COURSE SUBJECT: SURV 226 Surveying

COURSE ADVISER: Ma Corazon Barcenas

DATE SUBMITTED: June 8, 2021

Members:
Abella, Janryl
Adrales, Ma.Teresa
Aleta, Danica
Almasol, Janah Michelle
Arellano, Michala Grace
Apruebo, Shaira

INTRODUCTION

TRIANGULATION IN SURVEYING
• Triangulation is a surveying procedure that quantifies the angle formed by three
survey controlled points in a triangle.
The method of surveying called triangulation is based on the trigonometric proposition
that if one side and two angles of a triangle are known, the remaining sides can be
computed. Furthermore, if the direction of one side is known, the directions of the
remaining sides can be determined.
A triangulation system consists of a series of joined or overlapping triangles
in which an occasional side is measured and remaining sides are calculated from
angles measured at the vertices of the triangles. The vertices of the triangles are
known as triangulation stations. The side of the triangle whose length is predetermined, is
called the base line. The lines of triangulation system form a network that ties together all
the triangulation stations.

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 • It was first introduced by a Dutch man named SNELI.
• Triangulation is done often as necessary to form a chain of triangles connecting the
origin point to the Survey Control in the place needed.
• Other distances in the triangle are computed using trigonometry and the quantified
length only of one side. The form of the triangles is important whereas a protracted stick
thin triangle has a fair bit of lack of accuracy, but one with base angles of about 45
degrees is ideal.

II. PRINCIPLE OF TRIANGULATION

Picture below shows two interconnected triangles ABC and BCD. All the angles in both
the triangles and the length L of the side AB, have been measured. Also the azimuth θ of AB has
been measured at the triangulation station A, whose coordinates (XA, YA), are known. The
objective is to determine the coordinates of the triangulation stations B, C, and D by the
method of triangulation.

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III. OPERATIONS IN TRIANGULATION SURVEY
A triangulation's field work is divided into the following well-defined operations:
1. Reconnaissance
2. Station preparation
3. Baseline measurement
4. Measurement of angles.
Triangulation, in addition to field work, includes specifications, the design of stations and
signals, and the reduction and adjustment of observations.

IV. APPLICATIONS IN TRIANGULATION SURVEY

• Establishing accurately located control points for plane and geodetic surveys of large
areas.
• Establishing accurately located control points in connection with aerial surveying
• Accurate location of engineering projects such as Centre lines, terminal points and shafts
for long tunnels, and Centre lines and abutments for long span bridges.

V. PURPOSE OF TRIANGULATION
The main objective of triangulation is to provide a number of stations whose relative
and absolute positions, horizontal as well as vertical, are accurately established. More detailed
survey is then carried out from these stations.
Further objectives are given below:
1) To establish the accurate control points for plane and geodetic surveys of large areas.
2) To establish the accurate control points for photogrammetric surveys.
3) Accurate location of engineering works.
4) To determine accurate locations of points in engineering works such as :
a) Fixing centre line and abutments of long bridges over large rivers.
b) Fixing centre line, terminal points, and shafts for long tunnels.
c) Transferring the control points across wide sea channels, large water bodies, etc.
d) Detection of crustal movements, etc.
e) Finding the direction of the movement of cloud

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VI. CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGULATION SURVEY
Triangulation system may be classified according to:
• Degree of accuracy required
• Magnitude of work
Based on the extent and purpose of the survey, and consequently on the degree of accuracy
desired, triangulation survey is classified as:
• FIRST ORDER
It is used to determine the shape and the size of the earth or cover vast area like whole
country with control points.
• SECOND ORDER
It is used to cover areas of a region, small country, province. It consists of network
within the first order.
• THIRD ORDER
It serves the purpose of furnishing the immediate control of detailed engineering and
location survey.

VII. TRIANGULATION SYSTEMS

• Triangles
• Quadrilaterals
• Polygons
Below a table that presents the general specifications for the three types of triangulation systems.

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Below, a picture that presents the formula of triangulation.

IX. References
• https://www.icsm.gov.au/education/fundamentals-mapping/surveying-mapping/surveying-methods?
fbclid=IwAR0f_WOLh56rXOStjAo95f3pvL821hrLmQtw2QrxL5aDOShVrdgdRiZKjTU

• DiBiase D, Senior Lecturer, Dutton, J.A. e-Education Institute, and Director of Education, Industry Solutions,Esri.

https://www.eeducation.psu.edu/natureofgeoinfo/c5_p11.html?fbclid=IwAR3UcC6k0pF_tqBw7tNXie-
RKSMS5MrpRtD5uybnETlf3bdEclStrvMORjM

• https://engineeringfeed.com/triangulation-method-surveying-triangulation-survey-procedure?
fbclid=IwAR294aVnT29dswnCfNjrjKgscG5fakhQt4V3ONL_XdqWir0XTmQUhFzcW_4

• https://www.quantity-takeoff.com/triangulation-method-to-measure-the-area-of-land.htm?
fbclid=IwAR3ZsJHBd2adDDlGyYaHsdcg_yHmEB9OAtGlbR0ZrQVpociDuJyvbXwfn6Q

• Dr. S. Biswas, NITjsr

http://www.nitjsr.ac.in/course_assignment/Survey_2_Module%202.pdf?
fbclid=IwAR0XDJV7PPIDtikQUkzjpLDeSUfwv1QKRZSouO9dtsm3MHYWqles2NUrp6I

http://armyengineer.tpub.com/en0593a/Classification-Of-Triangulation-73.htm?
fbclid=IwAR2Bh3SbU4ZDjwO3dOeUxGJFlXa_gfgVz3GLwfQatgV2rUIblqTlAlz0RXU

• Haseeb Jamal. March 29, 2017. “Classification of Triangulation System”

https://www.aboutcivil.org/triangulation-system-types-applications.html?
fbclid=IwAR3ZsJHBd2adDDlGyYaHsdcg_yHmEB9OAtGlbR0ZrQVpociDuJyvbXwfn6Q

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