Design and size angular contact

bearing arrangements
 Angular contact bearings
General description

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Architecture of angular contact bearings

Load support on a cone, unilateral actions  axial load transmitted in a single

direction, determined by mounting
Angular contact bearings
raceways
Gap between the two raceways

Contact angle = angle between the load

direction (between the 2 contact points) and
the radial direction
• Typical bearing: a = 40 °
• Precision bearing: a = 15° ou 25°

Contact angle

 Support axial loads

 Axial load in a single direction
 Equivalent to a unilateral spherical joint
Angular contact ball bearings

Characteristics
Mounted by pairs in opposition
Rings cannot be separated
Large number of balls  large load capacity
Axial load increases with loading angle
Permissible misalignement: 1 to 2’

Applications
Vertical axis electrical engines
Car front wheels …

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 Tappered roller bearings

Description
Rollers and raceways are cone portions
Rollers and raceways are slightely
rounded
All cones have the same apex to ensure
rolling and limit sliding
Linear contact

 Designed for combined loads

 Axial force transmission on a single direction
 Equivalent to a unilateral spherical joint

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Roulement à rouleaux coniques

Characteristics
Mounted by pairs in opposition
Rings can be separated
Linear contact large load capacity
Load capacity increases with loading angle
Permissible misalignement: 1 to 4’
Shaft and housing must be really coaxial

Applications
Car back wheels
Reducers …
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Mounting

1 complete rotation + 2 limited

rotations (permissible
misalignement) + axial
locating in a single direction

Montage en O
« Half » spherical
joint

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 Revolute joint

X mounting =
Locating:
face-to-face
• Inside on the
mounting
shaft
Load centers are
• Outside in
closer
the housing
Shaft is more rigid

age en O =
O mounting Montage en X
back-to-back: Locating
Load centers • Outside on
are distant the shaft
Assembly is • Inside in the
more robust to housing
external radial
forces
Montage
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en O Montage e
Consequences on mounting
Montage en X

• Internal (inside) locating preferably by a

shoulder
• Rings with interference fits preferably
mounted on shoulders

Montage en O
• XMontage
mountingen(face
X to face) better when
shafts rotates with respect to the load
direction
• O mounting (back to back) better when
housing rotates with respect to the load
direction

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Examples

Gear box

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Examples

Electrical linear actuator

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Examples

Axis
Axe Shaft
Rail latéral
Rail Moyeu
B

RB

RA
150

Guiding wheel for the subway

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 Examples

Truck rear axle driver

gear

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 Examples

Car rear axle

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 Examples

Two geartrain reducer

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Examples

Campervan wheel Hub and brake Flange for

drum brake shoe

Fix axle

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 Loading angular contact
bearings

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Axial load

Contact loads on a cone

Faxiale

Axial load equally distributed on all rolling elements

Inner ring comes closer to the outer ring

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Radial load

Radial load only supported by rolling elements placed along

the loading direction
Axial equilibrium requires the presence of the second bearing
mounted in the opposite direction.

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Radial load

Radial load puts apart inner ring from outer ring  fewer and fewer rolling
elements support the load higher and higher load on those rolling elements

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Preload: condition for a good functionning

At least half of the rolling elements should support the load

Preload Preload

Mounting condition: create an axial preload to bring inner and outer rings
closer and increase the number of rolling elements to support the load.

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Preload: condition for a good functionning

Preload must ensure that axial load on a bearing is higher than the induced
axial load ai due to external radial load and geometry

FaA ≥ aA FaB ≥ aB
FrB
ai = Fr/2Yi
FrA

Induced axial load corresponds to the minimum load for half of the rolling
elements to be loaded.

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Sizing of angular contact
bearings
Static equilibrium

FyM Fr FyN

Fa
FxM Montage
FxN en O Montage en X

M N
FzM FzN

Static equilibrium of the shaft  determine radial loads in bearings (Fy and
Fz) BUT NOT the axial loads (Fx)

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AXIAL static equilibrium

For sizing, we assume that axial load is supported by one bearing and the
other supports only the induced axial load.

FaM Fa FaN

M N

Axial equilibrium:
+FaM – FaN + Fa = 0 with
FaM = aM et FaN ≥ aN OR FaM ≥ aM et FaN = aN
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Équilibre statique AXIAL du montage

How to determine which bearing supports only its induced axial load ?

FaM Fa FaN

M N

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Calculation of axial loads Assuming external loads are on the shaft

Fr ,Mr
Identify external loads on the shaft
B Locate the load centers A and B
A
O
Fa

Identify the direction of the load exerted by bearings on the shaft

FaB
FaA
FaA FaB

Montage en
Montage en O
O 31 Montage
Montageenen
XX
 Calculation of axial loads

FrB
FrA Fr ,Mr Write the radial static
equilibrium:
Fr  FrA  FrB  0
B O
A  
Mr  AO Fr  AB FrB  0

Deduce the norm of radial loads

in the bearings:
Loads in Montage en O
bearings are applied at the load center Montage enRXA  FrA
RB  FrB

B
A
aB Calculate the norm of induced
aA
axial loads:
R R
aA  A aB  B
2.YA 2.YB

Montage en O Montage en X
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 Calculation of axial loads

Determine the direction of the resultant axial load: 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 𝐹𝑎 + 𝑎𝐴 + 𝑎𝐵

Determine the bearing that can support this load from the load direction

Fres
Fres

Montage en O Montage
Montage en O Montage en X
Fres
Fres

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O Montage
Montage en en
X O Montage en X
 Calculation of axial loads

The other bearing supports its induced axial load only.

FaA=aA Fres
Fres FaB=aB

Montage Mont
Montage en O Montage en en
X O
Fres
Fres

FaB=aB FaA=aA

nO Montage en X en O
Montage Montage en X
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 Calculation of axial loads Write the axial equilibrium of the shaft

FaB=aB
Fa
Fa
FaA=aA
FaA
FaB

Montage en O M
a 
MontageF  F
aA en aX 0  F  a  F
a A  FaB Montage enFO  a  F
 Fa  0  aB A a
B aA B a

FaA=aA
FaA
Fa Fa

FaB
FaB=aB

O aB  FaA Montage en X

 Fa  Montage
0 FaA en  Fa
aB O a A Montage
FaB  Fa en
0 X FaB  a A  Fa
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Calculation of axial loads Assuming external loads are on the housing

Fr ,Mr Identify external loads on

B Fa the housing
A
O Locate the load centers

Identify the direction of the load exerted by the bearings on the housing

A B

A B

Montage en O en O
Montage 36
Montage en X
Montage en X
Calculation of axial loads

Proceed the same way

A B
A B

Fres
Fres

Montage en O Montage e
Montage en O Montage en X

Fres Fres

A B A B

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Montage en Xen O
Montage Montage en X
Calculation of axial loads

Take home message :

One bearing supports its induced axial
load.
The other supports the external axial
load

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General method for angular contact bearing sizing
Static equilibrium helps determining axial and radial loads on each
bearing.
1. Determine equivalent static bearing load
Po .

2. Check: 𝑪𝟎 > 𝒔𝟎 × 𝑷𝟎
Proceed as for radial
bearings where so depends on loading conditions and
Co is the static basic load rating,

3. Determine the equivalent dynamic

bearing load P P>P min
4. Check it is large enough

5. Calculate the bearing rating life:

𝒏
𝑪
𝑳𝟏𝟎 =
𝑷
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 Mounting
Clearance and preload

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For angular bearing arrangements

• They are always by pairs

• Axial locating is done on 4 points which place is determined by

arrangement type (X or O)

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Examples
Shoulders

Locking nut

Campervan wheel
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 Examples

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Dimensions

Locating radial dimensions are provided by the

manufacturer
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Preload

• Requires setting the axial fit by acting on the free ring

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Preload setting - examples

Small shaft – fix load

• Laminated shims
Shims

Rack and pinion Rotating shaft

Shims

Fix housing

Small clearance for dilatation Seal

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Preload setting - examples

Shims

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 Preload setting - examples

Long shaft – Fix load

• Use springs: spring washer, Ringspann

washer, etc.

Fix housing
Spring washer

Rotating shaft Ringspann

washer

70 Ringspann washer
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 Preload setting - examples

Rotating housing – fix load

• Use a washer and a nut

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 Clearance or preload ?

Source
SKF

Clearance or preload is influenced

by loading conditions: increase of
temperature  dilatation, elasticity,
etc
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 Preload setting

Without setting

Better distribution of the load on

rolling elements

• Better guiding of rolling elements

 less noise
 better shaft guiding

Distribution of the load • Decreases chocks

on rolling elements  Increases rating life

• Increases arrangement stiffness

 Better shaft guiding

With setting
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