Design Project Overview * To design, simulate, build and evaluate two variable voltage control circuits for a small DC * motor. To use this supply to vary the speed of the motor. + To measure the speed of the motor as a function of voltage. + To compare two approaches of controlling the speed of the motor: © Using a variable voltage regulator. © Using a MOSFET switched supply. This is an individual project, and you will need to produce your own individual report. No presentation is required. This is the only coursework for this course. 3 Overview of the project The design of a motor control circuit consists of several functional elements that you need to put together. Figure 1 below shows the general system configuration. ‘AC Ap) Pate Rectifier orien Figure 1: System configuration The mains supply will be converted into a reasonably smooth DC supply using a plug top supply (AC/AC) fed into a full wave bridge reetifier and smoothing capacitor. This DC supply will then be connected to a control circuit ("regulation") and onwards to the DC motor (the “load”). The motor is the load for our circuit and the regulation circuit will be designed so that we can vary the speed of the motor. 3.1 Motor ‘We will be using the RE360 DC mator. The motor can be driven by voltages up to 15 V. You should aim to vary the voltage between around 6 and 11 V. We will not be placing any significant mechanical load on the motor, so we are using the motor under “no load” conditions. For a DC motor, the speed of rotation is proportional to the applied voltage, and the torque is proportional to the current.Figure 2 overleaf shows a useful equivalent circuit model for a small DC permanent magnet motor. I I R To Vv = E V=E+IR T=kI armature E=ko induced terminal voltage voltage Figure 2: DC motor mode! ‘As the motor has a coil, and a coil is an inductor, when the motor turns it creates a voltage that ‘opposes the terminal or supply voltage. We call this opposing voltage the “induced” voltage E. The ‘motor has an internal resistance R (typically around 0.5 Q). Tis the Torque (turning moment) produced by the motor. If the motor is under “no mechanical load” then ideally T would be O. In reality this is not true, as the motor has mechanical losses. But if the motor is operating under no- load then the current will be fairly constant and the speed will be determined by the terminal voltage. The constant k is the “motor constant”. Every motor has a unique value of k. For our ‘analysis, we may assume that the current is approximately constant. Multisim uses two different motor constants: © The motor speed constant. ‘© The motor torque constant. Check the two web links below to see how to simulate the RE360 motor: hnttps://www.multisim.corn/help/components/de-machine-permanent-magnet/de-machine- permanent-magnet-model/ http://zone.ni.com/reference/en-xx/help/372062L-01/multisim/dcmachinepermanentmagnet/ 3.2 AC power supply “The low power AC/AC source (plug-top supply). It takes the UK mains as its input, so that is 240 Veus it provides a maximum off-load output voltage, measured at 19.1 V,. The AC frequency is SO He. 3.2 Project steps. ‘STEP 1 Design a full-wave, capacitor smoothed rectifier to provide an average DC supply voltage for your circuits of 12 V.STEP 2 ‘+ For this and steps 2 and 3, we will just use a single fixed 12V DC voltage source to power the simulated circuits. We already showed that we could design the power supply stage in step 1. © Design the BJT circuit. ‘© Design the MOSFET based circuit. STEP 3 '* Select components and simulate the circuits using Multisim. ‘Some components may not appear in the Multisim Blue database. You will need to use your judgement to find near equivalents. You can also use customised components. STEP 4 ‘+ Analyse the performance of the circuits and produce appropriate graphs and tables to show how well your circuit works. ‘You will then need to write up your work. Each student needs to write their own report. 4 The BIT control circuit This circuit uses a feedback controlled BJT to control the motor. The schematic for this circuit is shown below in Figure 3. Resistor between slider of pot and bottom, r, varies between 0 and Ry Whenr=0, When r V, =V,| ————_— [iox!sm) Figure 3: BIT schematic‘Vis the load voltage i.e. the voltage applied to the motor. The load voltage is determined by the setting of the potentiometer Rp. 5 The switched MOSFET circuit This circuit uses variable pulse width modulation (PWM) from an oscillator to switch a MOSFET on and off many times a second to create an average voltage that can be used to control the motor. ‘The schematic for this circuit is shown below in Figure 4. #4 MOTOR RI wt ‘100k POT De MOTOR R2 ot "0K ‘Ns@1 a ‘Nse1a 21p_Rk ¢ 3 2 04 BY Go je IRF Z46N os + Stoy , tur to = 2 Gor ut + | nsss ct O.1uF Figure 4: PWM controlled MOSFET schematic Atypical oscillator frequency for a PWM control circuit like thus would be 1 kHz. We can create an oscillator easily using the popular NESSS timer chip. The MOSFET will be switched from fully ON to fully OFF, so you will need to understand what values of Vcs are needed to achieve this. Remember that the average voltage from the PWM oscillator output is determined by the ratio of ‘ON time to OFF time as shown below in Figure 5. Figure 5: Pule Width Modulation (PWM) control‘6 Measuring the speed of the motor In the real world, we would measure the speed of the motor using an opto-interrupter. As we are unable to build the circuits for real, we shall have to rely on the simulations. The Multisim simulation allows us to measure parameters of our virtual DC motor. We can do this by adding measurement ‘tools, such as a voltage probe, to terminals on the Multisim component. For each of your circuits, you should produce a graph of the speed of the motor (in RPM) against the voltage across the motor. ‘7 Producing your individual report ‘The individual report does not have to be particularly long. Quality is more important that quantity. Here isa list of the things that you should include in your report: 4) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) ‘What were the aims and objectives of the project? Show the designs of your circuits, including any calculations you did. ‘Show any simulation data you have using screenshots from Multisim. Did you have any problems with the simulation? What have you learned about using Multisim? ‘Show the completed circuits. Say what you think you have learned. ‘The graphs of the speed of the motor (in RPM) against the voltage across the motor. Summarise by saying what went well in the project and what did nat go well. ‘Agood lab report can do all of this in around 5-10 sides of paper, including pictures.