through

Plane a generators. all slant edges
Parallel to
Axis.
11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 6
 SECTIONING A SOLID. The action of cutting is called
An object ( here a solid ) is cut by SECTIONING a solid
some imaginary cutting plane &
to understand internal details of that object. The plane of cutting is called
SECTION PLANE.

OBSERVER

UPPER PART
REMOVED

(A)

11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 7

Types of Sectional Views for Solids
• By using the five different types of perpendicular section planes we obtain the
following five types of sectional views of solids:

1. Cutting plane is obtained by horizontal planes.

2. Cutting plane is obtained by vertical planes.

3. Cutting plane is obtained by auxiliary inclined planes.

4. Cutting plane is obtained by auxiliary vertical planes.

5. Cutting plane is obtained by profile planes.

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Perpendicular to the VP and Parallel to the HP:
• A hexagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and altitude 55 mm rests on its base on the
HP with two edges of the base parallel to the VP. A cutting plane parallel to the HP
cuts the pyramid at a height of 25 mm above the base. Draw the front and sectional
top view.

11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 9

Perpendicular to the VP and Parallel to the HP:
• A cone of base diameter 40 mm and
altitude 50 mm rests on its base on the
HP. It’s cut by a plane parallel to the HP
at 25 mm above the base. Draw the
sectional top view.

A cylinder with 50 mm base diameter and

60 mm long axis is resting on its base on
HP. It is cut by a section plane parallel to
and 40 mm above HP. Draw its front view
and sectional top view.
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Perpendicular to the HP and Parallel to the VP
• A cube of side 35 mm rests on the HP on one of its faces with a vertical face inclined
at 450 to the VP. A plane perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP cuts the cube 10 mm
away from the axis and further away from the VP. Draw the top and sectional front
view.

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Perpendicular to the HP and Parallel to the VP
• A cylinder of 45 mm diameter and 60
mm height stands vertically with its base
on HP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular
to HP and parallel to VP, at a distance of
15 mm from the axis. Draw its top and
sectional front view.

A cone of base diameter 40 mm and altitude

50 mm rests on its base on the HP. It is cut
by a vertical plane parallel to the VP at a
distance of 10 mm from the axis. The axis
nearer to the VP than the cutting plane.
Draw the top and sectional front view
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Perpendicular to the HP and Parallel to the VP
• A hexagonal prism having base with 35 mm
side and 65 mm long is lying on its base in HP
and one of its rectangular faces parallel to VP
and axis perpendicular to HP. It is cut by a plane
at 20 mm from the axis and towards the
observer. Draw the top and sectional front view.

A hexagonal prism having base with 35 mm side

and 65 mm long is lying on its base in HP and
one of its rectangular faces parallel to VP and
axis perpendicular to HP. It is cut by a plane at
20 mm from the axis and towards the observer.
Draw the top and sectional front view.
11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 13
Cutting plane perpendicular to both HP and VP
• A pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and altitude 50 mm rests on its base on
the HP with an angle of base perpendicular to the VP. It is cut by a plane
perpendicular to both HP and VP. The cutting plane cuts the object at 12 mm right
of the axis. Draw the front; top and sectional right side of the pyramid.
•

VP

HP

11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 14

Cutting plane perpendicular to both HP and VP
• A cone of base diameter 40 mm and A cone of base diameter 40 mm and
altitude 50 mm rests on one of its base altitude 50 mm rests on one of its base on
on HP. It is cut by a section plane HP. It is cut by a section plane
perpendicular to both HP and VP,10 perpendicular to both HP and VP,10 mm
mm to the right of the axis. Draw the
front; top and sectional right side. to the right of the axis. Draw the front;
top and sectional right side.

11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 15

Cutting plane perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP
• A cube of side 35 mm is placed and cut by a plane in such a way that the true shape
of the section is a regular hexagon. Draw the front and top views of the cube and
determine the inclination of the plane with the HP.

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Cutting plane perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP
• A cube of side 35 mm rests on the HP on one of its
faces with a vertical face inclined at 450 to the VP. It
is cut by a plane perpendicular to the VP and
inclined at 300 to the HP and meeting the axis at 25
mm above the HP. Draw the front view, sectional
top view and the true shape of the section.

A pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and

altitude 50 mm rests on its base on the HP
with one of the base edges perpendicular to
the VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 450 to
the base. The cutting meets the axis at 20 mm
above the base. Draw the front view, sectional
top view and the true shape of the section.
11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 17
Cutting plane perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP
• A cone of base diameter 40 mm and axis length 50
mm resting on HP on its base is cut by a plane
inclined at 450 to HP and perpendicular to VP and
is bisecting the axis. Draw its front view, sectional
top view and true shape of section.

A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and

altitude 60 mm rests with its base on HP and with a
side of base parallel to VP. It is cut by a section
plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 350 to the
HP and bisecting the axis. Draw the sectional plan
of the pyramid and the true shape of the section.
11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 18
Cutting plane perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP
• A cone of diameter 50 mm and height 65 mm is
resting on the base on HP. It is cut by a section
plane such that the true shape produced is a
parabola of base 35 mm. Draw the sectional Plane
and true shape of section.

A hexagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and

altitude 70 mm has the hexagonal end on VP
with two of its edges perpendicular to HP. It is
cut by a plane perpendicular to VP inclined at
300 to HP cuts the pyramid at a point 8 mm
from the axis and above. Draw the sectional
view and the true shape of the section.
11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 19
Cutting plane perpendicular to HP and inclined to VP
• A hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and altitude 50 mm rest on one of its ends
on HP with two rectangular faces parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to
HP inclined at 500 to VP, at a distance of 10 mm from the axis. Draw the sectional
view and the true shape of the section.

11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 20

Cutting plane perpendicular to HP and inclined to VP
• A right circular cone of base diameter 45 mm and
axis length 55 mm rests on its base on HP. It is cut
by a plane perpendicular to HP inclined at 550 to
VP, the short distance between the cutting plane
and top view of the axis 10 mm. Draw the
sectional view and the true shape of the section.
the true shape of the section.

A cylinder of diameter 50 mm and axis 60 mm

rests on its HP on one of its generators with its
axis perpendicular to VP. A plane cuts it
perpendicular to the HP and inclined at 350to
VP and bisecting axis of the cylinder. Draw the
sectional Plane and true shape of section.
11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 21
 • A triangular pyramid, base 40mm sides and axis 60mm long, resting on its base on
the HP with one of its edges parallel to the VP. A section plane passing through one of
the base corners of the pyramid and the two slant edges at 20mm and 30mm above
HP cuts the pyramid. Draw the front view, sectional top view and true shape of the
section. Determine the inclination of the section plane with the reference plane.
• Draw XY Line, mark HP and VP.
• Draw Top view and Front View, Mark
points
• Show the Section plane, draw vertical
projectors to the top view and obtain
section pints in the top view.
• Show the sectional top view
• Show the Auxiliary inclined plane,
parallel to section plane, draw
perpendiculars from the section pints
to the auxiliary inclined plane,
measure the distances from XY line to
section points in the top view
• Reproduce the distances of the top
view section points from XY line in
to Auxiliary plane, markpoints, 1’’, 2’’
and 3’’, join these three points.
• Make visible edges, Retaining portion
dark
• Show the annotation. Show ans. if Any

11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 22

• A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP and
all the edges of the base equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a section plane,
perpendicular to the VP, inclined at 45º to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its
sectional top view, sectional side view and true shape of the section.
X1
21 31
o’ o”

41 3”
3’
4” 2”
11
2’ 4’

1’
1”
X b’ d’ Y
a’ 45º c’
d d” a”c” b”
4

1
a o 3
c

b
Y1
11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 23
• A pentagonal pyramid ,
base 30mm side and o’
axis 60 mm long is
lying on one of its a’
triangular faces on the
6’
HP with the axis

60
parallel to the VP. A b’e’ 1’
vertical section plane,
whose HT bisects the
top view of the axis 5’ 2’
and makes an angle of a’ b’e’ c’d’ o’ Y
30º with the reference X b c’d’ b1 4’ 3’
line, cuts the pyramid c c1
removing its top part. 2
Draw the top view, a1 o1
sectional front view o 1 3

30
a
and true shape of the 4 31’
section and d1 6 21’
development of the d 5 41’
surface of the e e1
remaining portion of
the pyramid. 11’
51’

61’
11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 24
• Q 3: A Hexagonal
prism has a face on
the H.P. and the a’ b’ c’
f’ e’ d’
axis parallel to the
V.P. It is cut by a
6’ 7’
vertical section a’f’ a’f’
plane the H.T. of

65
1’
which makes an b’e’
5’
b’e’
angle of 45 with 2’

XY and which cuts c’d’ c’d’

Y
X a’ b’ c’ 4’ 3’
the axis at a point f’ e’ d’
b
20 mm from one of b1 b1
1 2
its ends. Draw its a c a1 c 1
37
a1c1
sectional front
25

view and the true Y1

4 6
f1 d1 f1d1
shape of the f d 20 31’ 21’
section. Side of e e1 e1
11’
5
base 25 mm long 41’
height 65mm.
71’

X1
51’
61’
11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 25
• Q 4: A Cone base 75 mm diameter and axis 80 mm long is resting on its base on H.P.
It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 45º to the H.P. and
cutting the axis at a point 35 mm from the apex. XDraw
1
the front view, sectional top
view, sectional side view and true shape of the section.

o’ o”

35
g”
g’ f” h”
f’
e’ h’ i”
e”
d’ i’
j’ d” j”
c’ c” k”
k’

b’ b” l”
a’ l’
a”
2 3 4 5 6 Y
X 1 12 11 10 9 8 7 4” 5” 6” 7” 8” 9”10”
3” 2” 1” 12” 11”
4
3 5
2 c
d
6
b e
f
a
o g
1 7
h

l i
12 k j 8

11 9
Y
10notes on Section of Solids, by1 Dr. Prakash Kumar 26
11-06-2021 Lecture
• A hexagonal pyramid, base 30 mm side and axis 65 mm long is resting on its base on
the HP, with two edges of the base parallel to the VP. It is cut by a section plane
perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45º to the HP, intersecting the axis at a point 25
mm above the base. Draw the front view, sectional top view, sectional side view and
true shape of the
51 section.
4 1

61
X2
Y1
31 o”
71 o’

11 21

4’ 4”
3’5’ 65 3” 5”
X1
2’6’ 2” 6”
25
1’7’
a’ b’f’ c’e’ d’ b” 1” a” 7” f”
c” d” e”
b c
2
1 3

a 4 d
o
7 5
6 e
f
11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, Y
by2 Dr. Prakash Kumar 27
Intersection of solid
When one solid penetrates another solid then their surfaces intersect and at the
junction of intersection a typical curve is formed, which remains common to
both solids.
This curve is called curve of intersection and it is a result of interpenetration of
solids.

PURPOSE OF DRAWING THESE CURVES:-

WHEN TWO OBJECTS ARE TO BE JOINED TOGATHER, MAXIMUM SURFACE CONTACT BETWEEN BOTH
BECOMES A BASIC REQUIREMENT FOR STRONGEST & LEAK-PROOF JOINT.
Curves of Intersections being common to both Intersecting solids,
show exact & maximum surface contact of both solids.

Study Following Illustrations Carefully.

Minimum Surface Contact.

( Point Contact) (Maximum Surface Contact)
Lines of Intersections. Curves of Intersections.

Square Pipes. Circular Pipes. Square Pipes. Circular Pipes.

11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 28
Some actual objects showing curves of intersections.

A machine component having An Industrial Dust collector. Intersection of a Cylindrical

two intersecting cylindrical Intersection of two cylinders. main and Branch Pipe.
surfaces with the axis at
acute angle to each other.

Pump lid having shape of a

A Feeding Hopper Forged End of a Two Cylindrical hexagonal Prism and
In industry. Connecting Rod. surfaces. Hemi-sphere intersecting
each other.
11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 29
COMMON SOLUTION STEPS
• One solid will be standing on HP Other will penetrate horizontally.
• Draw three views of standing solid.
• Name views as per the illustrations.
• Beginning with side view draw three Views of penetrating solids also.
• On it’s S.V. mark number of points And name those(either letters or nos.)
• The points which are on standard generators or edges of standing solid, ( in S.V.) can
be marked on respective generators in Fv and Tv. And other points from SV should
be brought to Tv first and then projecting upward to Fv.
• Dark and dotted line’s decision should be taken by observing side view from it’s right
side as shown by arrow.
• Accordingly those should be joined by curvature or straight lines.
• Note:
• Incase cone is penetrating solid Side view is not necessary.
• Similarly in case of penetration from top it is not required.

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Case 1. Cylinder Standing & Cylinder Penetrating
Problem: A cylinder 50mm dia. and 70mm axis is completely penetrated by another of 40 mm dia.and 70
mm axis horizontally Both axes intersect & bisect each other. Draw projections showing curves of
intersections. 1’ 2’ 4’ 3’ 4” 1”3” 2”

a’ a”
b ’h’ h” b”

c’g’ g” c”

d’f’ f” d”
a’ e”
X Y

1 3

2
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Case 2. Cylinder standing & sq. Prism penetrating
Problem: A cylinder 50mm dia.and 70mm axis is completely penetrated by a square prism of 25
mm sides.and 70 mm axis, horizontally. Both axes Intersect & bisect each other. All faces of
prism are equally inclined to Hp.Draw projections showing curves of intersections.
1’ 2’ 4’ 3’ 4” 1”3” 2”

a’ a’ a”

b’ b’ d” b”
d’ d’

c’ c’
c”
X Y

1 3

11-06-2021 2 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 32

Case 3. Cylinder standing & cone penetrating
Problem: A cylinder of 80 mm diameter
and 100 mm axis is completely
penetrated by a cone of 80 mm diameter
and 120 mm long axis horizontally. Both
7’
axes intersect & bisect each other. Draw
projections showing curve of 6’ 8’
intersections.
1’ 5’

2’ 4’
3’
X Y

28

37

46
5
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Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 33
Case 4. Sq. Prism standing & sq. Prism penetrating
Problem: A sq.prism 30 mm base sides and 70mm axis is completely penetrated by another square prism of
25 mm sides.and 70 mm axis, horizontally. Both axes intersects & bisect each other. All faces of prisms are
equally inclined to Vp. Draw projections showing curves of intersections.

1’ 2’4’ 3’ 4” 1”3” 2”

a’ a’ a”

b’ b’ d” b”
d’ d’

c’ c’
c”
X Y
4

1 3

2
11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 34
Case 5. Cylinder standing & triangular prism penetrating
Problem: A cylinder 50mm dia. and 70mm axis is completely penetrated by a triangular prism of 45 mm
sides and 70 mm axis, horizontally. One flat face of prism is parallel to Vp and Contains axis of cylinder.
Draw projections showing curves of intersections.

1’ 2’4’ 3’ 4” 1”3” 2”

a a a

b b
b c
c
d
e e d
e
f f f
X Y
4

1 3

11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 35

Case 6. Sq.Prism standing & sq.Prism penetrating (30° skew
position)
Problem: A sq. prism 30 mm base sides and 70mm axis is completely penetrated by another
square prism of 25 mm sides. and 70 mm axis, horizontally. Both axes Intersect & bisect each
other. Two faces of penetrating prism are 300 inclined to Hp. Draw projections showing curves of
intersections.

1’ 2’4’ 3’ 4” 1”3” 2”

a’
f’ f”

e’

b’
c’
c”
d’

X 300 Y
4

1 3

11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 36

Case 7. Cone standing & sq. Prism penetrating (both axes vertical)
Problem: A cone70 mm base diameter and 90 mm axis
is completely penetrated by a square prism from top
with it’s axis // to cone’s axis and 5 mm away from it. A
vertical plane containing both axes is parallel to Vp. 2’
Take all faces of sq.prism equally inclined to Vp. Base
1’
Side of prism is 0 mm and axis is 100 mm long. Draw
projections showing curves of intersections. 3’

5’

4’
6’
X a’ b’h’ c’g’ d’f’ e’ Y
g

h 8
f
9 7
10
6
a 1
e
2
3 5

b 4 d

c
5 mm OFF-SET
11-06-2021 Lecture notes on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 37
Case 8. Cone standing & cylinder penetrating
Problem: A vertical cone, base
diameter 75 mm and axis 100 mm
long, is completely penetrated by a o’ o”
cylinder of 45 mm diameter. The axis
of the cylinder is parallel to Hp and
Vp and intersects axis of the cone at a
point 28 mm above the base. Draw
projections showing curves of 1 1
intersection. 2 8,2 1
8 2
7 3
3 3
7,
4 64 6 4
5 5 5
X a’ b’h’ c’g’ d’f’ e’ g” g”h” a”e” b”d” c” Y
g

h f

a e

b d

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on Section of Solids, by Dr. Prakash Kumar 38
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