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Product Design and Realization

The document discusses engineering drawing and orthographic projection. It explains that engineering drawing uses orthographic projection to describe machines and parts through multiple views, including front, top, and side views. Orthographic projection projects an object onto perpendicular planes to represent its two dimensions. Views are defined by placing an object in a glass box and freezing views from each side. The document also distinguishes between first-angle and third-angle projection methods, which differ in whether the plane of projection is between the observer and object.

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36 views25 pages

Product Design and Realization

The document discusses engineering drawing and orthographic projection. It explains that engineering drawing uses orthographic projection to describe machines and parts through multiple views, including front, top, and side views. Orthographic projection projects an object onto perpendicular planes to represent its two dimensions. Views are defined by placing an object in a glass box and freezing views from each side. The document also distinguishes between first-angle and third-angle projection methods, which differ in whether the plane of projection is between the observer and object.

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Scribdman Man
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GEL 101

Product design and realization


Engineering Drawing

• Language of Engineers
• Drawing is a method of describing a machine or a part
• Basic Idea: Pictorial view: as the eye see it
• It does not show all the details and true shape
• Detailed drawing:
– Should show all the details required to construct it
– May contain more than one view of the machine or part
– Must contain all the dimensions
• Method of Projection is universally adopted for this purpose
– Description of shape and size can be conveyed in a definite and fool-
proof manner
Principle of projection
• If straight lines are drawn from various points on the contour of an
object to meet a plane, the object is said to be projected on that
plane

• The figure formed by joining, in correct sequence, the points at


which these lines meet the plane, is called a ‘projection’ of that
object.
• The lines from the object to the plane are called ‘projectors’
• The plane on which the projectors meet is called ‘plane of projection’
Methods of Projection

• Orthographic Projection
• Isometric Projection
• Oblique Projection
• Perspective Projection

 Orthographic projection gives the complete details and true shape of


an object, hence widely adapted for Engineering purposes.
 Object is represented by two or three views on mutually perpendicular
projection planes
 Each projection view represent two dimensions of an object
 Other methods of projections represent the object by a pictorial view
 3-d object is represented on a projection plane by a single view
Orthographic Projection

• In orthographic projection, the projectors are parallel and


perpendicular to the plane of projection.
• Projection shows 2 dimensions of the object, in this case W and H
• Hence only one projection is not sufficient in describing part
completely
Top View (or Plan)
Side view
Six views of an object
Defining the Six
Principal Views or
Orthographic Views
Which Views to Present?
General Guidelines
• Pick a Front View that is most descriptive
of object
• Normally the longest dimension is chosen
as the width (or depth)
• Most common combination of views is to
use:
– Front, Top, and Side View
Glass Box Approach

• Place the object in a glass box

• Freeze the view from each direction (each


of the six sides of the box) and unfold the
box
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Review: Orthographic projection

• Three important elements:


– an object
– plane of projection
– an observer
• The object is assumed to be observed from an infinite
distance, so that the rays are parallel to each other
• In most cases 3 or 4 views are sufficient in describing
the part completely
• In most complex cases need of 5 or 6 views may arise.
First-angle and Third-angle
projection

First-angle: The Object lies between the observer and the plane
Third-Angle: Plane of projection lies between the object and the observer
Third-angle projection
Third-angle projection
Difference between first- and
third-angle projection method
• The object is kept in the first • The object is assumed to be
quadrant kept in the third quadrant

• The object lies between the • The plane of projection lies


observer and the plane of between the observer and the
projection object

• The plane of projection is • The plane of projection is


assumed to be non-transparent assumed to be transparent

• Plan or Top view comes below • Plan or Top view comes above
the front view (or elevation) the Front view (elevation)

• The view of the object as • Left hand side view is drawn to


observed from the left-side is the left hand side of the Front
drawn on the right of the Front view
view
Difference between first- and
third-angle projection method

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