SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA

JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

JSS Technical Institutions Campus, Mysuru-570006

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Dr. M H Sidram

Subject : Transformers and Induction machines – EE450

Semester : 4th Sem

Event-1 : Question Bank Marks : 20

CO1 – 1) Introduction to Transformers

2) Single-Phase Transformers

Date of submission : 05/07/2021

Name : Desengkie N Sangma

USN : 01JST18EE016
 CO1_INTRODUCTION TO TRANSFORMERS

Theory questions:

1) Classify transformers according to the type of cooling employed? How many methods of
cooling are there for a transformer?

On the Basis of the type of cooling employed Transformers can be classified as follows
(i) Oil-filled self-cooled
(ii) Oil-filled water cooled
(iii) Air-blast type
Different cooling methods of transformers are -
(i) For dry type transformers
(ii) Air Natural (AN)
(iii) Air Blast
For oil immersed transformers
(i) Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)
(ii) Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)
(iii) Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF)
(iv) Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF)

2) State and explain the Methods of cooling for Oil Immersed Transformer.

Oil-immersed type transformer is cooled by the oil-air cooling method and oil-water cooling
method.

Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)

Natural convection process is used for this type of cooling. The assembly of the core and
windings are placed in the oil-immersed tank. As the core and the windings heat up the
temperature of the oil in the transformer rises. As a result, the oil moves upward and flows
from the upper portion of the transformer tank. This hot oil dissipates heat in the air by
natural convection and conduction process, the oil gets cooled by the circulation of natural air
and passes through the radiator again for the use of the transformer. This type of cooling is
used for the transformer rating up to 30 MVA.

Fig- Oil Natural Air Natural Cooling of Transformer

Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)

ONAF method is used for the cooling of the transformer of rating up to 60 Mega volts
ampere. As discussed above that in ONAN method, the dissipation of heat is taking place by
the convection process in which air is naturally circulated to cool down, but in this type, the
forced air is used for the purpose of cooling the transformer.

The cooling of oil will be faster if the area of the tank of the transformer is increased finally,
which result in the increase in heat dissipation level. As the fans and blowers are installed, a
high velocity of air is forcefully applied to the radiator and cooling towers which will help in
cooling oil more quickly and efficiently.

Its cost is higher as compared to another process where the circulation of oil and air is done
naturally because a fan and blowers are attached as extra cooling equipment, in this method.
 Fig- Oil Natural Air Forced Cooling of Transformer

Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF)

As the name itself says that both the oil and the air are applied by force for cooling of a
transformer. The Heat Exchanger is installed through which hot oil is circulated with the help
of a pump. Air is forced to pass on the heat exchanger with the help of high-speed fans.
This method is similar to ONAN, as when there is low load on the transformer the cooling is
done by a simple ONAN method. However, as soon as the load is increased, the generated
heat will also be more and therefore the sensor gives an alarm that the dissipation of heat has
exceeded the safe value and as a result, the fans and pumps are switched on automatically.
Thus, the cooling takes place by OFAF method.

Fig- Oil Forced Air Forced Cooling of Transformer

Oil Natural Water Forced (ONWF)
In Oil Natural Water Force cooling method, the transformer core and the windings are
immersed in the oil tank. A radiator is installed outside the tank, as the temperature rises and
the oil heats up and moves upward, the heat is dissipated by the natural process of convection
and oil is passed through the radiator, but the water is pumped and passed through the heat
exchanger for cooling of the oil.

Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF)

A heat exchanger is installed through which both oil and water are passed with the help of a
pump. The level and pressure of the oil are always kept higher than that of water so that if
any leakage occurs in the system the oil mixes with the water, but water does not get mixed
up with the oil.
This type of method is suitable for large capacity of the transformer having rating as several
hundred MVA or where banks of transformers are installed. Mainly this type of cooling is
done for the transformer installed at the hydropower plant.

Fig-Oil Forced Water Forced Cooling of Transformer

3) What is an Instrument Transformer? What are the different types of instrument
transformer? State the advantages of Instrument Transformer.
Instrument Transformers are used in AC system for measurement of electrical quantities i.e.
voltage, current, power, energy, power factor, frequency. Instrument transformers are also
used with protective relays for protection of power system. Basic function of Instrument
transformers is to step down the AC System voltage and current. The voltage and current
level of power system is very high. It is very difficult and costly to design the measuring
instruments for measurement of such high-level voltage and current. Generally, measuring
instruments are designed for 5 A and 110 V. The measurement of such very large electrical
quantities, can be made possible by using the Instrument transformers with these small rating
measuring instruments. Therefore, these instrument transformers are very popular in modern
power system.

Types of Instrument Transformers

Instrument transformers are of two types –
Current Transformer (C.T.)
Potential Transformer (P.T.)

Current Transformers
Current transformer is used to step down the current of power system to a lower level to
make it feasible to be measured by small rating Ammeter (i.e., 5A ammeter). A typical
connection diagram of a current transformer is shown in figure below.

Primary of C.T. is having very few turns. Sometimes bar primary is also used. Primary is
connected in series with the power circuit. Therefore, sometimes it also called series
transformer. The secondary is having large no. of turns. Secondary is connected directly to an
ammeter. As the ammeter is having very small resistance. Hence, the secondary of current
transformer operates almost in short circuited condition. One terminal of secondary is earthed
to avoid the large voltage on secondary with respect to earth. Which in turns reduce the
chances of insulation breakdown and also protect the operator against high voltage. More
ever before disconnecting the ammeter, secondary is short circuited through a switch ‘S’ as
shown in figure above to avoid the high voltage build up across the secondary.
Potential Transformer (P.T.)
Potential transformer is used to step down the voltage of power system to a lower level to
make is feasible to be measured by small rating voltmeter i.e., 110 – 120 V voltmeter. A
typical connection diagram of a potential transformer is showing figure below.

Primary of P.T. is having large no. of turns. Primary is connected across the line (generally
between on line and earth). Hence, sometimes it is also called the parallel transformer.
Secondary of P.T. is having few turns and connected directly to a voltmeter. As the voltmeter
is having large resistance. Hence the secondary of a P.T. operates almost in open circuited
condition. One terminal of secondary of P.T. is earthed to maintain the secondary voltage
with respect to earth.
Advantages of Instrument Transformers
1. The large voltage and current of AC Power system can be measured by using
small rating measuring instrument i.e., 5 A, 110 – 120 V.
2. By using the instrument transformers, measuring instruments can be
standardized. Which results in reduction of cost of measuring instruments.
More ever the damaged measuring instruments can be replaced easy with
healthy standardized measuring instruments.
3. Instrument transformers provide electrical isolation between high voltage
power circuit and measuring instruments. Which reduces the electrical
insulation requirement for measuring instruments and protective circuits and
also assures the safety of operators.
4. Several measuring instruments can be connected through a single transformer
to power system.
5. Due to low voltage and current level in measuring and protective circuit, there
is low power consumption in measuring and protective circuits.
4) What is a Power Transformer? What are the main differences between Power
Transformers and Distribution Transformers?

Power Transformer is an electrical device that converts inbound electricity to a higher or

lower value of voltage for specific purposes. It is a major component in power grid to supply
voltage in many nations. The two main functions of the transformers are:
To supply current from source to destination
To regulate the voltage of the current
It consists of a coil system in the device that manages the current flow within a specific
range.
The differences between Power Transformer and Distribution transformers are

•Power transformers are used in transmission network of higher voltages for step-up and step-
down application (400 kV, 200 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33kV) and are generally rated above
200MVA.
•Distribution transformers are used for lower voltage distribution networks as a means to end
user connectivity. (11kV, 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV, 440V, 230V) and are generally rated less than 200
MVA.
•A power transformer usually has one primary and one secondary as well as one input and
output setup. A distribution transformer may have one primary and one divided or “Tapped”
secondary, or two or more secondaries.
•Power transformers generally operate at nearly full – load. However, a distribution
transformer operates at light loads during major parts of the day.
•The performance of the power transformers is generally analyzed by commercial or
maximum efficiency because they are designed for maximum efficiency at full load.
Whereas, the performance of a distribution transformer is judged by all day efficiency of
transformer because they are designed to be operated for maximum efficiency at 60-70% load
as they are normally doesn’t operate at full load all the day as there are peak hours for load in
24 hrs. which are not same at once all the time.
•The rating of a high transformer is many times greater than that of distribution transformer.
•In Power Transformer, the flux density is higher than the distribution transformer.
•Power transformers, primary winding always connected in star and secondary winding in
delta connections while in distribution transformers, primary winding connected in delta and
secondary in star connection. read more about the comparison between star & delta
connections.
•In The Substation, at the end of the transmission line, the power transformer connection is in
Star-Delta. (To step down the level of voltage)
•At the beginning of the transmission line (H-T), the connection of the power Transformer is
in Delta – Star (to step up the level of voltage). Also, not that the same connection i.e., Delta
– Star connection is used in three phase steps down distribution transformer as well.

5) What is Tap-Changing Transformer? Mention the the different types of Tap Changing
Transformer and explain them with the help of a neat diagram

Tap-changing Transformers

The change of voltage is affected by changing the numbers of turns of the transformer
provided with taps. For sufficiently close control of voltage, taps are usually provided on the
high voltage windings of the transformer. There are two types of tap-changing transformers

1. Off-load tap changing transformer

2. On-load tap changing transformer

Off-load tap-changing transformer

In this method, the transformer is disconnected from the main supply when the tap setting is
to be changed. The tap setting is usually done manually. The off-load tap changing
transformer is shown in the figure below

On-load tap-changing transformer

In order that the supply may not be interrupted, on-load tap changing transformer are sued.
Such a transformer is known as a tap-changing under load transformer. While tapping, two
essential conditions are to be fulfilled.
 • The load circuit should not be broken to avoid arcing and prevent the damage of
contacts.
• No parts of the windings should be short–circuited while adjusting the tap.

The tap changing employing a center tapped reactor R show in the figure above. Here S is the
diverter switch, and 1, 2, 3 are selector switch. The transformer is in operation with switches
1 and S closed. To change to tap 2, switch S is opened, and 2 is closed. Switch 1 is then
opened, and S closed to complete the tap change. It is to be noted that the diverter switch
operates on load, and no current flows in the selector switches during tap changing.. During
the tap change, only half of the reactance which limits the current is connected in the circuit.

Problems Questions:

1) The core of a 100-kVA, 11000/550V, 50-Hz, 1-ph, core type transformer has a cross-
section of 20cm×20cm. Find (a) the number of H.V and the L.V. turns per phase and (b) the
emf per turn if the maximum density is not to exceed 1.3 Tesla. Assume a stacking factor of
0.9.
What will happen if its primary voltage if increased by 10% on no-load
(a) Bm = 1.3T, A= (0.2×0.2) ×0.9 = 0.036m2
1100 = 4.44×50 ×N1× 1.3×0.036; N1 = 1060
550 = 4.44×50×N2×1.3×0.036; N2 = 53
N2 = KN1 = (550/11,000) × 1060 = 53
(b) emf/turn = 11,000/1060 = 10.4 V or 550/53 = 10.4 V
Keeping the frequency constant if the primary voltages is increased by 10% magnetizing
current will be increased by much more than 10%. However due to saturation, flux density
will increase only marginally and so will the eddy current and hysteresis losses.
2) The maximum flux density in the core of a 250/300-volts, 50-Hz, single-phase transformer
is 1.2 Wb/m2
If the emf per turn is 8 volts, determine (a) primary and secondary turns (b) area of the core.
(a) E1 = N1 × emf induction/turn
N1= 250/8 = 32; N2 = 3000/8 = 375
(b) We may use, E2= -4.44f N2 Bm A
Therefore, we have, 3000 = 4.44×50×375×1.2×A; A= 0.03m2.

3) A single-phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The net cross-
sectional area of the core is 60cm2. If the primary winding be connected to a 50-Hz supply at
520V, calculate (a) the peak value of flux density in the core (b) the voltage induced in the
secondary winding.
(a) K= N2/N1=1000/400 = 2.5
E2/E1 = K; E2=KE1 = 2.5 × 520 =1300 V
(b) E1 = 4.44f N1 BmA
520 = 4.44 × 50 × 400× Bm × (60×10-4)
Therefore, Bm= 0.976 Wb/m2

4) A 25-kVa transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary
winding. The primary is connected to 3000-V, 50-Hz supply. Find the full-load primary and
secondary currents, the secondary emf and maximum flux in the core. Neglect leakage drops
and no-load primary current.

K= N2/N1= 50/500 = 1/10

Now, full-load I1 = 25,000/3000 = 8.33 A. F.L. I2== 11/K = 10 × 8.33=83.3 A
Emf per turn on primary side = 3000/500 = 6V
Therefore, second emf = 6×50= 300 V (or E2 = KE1= 3000×1/10 = 300 V)
E1= 4.44fN1Φm: 3000= 4.44×50×500 Φm
Φm = 27 mWb.
5) The core of a three phase, 50-Hz 11000/550 V delta/star, 300 kVA, core-type transformer
operates with a flux of 0.05 Wb, find (a) number of H.V. and L.V. turns per phase (b) emf per
turn (c) full load H.V. and L.V. phase-currents.
Maximum value of flux has been given as 0.05 Wb.
(b) emf per turn = 4.44fΦm
= 4.44×50×0.05 = 11.1 volts
(a) Calculation for number of turns on both sides:
Volatages per phase on delta-connected primary winding = 1100 volts
Voltages per phase on star-connected secondary windings = 550/1.732 = 317.5
T1= number of turns on primary, per phase
= voltage per phase/ emf per turn
= 11000/11.1=991
T2 = number of turns on secondary, per phase
= voltages per phase/emf turn
= 317.5/11.1 = 28.6
In this case T1= T2(V1/V2) = 30×11000/317.5 = 1040
This however reduces flux and results into less saturation. This in fact is an elementary aspect
in Design-calculation for transformers.
(b) Full-load H.V and L.V phase currents:
Output per phase = (300/3) =100 kVA
100×1000
H.V. phase current = = 9.1 Amp
11,000

L.V phase current = (100×1000/317.5) = 315 Amp.