Retention Indices For Most Frequently Reported Essential Oil Compounds in GC
Retention Indices For Most Frequently Reported Essential Oil Compounds in GC
Literature
datab
Reported Essential Oil Compounds in 628 [21]
GC 5%Phe-Me-Sil 652
650 [8], 647–
650 [21]
Valeri I. Babushok1 and Igor G. Zenkevich2 1,649–1,667
PEG 917
[21], 917 [22]
(1) KTC Consulting, 14 Hartley Place, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
736 [8], 718–
(2) Chemical Research Institute of St. Petersburg State University, St. Methylsilicone 719
Petersburg, Russia 719 [21]
736 [8], 731–
5%Phe-Me-Sil 736
732 [21]
3 Analysis of RI Data Distributions. 3-Methyl-1-butanol
1,205 [8],
Data Presentation PEG 1,208
1,201–1,206
We used the GC retention index database developed at NIST [5] to obtain [21], 1,215
evaluated RI values for most frequently reported compounds. The [22]
commonly reported compounds with the largest numbers of data-records 756 [8], 744–
were determined using the database (Table 1). The list of most frequently Methylsilicone 752
750 [21]
reported compounds was generated based on the number of data records
available for compounds. The following describes our procedure for 5%Phe-Me-Sil 768 760–766 [21]
treatment of retention data of these compounds. The list of compounds Toluene 1,042 [8],
includes mainly the compounds of essential oils. We limited our analysis to 1,305–1,316
PEG 1,039
the first 100 most commonly identified compounds in GC, based on the [21], 1,040
number of data-records available for these compounds. Only compounds [22]
with more than 30 data-records for each stationary phase were considered. Methylsilicone 753 745–748 [21]
Table 1 Retention indices for most frequently reported essential oil compounds
762 [1], 763–
5%Phe-Me-Sil 766
764 [21]
Pentanol 1,255 [8],
Literature 1,200–1,205
Name Phasea Median value PEG 1,249
datab [21], 1,256
Methylsilicone 565 655 [8] [22]
2,3-Butanedione 5%Phe-Me-Sil 595 593 [8] Hexanal Methylsilicone 776 772 [8]
PEG 979 970 [8] 5%Phe-Me-Sil 800 801 [1], 801
3-Methylbutanal Methylsilicone 631 641 [8], 626– [8]
Literature Literature
Name Phasea Median value Name Phasea Median value
datab datab
1,084 [8], 852 [8]
PEG 1,082
1,080 [22] 863 [1], 851
5%Phe-Me-Sil 868
789 [8], 782– [8], 868 [21]
Methylsilicone 785
783 [21] 1,360 [8],
802 [1], 804 1,342–1,347
PEG 1,354
5%Phe-Me-Sil 802 [8], 802–803 [21], 1,354
Ethyl butanoate
[21] [22]
1,028 [8], Methylsilicone 864 864 [8]
PEG 1,035 1,031–1,033 Methional 5%Phe-Me-Sil 908 909 [8]
[21]
PEG 1,453 1,458 [8]
800 [8], 798–
Methylsilicone 803 872 [8], 864–
800 [21] Methylsilicone 869
867 [21]
828 [1], 829
5%Phe-Me-Sil 833 [8], 828–832 889 [1], 895
Furfural 5%Phe-Me-Sil 892 [8], 889–891
[21]
2-Heptanone [21]
1,455 [8],
PEG 1,462 1,446–1,459 1,170 [8],
[21] 1,175–1,182
PEG 1,180
[21], 1,185
827 [8], 820– [22]
Methylsilicone 827
824 [21]
Methylsilicone 880 885 [8]
846 [1], 847–
5%Phe-Me-Sil 854 901 [1], 903
(E)-2-Hexenal 852 [21] 5%Phe-Me-Sil 901
Heptanal [8]
1,211–1,232
PEG 1,215 [21], 1,225 1,174 [8],
PEG 1,184
[22] 1,186 [22]
Methylsilicone 840 844 [8] 930 [8], 924
Methylsilicone 924
[11]
850 [1], 858
5%Phe-Me-Sil 857 924 [1], 938
(Z)-3-Hexenol [8] α-Thujene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 930
[8]
1,391 [8],
PEG 1,379 1,021 [8],
1,388 [22] PEG 1,024
1,013 [22]
n-Hexanol Methylsilicone 854 858 [8], 851–
Literature Literature
Name Phasea Median value Name Phasea Median value
datab datab
926 [8], 930 974 [1], 982
Methylsilicone 932 5%Phe-Me-Sil 980
[11] [8]
932 [1], 939 1,394 [8],
α-Pinene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 937 PEG 1,449
[8] 1,456 [22]
1,032 [8], 965 [8], 961–
PEG 1,025 Methylsilicone 965
1,010 [22] 963 [21]
Methylsilicone 932 920–927 [21] 981 [1], 974
952 [1], 960 5%Phe-Me-Sil 985 [8], 987–988
6-Methyl-5-hepten-
5%Phe-Me-Sil 962 [8], 955–963 [21]
2-one
[21] 1,336 [8],
Benzaldehyde
1,495 [8], 1,327–1,334
PEG 1,336
1,496–1,515 [21], 1,340
PEG 1,518 [22]
[21], 1,528
[22] 970 [8], 964
Methylsilicone 967
957 [8], 944 [11]
Methylsilicone 945
[11] 969 [1], 972
Sabinene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 974
946 [1], 953 [8]
Camphene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 951.5
[8] 1,123 [8],
PEG 1,121.5
1,075 [8], 1,133 [22]
PEG 1,068
1,053 [22] 985 [8], 969
Methylsilicone 972
Methylsilicone 949 949 [8] [11]
5%Phe-Me-Sil 971 974 [8] 974 [1], 981
Dimethyl trisulfide β-Pinene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 979
[8]
1,377 [8],
PEG 1,378 1,116 [8],
1,383 [22] PEG 1,110
1,095 [22]
Methylsilicone 956 956 [8]
Methylsilicone 980
972 [1], 976
5%Phe-Me-Sil 979 5%Phe-Me-Sil 993 993 [8]
1-Octen-3-one [8] 2-Pentylfuran
1,313 [8], 1,240 [8],
PEG 1,300 PEG 1,231
1,299 [22] 1,240 [22]
1-Octen-3-ol Methylsilicone 964 958 [8] Octanal Methylsilicone 982 982 [8], 979–
Literature Literature
Name Phasea Median value Name Phasea Median value
datab datab
980 [21] [11]
998 [1], 1,006 1,002 [1],
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,004
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,003 [8], 1,003– 1,007 [8]
1,004 [21] 1,166 [8],
PEG 1,167
1,280 [8], 1,160 [22]
1,281–1,288 1,017 [8],
PEG 1,288 Methylsilicone 1,005
[21], 1,286 1,000 [11]
[22]
1,008 [1],
890 [8], 981– δ-3-Carene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,010
Methylsilicone 982 1,009 [8]
998 [21]
1,148 [8],
967 [1], 1,019 PEG 1,146
1,144 [22]
5%Phe-Me-Sil 993 [8], 995–
Hexanoic acid 1,117 [8],
1,010 [21]
Methylsilicone 1,009 1,003–1,005
1,829 [8], [21]
PEG 1,844 1,820–1,840
[21] 1,026 [1],
1,039 [8],
990 [8], 983 Benzyl alcohol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,036
Methylsilicone 983 1,033–1,037
[11] [21]
988 [1], 992 1,865 [8],
Myrcene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 991
[8] PEG 1,870 1,844–1,871
1,145 [8], [21]
PEG 1,160
1,167 [22] 1,020 [8],
Methylsilicone 1,010
984 [8], 981– 1,007 [11]
Methylsilicone 983
982 [21] 1,014 [1],
α-Terpinene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,017
997 [1], 1,002 1,012 [8]
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,000 [8], 1,000 1,178 [8],
Ethyl hexanoate PEG 1,180
[21] 1,175 [22]
1,220 [8], Benzene Methylsilicone 1,011 1,004 [8]
PEG 1,230 1,227–1,234 acetaldehyde
[21] 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,045 1,036 [1],
1,049 [8]
α-Phellandrene Methylsilicone 998 1,009 [8], 996
Literature Literature
Name Phasea Median value Name Phasea Median value
datab datab
1,625 [8], 1,038 [11]
PEG 1,640
1,669 [22] 1,044 [1],
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,049
1,027 [8], 1,038 [8]
Methylsilicone 1,013
1,013 [11] 1,242 [8],
PEG 1,250
1,020 [1], 1,237 [22]
p-Cymene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,025
1,025 [8] 1,058 [8],
Methylsilicone 1,050
1,261 [8], 1,049 [11]
PEG 1,270
1,266 [22] 1,054 [1],
γ-Terpinene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,060
1,035 [8], 1,074 [8]
Methylsilicone 1,021
1,022 [11] 1,238 [8],
PEG 1,245
1,025 [1], 1,240 [22]
β-Phellandrene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,030
1,053 [8] Methylsilicone 1,055
1,209 [8], cis-Sabinene 1,065 [1],
PEG 1,208 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,068
1,202 [22] hydrate 1,073 [8]
1,022 [8], PEG 1,465
Methylsilicone 1,022
1,021 [11]
995 [8],
1,024 [1], Methylsilicone 1,057 1,054–1,056
Limonene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,030
1,033 [8] [8]
1,178 [8], 1,063 [1], 981
PEG 1,199
1,194 [22] 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,070 [8], 1,071–
n-Octanol
Methylsilicone 1,022 1,015 [8] 1,072 [21]
1,026 [1], 1,553 [8],
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,032
1,8-Cineole 1,030 [8] 1,118–1,124
PEG 1,556
1,213 [8], [21], 1,561
PEG 1,212 [22]
1,198 [22]
Methylsilicone 1,028 1,027 [11] Methylsilicone 1,066 1,071 [8]
1,032 [1], cis-Linalool oxide 1,067 [1],
(Z)-β-Ocimene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,038 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,073
1,043 [8] (furanoid) 1,070 [8]
PEG 1,235 1,245 [8] PEG 1,443 1,420 [8]
(E)-β-Ocimene Methylsilicone 1,038 1,043 [8], Terpinolene Methylsilicone 1,079 1,089 [8],
Literature Literature
Name Phasea Median value Name Phasea Median value
datab datab
1,079 [11] 1,483–1,511
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,088 1,086 [1] [21]
PEG 1,283 1,276 [22] Methylsilicone 1,134 1,130 [8]
1,079 [8], 1,157 [1],
Methylsilicone 1,083 1,080–1,083 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,162 1,162 [8],
(E)-2-Nonenal
[21] 1,162 [21]
1,100 [1], 1,527 [8],
PEG 1,532
1,104 [8], 1,546 [22]
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,103
Nonanal 1,104–1,105 Methylsilicone 1,152 1,180 [8]
[21] 1,165 [1],
Borneol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,166
1,385 [8], 1,162 [8]
1,385–1,393 PEG 1,701 1,677 [8]
PEG 1,391
[21], 1,396
[22] Methylsilicone 1,162 1,200 [8]
1,086 1,085 [8] 1,179 [1],
p-Cymen-8-ol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,183
1,166 [8]
1,095 [1],
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,099 PEG 1,851 1,838 [8]
Linalool 1,100 [8]
1,537 [8], Methylsilicone 1,163 1,182 [8]
PEG 1,547 1,174 [1],
1,554 [22] Terpinen-4-ol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,177
Methylsilicone 1,086 1,080 [8] 1,179 [8]
1,106 [1], PEG 1,602 1,591 [8]
Phenylethylalcohol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,116 Methylsilicone 1,175 1,289 [8]
1,118 [8]
PEG 1,905 1,925 [8] 1,186 [1],
α-Terpineol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,189
Camphor 1,107–1,121 1,195 [8]
Methylsilicone 1,123 PEG 1,695 1,688 [8]
[21]
1,141 [1], Ethyl octanoate 1,182 [8],
1,139 [8], Methylsilicone 1,181 1,180–1,181
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,143 [21]
1,140–1,154
[21] 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,196 1,196 [1],
PEG 1,518 1,491 [8], 1,198 [8],
1,197–1,199
Literature Literature
Name Phasea Median value Name Phasea Median value
datab datab
[21] [8]
1,436 [8], PEG 1,738 1,751 [8]
1,427–1,434 1,258 [8],
PEG 1,431
[21], 1,438 Methylsilicone 1,237 1,235–1,237
[22] [21]
Methylsilicone 1,182 1,249 [1],
Myrtenol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,194 1,194 [1] 1,276 [8],
Geraniol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,255
PEG 1,796 (1,257–1,259)
[21]
1,186 [8],
Methylsilicone 1,185 1,182–1,185 1,847 [8],
[21] PEG 1,845 1,835–1,850
[21]
1,201 [1],
1,209 [8], Methylsilicone 1,248 1,258 [8]
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,205
Decanal 1,205–1,207 1,264 [1],
Geranial 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,270
[21] 1,277 [8]
1,484 [8], PEG 1,728 1,715 [8]
1,485–1,500 1,262–1,272
PEG 1,497 Methylsilicone 1,270
[21], 1,502 [21]
[22]
1,287 [1],
Methylsilicone 1,212 1,234 [8] Bornyl acetate 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,285 1,284–1,295
1,227 [1], [21]
Nerol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,228
1,233 [8] 1,561–1,581
PEG 1,580
PEG 1,795 1,770 [8] [21]
Methylsilicone 1,212 1,229 [8] Methylsilicone 1,271
1,223 [1], Thymol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,290 1,289 [1]
Citronellol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,228
1,233 [8] PEG 2,188
PEG 1,764 1,762 [8] Methylsilicone 1,278
Carvone Methylsilicone 1,218 1,210 [8] Carvacrol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,299 1,298 [1]
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,242 1,239 [1], PEG 2,223
1,254–1,255
β-Elemene Methylsilicone 1,288
Literature Literature
Name Phasea Median value Name Phasea Median value
datab datab
1,389 [1], 1,379 [1],
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,391
1,393 [8] 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,381 1,382 [8],
PEG 1,591 1,595 [8] 1,385 [21]
Methylsilicone 1,288 1,288 [8] 1,711 [8],
PEG 1,750 1,747–1,755
(E,E)-2,4- 1,315 [1], [21]
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,317
Decadienal 1,317 [8]
Methylsilicone 1,361 1,363 [8]
PEG 1,805 1,710 [8]
1,383 [1],
1,381 [8], (E)-β-Damascenone 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,385
1,386 [8]
Methylsilicone 1,333 1,321–1,330
[21] PEG 1,822 1,813 [8]
1,356 [1], 1,353 [8],
Methylsilicone 1,375
1,364 [8], 1,372 [11]
Eugenol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,356
1,356–1,366 α-Copaene 1,374 [1],
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,376
[21] 1,377 [8]
2,141 [8], PEG 1,492 1,488 [8]
PEG 2,166 2,128–2,162 1,400 [8],
[21] Methylsilicone 1,383
1,385 [11]
Methylsilicone 1,333 β-Bourbonene
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,384 1,387 [1]
α-Terpinyl acetate 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,350 1,346 [1] PEG 1,526 1,585 [8]
PEG 1,692 1,700 [8] Methylsilicone 1,385 1,389 [11]
Methylsilicone 1,343 1,345 [8] β-Cubebene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,389 1,387 [1]
Neryl acetate 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,363 1,359 [1] PEG 1,544.5 1,546 [8]
PEG 1,722 1,742 [8] 1,438 [8],
Methylsilicone 1,419
Methylsilicone 1,351 1,365 [11] 1,417 [11]
1,345 [1], 1,417 [1],
α-Cubebene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,351 E-Caryophyllene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,419
1,345 [8] 1,467 [8]
PEG 1,465 1,463 [8] 1,594 [8],
PEG 1,596
Geranyl acetate Methylsilicone 1,361 1,265 [8], 1,598 [22]
1,360 [21] Aromadendrene Methylsilicone 1,440 1,458 [8]
Literature Literature
Name Phasea Median value Name Phasea Median value
datab datab
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,439 1,439 [1] 1,475 [11]
PEG 1,620 1,600 [8] 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,486 1,489 [1]
1,451 [8], PEG 1,716 1,711 [8]
Methylsilicone 1,448
1,482 [11] Methylsilicone 1,489 1,486 [11]
(E)-β-Farnesene 1,454 [1], α-Selinene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,494 1,498 [1]
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,457
1,445 [8]
PEG 1,725
PEG 1,663 1,658 [8]
Methylsilicone 1,491 1,490 [11]
Methylsilicone 1,451 1,472 [8]
1,500 [1],
1,452 [1], Bicyclogermacrene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,495
α-Humulene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,454 1,517 [8]
1,467 [8]
PEG 1,735 1,738 [8]
PEG 1,667 1,663 [8]
1,506 [8],
1,479 [8], Methylsilicone 1,494
Methylsilicone 1,460 1,495 [11]
Allo- 1,464 [11] α-Muurolene
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,499 1,500 [1]
Aromadendrene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,461 1,458 [1]
PEG 1,722 1,714 [8]
PEG 1,657 1,639 [8]
1,518 [8],
Methylsilicone 1,466 1,466 [8] Methylsilicone 1,495
1,492 [11]
1,487 [1], (E,E)-α-Farnesene 1,505 [1],
(E)-β-ionone 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,485 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,508
1,493 [8] 1,500 [8]
PEG 1,936 1,912 [8] PEG 1,745 1,725 [8]
Methylsilicone 1,473 1,488 [8] 1,513 [8],
Methylsilicone 1,500
1,478 [1], 1,496 [11]
γ-Muurolene 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,477
1,475 [8] β-Bisabolene 1,505 [1],
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,509
PEG 1,691 1,681 [8] 1,498 [8]
1,500 [8], PEG 1,727 1,714 [8]
Methylsilicone 1,476
1,474 [11] 1,526 [8],
Methylsilicone 1,508
Germacrene D 1,484 [1], 1,510 [11]
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,480 γ-Cadinene
1,487 [8] 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,513 1,514 [1]
PEG 1,710 1,705 [8] PEG 1,770.5 1,752 [8]
β-Selinene Methylsilicone 1,480 1,419 [8],
Literature Literature
Name Phasea Median value Name Phasea Median value
datab datab
1,531 [8], 1,649 [1],
Methylsilicone 1,516 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,649
1,515 [11] 1,654 [8]
δ-Cadinene 1,522 [1], PEG 2,241 2,246 [8]
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,524
1,519 [8] Methylsilicone 1,642 1,674 [8]
PEG 1,758 1,749 [8] 1,652 [1],
α-Cadinol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,653
Methylsilicone 1,549 1,564 [8] 1,676 [8]
1,561 [1], PEG 2,224 2,191 [8]
(E)-Nerolidol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,563
1,539 [8] a
Stationary phase: Methylsilicone - dimethylsilicone; 5%Phe-Me-Sil –
PEG 2,040 2,009 [8] dimethylsilicone with 5% phenyl groups, PEG - polyethylene glycol.
b
Retention indices of [1] are provided as linear retention indices. Previous editions
Methylsilicone 1,568 [1] listed retention indices determined using logarithmic times. RI data from [21]
were rounded to integer values. Shown RI data ranges correspond to RI
1,577 [1],
Spathulenol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,576 measurements at two temperature programs [21]
1,619 [8]
PEG 2,136 2,129 [8] The data treatment was limited to the three commonly used stationary
Methylsilicone 1,574 1,600 [8] phases (unpolar and polar phases): dimethylsilicone stationary phase (OV-
101, HP-1, DB-1,SE-30, etc.), dimethylsilicone phase with 5% phenyl
Caryophyllene 1,582 [1],
5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,581 groups (DB-5, SE-54, HP-5, Ultra-2, etc.) and polyethylene glycol
oxide 1,573 [8]
stationary phase (polar phase, e.g. Carbowax 20 M, Innowax, CP-Wax 52
PEG 1,988 1,962 [8] CB) [5]. Another constraint was the use of RI data measured under
Methylsilicone 1,580 temperature programmed conditions. Note, that both linear (LRI, in accord
Globulol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,583 1,590 [1] with definition of van den Dool and Kratz) [5, 16] and logarithmic (KRI, in
accord with definition of Kováts) [1, 5] retention time treatments are used
PEG 2,085 for retention index determinations under temperature programming
Methylsilicone 1,625 conditions.
epi-α-Cadinol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,640 1,638 [1]
PEG 2,167 References
Methylsilicone 1,632 1,659 [8]
1. Adams RP (2007) Identification of essential oil components by gas
1,640 [1], chromatography/mass spectrometry, 4th edn. Allured Publ., Carol
epi-α-Muurolol 5%Phe-Me-Sil 1,641
1,635 [8] Stream
PEG 2,182 2,148 [8]
β-Eudesmol Methylsilicone 1,634 2. Merfort I (2002) J Chromatogr A 967:115–130. doi:10.1016/S0021-
9673(01)01560-6
12. Ardrey RE, Moffat AC (1981) J Chromatogr 220:195–252.
doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)81925-1
3. Jennings WG, Shibamoto T (1980) Quantitative analysis of flavor and
fragrance volatiles by glass capillary GC. Academic Press, New York
13. Ramsey JD, Lee TD, Osselton MD, Moffat AC (1980) J Chromatogr
4. Klassen JK, Stein SE, Zenkevich IG (2000) In: Abstracts of 23rd 184:185–206. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)85641-1
international symposium on capillary chromatography. Rep. A18 (CD-
ROM), Riva del Garda, Italy
14. Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices of Toxicologically Relevant
5. Babushok VI, Linstrom PJ, Reed JJ, Zenkevich IG, Brown RL, Mallard Substances on Packed or Capillary Columns with dimethylsilicone
WG et al (2007) J Chromatogr A 1157:414–421. Stationary Phases. Report XVIII of the DFG Commission for Clinical-
doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.044 Toxicological Analysis (1992) 3rd edn, VCH
27. Ausloos P, Clifton CL, Lias SG, Mikaya AI, Stein SE, Tchekhovskoi
DV et al (1999) J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 10:287–299 (NIST Standard
Reference Database 1A. NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Library with
Search Program. Data Version NIST 05:2008
28. Baser KHC, Ozek G, Ozek T, Duran A (2006) Flavour Fragr J 21:568–
570. doi:10.1002/ffj.1620