Internet of Things (IoT) 2020-21

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI
B.L.D.E.A’S V.P Dr.P.G.HALAKATTI
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPURA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INTERNSHIP REPORT ON
Internet of Things (IoT)

REPORT DONE BY
AKASH SAJJAN

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF

Prof. R M Math

BLDEACET-DEPARTMENT
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Internet of Things (IoT) 2020-21

B.L.D.E.A’s
V. P. Dr. P. G. HALAKATTI COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
VIJAYAPUR – 586103

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Internship report entitled ““Internet
Internet of Things
Things” is
carried out by Akash Sajjan bonafide student of B.L.D.E.A’s V.P. Dr. P.
G. Halakatti College of Engineering &Technology, Vijayapur, in a
partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering Engineerin in
Electronics & Communication Engineering from Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2020-2021. 2021. It is
certified that all suggestions/corrections indicated for report have been
incorporated and has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of prescribed for Bachelor of Engineering
Degree.

Signature of guide Signature of HOD Signature of principle

Prof R M MATH Dr U D DIXIT Dr. ATUL AYARE

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Internet of Things (IoT) 2020-21

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express deep sense of gratitude to our beloved principal

Dr. ATUL AYARE for providing all facilities in the college.

We would like to thank our Head of Department Dr. U D DIXIT for

providing facilities and fostering congenial academic environment in the
college.

We feel deeply indebted to our esteemed guide Prof. R M MATH for the
help right from the conception and visualization to understanding every bit
of Internet of Things (IoT) and helped me to bring out the theoretical
knowledge to practical applications.

AKASH SAJJAN

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Internet of Things (IoT) 2020-21

DECLARATION

I, Akash Sajjan hereby declare that the presented report of

Internship titled “Internet of things (IoT)” is uniquely prepared by
myself after the completion of Internship at B.L.D.E.A’S
V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering and Technology,
Vijayapura,
We also confirm that, the report is only prepared for our academic
requirement, not for any other purpose.

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Internet of Things (IoT) 2020-21

ABSTRACT

The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects that
are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose
of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over
the Internet. The concept of the "Internet of Things" and the term itself, first
appeared in a speech by Peter T. Lewis, to the Congressional Black Caucus
Foundation 15th Annual Legislative Weekend in Washington, D.C,
published in September 1985. According to Lewis, "The Internet of Things,
or IoT, is the integration of people, processes and technology with
connectable devices and sensors to enable remote monitoring, status,
manipulation and evaluation of trends of such devices”. Thanks to the arrival
of super-cheap computer chips and the ubiquity of wireless networks, it's
possible to turn anything, from something as small as a pill to something as
big as an airplane, into a part of the IoT.

Connecting up all these different objects and adding sensors to them adds a
level of digital intelligence to devices that would be otherwise dumb,
enabling them to communicate real-time data without involving a human
being. The Internet of Things is making the fabric of the world around us
smarter and more responsive, merging the digital and physical universes.
Imagine a world where billions of objects can sense, communicate and
share information, all interconnected over public or private Internet
Protocol (IP) networks. These interconnected objects have data regularly
collected, analyzed and used to initiate action, providing a wealth of
intelligence for planning, management and decision making. This is the
world of the Internet of Things.

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Table of Content

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................. 3
DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................................... 4
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................ 5
Table of Content ..................................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER – 1............................................................................................................................................ 7
ABOUT THE COLLEGE / ORGANISATION .................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER – 2............................................................................................................................................ 8
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 8
Features of Internet of Things (IoT): ............................................................................................... 9
Decision area:.................................................................................................................................. 9
CHAPTER – 3.......................................................................................................................................... 10
ELEMENTS OF IoT ......................................................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER – 4.......................................................................................................................................... 13
LAYERED ARCHITECTURE OF IoT ............................................................................................ 13
CHAPTER – 5.......................................................................................................................................... 16
SENSORS ......................................................................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER – 6.......................................................................................................................................... 20
PROJECT.......................................................................................................................................... 20
Registration of users:........................................................................................................................ 21
CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................................... 23
Works Cited ........................................................................................................................................... 24

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CHAPTER – 1
ABOUT THE COLLEGE / ORGANISATION

B.L.D.E.A’S V P Dr.P.G.HALAKATTI COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPURA – 586103

Vachana Pitamaha Dr. P.G. Halakatti College of Engineering &

Technology, Vijayapur is located in the historical city of Vijayapur on
sprawling lush green campus. BLDE Association started this esteemed
college in year 1980 as a private Institute. Now, the college is affiliated to
Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Belgaum. The programs
offered are well planned and designed, with quality knowledge, practical
applications, hands-on training, Industrial relevance and their social
significance. Highly qualified, experienced faculty members always guide
students to achieve their dream destination. Well equipped laboratories in
each of departments , digitalized library and information centre, well versed
hostel facility , classrooms with LCD’s, conference halls, seminar rooms,
makes it ease for both UG and PG students to move towards their goal.

The college is recognized by AICTE New Delhi and the 5 programme have
been accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA), New Delhi
during the year 2015.

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CHAPTER – 2
INTRODUCTION

The Internet of things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—

a.k.a. "things"—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other
technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other
devices and systems over the Internet. (1) The term "Internet of things" was
coined independently by Kevin Ashton of Procter and Gamble, later MIT's
Auto-ID center, in 1999, though he prefers the phrase "Internet for things".
At that point, he viewed radio frequency identification (RFID) as essential to
the Internet of things, which would allow computers to manage all individual
things. The main theme of the Internet of Things is to embed short-range
mobile transceivers in various gadgets and daily necessities to enable new
forms of communication between people and things, and between things
themselves.

When we look closely at our mobile device which contains GPS Tracking,
Mobile Gyroscope, Adaptive brightness, Voice detection, Face detection etc.
These components have their own independent features, but what if these all
communicate with each other to provide a better environment? For example,
the phone brightness is adjusted based on my GPS location or my direction.
Connecting everyday things embedded with electronics, software, and
sensors to internet enabling to collect and exchange data without human
interaction called as the Internet of Things (IoT). The term "Things" in the
Internet of Things refers to anything and everything in day to day life which
is accessed or connected through the internet.

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Features of Internet of Things (IoT):

 Connectivity: It refers to establishing a proper connection between all the

components/Things of IoT to IoT platform; it may be server or cloud.
After connecting the IoT devices, it needs a high speed messaging
between the devices and cloud to enable reliable, secure and bi-
directional communication. (2)
 Sensing: There are IoT of sensors available which are used in IoT to
detect and report any changes in the environment. IoT technology brings
passive networks to active networks. (2)
 Artificial Intelligence: It is simulation of human intelligence processes by
machines, especially computer systems. Specific applications of AI
include expert systems, natural language processing, and speech
recognition and machine vision. IoT makes things smart and enhances
life through the use of data. (2)
 Integrating: To improve the user experience IoT integrates various
models. (2)
 Analyzing: When all the models are connected together, it comes to real-
time analyzing the data collected and use them to build effective business
intelligence. If we have a good insight into data gathered from all these
things, then we call our system has a smart system.
 Endpoint management: There must be an endpoint management of IoT
systems to prevent complete failure of the system.

Decision area:

The IoT decision framework pays attention to six key decision areas in any IoT
product. These decision areas are:

 User Experience.
 Data.
 Business.
 Technology.
 Education.
 Standards and regulations.

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CHAPTER – 3
ELEMENTS OF IoT

IoT provides many benefits and facilities to users. Thus, in order to use
them properly, there is a need for some elements. In this section,
elements of IoT are discussed. Figure 3.1 shows the elements needed to
deliver the functionality of IoT. The names and details of these elements
are as follows.

Fig 3.1 Elements of IoT

1. Identity:

Identification offer explicit identity for each object within

network. There are two processes in identification; naming and
addressing. Naming refers as name of the object while addressing
is the unique address of specific object. These both terms are very
different from each other because two or more objects may have
same name but always different and unique address. There are
many methods available that provide the naming facility to the
objects in the network such as electron products codes (EPC) and
ubiquitous codes. To assign the unique address to each object,
IPv6 is used. (3)

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2. Sensing:

The process of collecting information from objects is known as

sensing. The collected information is sent to the storage media.
There are many sensing devices to collect the information from
objects such as actuators, RFID tags, smart sensors, wearable
sensing devices, etc. (3)

3. Communication:

Communication is one of the main purposes of IoT in which

different devices are connected to each other and communicate. In
communication, devices may send and receive messages, files and
other information. There are many technologies that provide
facility of communication like Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID), Near Field Communication (NFC), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and
Long Term Evolution (LTE). (3)

4. Computation:

Computation is performed on the collected information from the

objects by using sensors. It is used to remove unnecessary
information that is not needed. Many hardware and software
platforms are developed to perform the processing in applications
of IoT. For hardware platforms, Arduino, Raspberry Pi and Intel
Galileo are used, while, for software platforms, the operating
system plays an important role to perform the processing. There
are many types of operating systems that are used like Tiny OS,
Lite OS, Android, etc. (3)

5. Services:

There are four types of services that are provided by the IoT
applications. The first one is an identity-related service. It is used
to get the identity of objects that have sent the request.
Information aggregation is another service whose purpose is to
collect all the information from objects. Processing is also
performed by the aggregation service. The third service is a
collaborative service that makes decisions according to the
collected information and sends appropriate responses to the
devices. The last service is ubiquitous service, which is used to
respond the devices immediately without rigidity about time and
place. (3)

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6. Semantics:

It is the responsibility of IoT to facilitate users by performing

their tasks. It is the most important element of IoT to fulfill its
responsibilities. It acts like the brain of IoT. It gets all information
and makes appropriate decisions to send responses to the devices.
(3)

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CHAPTER – 4
LAYERED ARCHITECTURE OF IoT

The architecture of IoT is different from architecture of Internet and

Telecommunication Networks. Therefore, the above stated three
different architectures of IoT are not suitable for IoT applications,
although they have some common features. They do not fulfill the
requirements of security and privacy and are affected by numerous
security attacks. To overcome the issue of security, we suggest and
establish a new and generic layered architecture of IoT that has six
layers. It can be easily and smoothly extended to basic functions with
little impact on existing layered architectures of IoT to enforce the
security attacks and prevent IoT applications from attackers. (3)The
names of layers of the new proposed architecture of IoT are:

 Perception layer.

 Observer layer.

 Processing layer.

 Security layer.

 Network layer.

 Application layer.

1. Perception layer:

It is also known as a sensor layer or physical layer. It acts like

five organs of IoT. It identifies objects in order to gather
information. For this purpose, different types of sensors are
attached to the objects such Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID) tags, barcode, Bluetooth, wireless sensors, LTE, etc. A
sensor is chosen according to the needs of users and objects
where it is attached. It sends collected information to the observer
layer to check the authentication of these sensors and devices. (3)

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2. Observer layer:

The observer
ver layer is also known as a monitor layer. The
perception layer sends information to the observer layer. It checks
information about whether it is protected from intruders and
viruses or not. If there is any attack, it does not pass information
to the nextt layer for further processing. It only passes that
information that is protected from intruders and viruses.
Furthermore, it also checks authentication of the objects. There
are many ways to prove the identity such as authentication. (3)

Fig 4.1 Layered Architecture OF IoT.

3. Processing level:

It collects information from the observer layer. It trusts that the

information provided by the observer layer is protected from
every type of attack. This layer is designed to eliminate
unnecessary
necessary information. It stores, analyzes and processes a huge
amount of information that comes from the observer layer. It uses
various technologies to extract useful information such as
databases, cloud computing and data processing modules. The
reason of removing unnecessary information is to save the
network from heavy traffic. It also saves storage devices so that
they cannot cross their limits. (3)

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4. Security layer:

There are many proposed architectures of IoT, but they do not

have a layer regarding security. It is designed to make the
architecture of IoT secure. There are many attacks on the network
layer trying to get information from the users. Therefore, it makes
secure information before sending to the network layer. It
receives information from the processing layer. It performs
encryption through converting all information collected from the
processing layer into unknown form, called cipher text. The
process of encryption is performed by using keys. It sends
encrypted information to the network so that could not be
understood by anyone other than the authentic users. It also sends
a key to the receiver to convert the cipher text into original text.
Thus, this layer protects the information of users from the
attackers and risks existing on the network layer. There are many
ways to encrypt and decrypt the information such as Advanced
Encryption System (AES) and Data Encryption System (DES).
(3)

5. Network layer:

Network layer is also known as transmission layer. The role of it

is to connect all things together and permit the sharing of
information to other connected things. It receives information
from the security layer in the form of cipher text. The reason for
receiving information in cipher text is to protect from attackers
and risks. The medium of transmission can be both wireless
media and wired. The medium is selected according to the needs
of users and also communication technologies. (3)

6. Application layer:

Application layer is the last layer of the newly proposed layered

architecture. It is responsible for data formatting and presentation.
It is also responsible for delivery of numerous applications to
different users. It defines several applications in which IoT can be
used, such as smart home, smart transport, smart cities, smart
health, animals and agriculture. It has a responsibility for
providing the application specific service to the users. The service
is chosen according to the information that is collected by the
sensors from objects. (3)

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CHAPTER – 5
SENSORS

Sensors are almost used everywhere. They’re in our homes and

workplaces, our shopping centers and hospitals. They’re embedded in
smart phones and an integral part of the Internet of Things (IoT). They
have been around like forever. So, what are sensors? How are they
related to IoT? How and where can we use these sensors? If we can, are
there different types of sensors available?

Sensors are devices that detect external information, replacing it with a

signal that humans and machines can distinguish. It is nothing but a
device that responds to a physical stimulus such as heat, light, sound,
pressure, magnetism, or a particular motion and transmits a resulting
impulse. There are wide ranges of sensors available.

1. Ultrasonic sensor.

Fig 5.1 HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

Ultrasonic sensors are all-rounder’s in the world on sensors. It is an

electronic device that measure the distance of an target object by
emitting ultrasonic sound waves, and coverts the reflected sound into
an electrical signal. Hence, the name ultrasonic. They travel faster
than the speed of audible sound.

Ultrasonic sensor uses a single ultrasonic element for both emission

and reception. In a reflective model ultrasonic sensor, a single
oscillator emits and receives ultrasonic waves alternately. The
Ultrasonic transmitter transmits an ultrasonic wave, this wave travels
in air and when it gets objected by any material it gets reflected back
toward the sensor this reflected wave is observed by the Ultrasonic
receiver module.

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Applications:

 Distance measurement.

 To measure tank or channel fluid level.

2. Temperature and humidity sensor (DHT 11)

Fig 5.2 DHT 11 Temperature and humidity sensor.

Humidity is the measure of water vapor present in the air. The level
of humidity in air affects various physical, chemical and biological
processes. In industrial applications, humidity can affect the
business cost of the products, health and safety of the employees. So,
in semiconductor industries and control system industries
measurement of humidity is very important.

DHT11 is a low-cost digital sensor for sensing temperature and

humidity. This sensor can be easily interfaced with any micro-
controller such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi etc… to measure humidity
and temperature instantaneously. The warmer the air is, the more
moisture it can hold, so relative humidity changes with fluctuations
in temperature.

Applications:

 Measuring humidity and temperature values.

 In weather stations to predict the weather.

 The humidity sensor is used as a preventive measure in homes

where people are affected by humidity.

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3. PIR sensor.

Fig 5.3 PIR sensor

PIR sensors allow you to sense motion, almost always used to detect
whether a human has moved in or out of the sensors range. They are
small, inexpensive, low-power, easy to use and don't wear out. For that
reason they are commonly found in appliances and gadgets used in
homes or businesses. They are often referred to as PIR, "Passive
Infrared", "Pyroelectric", or "IR motion" sensors.

When the sensor is not moving, both slots detect the same amount of IR,
the amount radiated from the room or walls or outdoors. When detected,
it first intercepts one half of the PIR sensor, which causes a positive
differential change between the two halves. The term passive in this
instance refers to the fact that PIR devices do not generate or radiate
energy for detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting infrared
radiation emitted by or reflected from objects. They do not detect or
measure "heat".

Applications:

 Automatic door opening system.

 Security alarm.

 Human detection robot.

 Stepper motor control.

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4. Infrared sensor.

Fig 5.4 Infrared sensor.

An infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic device that measures and detects

infrared radiation in its surrounding environment. There are two types of
infrared sensors: active and passive. Active infrared sensors both emit and
detect infrared radiation. Active IR sensors have two parts: a light emitting
diode (LED) and a receiver. When an object comes close to the sensor, the
infrared light from the LED reflects off of the object and is detected by the
receiver. Active IR sensors act as proximity sensors, and they are commonly
used in obstacle detection systems.

The working principle of an infrared sensor is similar to the object detection

sensor. This sensor includes an IR LED & an IR Photodiode, so by combining
these two can be formed as a photo-coupler otherwise optocoupler. The physics
laws used in this sensor are planks radiation, Stephan Boltzmann & weins
displacement.

Applications:
 Radiation thermometers.
 Flame monitors.
 Moisture analyzers.
 Gas analyzers.
 IR imaging devices.

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CHAPTER – 6
PROJECT

In the Internship, I learnt many IoT topics and completed many mini
projects, which also include “Fingerprint Attendance System”.

1. Prerequisite required.

 Basics of nodeMCU(ESP32).

 Basics of Arduino IDE.

2. Components required.

 Node MCU ESP 32.

 Fingerprint sensor R305.

 OLED Display SSD1306.

 Jumper wires.

 Breadboard.

 Arduino IDE.

Fig 6.1 Connections of MCU and sensors.

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Operation Principle:

Fingerprint processing includes two parts: fingerprint enrollment and fingerprint

matching (the matching can be 1:1 or 1:N).

When enrolling, the user needs to enter the finger two times. The system will
process the two-time finger images, generate a template of the finger based on
processing results and store the template. When matching, the user enters the
finger through the optical sensor and system will generate a template of the
finger and compare it with templates of the finger library. For 1:1 matching, the
system will compare the live finger with specific template designated in the
Module; for 1:N matching, or searching, the system will search the whole finger
library for the matching finger. In both circumstances, system will return the
matching result, success or failure. (4)

Features

1. Integrated image collecting and algorithm chip together, ALL-in-One.

2. The fingerprint reader can conduct secondary development, can be
embedded into a variety of end products.
3. Low power consumption, low cost, small size, excellent performance.
4. Professional optical technology, precise module manufacturing
techniques.
5. Good image processing capabilities can successfully capture image up to
resolution 500 dpi.

Registration of users:

Once the Program successfully uploaded to the NodeMCU, It will boot up with
the Adafruit logo and then ModeMCU will try to establish the connection
between the WiFi router which is provided in the program. Once it gets
Connected it will display Connected. The same log can be seen on the Serial
Monitor as well as in OLED Display.

The whole process of registration is explained very well in the video. You can
follow the video for the complete registration process. The user fingerprint is
taken twice i.e as mentioned in the datasheet and stored in EEPROM of
Fingerprint Sensor. It is to be noted that only 127 fingerprints can be stored in
this R303/R305/R307 module. (4)

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Authentication of Users:
So once the User registration process is completed, you can start scanning and
marking the attendance. If a registered user scans his/her finger for the first time
on that day, It will display the welcome message as follows.

If a registered user scans his/her finger for the second time on that day, It will
display the goodbye message as follows.

In case if the fingerprint is not matched or an unregistered candidate tries to

authenticate it will display an error message as shown in the figure below.

Finally, you can access the entire Attendance data of the Students/Employee on
the website by simply selecting the particular date as shown below, You can
also download the same data in excel format by clicking on the Export to Excel
button. (4)

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CONCLUSION
The extensive set of applications for IoT devices is often divided into consumer,
commercial, industrial, and infrastructure spaces. IoT devices are a part of the
larger concept of home automation, which can include lighting, heating and air
conditioning, media and security systems and camera systems. The Internet of
Medical Things (IoMT) is an application of the IoT for medical and health
related purposes, data collection and analysis for research, and monitoring. The
IoT can assist in the integration of communications, control, and information
processing across various transportation systems. Industrial internet of things
Also known as IIoT, industrial IoT devices acquire and analyze data from
connected equipment, operational technology (OT), locations, and people.
There are numerous IoT applications in farming such as collecting data on
temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind speed, pest infestation, and soil content.
This data can be used to automate farming techniques, take informed decisions
to improve quality and quantity, minimize risk and waste, and reduce effort
required to manage crops. For example, farmers can now monitor soil
temperature and moisture from afar, and even apply IoT-acquired data to
precision fertilization programs.

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Works Cited
1. wikipedia. Internet of things. wikipedia. [Online]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things.

2. Features of IOT. Features of IOT. javatpoint. [Online] https://www.javatpoint.com/iot-features.

3. IoT Elements, Layered Architectures and Security Issues: A Comprehensive Survey. IoT Elements,
Layered Architectures and Security Issues: A Comprehensive Survey. ncbi. [Online]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6165453/.

4. Portable IoT Based Fingerprint Biometric Attendance System using NodeMCU. Portable IoT
Based Fingerprint Biometric Attendance System using NodeMCU. electronicsinnovation. [Online]
https://electronicsinnovation.com/iot-based-fingerprint-biometric-attendance-system-using-
nodemcu/.

5. IoT (Internet of Things) Tutorial. IoT (Internet of Things) Tutorial. javatpoint. [Online]
https://www.javatpoint.com/iot-internet-of-things.

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