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Transistor and Voltage Divider

This document discusses several key electronic components and concepts: 1. It provides an overview of voltage dividers, including their basic circuit design using two resistors, the voltage divider equation, and common applications. 2. It describes pulse width modulation (PWM), its advantages like efficiency and control capabilities, disadvantages like complexity, and applications in motors, lighting, power control, and more. 3. It outlines different types of transistors like bipolar, Darlington, IGBT, and MOSFET, and lists their characteristics, advantages, and uses in amplification and switching.

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Aya Saleem
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239 views10 pages

Transistor and Voltage Divider

This document discusses several key electronic components and concepts: 1. It provides an overview of voltage dividers, including their basic circuit design using two resistors, the voltage divider equation, and common applications. 2. It describes pulse width modulation (PWM), its advantages like efficiency and control capabilities, disadvantages like complexity, and applications in motors, lighting, power control, and more. 3. It outlines different types of transistors like bipolar, Darlington, IGBT, and MOSFET, and lists their characteristics, advantages, and uses in amplification and switching.

Uploaded by

Aya Saleem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

University of Technology
Department of Production Engineering and Metallurgy

Branch: CAD/CAM
Subject: Robotic lab

Kinematic Analysis of Robot

‫ ايه سليم اجبير‬:‫اسم الطالب‬


‫ التصميم والتصنيع المعان بالحاسوب‬:‫الفرع العلمي‬
‫ الرابعة‬:‫المرحلة‬
What is a Voltage Divider?
A voltage divider is a fundamental circuit in the field of electronics which
can produce a portion of its input voltage as an output. It is formed using
two resistors (or any passive components) and a voltage source. Often used
to supply a voltage different from an available battery or power supply.
Output voltage of voltage divider is dependent on the resistance of the
incoming load.

A voltage divider circuit will normally look like this in a circuit with a
series of 2 resistors.
R1 = Resistor closest to input voltage (Vin)
R2 = Resistor closest to ground
Vin= Input Voltage
Vout = Output voltage across R2 which is the divided voltage (1/4 of input
voltage)

Figure (1) : A voltage divider circuit


Voltage Divider Equation
Equation to find the output voltage of a Divider Circuit:

R2 / R1 + R2 = Ratio determines scale factor of scaled down voltage

Voltage Divider Rule


The voltage division rule states that: The voltage divided between two
series resistors, are in direct proportion to their resistance.

Voltage Divider Rule Formula:

Applications of Voltage Divider


Applications include Logic level shifting, Sensor measurement, High
voltage measurement, Signal Level Adjustment. The measuring
instruments such as Multimeter and Wheatstone bridge consist of voltage
divider. Resistor voltage divider is usually used to generate reference
voltages or for decreasing the magnitude of the voltage for the ease of
measurement.
PWM stands for pulse width modulation, It is a method used to control
the output voltage of the converter by modulating the width of the pulse of
the output waveform. and it is a powerful technique for controlling analog
circuits with a microprocessor's digital outputs. PWM is employed in a
wide variety of applications, ranging from measurement and
communications to power control and conversion.

Advantages of pulse width modulation :


1-Cheap to make
2-Low power consumption
3-Efficiency up to 90 %
4-A signal can be separated very easily at demodulation and noise can be
also separated easily
5-High power handling capacity
6-Can utilize very high frequency
7-Little heat whilst working
8-Noise interference is less
9-Very energy efficient when used to convert the voltage or to his light
bulb
10-A system in moderate inefficiency among all three types
11-Synchronization between transmitter and receiver is not required unlike
pulse position modulation (PPM)
12-Filter requirement is reduced
13-Amplitude and frequency can be control independently
14-Significance reduction in THD of load current

Disadvantages of pulse width modulation :


1-The complexity of the circuit
2-Voltage spikes
3-The system requires a semiconductor device with low turn ON and turn
OFF times. Hence they are very expensive
4-Radiofrequency interference
5-Electromagnetic noise
6-Bandwidth should be large to use in communication
7-High switching loss due to the high PWM frequency
8-Instantaneous power of the transmitter is varies

Applications of Pulse Width Modulation:


1. In modern days, Pulse Width Modulation technique is used to control
the speed of the motors in Industries.
2. Pulse Width Modulation is used for dimming light.
3. PWM is used to control the electrical power.
4. PWM is used in communication system also.
5. PWM is used in Audio system.
6. In modern Inverters, the PWM is used.
7. Using the PWM technique and the switching mechanism we can
control analog signals using the digital signal.

A transistor is a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as


a switch or gate for electronic signals. It is composed of semiconductor
material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external
circuit. It consists of three layers of a semiconductor material, each capable
of carrying a current. It can act as a switch and an amplifier. It converts
audio waves into electronic waves and resistor, controlling electronic
current.

Types of Transistors
Bipolar Transistor - A Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a three-
terminal electronic device made of doped semiconductor material and may
be used in amplifying or switching applications. Bipolar transistors are so
named because their operation involves both electrons and holes. A bipolar
transistor will have terminals that are labeled: emitter, collector, base. A
small current at the base terminal (passing from the base to the emitter) can
modify or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter
terminals.
Darlington Transistor - The Darlington Transistor is actually two bipolar
transistors, connected in such a way that the current amplified by the first
transistor is amplified even further by the second one. This model offers a
higher common-emitter current gain than if both types of transistors are
separated and can even take up less space because both transistors can
share a collector.
IGBT Transistor - An Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) is a
three-terminal power semiconductor device typically used as an electronic
switch. IGBT's are types of transistors that are capable of switching electric
power in many modern appliances such as electric cars, trains, variable
speed refrigerators, air-conditioners and even stereo systems with
switching amplifiers.
MOSFET Transistor - A Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect
Transistor (MOFET) is used in integrated circuits to control the
conductivity of a channel. MOSFETs are highly dependent on negative and
positive charges. They have many purposes, including limiting a device's
power levels, storing data, and being used as a switch for a wide variety of
electronic devices.
Advantages of a Transistor
(1) Size is small
(2) It works at a very low voltage
(3) Its action is instantaneous
(4) It has high longevity
(5) It can withstand mechanical vibration
(6) It is very cheap.
(7) It has output voltage remains constant in spite of the change in
temperature.
(8) The output impedance is very low.
(9) The power transistor can be operated at switching frequencies in the
range of 10 to 15 kHz.
(10) It can be used to control power delivered to the load, in inverters and
choppers.
Disadvantages of a Transistor:
(1) It is sensitive to temperature,
(2) It produced very low energy.
(3) The power transistor cannot be operating satisfactorily above the
switching frequency of 15 kHz.
(4) It can be damaged due to the thermal runway or second breakdown.
(5) It has a reverse blocking capacity is very low.
(6) The output voltage cannot be changed easily as no such means is
provided. Therefore the DC output voltage is not adjustable.
Uses: It is used for the amplification of the electric signal. Transistor is
used as a high-speed switch.
Reference:
1-
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=ar&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=voltage+di
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everything-you-need-to-know/
3-https://www.electrical4u.com/voltage-divider/
4-
http://mrasdstore.weebly.com/uploads/2/4/1/8/24182730/pulse_width_mo
dulation.pdf
5-http://www.kompulsa.com/introduction-pwm-pulse-width-modulation-
works/
8-https://www.etechnog.com/2019/01/pulse-width-modulation-working-
applications-advantages.html
9-https://www.ecstuff4u.com/2018/08/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-
pwm.html
10-https://qsstudy.com/physics/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-a-
transistor
11-https://www.galco.com/comp/prod/tran.htm

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