Task 1

P1: Design a relational database system using an appropriate design tools and techniques,
containing at least four tables, with clear statements of user and system requirement.
Introduction:
In this task I am going to design a relational database system using an appropriate design, tools
and techniques, containing at least four tables with a justification of the design for the users and
the system.

Database design
Database design is a fundamental component of an information system. In database design, the
data are represent using two dimensional tables called relation which are made up of columns
and columns. Database is a collection of related data information that is stored in a computer
system. Database design is a popular way of organizing data for a business-oriented system
because of the flexibility. To design database to design the database there are a lot of tools like
Edraw Max, PhpMyAdmin it is she dot. So here are some major tools available.

Edraw Max
Edraw Max is one of the best tools for building a home plan and designing engineering
communications. Edraw Max is a versatile graphics software. With which we can make
professional-looking flowcharts, org charts, network diagrams, business charts, building plans,
mind maps, workflows, software chart and more (Anon., 2004).
 Fig 1: Home page of Edraw max

UML (Unified modeling language)

The unified modeling language is a graphical language for visualizing specifying a constructing
and documenting the artifacts of a software-intensive system which was created to forge a
common, semantically and syntactically rich visual modeling language for the architecture,
design, an implementation of complex software systems both structurally and behaviorally. It is
just one part of our software development method. UML are really used in a process that is used
case drive on, iterative, an incremental.

Some of UML diagrams are:

1.ER diagram.
2. Schema diagram.
3. Data dictionary.

ER diagram (Entity relationship diagram).

The structure of a database organized according to the entity-relationship approach can be
represented by a diagrammatic technique called an entity-relationship (ER) diagram (Peter Chen
1976). ER model is a visual representation of data that describes our data is related to each other.
It is based on the perception of real world that consist of colleagues and of objects (calling
entities) end off relationship among this object.

Fig 2: ER diagram (Entity relationship diagram)

In the above ER diagram, square represent the entities, diamond represent the relationship
between these entities, eclipse shows the attributes of the entities and line represent the links and
primary key. The index for the above ER diagram is shown in the figure below.
Entities =

Attributes =

Relationship =

Database =

links/primary key=

Relationship diagram (database schema):

Fig: 5 Relationship diagram (database schema)

The above relationship diagram of tables shows the full information of the relational database
system of the College management System. It shows that there is total five tables which are
interconnected to each other.

Crow’s Foot Notation.

In Crow’s foot notation, an entity will be represented by a box with the name of entity on the
first section of the box, the attributes will be listed on the second section of the box to mark the
attributes that acts as an identifier an asterisk is used at the front of the attributes the relationship
is represented by a line which illustrate the association between two entities to complete the
relationship cardinality are applied which represent the maximum and minimum no more of time
which door instance of an indie can be can be associated with an instance in the connected
entity. There are three types of relationship which are represented in the following manner:

a) One-to-one Relationship
 It is the type of relation where one record in one table matches with one and only
one record of another table. For example, one employee has one employee_id.

Employee Has Employee_id

b) One-to-many Relationship
The type of relationship in which One substance of a set A can have an
association with different elements of another set B yet various elements of set B
can have an association with one and only one element of set A is a one-to-many
relationship. For example, a company has many employees.

Employee 1
Has

Company Has Employee 2

Has
Employee 3

c) Many-to-many Relationship
 The type of relation in which many records in one table related to many records in
another table known as Many-to-many Relationship. For example, numerous
products have numerous orders.

.  

Has
Products Orders
    

Data Dictionary:
Data dictionary is a structured place to keep details of the contents off data flow process and
datastore. It is all structured repository of data about data. It is a set of definition of all data flow
diagram elements. It helps to improve analyst and user communication. Here, I have created a
data dictionary of tables for college management System and are shown below:

Table attributes Data Type  Length  Null Constraint  Description 

Name able 

id INT 10 No PK, AI Primary key of

Student
 table
First name VARCHAR 255 No N/A First name of Student
 table
Last name VARCHAR 255 YES N/A Last name of Student
table
Student
Phone VARCHAR 10 No N/A Contact no of
Student
 table
email VARCHAR 100 No N/A Email id of Student
 table
Password VARCHAR 100 No N/A Password of Student
 table

Course id INT 10 No PK, AI Primary key of

Course
 table
Department VARCHAR 200 No N/A Department Name of
Name Course
 table
Instructor VARCHAR 150 No N/A Instructor name of
Name Course table
Duration VARCHAR 200 YES N/A Duration of Course
table
id INT 10 No PK, AI Primary key of
Course_student
Course course id INT 9 No FK Foreign key of
student Course_student table
student id INT 9 No FK Foreign key of
Course_student
 table
id INT 10 No PK, AI Primary key of
Instructor
table
Department VARCHAR 255 No N/A Location of fixtures
Instructor name table
Headed by varchar 255 Yes N/A Time of fixture table
First name varchar 255 Yes N/A First name of
instructor table
Last name varchar 255 Yes N/A Last name of
instructor table
Name VARCHAR 200 No N/A Name of Department
Department table
Location VARCHAR 255 YES N/A location of
department table

Conclusion:
So, in this task, I have prepared homepage of Edrawmax, ER diagram, Data schema and
describe about them. I have also mentioned the relationship of Crow’s foot notation along with
the diagram. I have created and show data dictionary of tables for college management System.

Task 1
P2: Develop the database system with evidence of user interface, output and data
validations, and querying across multiple tables.

Introduction:
Here, for this task, I am going to implement all the tables by applying all the necessary
constraints and provide the evidence of the proposed database design with respect to user
interface, output and data validations. Similarly, I will explain necessary constraint required in
my designed database in brief.

Database:

Database is a collection of related data information that is stored in a computer system that
represent some real-world entities. A database is a shared collection of logically related data in a
systematic manner, that is stored to meet the requirements of different user of an organization,
that can easily be accessed managed and updated. Database is a place where related piece of
information is store and various operations can be performed on it. Database can be maintained
manually or through electronics devices such as mobile phones, computers, digital diaries, etc.

A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning. A database is
designed, built and populated with data for a specific purpose. A database represent some aspect
of the real world.

DBMS (Database Management System):

A Database Management System is a software (or a collection of programs) that enables users to
store, modify, and extract information from a database as per the requirements. DBMS is a tool,
that is used to perform any kind of operation on data in database. By using DBMS, we can
create, update, manage and retrieve the data. Typically, a database structure stores data in a
tabular form. One of the main functions of DBMS is to work as an interface between the
database that we created and the end users. Some DMBS examples are My SQL, Oracle, System
2000, MS Access, My SQL server, etc.
Database management system is a system, or it is a software, or I can say it is a collection of
programs that enables users or that allows users to create and maintain the database. the
functionality of database management system database management system allows users to
define the database to construct the database, manipulate and share the database. Construct the
database is the process of storing data on storage medium. Manipulate means querying the
database to retrieve specific data, updating database and generating reports. Share allows
multiple users and programs to access the database concurrently or simultaneously.
A DBMS can limit what data the end user sees, as well as how that end user can view the data,
providing many views of a single database schema. End users and software programs are free
from having to understand where the data is physically located or on what type of storage media
it resides because the DBMS handles all requests (Craig S. Mullins, 2005). Let’s look into an
illustration of database system environment.

User/Programmer

Database
system Application programs / Queries

Software to process Queries / programs

DBMS
Software

Software to access store data

Store DB Store
(Mega data) Database
SQL (Structured Query Language):
SQL is the standard language for accessing and manipulating database. All the Relational
Database Management System like my SQL, my excel, sybase, postgres and SQL Server uses
SQL as their standard database language. It executes queries against a database as well as
retrieve data from a database. It helps to inserts, update, delete and records in database. It helps
to create new tables, store procedures, views in database. SQL is a language that communicate
with database.

It is mostly used for web database development and management. SQL became the de facto
standard programming language for relational databases after they emerged in the late 1970s and
early 1980s. Also known as SQL databases, relational systems comprise a set of tables
containing data in rows and columns. Each column in a table corresponds to a category of data,
for example, customer name or address while each row contains a data value for the intersecting
column (Sirkin, 2005).

SSMS (SQL Server Management Studio):

SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) is a software application first launched
with Microsoft SQL Server 2005 that is used for configuring, managing, and administering all
components within Microsoft SQL Server. It’s the successor to the Enterprise Manager in SQL
2000 or before. The tool includes both script editors and graphical tools which work with objects
and features of the server.

A central feature of SSMS is the Object Explorer, which allows the user to browse, select, and
act upon any of the objects within the server. It also shipped a separate Express edition that could
be freely downloaded, however recent versions of SSMS are fully capable of connecting to and
manage any SQL Server Express instance. Microsoft also incorporated backwards compatibility
for older versions of SQL Server thus allowing a newer version of SSMS to connect to older
versions of SQL Server instances. It also comes with Microsoft SQL Server Express 2012, or
users can download it separately.
Starting from version 11, the application was based on the Visual Studio 2010 shell,
using WPF for the user interface. Versions 18 and after are based on the Visual Studio
2017 Isolated Shell. In June 2015, Microsoft announced their intention to release future versions
of SSMS independently of SQL Server database engine releases.
Database Implementation:
The information base execution or arrangement is the cycle of establishment of data set
programming, setup and customization, running, testing, incorporating with applications, and
preparing the clients. This data set framework can record all the data and information identified
with school the board framework. Here is the entire cycle through which I had developed this
data set framework.

Creating a database:
For developing the database system at first, I create a new database ‘College Management
System’. Here is the query for creating this database.

DDL (Data Definition Language):

DDL (Data Definition Language) is used for defining and modifying the data and its structure.
SQL command to define the database schema (create or modify the structure of the database
object in DB). It is used to build and modify the structure of your table and other object in DB.

Example of DDL commands:

  CREATE
It is used to creating object in the database and create the new table.
 DROP
It allows to remove entire database object from the database. It deletes a table, index a
view.
 ALTER
It allows to alter or modify the structure of database and add additional columns, drop
existing column and even change data type of columns.

 TRUNCATE
It is used to delete all the rows from the table permanently. This command is same as
delete but truncate command does not generate any roll back data.

 RENAME
It is used to rename an object and database table.

DML (Data Manipulation Language):

For developing the database system at first, I create a new database ‘College Management
System’. Here is the query for creating this database. DML performs read-only queries data.

Example of DML
 SELECT:
It is used to retrieve data from database.
 INSERT:
It is used for inserting a data into table, you can add 1 or more into a single table.
 UPDATE:
It modifies the record present in existing table.
 DELETE:
It is used to delete some entire records from the existing table.
SQL joins:
SQL is a standard language which stands for structured Query language. Joins in sequel are
commands which are used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related column
between those tables.

Different type of joins

a) Inner Join:
This type of join returns those records which have matching values in both tables. All
tuples which have matching values in both tables will be given as output. Here is the
query that I have used to join the tables.

b) Left Join:
The left join or the left outer join returns all the records from the left table and those
record which satisfy a condition from the right table. Also, the output or the result-set
will contain the NULL values. The figure shows the query that I have used to join the
tables with the help of left join.
c) Right Join:
The Right join or the right outer join return all the records from the right table and also
those records which a condition from the left table. Also, the records having no matching
values in the left table, the output or result contain the null values. The figure shows the
query that I have used to join the tables with the help of right join.

d) Full Join:
Full join or the full outer join return all those records which either have a match in the left
(Table 1) or the right (Table 2) table. The figure shows the query of the full join.
Conclusion:

So, in this task I have developed the database with the evidence of user interface and the outputs
as well as I have describe about the different joins needed in the application, I have also written
about the data validations and its use and what happens when the wrong value is kept in the field
with respective screenshots.

Task 2
P3: Implement a query language into the relational database system.

Relational Database Management System (RDBMS):

The Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a software application used to create,
manage and administer the Relational databases. The RDBMS is a type of Database management
system specially designed for creating and managing the relational databases.

In a Relational Database model, the database is logically organized as group of interrelated

tables. Each database entity is represented by a table in the database each table can have multiple
rows and columns. A table is a collection of records and represents a database entity each row in
the table represents a record a table row which is also alternatively referred to as a doable or a
row the intersection of row and column is refer this data field each data field identified with
reference to the respective row and column table number of paper feels the columns in the table
represent some attribute for an entity each table column is identified with unique name whereas
each row in the table is uniquely identified with the help of a database clear called the primary
key in relational databases the relationships between the tables that defined by using a primary
key and the foreign key.

Most commercial RDBMS use structured query language SQL to access the database, although
SQL was invented after the initial development of the relational model and is not necessary for
its use (Jack Vaughan, 2005). It is based on a relational model. The data in RDBMS is stored in
the form of a table so that the related data can be accessed in an easier and systematic way. Here
are the some of the implementation of SQL statements used in the relational database
management system.
Task 3
P4: Test the system against user and system requirements.
Introduction:

Database testing:
Database testing is retrieved values from the database by the web or desktop application. Data set
Testing is Important in programming testing since it guarantees information esteems and data got
and put away into data set are substantial or not. Data set testing assists with saving information
misfortune, saves cut short exchange information and no unapproved admittance to the data.
Data set is significant for any product application consequently analyzers should have great
information on SQL for data set testing Some of the steps to do database testing is given below:
 Prepare the environment.
 Run a test.
 Check test result.
 Validate according to the expected results.
 Report the finding to the respective stakeholders.
Some of the tools used for database testing are:
 Test Data Generator.
 Data Generator.
 Data factory.
 Turbo Data.
 SQL unit.
 DB unit.

Software testing:
Software testing is the process of verifying and validating weather a software application or
product meets the business and technical requirements that guide its design and development.
Software testing is a process used to identify the correctness, completeness and the quality of
developed compute software. It includes a set of activities conducted with intent of finding errors
in software so that it could be corrected before the product is released to end users. Some
objectives of software testing include as;
 Verify and validate the completeness of software product.
 Check if product meets business technical requirement.
 Identify technical bugs and ensure that software is glitch-free.
Principals of software testing are;
 Detecting bugs.
 Exhaustive testing is impossible.
 Early testing.
 Defect clustering.
 Content Dependent.
 Bug-free software is myth.
There are usually two types of software testing and they are;
a) White box testing:
White box testing is based on an analysis of the internal structure or component or
system. It is also known as clear box testing, gas box testing, transparent box testing and
structured box testing. It can be applied at all levels of SDLC. Most of the defects are
found in unit component and integration levels is through white box. Tests are based on
coverage of code stunts, branches, paths, conditions.
b) Black box testing:
Black box testing is the method of software testing that examines the functionality of an
application without looking into its internal structures or working. This method is applied
at every level of software testing; unit, integration, system and acceptance. Tests are based
on requirements and functionality.

Types of software testing:

Software are tested as a whole in order to ensure that overall product is working properly as you
expected system testing is particularly important because it verifies the technical functional and
business. There are various types of test operation from that the some of the test operations
which I have implemented in this system are briefly explained below,
Unit Testing:
Unit testing is a way of testing the smallest piece of code referred to as unit that can be logically
isolated in a system. It mainly focused on the functional correctness of standalone modules. It
focuses on the smallest elements of software design which make heavy use of white box of
testing (testing done as internal code or structure). It is also called component testing. It
performed on standalone module to check weather it is developed correctly. Unit testing is done
by developers.
The basic example of unit testing is,

Integration testing:
Integration testing is a level of software testing where individual units are combined and the
connectivity or data transfer between these unit is tested. The main aim of testing is to recognize
the interface between the modules. It makes sure to ensure modules work together properly.
Integration testing also help to uncover errors that lie in interface and ensures that newly added
components are not affected. Basically, there are three main integrating testing strategies given
below;
  Top-Down Approach (TDA): Testing takes place from top to bottom, following the
control flow or architectural structure. It is extremely consistent and less time required as
well as fault localization is easier and defects major flaws.
 Bottom-Up Approach (BUA): Testing takes place from bottom of the control flow,
upwards. Test condition are easier to create and product as application is efficient.
 Big Bang Approach: All components or modules are integrated simultaneously, after
which everything is tested as a whole. As we know all the components are tested at once
so, it saves a lot of time and it is also convenient for small system.

References

Anon., 2004. ED. [Online]

Available at: https://www.edrawsoft.com/faq-whatisedrawmax.php
[Accessed 02 08 2018].
Peter Chen, 1976. [Online]
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Form_For_Entity-Relationship_Diagrams/links/554077da0cf2320416ed06b1/A-Normal-Form-
For-Entity-Relationship-Diagrams.pdf
Dybka, P. "Crow’s foot notation’’
Available at: https://www.vertabelo.com/blog/crow-s-foot-notation (2020).
Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-XHfuJ43ic&t=58s
[Accessed 05 16 2020].
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