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Adually Varied Flow Part 3

This document describes two methods for determining water depth in open channels: 1. The Direct Step Method determines the location where a specified depth occurs, given the location of another depth. It uses the arithmetic mean of friction slope between the two sections. 2. The Standard Step Method determines the depth at a specified location, given the depth at another location. It solves a nonlinear equation involving discharge, roughness, distances, slope, and flow conditions. Both methods can be used to compute a backwater curve by iteratively solving for depth at increasing distances upstream of an obstruction like a dam. An example problem applies the Standard Step Method to a trapezoidal channel carrying flow on a slope.

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50 views

Adually Varied Flow Part 3

This document describes two methods for determining water depth in open channels: 1. The Direct Step Method determines the location where a specified depth occurs, given the location of another depth. It uses the arithmetic mean of friction slope between the two sections. 2. The Standard Step Method determines the depth at a specified location, given the depth at another location. It solves a nonlinear equation involving discharge, roughness, distances, slope, and flow conditions. Both methods can be used to compute a backwater curve by iteratively solving for depth at increasing distances upstream of an obstruction like a dam. An example problem applies the Standard Step Method to a trapezoidal channel carrying flow on a slope.

Uploaded by

Lemi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Simple numerical Solution of the

GVF equation
Fitsume T.
Direct–step Method
• In the Direct Step method, the location where the
specified depth, yd occurs is determined, given
the location for the occurrence of depth, yu.
Consider the channel shown in figure below.
• In this channel, say depth yu occurs at a distance
xu from the reference point. Discharge, Q,
channel bottom slope, S0, the roughness
coefficient, n and cross - sectional shape
parameters (which relate A, P and R to y) are also
known.
• The problem now is to determine the location xd
Direct–step Method
Direct–step Method

• Sf varies between sections u and d since the


flow depth, and consequently A and R vary
between these two sections.
• Sf may also due to variation in the roughness
between the two sections. Following
equations may be used to determine Sf .
Direct–step Method
Direct–step Method
• Experience has indicated that the arithmetic
mean gives the lowest maximum error, although
it is not always the smallest error. Also, it is the
simplest of the three approximations. Therefore,
its use is generally recommended.
• Noting that the bed elevations Zu and Zd are
related through the bed slope, S0 and the
distance between the sections, (xd - xu), can be
written as
Direct–step Method

• where Eu and Ed are specific energies at


section u and d, respectively.
Disadvantages of Direct step method
• Interpolations become necessary if the flow
depths are required at specified locations.
• It is inconvenient to apply this method to non
prismatic channels because the cross-
sectional shape at the unknown location
should be known a priori.
Standard Step Method
• In the standard step method, flow depth at a
specified location, yd is determined, given the
flow depth, Yu at another specified location.
Consider the channel shown in Figure below. In
this channel, say Yu occurs at a distance Xu from
the reference point.
• Discharge, Q, Channel bottom slope, S0, the
roughness coefficient, n and cross-sectional
shape parameters (which relate A, P and R to y)
are also known.
• The problem now is to determine the flow depth,
Yd at the specified location Xd
Standard Step Method
Standard Step Method

• Can be written as

• the flow rate (Q), the roughness coefficient (n), distances Xd and Xu, the
channel slope (S0), the flow conditions at section u ( yu , αu and Au ) are
known.
• Therefore the right hand side of Eq. Above can be determined. On the left
hand side, the area, Ad and the friction slope, Sf d are functions of the flow
depth Yd. Thus we have one equation in one unknown Yd. Therefore, Yd can
be determined by solving the a non-linear equation.
Standard Step Method
• Either trial and error or numerical techniques
such as bisection, Newton –Raphson
techniques etc. can be used for solving

• For example, for a wide rectangular channel


(assuming αu =αd =1.0 )
Example
• A grouted-riprap, trapezoidal channel (n= 0.0025)
with a bottom width of 4 meters and side slopes
of m = 1 carries a discharge 12.5 m3/sec on a
0.001 slope. Compute the backwater curve
(upstream water surface profile) created by a low
dam that backs water up to a depth of 2 m
immediately behind the dam. Specifically, water
depths are required at critical diversion points
that are located at distances of 188 m, 423 m,
748 m, and 1,675 m upstream of the dam.
Standard Step Method
Standard Step Method
Direct step Method

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