Centerless grinding

Centerless grinding is also called Shinnashi grinding, and processes the outer periphery of a
cylindrical workpiece using a centerless grinding machine. A workpiece is supported between a
fixed blade and a rotating adjusting wheel and a grinding wheel. The rotation and feed of the
workpiece are then adjusted by rotation of the adjusting wheel to grind the outer circumference
of the workpiece. Centerless grinding requires neither a center hole in the workpiece nor the
workpiece’s installation on and removal from the grinding machine. These advantages make it
suitable for mass production.

Abrasive grinding process

Abrasive grinding works by forcing the abrasive particles, or grains, into the surface of the
workpiece so that each particle cuts away a small bit of material. Abrasive machining is similar
to conventional machining, such as milling or turning, because each of the abrasive particles acts
like a miniature cutting tool. However, unlike conventional machining the grains are much
smaller than a cutting tool, and the geometry and orientation of individual grains are not well
defined. As a result, abrasive machining is less power efficient and generates more heat. [1] The
grain size may be different based on the machining. For rough grinding, coarse abrasives are
used. For fine grinding, fine grains (abrasives) are used.
Motor

Electric motor is the electro-mechanical machine which converts the electrical energy into
mechanical energy. In other words, the devices which produce rotational force is known as the
motor. The working principle of the electric motor mainly depends on the interaction of
magnetic and electric field.The electric motor is mainly classified into two types. They are the
AC motor and the DC motor. The AC motor takes alternating current as an input, whereas the
DC motor takes direct current.

Types of Electric Motor

The classification of an electric motor

shown in the figure below.

AC Motor

The AC motor converts the alternating current into mechanical power. It is classified into three
types; they are the induction motor, synchronous motor, the linear motor. The detail explanation
of the motor is expressed below.

1. Induction Motor
The machine which never runs at synchronous speed is called the induction or asynchronous
motor. This motor uses electromagnetic induction phenomenon for transforming the electric
power into mechanical power. According to the construction of rotor, there are two types of an
induction motor. Namely squirrel cage induction motor and phase wound induction motor.

Squirrel Cage Rotor – The motor which consists squirrel cage type rotor is known as a squirrel
cage induction motor.The squirrel cage rotor decreases the humming sound and the magnetic

locking of the rotor.

Phase Wound Rotor – This rotor is also known as the slip ring rotor, and the motor using this
type of rotor is known as the phase wound rotor.

By the phases, the induction motor is classified into two types. They are the single phase
induction motor and the three phase induction motor.

Single phase induction motor – The machine which changes1-phase AC electric power into
mechanical power by using an electromagnetic induction phenomenon is known as a single
phase induction motor.

Three-phase Induction Motor – The motor which converts 3-phase AC electric power into
mechanical power, such type of motor is known as a three-phase induction motor.

2. Linear Motor

The motor which produces the linear force instead of the rotational force is known as a linear
motor. This motor has unrolled rotor and stator. Such type of motor is used on sliding doors and
in actuators.

3. Synchronous Motor

The machine that changes the alternating current into mechanical power at the desired frequency
is known as the synchronous motor. In the synchronous motor, the speed of the motor is
synchronised with the supply current frequency.

The synchronous speed is measured regarding the rotation of the magnetic field, and it depends
on the frequency and the poles of the motor. The synchronous motor is classified into two types
they are reluctance and the hysteresis motor.

Reluctance Motor – The motor whose starting process is similar to an induction motor and which
runs like a synchronous motor is known as the reluctance motor.
Hysteresis Motor – The hysteresis motor is the type of a synchronous motor which has the
uniform air gap and does not have any DC excitation system. The torque in the motor is
produced by the hysteresis and the eddy current of the motor.

DC Motor

A machine that converts the DC electrical power into mechanical power is known as DC motor.
Its work depends on the basic principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, then a force exerted on it, and torque develops. The DC motor is classified into
two types, i.e., the self-excited motor and separately excited.

1. Separately Excited Motor

The motor in which the DC winding is excited by the separate DC source is known as the
separately excited dc motor. With the help of the separate source, the armature winding of the
motor is energised and produce flux.

2. Self-Excited Motor

By the connection of field winding the Self-excited DC motor is further classified into three
types. They are the series, shunt and compound wound DC motor.
Shunt Motor – The motor in which field winding is placed parallel with the armature, such type

of motor is known as shunt motor. 

Series Motor – In this motor the field winding is connected in series with the armature of the

motor.

Compound Wound Motor – The DC motor which has both the parallel and series connection of
the field winding is known as the compound wound rotor. The compound wound motor is further
categorised into short-shunt and long-shunt motor.

Short Shunt Motor  – If the shunt field winding is only parallel to an armature of the motor and
not the series field, then it is known as the short shunt connection of the motor.

Long Shunt Motor – If the shunt field winding is parallel to both the armature and the series field
winding then the motor is known as the long shunt motor.

Ac induction motor single phase

In an AC motor, there's a ring of electromagnets arranged around the outside (making up

the stator), which are designed to produce a rotating magnetic field. Inside the stator, there's a
solid metal axle, a loop of wire, a coil, a squirrel cage made of metal bars and interconnections
(like the rotating cages people sometimes get to amuse pet mice), or some other freely rotating
metal part that can conduct electricity. Unlike in a DC motor, where you send power to the inner
rotor, in an AC motor you send power to the outer coils that make up the stator. The coils are
energized in pairs, in sequence, producing a magnetic field that rotates around the outside of the
motor.
Construction of SinglePhase Induction Motor

Like any other electrical motorasynchronous motor also have two main parts namely rotor and
stator.
Stator:
As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of induction motor. A singlephase AC supply is
given to the stator of singlephase induction motor.
Rotor:
The rotor is a rotating part of an induction motor. The rotor connects the mechanical load
through the shaft. The rotor in the single-phase induction motor is of squirrel cage rotor type.
The construction of single phase induction motor is almost similar to the squirrel cage three-
phase induction motor. But in case of a single phase induction motor, the stator has two windings
instead of one three-phase winding in three phase induction motor.
Stator of Single Phase Induction Motor

The stator of the single-phase induction motor has laminated stamping to reduce eddy current
losses on its periphery. The slots are provided on its stamping to carry stator or main winding.
Stampings are made up of silicon steel to reduce the hysteresis losses. When we apply a single
phase AC supply to the stator winding, the magnetic field gets produced, and the motor rotates at
speed slightly less than the synchronous speed Ns. Synchronous speed Ns is given by

Where,
f = supply voltage frequency,
P = No. of poles of the motor.
The construction of the stator of the single-phase induction motor is similar to that of three phase
induction motor except there are two dissimilarities in the winding part of the single phase
induction motor.

1. Firstly, the single-phase induction motors are mostly provided with concentric
coils. We can easily adjust the number of turns per coil can with the help of
concentric coils. The mmf distribution is almost sinusoidal.
 2. Except for shaded pole motor, the asynchronous motor has two stator windings
namely the main winding and the auxiliary winding. These two windings are
placed in space quadrature to each other.
Rotor of Single Phase Induction Motor

The construction of the rotor of the single-phase induction motor is similar to the squirrel cage
three-phase induction motor. The rotor is cylindrical and has slots all over its periphery. The
slots are not made parallel to each other but are a little bit skewed as the skewing prevents
magnetic locking of stator and rotor teeth and makes the working of induction motormore
smooth and quieter (i.e. less noisy).
The squirrel cage rotor consists of aluminium, brass or copper bars. These aluminium or copper
bars are called rotor conductors and placed in the slots on the periphery of the rotor. The copper
or aluminium rings permanently short the rotor conductors called the end rings.

To provide mechanical strength, these rotor conductors are braced to the end ring and hence form
a complete closed circuit resembling a cage and hence got its name as squirrel cage induction
motor. As end rings permanently short the bars, the rotor electrical resistance is very small and it
is not possible to add external resistance as the bars get permanently shorted. The absence of slip
ring and brushes make the construction of single phase induction motor very simple and
robust.
Abrasive belt

Belt grinding is an abrasive machining process used on metals and other materials. It is typically

used as a finishing process in industry. A belt, coated in abrasive material, is run over the surface
to be processed in order to remove material or produce the desired finish

Abrasive belts are often used for finishing wide surfaces, particularly where appearance is more
important than close tolerances. In this type of application, abrasive belts tend to be more
economic and give better performance than grinding wheels. For very high precision with strictly
controlled tolerances, the rigidity of a grinding wheel gives better performance than an abrasive
belt.
The cutting ability of a grinding wheel can be restored by a dressing operation, while the cutting
ability of an abrasive belt declines continuously with use, and cannot be regenerated, even
though a partially worn belt may produce lower surface roughness than a fresh belt.

A new abrasive belt has an advantage compared to a grinding wheel due to the grain orientation
on a belt. Grinding wheels act harder in grinding than abrasive belts, with a typical hardness of
52 HRC. Abrasive belts are used extensively to grind hardened steels and to grind
grayand malleable cast irons and nonferrous alloys. But, generally, the limit factor governing
utilization is set by the nature of the abrasive grain rather than by the form of the tool

The Four Main Abrasive Grains

There are four main abrasive grains, each with their own set of characteristics and plus points.
Some best suited only for prep jobs, and some that work well with sanding metal.