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23 views

Assignment 1 3

a

Uploaded by

Young Sensei
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Jose Benjamin Ollero Yee

2.1

A system call is simply a userspace request of a kernel service. Yes, the OS kernel provides several
services. once your program needs to jot down to or browse from a file, begin to pay attention for
connections on a socket, delete or produce directory, or perhaps to complete its work, a program uses a
call.

2.2

The command interpreter or the command-line interface is one of the ways a user can interface with the
operating system. The command interpreter's main task is to understands and executes commands
which it turns into system calls. The kernel is the central module of an OS. Since the kernel is the core of
OS it would be dangerous to have code which is prone to changes as part of the kernel. Any update or
change made to the kernel need to be thought carefully.

2.3

2.4

System programs also known as system utilities are one of the main categories of programs. They are a
collection of many system calls. Their main purpose is to provide an environment for program
development and execution as well as providing basic functionality to users so that they can operate the
system easily.

2.5

Advantages =

Simplicity construction: since operating systems are complex and large structures it is easier to divide
them into modules and engineer each one at a time.

Easier debugging and system verification: in the layered approach each layer uses operations belonging
only to lower level layers while operations of higher level are hidden.

Disadvantages =

Defining the layers: the major difficulty with the layered approach involves appropriately defining the
various layers.

Efficiency: the layered approach tends to be less efficient than other types since each layer add
overhead to the system calls.
2.6

a. Program execution. The operating system loads the contents (or sections) of a file into memory and
begins its execution. A user-level program could not be trusted to properly allocate CPU time.

b. I/O operations. Disks, tapes, serial lines, and other devices must be communicated with at a very low
level. User-level programs cannot be trusted to access only devices they should have access to and to
access them only when they are otherwise unused.

c. File-system manipulation. There are many details in file creation, deletion, allocation, and naming that
users should not have to perform. User programs could neither ensure adherence to protection
methods nor be trusted to allocate only free blocks and deallocate blocks on file deletion.

d. Communications. Message passing between systems requires messages to be turned into packets of
information, sent to the network controller, transmitted across a communications medium, and
reassembled by the destination system. Again, user programs might not coordinate access to the
network device, or they might receive packets destined for other processes.

e. Error detection. Error detection occurs at both the hardware and software levels. At the hardware
level, all data transfers must be inspected to ensure that data have not been corrupted in transit. Also,
by having errors processed by the operating system, processes need not contain code to catch and
correct all the errors possible on a system.

2.7

The reason to use a firmware as storage for the operating system would be if the device cannot contain
a disk or a disk is not compatible with the specific hardware.

2.8

Operating Systems are installed in different drives and/or partitions which are also known as boot disks
or system disks. The bootstrap program needs to search the file system to find the operating system
kernel, load it into memory, and start its execution.

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