LESSON 1

LIE DETECTION
One does not "lie" accidentally. If a subject lies, it is "intentionally."

LIE defined:
- Any untruthful statement;
- Falsehood;
- Anything that deceives or creates false impression;
- To make untrue statements knowingly, especially with intent to deceive;
- To give an erroneous or misleading impression;

LIE is synonymous to:

Deceit; deception; fabrication; falsehood; and untruth. However, deception is more on
"misleading others by appearance or by falsehood statements." The latter is usually done by
lying.

LYING – the uttering of untruthful statements either verbal or by acts, feigns or ruses through
marks, signs and symbols

DETECTION defined:
- The act of detecting, discovery, perceiving, finding, or uncovering something obscure.
-
STIMULUS — Something causing or regarded as causing a response; or an agent, action, or
condition that elicits or accelerates a physiological or psychological activity or response.
(American Heritage Dictionary @ thefreedictjonary.com)

KINDS OF LIE:
 BENIGN LIE OR WHITE LIE – to maintain the harmony, of friendship, harmony of the
home or office.
 RED LIE – Communist propaganda; Against the Government
 MALICIOUS LIE – Chronic Lie -To mislead justice

TYPES OF LIE (Definitions from Wikipedia, unless cited)

1. Direct Denial – It is the refusal to admit the truth or reality (as of a statement or charge);
or the assertion that an allegation is false; or the refusal to acknowledge a person or a
thing (MerriamWebster.com)

2. Lie of Omission – Also known as a continuing misrepresentation, it occurs when an

important fact is left out in order to foster a misconception. It includes failures to correct
pre-existing misconceptions.

3. Lie of Fabrication – It is told when someone submits a statement as truth, without

knowing for certain whether or not it actually is true. Although the statement may be
possible or plausible, it is not based on fact. Rather, it is something made up, or it is a
misinterpretation of the truth. Often propaganda is fabrication.

4. Lie of Minimization – the opposite of exaggeration. It is a type of deception involving

denial coupled with rationalization in situations where complete denial is implausible.
 5. Lie of Exaggeration – (or hyperbole) occurs when the most fundamental aspects of a
statement are true, but only to a certain degree. It is also seen as "stretching the truth" or
making something appear more powerful, meaningful, or real than it actually is.

OTHER FORMS/TYPES OF LIE (Definitions from Wikipedia unless cited)

1. Bad faith – It is lying to oneself. Specifically, it is failing to acknowledge one's own ability
to act and determine one's possibilities, falling back on the determinations of the various
historical and current totalizations which have produced one as if they relieved one of
one's freedom to do so.

2. Barefaced lie – one that is obviously a lie to those hearing it. It is referring to a lie told
with a straight and confident face (hence "bold-faced"), usually with the corresponding
tone of voice and emphatic body language of one confidently speaking the truth. It can
also refer to misleading or inaccurate newspaper headlines, but this usage appears to
be a more recent appropriation of the term.

3. Big Lie – It to trick the victim into believing something major which will likely be
contradicted by some information the victim already possesses, or by their common
sense. When the lie is of sufficient magnitude it may succeed, due to the victim's
reluctance to believe that an untruth on such a grand scale would indeed be concocted.

4. Bluffing – pretending to have a capability or intention one does not actually possesses.
It is an act of deception that is rarely seen as immoral when it takes place in the context
of a game, such as poker, where this kind of deception is consented to in advance by
the players. For instance, an athlete who hints he will move left and then dodges right is
not considered to be lying (also known as a feint or juke). In these situations, deception
is acceptable and is commonly expected as a tactic.

5. Bullshit – It does not necessarily have to be a complete fabrication; with only basic
knowledge about a topic, bullshit is often used to make the audience believe that one
knows far more about the topic by feigning total certainty or making probable predictions.
It may also merely be "filler or nonsense that, by virtue of its style or wording, gives the
impression that it actually means something.

6. Butler lie – It describes small/innate lies which are usually sent electronically, and are
used to terminate conversations or to save face. For example sending an SMS to
someone reading "I have to go, the waiter is here," when you are not at a restaurant is
an example of a butler lie.

7. Contextual lie – One can state part of the truth out of context, knowing that without
complete information, it gives a false impression. Likewise, one can actually state
accurate facts, yet deceive with them. To say "Yeah, that's right, I ate all the white
chocolate, by myself," utilizing a sarcasm that is a form of assertion by ridiculing the
fact(s) implying the liar believes it to be preposterous.

8. Economy with the truth – It is popularly used as a euphemism for deceit, whether by
volunteering false information (i.e., lying) or by deliberately holding back relevant facts.
More literally, it describe a careful use of facts so as not to reveal too much information,
as in speaking carefully.
9. Emergency lie – It is a strategic lie told when the truth may not be told because, for
example, harm to a third party would result. For example, a neighbor might lie to an
enraged husband about the whereabouts of his wife, who he believes has been
unfaithful, because said husband might reasonably be expected to inflict physical injury
should he encounter his wife in person.
10. Fib – It is told with no malicious intent and little consequence. Unlike a white lie, fibs
rarely Include those lies or omissions that are meant to do good.

11. Half-truth – It is a deceptive statement that includes some element of truth. The
statement might be partly true, the statement may be totally true but only part of the
whole truth, or it may utilize some deceptive element, such as improper punctuation, or
double meaning, especially if the intent is to deceive, evade, blame or misrepresent the
truth.

12. Haystack answer – It is a volume of false or irrelevant information, possibly containing a

true fact (the needle in the "haystack"). Even if the truth is included, it is difficult or
impossible to detect and identify.

13. Honest lie – (or confabulation) It is characterized by verbal statements or actions that
inaccurately describe history, background, and present situations. There is typically no
intent to deceive and the individual is unaware that their information is false.

14. Jocose lie – lies meant in jest, intended to be understood as such by all present parties.
Teasing and irony are examp16. A more elaborate instance is seen in some storytelling
traditions, where the humor comes from the storyteller's insistence that the story is the
absolute truth, despite all evidence to the contrary.

15. Lie-to-children — It is often a platitude, which may use euphemism (s), which is told to
make an adult subject acceptable to children. Common examples include 'The stork
brought you" (in reference to childbirth) and the existence of Santa Claus, the Tooth
Fairy or the Easter Bunny.

16. Lying in trade – The seller of a product or service may advertise untrue facts about the
product or service in order to gain sales, especially by competitive advantage.

17. Lying through your teeth – This is when one lie, face-to-face with the intended
recipient. This also may be an expression describing the act of lying with a smile or other
patronizing tone or body language.

18. Misleading and dissembling – It is one where there is no outright lie, but still retains
the purpose of getting someone to believe in an untruth. "Dissembling" likewise
describes the presentation of facts in a way that is literally true, but intentionally
misleading.

19. Noble lie – It is one that would normally cause discord if uncovered, but offers some
benefit to the liar and assists in an orderly society, therefore, potentially beneficial to
others. It is often told to maintain law, order and safety.

20. Perjury – The act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter
under oath or affirmation in a court of law, or in any of various sworn statements in
writing.
 21. Polite lie – It is a lie that a politeness standard requires, and which is usually known to
be untrue by both parts. Whether such lies are acceptable is heavily dependent on
culture. A common polite lie in international etiquette is to decline invitations because of
"scheduling difficulties."

22. Puffery – It is an exaggerated claim typically found in advertising and publicity

announcements, such as "the highest quality at the lowest price," or "always votes in the
best interest of all the people."

23. View from Nowhere – It refers to journalism and analysis that misinform the audience
by creating the impression that opposing parties to an Issue have equal correctness and
validity, even when the truth of their claims are mutually exclusive.

LIAR – It refers to a person who has lied or lies repeatedly. (Collins English Dictionary @ the
freedictionary.com)

TYPES OF LIAR:
a) PANIC LIAR
- It is one who lies in order to avoid the consequences of a confession
- He/ She is afraid of embarrassment to love ones and it is a serious blow to his / her ego.
- He/ She believes that confession will just male the matter worst.

b) OCCUPATIONAL LIAR
- It is someone who lied for span of years.
- This person is a practical liar and lies when it has a higher "pay off" than telling the truth.

c) TOURNAMENT LIAR
- Loves to lie and is excited b,' the challenge of not being detected.
- This person views an interview as another contest and wants to win.
- This person realizes that he or she Will probably be convicted bur will not give anyone
the satisfaction of hearing him or her confesses.
- He wants that people wilt believe that the law is punishing an innocent person.

d) PSYCHOPATHIC LIAR
- The most difficult type.
- This person has no conscience. He shows no regret for dishonestly and no
manifestation of guilt.

e) ETHNOLOGICAL LIAR
- Is one who is taught not to be a squealer; squealer — literally, to cry or to shrill voice
- Used by underworld gang in order for their member not to reveal any secret of their
organization.

f) PATHOLOGICAL LIAR
- A person who cannot distinguish right from wrong (his mind is sick.) It is an insane
person.

g) BUCK LIAR
- A person who always pretends.
- (What he thinks of himself, what kind of person he is, and what he is.)
DETECTION OF LYING/DECEPTION
Historically, early human beings have their own way of determining lying or guilt on the
part of the accused and accuser. Their common method is thru the application of "ORDEAL."
LESSON 2

ORDEAL defined:
- A severe test of character or endurance; a trying course of experience.
- A medieval form of judicial trial in which the accused was subjected to physical tests, as
carrying or walking over burning objects or immersing the hand in scalding water, the
result being considered a divine judgment of guilt or innocence.

 A term of varying meaning closely related in the Medieval Latin "Dei Indicum" meaning
"Miraculous decision"
 Ancient method of trial in which the accused was exposed to physical danger which was
supposed to be harmless if he was innocent.
 The Holy Bible contains many events of surviving ordeal because of God's intervention.
One of them was Daniel in the lions' den and in other instance, Daniel, Shadrach,
Meshach, and Abednego in the fiery furnace. In the New Testament, this Divine
intervention continued, one famous incident was when the Apostle Paul was bitten by a
snake but did not die. The people around him exclaimed, he is god.

AYUR-VEDA

 "Hindu book of health and science" The earliest known reference of the methods for
detecting deception.
 Come before lie detection (seen through outside manifestation)
 Basis of the invention of polygraph machine.
 Traditional way not scientific.

EARLY METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION (ORDEAL):

1. Red hot iron ordeal

- Practiced on the hill tribe of Rajhmal in the North Bengal.
- Accused placed his tongue to a red hot iron nine times (9) unless burned sooner.
- If burned, he is put to death.
- Not only that (licking the iron), he is also made to carry the metal into his hands.
- It is doubtful whether the ordeal is meant to determined the physiological change
occurring in description for if this so, many false observations must have been made.

2. Ordeal by balance
- Practiced in the Institute of Vishnu, India.
- Scale of balanced is used.
- In one end of the scale, the accused is placed in the other end, a counter balance.
- The person will step out of the scale listened to a judge deliver an extortion is the
balance and her back in. If he were found to be lighter than before then he should be
acquitted.

3. Bolling water ordeal

 - Used in modern Africa.
- The method is that the subject will plunged their right arms Into the boiling pot to fie
elbow and step into the other side of the fire. All are told to undergo the test without a
murmur.
- And when all are finished, they are told to return at the same tine the next afternoon.
- The one who by that time had lost some or showed blisters would prove the thief (Points
out who is the one who steal among his tribe mats).

4. Ordeal by rice chewing

- Practiced by Indians
- It is formed with a kind of rice called sathee, prepared with various incantations.
- The person on trial ats, with his face to the end then spits upon an eyeful leaf.
- If the saliva is mixed with blood or the corner of his mouth swell or he tremble, he
declared then a liar.

5. Ordeal of the red water

- Used in a wide region of Eastern Africa.
- The ordeal of the "sassy bark" or red water is used.
- The accused is made to fast for twelve hours.
- The swallow a small amount of rice.
- Then he will be imbibed in dark colored water.
- This water is actually an emetic and if the suspects eject all the rice, he is considered
innocent of the chare, Otherwise, the accused is guilty.

Combination of Drinks and Food Ordeal

- The accused first fasted for 12 hours and the given small amount of rice to ear followed
by large amount of black colored water.
- If the concoction was vomited, the accused was pronounced innocent; Otherwise, guilty.
- And practiced by "West African Regions"

6. Trial by Combat
- Originated from India
- A fight between the accuser and the accused, whoever lost the battle will be the
adjudged guilty.
- Another example of this: a rich man or accuser could hire somebody or bigger one fight
the accused. After the fight the loser is adjudged guilty of crime.

7. Trial by Torture
- The accused was put into a severe physical test.

8. Drinking Ordeal
- Practiced in Nigeria, Brahamic India, and India
- The accused was given a decoction to drink by a priest— if innocent; no harm befalls
him, but if guilty, wilt die.

9. Eating Ordeal of Corsnead

- Practiced in China, and Alexandria, Egypt
- Involves partaking of food where the accused was given dry rice to swallow.

10. Trial the Eucharist

 - Practiced in European countries.
- This trial is reserved for the clergy, and administered with pomp and ceremony.
- If the accused was guilty, the Angel Gabriel will descend from heaven and prevent the
accused from swallowing the food given him.

11. Ordeal of the Bier

- Practiced in Australian and European Countries.
- The corpse was brought on a bier of boughs after which the natives would ask the
corpse if it has been bewitched.
- If the victim died by witchcraft, the bier was supposed to know more and if the sorcerer
show killed him was present, the corpse will touch him.

12. Ordeal by heat and fire

- Practiced in East Germany, early Scandinavian Countries, and early England
- The accused was compelled walk bare footed through a fire; if he remains unhurt then
he is innocent.

13. Ordeal of Boiling Oil or Water

- Practiced in Asian Countries.
- The accused was forced to dip his hands into the boiling water or dl and ask pick up
stone in it.
- If he remains unhurt then he is innocent.

14. Ordeal of Red Hot Needle

- Practiced in Wanaka, Eastt Africa.
- Red hot needle was drawn through the lips of the accused, if innocent; no blood will be
flowing out.

15. Ordeal of the Tiger

- Practical in Siam.
- Accuser and accused were placed together in the same and a tiger loose upon them.
- If both were spared, further elimination followed.
- With such means of redress, there were probably not very many plaintiffs.

16. Ordeal by Combat

- Practiced in England, time of “King Henry Ill”.
- Accuser and accused report to a duel where the winner was adjudged innocent.
- Those not proficient in weapons and those who could not afford to do so could hire
champions in the field to do the fighting for them.
- This type of ordeal is vividly dramatized in the movie "Ivanhoe" based on tie novel of the
same title (became the only legal ordeal)

17. Test of the Cross ordeal

- Practiced in Europe.
- The accuser and accused each were made to stand with arms crossed on their breasts.
- The one who endured the longest was deemed to have told the truth, the other, is the
liar.

18. Donkey's Tail Ordeal

 - Psychological the donkey placed in one room alone and it, and if the donkey cried is a
judged of guilty of crimes, because deep inside and conscience he is guilty.

THER COUNTRIES WHICH PRACTICED ORDEALS:

1. Burma – The accuser and were given each identical candle and both were lightened at the
same time.

2. Borneo – The accuser and accused were presented by shell fish placed on a plate.
- An irritating fluid was then poured on the shell fish and the litigant whose shell fish
moved first was adjudged the winner.

3. Greece – A suspended axe was spun at the center of a group of suspects.

- When the axe stopped, whoever was in line with the blade as supposed to be guilty as
pointed out by the divine providence.

4. Nigeria – The priest greased a clock's feather and pierced the tongue of the accused. If the
feather passed through the tongue easily, the accused was deemed innocent.
- If not, the accused is guilty.
- Another Method (same country)
- Pour corrosive liquid into the eye of the accused who was supposed to remain
unharmed if innocent.
- Pour boiling oil over the hand of the accused with he usual requisites for guilt or
innocence (if remain unharmed, he is innocent).

5. Europe and Early United States (17th Century) - Trial by water was commonly used on
those accused of witchcraft.
- The accused was bound (hand and foot) and then cast into the body of water.
- If the accused sank, he was hauled to the surface half-drowned and deemed innocent.
- If the floated, he was deemed guilty and burned to death.

6. The "Hereditary Sieve" Method – It is mentioned by Hans Gross his books in Criminal
Investigation in which beans were thrown into a sieve (bigao) as the name of each suspect
was called.
- If the beans jump out of the sieve, the owner of the name is innocent.
- If the beans remain in the sieve, the person named is the thief.