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Heat Design Problem 2

The document discusses heat exchanger design methodology. It explains that the design process is an optimization that balances heat transfer against pressure drop. The key steps are: (1) define the thermal and fluid properties, heat load, and operating conditions; (2) select a heat exchanger type and geometry; (3) use thermal hydraulic analysis to size the heat exchanger area needed to meet the heat load. Key equations presented relate the heat load to the overall heat transfer coefficient, surface area, and log mean temperature difference. Counter-current and parallel flow configurations are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Samir Yehya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
44 views

Heat Design Problem 2

The document discusses heat exchanger design methodology. It explains that the design process is an optimization that balances heat transfer against pressure drop. The key steps are: (1) define the thermal and fluid properties, heat load, and operating conditions; (2) select a heat exchanger type and geometry; (3) use thermal hydraulic analysis to size the heat exchanger area needed to meet the heat load. Key equations presented relate the heat load to the overall heat transfer coefficient, surface area, and log mean temperature difference. Counter-current and parallel flow configurations are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Samir Yehya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Heat Exchangers Design

What is the best HX design?


Overall HX
design
Methodology
Thermal Hydraulic Analysis

𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅𝒔 & 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔


Heat load 𝒒 →
𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 & 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝑿

Two Fluids – Trans-mural HX

Cold fluid

hot fluid 𝒒
[Fouling]

Properties and
𝑚, 𝑇, 𝜇, 𝐶𝑝 , ℎ, 𝑓
information
Design process is essentially an optimization
process

} {
Heat Transfer Flow friction
𝒒(𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅) 𝒇, 𝚫𝐏
𝒉, 𝑼 Pumping Power

For a Heat exchanger the heat transfer rate


required is:
𝚫𝐓𝐦
𝒒= = 𝑼𝑨 𝚫𝐓𝐦
𝑹𝒕𝒉
𝑈 ≡ 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐻. 𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓. [𝑊/(𝑚2 𝐾)]
𝐴 ≡ 𝐻. 𝑇 𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎[𝑚2 ]
Δ𝑇𝑚 ≡ 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓. [𝐾 𝑜𝑟 𝐶 𝑜 ]
Energy Conservation (1st law)

𝒒 = 𝒎𝑪𝒑 Δ𝑻 Δ𝑻𝒉 = 𝑻𝒉,𝒊 − 𝑻𝒉,𝒐


𝒉

𝒒 = 𝒎𝑪𝒑 Δ𝑻 Δ𝑻𝒄 = 𝑻𝒄,𝒊 − 𝑻𝒄,𝒐


𝒄
𝑪𝒑 𝒅𝑻 ≡ 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒑𝒚 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆

𝒎𝑪𝒑 ≡ 𝑪, 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆

𝒒 = 𝒎𝒉𝒇𝒈 , boiling and condensation


Problem Classification

Rating problem Sizing problem


Given: Geometry/Size, Given: heat load, q
𝒎𝒉 , 𝑻𝒉𝒊 , 𝒎𝒄 , 𝑻𝒄𝒊 ,operating conditions
Find: Find: Area
𝐪 𝐨𝐫 𝑻𝒉𝒐 , 𝑻𝒄𝒐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝚫𝐏 [geometry/Type]
For steady state Operation:
The functional design relationship between heat load
operating conditions and size can be expressed as:
𝑞 𝑜𝑟 𝑇ℎ𝑜 , 𝑇𝑐𝑜 = Φ(𝑇ℎ𝑖 , 𝑇𝑐𝑖 , 𝐶ℎ , 𝐶𝑐 , 𝑈, 𝐴 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
Dependent variables Independent variables, Represent OP Cond. and
design and control variables.
Also
Δ𝑃 = Φ(𝑇ℎ𝑖 , 𝑇𝑐𝑖 , 𝑚ℎ , 𝑚𝑐 , 𝐴 [𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦])

Remember:
It is a common practice in HX design to express
different fluid/transfer segments in the form of
thermal resistance.

ΔTm 1
𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴Δ𝑇𝑚 = 𝑅𝑡ℎ =
𝑅𝑡ℎ 𝑈𝐴
Also remember
Fins might be a part of the HX fin efficiency and overall
fin efficiency might need to be integrated in the
solution/design procedure.

𝒒𝒇𝒊𝒏
𝜼𝒇 =
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙

𝑨𝒇
𝜼𝒐 = 𝟏 − (𝟏 − 𝜼𝒇 )
𝑨
𝑻
𝑻𝒉𝒊
F-LMTD Method
𝒅𝑻𝒉 Parallel flow
𝑻𝒉𝒐
𝚫𝐓𝟏
𝚫𝐓𝟐
𝒅𝑻𝒄 𝑻𝒄𝒐
𝒅𝑨
𝑻𝒄𝒊

𝟏 𝟐 𝑳
F-LMTD Method Energy Balance:
𝒅𝒒 = −𝑪𝒉 𝒅𝑻𝒉 = 𝑪𝒅𝑻𝒄
𝑻
𝑻𝒉𝒊 HXer rate equation:
𝒅𝑻𝒉 𝒅𝒒 = 𝑼𝒅𝑨𝒅𝑻
𝑻𝒉𝒐
𝚫𝐓𝟏 𝚫𝐓 = 𝐓𝐡 − 𝐓𝐜
𝒅𝒒 𝚫𝐓𝟐
𝑻𝒄𝒐 𝐝 𝚫𝐓 = 𝒅𝑻𝐡 − 𝐝𝐓𝐜
𝒅𝑻𝒄
𝒅𝑨 𝟏 𝟏
𝑻𝒄𝒊 𝐝 𝚫𝐓 = −𝒅𝒒 −
𝑪𝒉 𝐂𝐜
𝟏 𝟐 𝑳
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝐝 𝚫𝐓 = −𝑼 − 𝒅𝑨
𝟏 𝑪 𝒉 𝐂𝐜 𝟏
𝑻
𝑻𝒉𝒊
𝒅𝑻𝒉
𝑻𝒉𝒐
𝚫𝐓𝟏
𝚫𝐓𝟐
𝒅𝑻𝒄 𝑻𝒄𝒐
𝒅𝑨
𝑻𝒄𝒊
𝟏 𝟐 𝑳
Δ𝑇2 1 1 𝑈𝐴 𝐶𝑐
ln = −𝑈𝐴 − =− 1+
Δ𝑇1 𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ

𝑞 = 𝐶ℎ Δ𝑇ℎ = 𝐶𝑐 Δ𝑇𝑐
Δ𝑇2 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖
∴ ln = −𝑈𝐴 +
Δ𝑇1 𝑞 𝑞
𝑈𝐴
𝑻 =− 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜
𝑻𝒉𝒊 𝑞
𝑈𝐴
= − 𝑞 Δ𝑇1 − Δ𝑇2
𝒅𝑻𝒉
𝑻𝒉𝒐
𝚫𝐓𝟏
𝚫𝐓𝟐
𝒅𝑻𝒄 𝑻𝒄𝒐
𝒅𝑨
𝑻𝒄𝒊
𝟏 𝟐 𝑳
Δ𝑇1 − Δ𝑇2 Δ𝑇1 − Δ𝑇2
𝑞 = −𝑈𝐴 𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴 = 𝑈𝐴Δ𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷
Δ𝑇2 Δ𝑇1
ln Δ𝑇 ln Δ𝑇
1 2
Note:
𝑻
If 𝑪𝒉 = 𝑪𝑪
𝒒 = 𝑼𝑨𝜟𝑻
𝚫𝑻

𝑳
Counter Flow ONLY
𝑻
𝚫𝐓𝐚𝐯𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 = 𝐓𝐡𝐢 − 𝐓𝐜𝐢 = 𝚫𝐓𝐨 𝑻𝒉𝒊
APPROACH Temperature difference
or Max. available 𝚫𝐓 𝑻𝒉𝒐
𝚫𝑻𝒊
The general rate equation:
𝚫𝑻𝒐
𝒒 = 𝑼𝑨𝑭𝚫𝑻𝑪𝑭 𝑻𝒄𝒐
Where 𝚫𝐓𝐂𝐅 ≡ 𝚫𝐓𝐋𝐌𝐓𝐃 𝑻𝒄𝒊
And F parameter that
accounts for variation from
pure CF arrangement 𝑳
𝟏 𝟐
𝑭 = 𝚽(𝐂𝐡 , 𝐂𝐜 , 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭)

𝑭 = 𝟏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑷𝑭 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒑𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑪𝑭


And phase Change
𝚫𝐓𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧
𝑭 = 𝚽(𝑷, 𝑹, 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭) 𝑭=
𝚫𝐓𝐂𝐅
𝒎𝑪𝑷 𝟏 𝑻𝒉𝒊 −𝑻𝒉𝒐 𝑻𝒄𝒐 −𝑻𝒄𝒊
𝑹= = 0r
𝒎𝑪𝑷 𝟐 𝑻𝒄𝒐 −𝑻𝒄𝒊 𝑻𝒉𝒊 −𝑻𝒉𝒐

𝑻𝒄𝒐 −𝑻𝒄𝒊 𝑻𝒉𝒊 −𝑻𝒉𝒐


𝑷= 0r
𝑻𝒉𝒊 −𝑻𝒄𝒊 𝑻𝒉𝒊 −𝑻𝒄𝒊
𝑻
𝑻𝒉𝒊

𝑻𝒉𝒐
𝚫𝑻𝒊
𝚫𝑻𝒐
𝑻𝒄𝒐
𝑻𝒄𝒊

𝟏 𝟐 𝑳
𝑻
𝑻𝒉𝒊
𝒅𝑻𝒉
𝑻𝒉𝒐
𝚫𝐓𝟏
𝚫𝐓𝟐
𝒅𝑻𝒄 𝑻𝒄𝒐
𝒅𝑨
𝑻𝒄𝒊

𝟏 𝟐 𝑳

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