Basic Mechanical Engineering

Module-I Module-II

Force Effect of Force

Module-III Module-IV
Vibration Thermal Engineering
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Science
Knowledge – Observing facts about the universe
Carrying out experiments and making statements – always true – particular conditions

Engineering
Application -- Mathematics and Science – Design and Manufacturing – Benefit of humanity

Mechanics
The Science – Describes and Predicts the condition of rest or motion of bodies – action of force
Statics
Engineering Mechanics
Principles of Mechanics - design
Dynamics
2
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Continuum

Continuous distribution of matters.

(with no voids or empty spaces.)

Idealisations in mechanics Particle

Point mass. (Dimensions of
the body can be neglected.)

Rigid body

Distance invariable. (A body in

which the distance between any
two arbitrary points is invariant.)
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Force - any action that tends to change the state of the body.
Free Vector
Characteristics of a force are
Its magnitude
Force is a Vector Sliding Vector
Its point of application

Its direction Fixed Vector

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System of Forces

Coplanar forces Non-Coplanar forces

Concurrent forces Nonconcurrent forces

A
Parallel forces Non-parallel forces
A X Y
B Z
C
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Composition of forces
The reduction of a given system of forces to the simplest that
will be its equivalent is called the composition of forces.

Parallelogram law of forces

B D
𝑅2 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 𝛼
R
Q
α
β 𝑄 sin 𝛼
tan 𝛽 =
A P C 𝑃 + 𝑄 cos 𝛼
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Case-I A Q P
α = 00
R=P+Q

Case-II A P
Q
α = 1800

R=P-Q Q

Case-III

α = 900 P
A
𝑅 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄2
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Principles of Statics

Principles of Superposition The action of a given system of forces on a rigid body

will in no way be changed if we add to or subtract
from them another system of forces in equlibrium.

P P P
Q

Q
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Principles of Statics

Principles of Transmissibility
The point of application of force may be transmitted
along its line of action without changing the effect of
the force on any rigid body to which it may be applied.

P P P
P

A
A B
B

P
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Free Body Diagram (FBD)

A diagrammatic representation of a single body or a

system of bodies isolated from its surroundings, but
shown under the action of all active and reactive forces.

R T

α R

W
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Two rollers of weight P and Q are
supported by an inclined plane and vertical
Draw the FBD for the
walls as shown in figure. Draw the FBD of
following figures.
both the rollers taken separately.

C Q
B
P P
B
A A
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P
A
B
P

A Q C

B
D
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If a particle is subjected to many forces

Polygon law of forces

Polygon law of vector addition states that if a number
of vectors can be represented in magnitude and
direction by the sides of the polygon taken in same
order , then their resultant is represented in magnitude
and direction by the closing side of polygon taken in
opposite order.
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Method of Projection
Y
F4
F3

F2

α
F1
X
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Equilibrium of concurrent forces in a plane

If a body known to be in equilibrium is acted upon by several concurrent, coplanar forces, then
these forces, or rather their free vectors, when geometrically added must form a closed polygon.

T
T

R
α W R

W
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Lami’s theorem
If three concurrent forces are acting on a body , kept in an equilibrium,
then each force is proportional to the sine of the angle between the
other two forces and the constant of proportionality is the same.

Q
P
α
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
β = = =𝐶
sin 𝛽 sin 𝛾 sin 𝛼
γ

R
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Equilibrium of three forces in a plane

Three non-parallel forces can be in equilibrium only when
➢ They lie in one plane
➢ Intersect in one point
➢ Their free vectors build a triangle.
T R
T T

R
α

W R
W

W
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Continuum
Idealisations System of Forces Composition of forces
in Particle Parallelogram law of forces
mechanics Triangle law of forces
Rigid body
Coplanar forces Non-Coplanar forces
Polygon law of forces
Magnitude
Concurrent forces Nonconcurrent forces Method of Projection
Force Point of application
Principles of Statics
Parallel forces Non-parallel forces
Direction
Principles of Superposition

Free Body Diagram (FBD) Principles of Transmissibility

A diagrammatic representation of a single body or a
system of bodies isolated from its surroundings, but
shown under the action of all active and reactive forces.
Equilibrium of concurrent forces in a plane

Equilibrium of three nonparallel forces in a plane

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1. A boat is moved uniformly along a canal by two horses pulling with forces P = 890 N and Q = 1068 N
acting under an angle α = 600. Determine the magnitude of the resultant pull on the boat and the angle β
and γ as shown in figure.
P

𝑅2 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 𝛼
β
α
R

Q
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2. In level flight, the chord AB of an airplane wing makes an angle α = 50 with the horizontal as shown in
the figure. The resultant wind pressure on the wing for such conditions is defined by its lift and drag
components L = 6675 N and D = 890 N, which are vertical and horizontal, respectively, as shown. Resolve
this fore into rectangular components X and Y, coinciding with the chord AB and its normal, respectively.
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3. An electric-light fixture of weight Q = 178 N is supported as shown in fig. Determine the

tensile forces S1 and S2 in the wires BA and BC if their angles of inclination are as shown.
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4. A ball of weight Q = 53.4 N rests in a right angled trough as shown in the figure.
Determine the forces exerted on the sides of the trough at D and E if all surfaces are smooth.
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5. Two identical rollers, each of weight Q 445 N, are supported by an inclined plane and a vertical wall as
shown in figure. Assuming smooth surfaces, find the reactions induced at the points of supports A, B and C.
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6. Find the resultant of the system of forces in both the cases.

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7. A pulley A supported by two bars AB and AC which are hinged at points B and C to a vertical mast
EF as shown in Fig.1. Over the pulley hangs a flexible cable DG which is fastened to the mast at D and
carries at the other end G a load Q = 20 kN. Neglecting friction at the pulley, determine the forces
produced in the bars AB and AC.
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8. The smooth cylinders rest in a horizontal channel having vertical walls, the distance between which is a .
Find the pressure exerted on the walls and floor at the points of contact A, B D and F. The following numerical
data are given: P = 200 N, Q = 400 N, R = 300 N, r1 = 120 mm, r2 = 180 mm, r3 = 150 mm, and a = 540 mm.

𝑅23 sin 𝛼 = 𝑅 𝑅12 cos 𝛽 + 𝑅32 cos 𝛼 = 𝑅𝐷

𝑅23 cos 𝛼 = 𝑅𝐹
𝑄 + 𝑅32 sin 𝛼 = 𝑅12 sin 𝛽
α
β

𝑅21 cos 𝛽 = 𝑅𝐴 𝑎 − 𝑟2 + 𝑟3
cos 𝛼 =
𝑟2 + 𝑟3

𝑃 + 𝑅21 sin 𝛽 = 𝑅𝐵 𝑎 − 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
cos 𝛽 =
𝑟1 + 𝑟2
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9. Two smooth cylinders of weight P and Q are placed in a smooth trough as shown in Figure. Determine the
reactions at contact surfaces A, B and C. The following numerical data are given: P = 200 N and Q = 800 N;
r1 = 100 mm and a = 400 mm; α = 45̊.
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10. A horizontal beam AB is hinged to a vertical wall at A and supported at its mid-point C by a tie rod CD
as shown in Figure. Find the tension S in the tie rod and the reaction at A due to vertical load P applied at B.
S S

Ra

Ra
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11.A boat is suspended on two identical davits like ABC which is pivoted at A and supported by a
guide at B. Determine the reactions Ra and Rb at the points of support A and B if the vertical load
transmitted to each davit at C is 4272 N. Friction in the guide at B should be neglected.
Ra

Rb

W
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12.
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13.
14.
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Method of Moments + ve
- ve
Moment of a Force Moment centre
Turning effect produced by the force O
Moment, M = F x Nmx
x Moment arm
Different methods of determining moments
F
O
O
Graphical representation of Moment
𝐹 sin 𝛼
F MO = F x OC = (½) x 2 x AB x OC
α
A
B = 2 x Area of ABO A F
C B
𝐹 cos 𝛼

1. MO = F x OA = F x AB Sinα This concludes that the moment of a force about a point is twice
2. MO = F Sinα x AB + F Cos α x 0 = F x AB Sinα the area of the triangle formed by joining the moment centre with
the ends of the force represented by a straight line as magnitude
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Varignon’s theorem of moments

The moment of the resultant of two concurrent forces with respect to a moment centre in
their plane is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces with respect to the
same moment centre
O D
C
Moment of P about O = 2 x Area of ABO Q R

Moment of Q about O = 2 x Area of ADO

A P B
Sum of moments of P and Q about O = 2 x (Area of ABO + Area of ADO)
= 2 x (Area of ABC + Area of ADO)
= 2 x (Area of ADC + Area of ADO)
= 2 x (Area of AOC)
= Moment of R about O
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1. A beam AB, hinged at A and supported at B by a vertical bar BC, is subjected to the action of a force P
applied as shown In figure. Assuming ideal hinges at A, B and C, find the force S produced in the bar BC.
Neglect the weight of the beam.

෍ 𝑀𝑎 = 0

𝑀𝑎 =
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2. A long ladder supported at A and B, as shown in figure, a vertical load W can have any position as
defined by the distance a from the bottom. Neglecting friction, determine the magnitude of the reactions
Rb at B. Neglect the weight of the ladder.

෍ 𝑀𝑎 = 0

B
𝑀𝑎 =
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3.A vertical load P is supported by a triangular bracket as shown in the figure. Find the forces
transmitted to the bolts A and B. Assume the bolt fits loosely in a vertical slot in the plate.
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4. A bracket ACB can slide freely on the vertical shaft BC but is held by a small collar attached
to the shaft as shown in the figure. Neglecting all friction, find the reactions at B and C for the
vertical load shown.
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5.Two beams AB and DE are arranged and supported as shown in the diagram. Find
the magnitude of reaction Re at E due to the force P = 890 N applied at B as shown.

α P
A
B
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Parallel Forces in a plane

Q
P
P Q P
P

Like equal parallel force. (P # Q)

Like equal parallel force. (P = Q)
Q

Unlike equal parallel force. (P = Q) Q

Unlike equal parallel force. (P # Q)

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D
S S

P’ G Q’ H
F
E

S A B S
C

Q’
P’ Q
P

R
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Varignon’s theorem of moments

The algebraic sum of the moments of two parallel forces with respect to any moment centre
in their plane is equal to the moment of their resultant with respect to the same moment
centre
A C B

෍ 𝑀𝐵 = 0

P x AB = R x BC
P Q

R
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H G
Q’
S D
S

P’

F E

Q’
Q
A S
C
S B

P’

P
R
 Module-I 𝑌1
Y
𝑥1 R
𝑌4

x
Y 𝑥4 𝑌3
F
𝑥2

𝑥3
𝑌2
X

σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑌𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑛
1. 𝑌 = σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑌𝑖 𝑥= Resultant
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑌𝑖 Equilibrium
3. σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑌𝑖 = 0 ෍ 𝑌𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = 0
𝑛 𝑖=1
2. σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑌𝑖 =0 𝑀 = ෍ 𝑌𝑖 𝑥𝑖 Couple
𝑖=1
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1.(a)Resolve the 4000N force shown in the figure into two parallel components P and Q acting, respectively along aa and
bb.
(b) Resolve the same force into two parallel components P and Q acting, respectively along bb and
cc.
(c) Resolve the same force into P and a couple.

aa 2 A 3 bb A 1 cc 3 bb

4000 N 4000 N
Q
Q
P
P
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2. A rigid bar CABD supported as shown in figure is acted upon by two equal horizontal forces
P applied at C and D. Calculate the reactions that will be induced at the points of support.
Assume l = 1.2m, a = 0.9m, b = 0.6m.

Rah

Rb

Rav
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3. A system of coplanar parallel forces acting on a rigid bar as shown in figure. Reduce this force system
to (a) a single force, (b) a single force and a couple at A and (c) a single force and a couple at B
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4. Two identical prismatic bar AB and CD are welded togetherin the form of a rigid T and suspended
in a vertical plane as shown in figure. Calculate the angle α that the bar CD will make with the vertical
when a vertical load P = 44.5 N is applied at B. The weight of each bar is Q = 22.25 N as shown
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5.Two horizontal beams are arranged as shown in the figure. Determine the reaction produced
at the support C due to the action of a vertical load P applied to the beam AB as shown
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Centre of parallel forces

A C 𝐴1 𝐶1
B 𝐴2

𝑌1
P
Q Q 𝐴3 𝑌1
P
𝑅1

R R
𝑌1
𝑅
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General Parallel forces 𝑌1

Y
𝑥1 RY
σ𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑌𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝑥𝑐 = 𝑌2
σ𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑌𝑖 𝑥𝑐

𝑌3 𝑥2
𝑋1
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑋𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝑥3 𝑋2
𝑦𝑐 =
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑋𝑖
𝑋3
RX
𝑦3 𝑦2
𝑦1 𝑦𝑐
X
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Centre of Gravity
A point through which the resultant of the distributed gravity
forces passes regardless of orientation of the body in space

Thin plate of uniform thickness Slender wire of uniform cross section

Gravity force α area of the prismatic element Gravity force α length of the prismatic element

σ𝑛 σ𝑛
𝑖=1 ∆𝑙𝑖 𝑦𝑖
σ𝑛𝑖=1 ∆𝐴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 σ𝑛
𝑖=1 ∆𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝑖=1 ∆𝑙𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑐 =
𝑥𝑐 = 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑥𝑐 = σ𝑛 σ𝑛
σ𝑛𝑖=1 ∆𝐴𝑖 σ𝑛
𝑖=1 ∆𝐴𝑖 𝑖=1 ∆𝑙𝑖 𝑖=1 ∆𝑙𝑖

‫𝐴𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬ ‫𝐴𝑑 𝑦 ׬‬ ‫𝑙𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬ ‫𝑙𝑑 𝑦 ׬‬

𝑥𝑐 = 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑥𝑐 = 𝑦𝑐 =
‫𝐴𝑑 ׬‬ ‫𝐴𝑑 ׬‬ ‫𝑙𝑑 ׬‬ ‫𝑙𝑑 ׬‬
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Pappus Theorem

1. The area of the surface generated by rotating any plane curve about a non-intersecting axis in its
plane is equal to the product of the length of the curve and the distance travelled by its centroid.

2. The volume of the solid generated by rotating any plane figure about a non-intersecting axis in its
plane is equal to the product of the area of the figure and the distance travelled by its centroid.
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1. Determine the coordinates xc and yc of the centroid C of the length of a circular arc AB of
radius r and central angle α (as shown in the diagram).

Symmetrical about X-axis

Yc = 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑙
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
dθ ‫𝑙𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬
𝑥𝑐 = 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
‫𝑙𝑑 ׬‬
θ 𝛼
2× ‫׬‬02 𝑟 cos 𝜃 . 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑥𝑐 = 𝛼
2× ‫׬‬02 𝑟 . 𝑑𝜃
𝛼 𝛼
𝑟 2 sin 2 2𝑟 sin 2
= 𝛼 =
𝑟 2 𝛼
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2. A right circular cylindrical tank containing water spins about its vertical geometric axis
OO at such speed that the free water surface is a paraboloid ACB. What will be the depth
of water in the tank when it comes to rest ?

Volume generated by spinning the water about the

vertical axis = Area of the surface rotated x distance
travelled by it’s centroid

𝑟ℎ 3𝑟
𝜋𝑟 2 × ℎ𝑅 = × × 2𝜋
3 4

hR
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3. Using the result of the arc problem and an elemental area dA as shown in figure locate the centroid
C of the area of the circular sector AOB by integration.

𝛼
2𝑟 sin 2
𝑥𝑐 =
𝛼

dA = dr x r (α/2)

‫𝐴𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬
𝑥𝑐 =
‫𝐴𝑑 ׬‬

𝑟 𝑟 𝛼 𝛼
2×‫׬‬0 2 𝛼 sin 2 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑥𝑐 = 𝑟 𝛼
2×‫׬‬0 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟

4×𝑟 𝛼
𝑥𝑐 = sin
3×𝛼 2
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4.Determine the coordinates 𝑥𝑐 and 𝑦𝑐 of the centroid C of shaded area.

x/b = (h-y)/h

y
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5.Determine the coordinates 𝑥𝑐 and 𝑦𝑐 of the centroid C of shaded area.

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6.Referring to the figure shown, locate the centroid of the length of the mean centre
line of the stirrup with the dimensions shown.
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7.Determine the coordinates 𝑥𝑐 and 𝑦𝑐 of the centroid C of the area of one-quadrant of

a circle OAB with radius r.
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8.Determine the coordinates 𝑥𝑐 and 𝑦𝑐 of the centroid C of the area bounded by

the parabola 𝑦 2 = 𝑘𝑥, the straight line 𝑥 = 𝑎 and x-axis as shown in the diagram.
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9.Locate the centroid of the shaded area obtained by cutting a semicircle of diameter
a from the quadrant of a circle of radius a as shown in the figure.
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10. Locate the centroid of the shaded area of the circular segment BD as shown.
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11. Referring to the figure, determine the coordinates 𝑥𝑐 and 𝑦𝑐 of the centre of a 100 mm diameter,
circular hole cut in a thin plate so that this point will be the centroid of the remaining shaded area.
Moment of Inertia
 INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS :
MASS MOMENT OF INERTIA

AREA MOMENT OF INERTIA

CALCULATING MOMENT OF INERTIA

PERPENDICULAR AXIS THEOREM

PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM

MOMENT OF INERTIA OF COMPOSITE FIGURE

 WHAT IS MOMENT OF INERTIA ?

It is defined as the measure of

INTRODUCTION: resistance of an object to change
its state of rotational motion.

There are two types of moment of

inertia : Area moment of inertia
and Mass moment of inertia.
MASS MOMENT OF INERTIA
The mass moment of inertia is measure of the distribution of the
mass of an object relative to a given axis.
For a rigid body,
It is given as : I = ʃ r2dm
Where, dm = point mass of the rigid body.
r = perpendicular distance between
the mass and the axis.
Unit of I = Kg.m2
 AREA MOMENT OF INERTIA

The area moment of inertia is a property of a

two-dimensional plane shape which
characterizes its deflection under loading. It
is also known as the second moment of area.
For any plane figure:
It is given as : I = ʃ r2dA
where,
dA = element of area of plane figure.
r = distance from corresponding axis.
Unit of I is m4.
Calculating Moment Of Inertia
For example:
a) Calculate the area moment of inertia of a triangle of base ‘b’ and
height ‘h’ about its axis.
Consider an elementary length dy at distance of y from the base as
shown in fig.
From similar triangles,
𝑥 ℎ−𝑦 𝑏(ℎ−𝑦) 𝑏 ℎ−𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= ,x= dA = xdy =
𝑏 ℎ ℎ ℎ
𝑏
dI = y2dA =𝑦2 (ℎ − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦.
ℎ
𝑏 ℎ 𝑏 ℎ⋅ℎ3 ℎ4
I= ‫׬‬ ℎ−𝑦 𝑦2𝑑𝑦 = [ − ]
ℎ 0 ℎ 3 4
𝑏ℎ3
I= ……………..(Ans).
12
VARIOUS MOMENT OF INERTIA OF PLANE FIGURES :
 It states that, If IX and IY be the moments of inertia of a
plane section about two perpendicular axes meeting at O,
PERPENDICULAR the moment of inertia IZ about the axis Z-Z, perpendicular
to the plane and passing through the intersection of X-X
AXIS THEOREM: and Y-Y is given by the relation:
IZ = IX + IY
Calculate the moment of inertia of a circular plane about
the perpendicular axis passing through the center.

Here , IX = Iy = Id(due to symmetry)

Id → about diameter axis
Using Perpendicular axis theorem,
Id = Ix + Iy
Or, 2Id = Iz
𝐼𝑧 𝜋𝑅 4
Or, Id = = ……………(Ans)
2 4
PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM:
It states that, If the moment of inertia of a plane area about an Y
axis through its centre of gravity, be denoted by IC , then the
moment of inertia of the area about X-axis , parallel to the
first, and at a distance ‘d’ from the centre of gravity is given by:
I = IC + Ad2 .
C
Where, I = M.I about X-axis.
IC = M.I about the axis passing through the C.G.
d
A = area of the figure.
d = perpendicular distance between two axes. X
 Example for Parallel Axis Theorem
a) Calculate the moment of inertia of a rectangular plate about its centre of
gravity.
We know, a
𝑎𝑏3
Ix = (about the edge)
3
𝑏
d = , A = ab IO
2 O O
b
Using Parallel axis theorem,
Ix = I0 + Ad2 → I0 = Ix – Ad2 b/2
𝑎𝑏3 𝑎𝑏3 𝑎𝑏3
I0 = − = IX
33 4 12
𝑎𝑏
I0 = ………….(Ans)
12
 CALCULATING MOMENT OF INERTIA OF COMPOSITE FIGURE
Y
Calculate the area moment of inertia of the
given figure about the centroidal x-axis,
centroidal y-axis.
For Area A.
Aa = 10*40 = 400mm2
ya = 45mm
xa = 0
For Area B. x X
Ab = 40*10 = 400mm2
yb =20mm
xb = 0
Y
For Area C.
Ac = 10*30 = 300mm2
yc = -5mm
xc = 0

Now for the complete area

Xcentroid = 0 (since it is symmetric about Y-axis)
𝐴1 𝑦1 +𝐴2 𝑦2 +𝐴3 𝑦3
Ycentroid =
𝐴1 +𝐴2 +𝐴3

400∗45+400∗20+300∗(−5)
= = 22.27mm
400+400+300

10∗403 40∗103 10∗303

Igy = + + = 79,166.66mm4
12 12 12

30∗103 10∗403 40∗103

Ix = + +( + 400*452 ) = 10,36,666.66mm4
3 3 12
using Parallel Axis Theorem,
Igx =I0 + Ad2
Io = Igx - Ayc2 =10,36,666.66 -(1100*(22.27)2) = 4,91,118.47mm4