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Chapter 21-23 - Cooper Study Questions

Chapter 21- Study Questions

1. What are the four criteria for imitation?

The imitative behavior is occasioned by another person’s model of the behavior, the

imitative behavior has formal similarity with the model, the imitative behavior follows

the modeled behavior closely in time, and the model is the primary controlling variable

for the imitative behavior.

2. What is a model?

A model is an antecedent stimulus with topographical similarity to the behavior the

analyst wants to be imitated.

3. What’s the difference between planned models and unplanned models?

Planned models are prearranged demonstration of behavior that show the learner

exactly what to do. It helps learner to acquire new skills. Unplanned models occasions

imitation in every day social environments

4. For each of the following, write if it’s a planned model or an unplanned model:

- You see someone open a door by pushing a button to the right of the door. You push

the button to gain entry to the building. It is an unplanned model

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- You create a video showing how to start a Zoom session. Your supervisee uses the

video to start her own Zoom session. It is a planned model

- Your son is in a ballet class. The instructor stands at the front of the room and shows

first position. All of the students then do first position. It is a planned model

5. What is formal similarity?

Formal similarity occurs when the behavior of the model and the behavior of the

imitator with topographical similarity to the behavior the analyst want to be imitated.

6. What Does each example below demonstrate temporal relationship?

- You see someone open a door by pushing a button to the right of the door. You walk

over and push the button to gain entry to the building. It demonstrates temporal

relationship

- The next day you go to the same building. You walk over and push the button to gain

entry to the building. It does not demonstrate temporal relationship

- Your son is in a ballet class. The instructor stands at the front of the room and shows

first position. All of the students then do first position. It does not demonstrate

temporal relationship

7. True or False: Formal similarity can exist without the model functionally controlling

the similar behavior

False, formal similarity occur when the imitator’s behavior physically resembles the

model and is in the same mode.

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8. A controlling relation between the model’s behavior and the imitator’s behavior is

inferred when a model evokes a similar behavior without a prior history of

reinforcement.

9. What is imitation training?

Imitation training is a systematic, research-based set of steps for teaching a non-

imitative learner to imitate models of novel behaviors.

10. What is the objective of imitation training?

The objective of imitation is to teach learners to do what the person providing the

model does regardless of the behavior modeled.

11. What is generalized imitation?

Generalized imitation is when a learner imitates a wide variety of unprompted,

untrained, non-reinforced modeled behaviors in different settings and situations.

12. What are the steps in Striefel’s (1974) imitation training protocol?

Assessing and teach, if necessary, prerequisite skills for imitations training, select

models for training, pretest, sequencing selected models and vonduct imitation training

sessions.

13. What are the suggested procedures for assessing attending skills?

1-Staying seated. Seta the learner and record the durations of time the learner remains

seated.2- Looking at the teacher. Stay the learner’s name in a commanding voice and

record whether the student makes eye contact. 3- Keep hands in lap. Prompt the

student to put his hands in his laps and record the duration of time the student’s hands
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remain in those positions. 4- Looking at objects. Prompt the student to put his hands in

is lap and record the duration of time the student’s hands remain in that position.

14. At the end of each imitation training session, it is recommended that practitioners

measure and record the learner’s performance and review the data

15. What are the guidelines for imitation training?

Keep sessions active and brief, reinforce both prompted and imitative responses, pair

verbal praises an attention with tangible reinforcers, if progress stall, back up and move

ahead slowly, fade out verbal response prompts and physical guidance. At least, make

data-based decisions to terminate imitation training.

16. What is modeling?

A behavior change strategy in which learners acquire new skills by imitating

demonstrations of the skills by live r symbolic models

17. What are ways to enhance the effectiveness of modeling?

Models with characteristics similar to those of the learner, models the learner considers

to have prestige or social status, model’s emphasis on critical aspects of the target

behavior, Instructional orienting and prompting the learner to attend the model, models

demonstrating the target behavior in an authentic context, rehearsal and feedback and

the learner observing the model receiving reinforcement for the target behavior; the

learner receiving reinforcement for imitating the target behavior.

18. What is observational learning?

Observational learning involves detecting another person’s behavior and its

consequences and using that information to decide which behavior imitate

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19. What are the three requisite skills for observational learning?

Attending, imitating and discriminating.

Chapter 21- Study Questions

1. What is shaping?

Shaping is defined as the differential reinforcement of successive approximations

towards a target behavior.

2. What is differential reinforcement?

Differential reinforcement refers to presenting as unconditioned or conditioned

reinforcer only to those emitted members of a response class that share a specified
dimension or quality, while placing all other emitted response class member on
extinction.
3. Provide an example of successive approximations.

During the CyberRat training the goals was training the rat press the lever. I provided
drops of water (reinforcer) to the rat each time it was close to the lever and all other
response were place in extinction. I follow this procedure until the rat presser the lever.
I provided reinforcer to the rat when it was moving toward the lever, sniff the lever,
touching the lever and press the lever.

4. List the performance dimensions that can be shaped.

Topography (form of the behavior), rate (number of responses per unit of time), latency
(time between the onset of the antecedent stimulus and the onset of a response to its
end point), duration (elapsed time from the onset of a response to its end point0
interresponse time, and magnitude.

5. What are the benefits of using shaping?

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Shaping uses a positive reinforcement to teach new behaviors. Also, punishment or

other aversive procedures are not involved in a shaping program.

6. What are the limitations of shaping?

1- Shaping can be time consuming because numerous approximations may be necessary

before the terminal behavior is achieve. 2- Progress toward the terminal behavior is not
always linear. 3- Shaping requires continuous monitoring to changes in the learner’s
performance indicating the next approximation to the terminal behavior.4- Shaping cab
be misapplied and 5- harmful behavior can be shaped.
7. How are shaping and stimulus fading different?

In shaping, the antecedent stimulus for the terminal behavior stays the same, while the
response progressively becomes more differentiated. In stimulus fading, the opposite
occurs, the antecedent stimulus changes gradually. while the response stays the same

8. What are some suggestions for increasing shaping efficiency?

Using a discriminative stimulus, physical, guidance imitative prompts, and/or a

percentile schedule.
9. What is clicker training?

Is a science-based system for progressively shaping new behavior using positive

reinforcement and extinction. The clicker is a handheld device that produces a clicking
sound when a metal tab is pressed. This sound becomes a conditioned reinforcer, and
this device is used to train dolphins
10. Summarizing the emerging applications of shaping.

The use of computers to teach shaping skills, combining shaping procedures with
robotic engineering and applying telemedicine technology to implement shaping and
differential reinforcement programs in hard-to-access urban, rural, or remote setting.
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11. What is the first step in implementing a shaping procedure?

First is necessary assess the terminal behavior and the available resources.

12. Summarize Pryor’s Modern Principles of Shaping

Be prepared before to start, ensure success at each step, train one criterion at a time,

relax criteria when something changes, if a particular shaping procedure not

progressing, keeping training sessions continuous, if behavior deteriorates, revisit the

past successful approximation, keep your attention on your learner, stay ahead of your

learner and end the session with something that learner finds reinforcing.

Chapter 23- Study Questions

1. Define behavior chain.

Behavior chain is a linked sequence of response leading to a terminal outcome.

2. Define behavior chain with a limited hold

Behavior chain with a limited hold is a chain that must be completed with a specified
time to produce a reinforcement.
3. Provide an example of a behavior chain

Get a pant from the closet, place on leg into the same side pant leg, put your other leg
into the other pant leg, and pull the pants up to your waist.

4. Chaining refers to various methods for linking specific sequences of stimuli and
responses to form new performances.

5. Why are behavior chains utilized to teach people new skills?

To help people to increase independent living skills
6. What is a task analysis?
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It is involve breaking a complex task into smaller, teachable units, the product of which
is a series of sequentially ordered steps.
7. What are some strategies you can use to construct a task analysis?
Determine the sequence of behavior that are necessary to complete a given task
effectively, also observe a competent performer, execute the task yourself, ask an
expert, or trials and error.
8. Explain the difference between backward chaining, forward chaining, and total-task
chaining.
At backward chaining all the behavior identified in the task analysis are initially
completed except for the final behavior in the chain. On the other hand, in forward
chaining, the behavior identified in the task analysis are taught in their naturally
occurred order. The reinforcement is delivered when the predetermined criterion for
the performance of the first behavior in the sequence is achieved. Total-task chaining is
a variation of forward chaining in which the learner receives training on each step in the
task analysis during every session.
9. What is unchaining?
Occurs when a two-response chain produces reinforcement, not only in the presence of
of S2
10. Define the behavior chain interruption strategy
The behavior chain interruption relies on the participant’s skill to initially perform all the
critical elements of a chain independently, but the chain is then interrupted so that
another behavior can be immitted or prompted.
11. What are strategies you might utilize to troubleshoot chains?
Re-examining the SD and response sequences, determined whether similar SD ‘s cue
different responses, analyzing the natural setting to identify relevant and irrelevant S D’s
and responses, determine whether SD ‘s in the natural setting differ from training SD ‘s
and identify the presence of novel stimuli in the environment,
12. What are five factors that affect the performance of behavior chains?
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Completeness of the task analysis, Length or complexity of the chain, schedule of

reinforcement, stimulus variation and response variation.