Chapter 10 Object-Oriented Thinking

1. No. The Loan class has the getLoanDate() method that returns loanDate. loanDate is an object of the
Date class. Since Date is mutable, the contents of loanDate can be changed. So, the Loan class is not
immutable.

2. Yes.

3. The common relationships among classes are association, aggregation, composition, and inheritance.

4. Association is a general binary relationship that describes an activity between two classes.
Aggregation is a special form of association that represents an ownership relationship between two
objects. Aggregation models has-a relationships. An object can be owned by several other aggregating
objects. If an object is exclusively owned by an aggregating object, the relationship between the object
and its aggregating object is referred to as a composition.

5. Aggregation: empty diamond on the aggregating class. Composition: Solid diamond on the
aggregating class.

6. Since aggregation and composition relationships are represented using classes in the same way, we

will not differentiate them and call both compositions for simplicity.

7. Omitted

8.

Integer i = new Integer("23");

Answer: Correct

Integer i = new Integer(23);

Answer: Correct

Integer i = Integer.valueOf("23");

Answer: Correct

Integer i = Integer.parseInt("23",8);
Answer: 19
 Double d = new Double();

Answer: Incorrect, no default constructor in Double

Double d = Double.valueOf("23.45");

Answer: Correct

int i = (Integer.valueOf("23")).intValue();

Answer: Correct

double d = (Double.valueOf("23.4")).doubleValue();

Answer: Correct

int i = (Double.valueOf("23.4")).intValue();

Answer: Correct

String s = (Double.valueOf("23.4")).toString();

Answer: Correct

9. You can simply use number + "" to convert an integer to a string. Alternatively use new
Integer(int).toString() to convert an integer to a string. To convert a numeric string into an integer, use
Integer.parseInt(s). Use new Double(double).toString() to convert a double to a string. To convert a
numeric string into a double, use Double.parseDouble(s).

10.

-1

11.

10
 10

16

11

11

17

12.

Integer x = 8; // Correct, this is same as x = new Integer(3 + 5);

Integer x = 3; // Correct

Double x = 3; // Wrong, this is same as Double x = new Integer(3);

Double x = 3.0; // Correct

int x = new Integer(3); // Correct

int x = new Integer(3) + new Integer(4); // Correct

13.

-1

14. The output is

x is 3

y is 7

z is 10

Please note that BigInteger and BigDecimal are immutable.

15.

s1 == s2 => true
s1 == s3 => false
s1 == s4 => true

s1.equals(s2) => true

16.
String s = "Welcome to Java";
is better, because this type of string is stored as an interned string. The interned strings of the
same value share the same object.

17 The output is

Welcome to Java

Welcabcme tabc Java

Hint: No method in the String class can change the content of the string. String is an
immutable class.

18.

 Replace all occurrence of character e with E in s1 and assign the new string to s2.

String s2 = s1.replaceAll(‘e’, ‘E’);

 Split "Welcome to Java and HTML" into an array tokens using delimited by a space.

String[] tokens = "Welcome to Java and HTML".split(‘ ‘);

19. No.

20. 0.

21. Use the overloaded static valueOf method in the String class.

22. The text is declared in Line 2 as a data field, but redeclared in Line 5 as a local variable. The local
variable is assigned with the string passed to the constructor, but the data field is still null. In Line
10, test.text is null, which causes NullPointerException when invoking the toLowerCase() method.

23. The constructor is defined incorrectly. It should not have void.

24.

false

true

A,B;C

A#B#C
 ABC

25. 3

26. The StringBuilder class, introduced in JDK 1.5, is similar to StringBuffer except that the update
methods in StringBuffer are synchronized.

27. Use the StringBuilder’s constructor to create a string buffer for a string, and use the toString method
in StringBuilder class to return a string from a StringBuilder.

28. StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(s);

sb.reverse();

s = sb.toString();

29. StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(s);

sb.delete(4, 10);

s = sb.toString();

30. Both string and string buffer use arrays to hold characters. The array in a string is fixed once a string
is created. The array in a string buffer may change if the buffer capacity is changed. To accommodate
the change, a new array is created.

31.

(1) Java is fun

(2) JavaHTML

(3) Jais funva

(4) JHTMLava

(5) v

(6) 4
 (7) Jav

(8) Ja

(9) avaJ

(10) JComputera

(11) av

(12) va

32.

The output is

Java

Java and HTML

NOTE:

Inside the method, the statement s = s + " and HTML" creates a new String object s,
which is different from the original String object passed to the change(s, buffer) method.
The original String object has not been changed. Therefore, the printout from the original
string is Java.

Inside the method, the content of the StringBuilder object is changed to Java and HTML.
Therefore, the printout from buffer is Java and HTML.