H.K.

E Society’s
POOJYA DODDAPPA APPA COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
KALABURAGI- 585102
(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated To VTU Belgaum, and Approved By AICTE)

A
PROJECT PHASE 1 REPORT
ON
“SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSOR FOR
VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS”

Submitted to the
POOJYA DODDAPPA APPA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING KALABURAGI,
(An Autonomous Institution, affiliated to VTU Belgaum and Approved by AICTE.)
In The Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Degree Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted by:

MD ARSHAD MURTAZA 3PD17EE018

MD AMEER SHABAAZ 3PD18EE409
SYED AVESPASHA 3PD17EE049
MAHANTESH NANDARGI 3PD17EE014

Under the Guidance of

Dr. SANGAMESH SAKRI

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
P.D.A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
(AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)
KALABURAGI
2020-2021
 Hyderabad Karnataka Education Society’s
POOJYA DODDAPPA APPA COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
KALABURAGI- 585102
(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated To VTU Belgaum, and Approved By AICTE)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled, “SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR
COMPRESSOR FOR VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS” is a bonafide work carried out
by MOHAMMED ARSHAD MURTAZA (3PD17EE018), MD AMEER SHABAAZ
(3PD18EE409), SYED AVESPASHA (3PD17EE049) & MAHANTESH
NANDARGI (3PD17EE014) in partial fulfillment for the award of bachelor of
engineering in ENGINEERING IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING of Poojya Doddappa Appa College of Engineering Kalaburagi, an
Autonomous Institution, affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum
during the year
2020-2021. .

Guide H.O.D Principal

Dr. Sangamesh Sakri Dr. Basavaraj Amarapur Dr. S.S.Hebbal

Examiners:

1.

2.
 Acknowledgement
We express our deep sense of gratitude and indebtness to our esteemed institute
“PDA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING”, KALABURAGI which has provided us
opportunity to fulfill the most cherished desire to reach our goal.

We express our foremost gratitude to our principal Dr. S. S. HEBBAL, for his
constant support and valuable guidance.

We express our special gratitude to our guide Dr. SANGAMESH SAKRI, for his
inspiration, guidance, constant supervision, direction and discussions in successful
completion of the Project.

We are thankful to Dr. BASAVARAJ AMARAPUR, Head of the Department of

Electrical And Electronics Engineering, for giving permission to carry out this Project
in the college.

We are also expressing our heart full thanks to the staff members of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering department, who helped us in completion of this Project
directly and indirectly within the schedule period.

Finally we are very much thankful to our beloved parents and to our dear
friends.

MOHAMMED ARSHAD MURTAZA

MD AMEER SHABAAZ
SYED AVESPASHA
MAHANTESH NANDARGI
 ABSTRACT

Solar energy is a renewable source of energy which can be used for many applications.
With the increased urge for the vehicles in the day to day life, today’s generation has led to
have a continuous review over the status and working condition of the vehicles,basically the
inflation of the tire and its wear condition. One of the presently used methods is, using the
compressors running on the electricity or IC Engines. Air compressors, referred to as gas
compressors, are devices or tools that reduce the volume of a gas, thus creating pressure and
heat in the gas or air tank.

This project consists of Microcontroller based control unit that continuously monitors and
controls the air pressure. This live pressure value gets displayed on the LCD display in real time.
Regulated output of Solar cell is connected to rechargeable battery through a unidirectional
current flow circuitry. The battery output is given as input to the air compressor motor, this
motor will be controlled by the user manually using control button. In this project,
microcontroller has the input modules like pressure sensor, control buttons and output modules
are LCD display, compressor switching driver and buzzer to give alarm in case of high
pressure.
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 01

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 03

3. METHODOLOGY 04

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 04

3.2 COMPONENTS WITH SPECIFICATION 04

3.3 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 11

4. PROPOSED SYSTEM 12

5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 14

6. APPLICATIONS 15

7. CONCLUSION 16

REFERENCES 17
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

Figure 1 Block diagram of Solar based Portable Air Compressor 04

Figure 2 Pin Diagram of Microcontroller 05

Figure 3 Regulated Power Supply 06

Figure 4 Air Compressor 07

Figure 5 LCD Pin diagram 08

Figure 6 Buzzer 08

Figure 7 Pressure sensor 09

Figure 8 Solar Panel 10

Figure 9 Electrical Symbol & Polarities of LED 10

Figure 10 Block diagram of Solar based Portable Air Compressor 12

 SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSOR FOR VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Solar power has become one of the most popular alternative energy sources. Free and available
everywhere, the power of the sun can be employed to power everything like cell phones and
motors, etc. The sun's energy is usually harvested through solar panels that are made up
of photovoltaic cells. These cells converts solar energy into electrical energy that can be used
for a number of purposes. With the increased urge for the vehicles in the day to day life,
today’s generation has led to have a continuous review over the status and working condition
of the vehicles, basically the inflation of the tire and its wear condition. One of the presently used
methods is, using the compressors running on the electricity or IC Engines. Air compressors,
referred to as gas compressors, are devices or tools that reduce the volume of a gas thus
creating pressure and heat in the gas or air tank. This manual or electric inflation causes
following difficulties:

 Heavy force is required manually to push the piston along with the bearing in the
head stock bore.
 Regular increase in the electric fares.
 Unreachable to the remote areas, where electricity is still a dream.
 Not safe for the user on a monetary basis.

This project is to design and fabricate to minimize manual work as well as to use renewable
source of energy by using a solar panel and to overcome the above difficulties. Designing
and Fabrication of solar based air compressor has the following merits:

 Environmental friendly.
 More economical, as solar energy is abundantly available.
 Continuous monitoring of air pressure on LCD.
 Easy to maintain.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi Page 1
 SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSOR FOR VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS

The objectives of the project include:

1. Dynamic tire pressure setting.

2. Usage of Solar energy.
3. Continuous monitoring of air pressure on LCD.
4. Alerts of improper inflated tires.

 EXISTING SYSTEM

Some of the systems reviewed were “Dynamically self inflating tire system” as well
“Automatic Tire Inflation System”. According to this system, the car tires can be inflated to the
maximum extent of 50psi for cars and bikes. This system is non portable and it is fixed to the
tire. This entire system is also bulkier and the supply system for running the compressor is only
based on electricity. This makes the system unusable in remote areas. The controlling of pressure
in air compressor is done manually. This system has more air leakage during inflation.

 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Besides the previous system, pressure transducer is used which controls the pressure range to
required extent. Solar is used as a supply source for air compressor as solar energy will
available freely all over the earth during day time. During night time the solar energy
stored in the battery is used for running the compressor. In this system, the pressure range is
achieved which is enough to fill the vehicles like bikes, cars, buses and trucks. This system
can ported from one place to other place.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi Page 2
 SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSOR FOR VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

As in “[1]”, they proposed a “Solar Based Portable Air Compressor For Tyre Inflation”. Solar
energy is a renewable source of energy which can be used for many applications like
power generation, waste heating and cooking etc. The basic set up of a solar power air
compressor is to run a compressor by means of solar energy. Here the compressor is
controlled by controller and relay circuit. The pressure is controlled by the pressure
Transducer for inflating the air to the required extent.

As in “[2]”, they have proposed a “Solar Based Air Compressor for Tire Inflation”. With the
existing push in the direction of sustainable, clean sources of power, it is no surprise that solar
power has become one of the most popular alternative energy sources. The power of the sun can
be employed to power everything like cell phones and motors. The sun's energy is usually
harvested through solar panels that are made up of photovoltaic cells. These cells can convert the
sun's power into electricity that can be used for a number of purposes. For private use, a
handheld solar hybrid charger can be employed to recharge little device for instance a DC fan, a
cell phone, or a camera.

As in “[3]”, “Annual performance enhancement of building integrated photovoltaic modules by

applying phase change materials” is proposed by them. The performance of photovoltaic (PV)
module outdoors suffers from attained high module temperatures due to irradiation as a result of
the negative temperature coefficient of their efficiency. Phase change materials (PCMs) are
investigated as an option to regulate photovoltaic module temperature and thereby reduce its
electrical efficiency decrease. In this project, a simplified heat balance model is used to calculate
the extra energy gain; such a PV/PCM system can bring on an annual basis. With present day
commercially available PCM materials, a moderate increase of up to 3% of the total energy
output can be expected. When taking into account the additional PCM material cost, a PV/PCM
module presently is not economically viable.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi Page 3
 SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSOR FOR VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 1: Block diagram of Solar based Portable Air Compressor

3.2 COMPONENTS WITH SPECIFICATION

Selection of solar based air compressor materials depends on any considerations, which can in
general be categorized as cost and technically overall performance. Cost includes initial
material cost, manufacturing cost and maintenance cost.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi Page 4
 SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSOR FOR VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS

The key material properties that are pertinent to maintenance cost and overall performance are:

 Size of the solar panel

 Capacity of the battery
 Power of the air compressor

The major components of the solar based portable air compressor shown in figure 1 can be
explained as follows:

1. PIC MICROCONTROLLER

Figure 2: Pin Diagram of Microcontroller

PIC stands for Peripheral Interface Controller given by Microchip Technology to identify
its single-chip microcontrollers. These devices have been very successful in 8-bit
microcontrollers. The pin diagram of PIC16F72 CMOS FLASH-based 8-bit microcontroller
shown in figure 2 is compatible with PIC16C72/72A and PIC16F872 devices. It features 200
ns instruction execution, self-programming, an ICD, 2 Comparators, 5 channels of 8-bit
Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter, 2 capture/compare/PWM functions, a synchronous serial
port that can be configured as either 3-wire SPI or 2-wire I2C bus, a USART, and a Parallel
Slave Port.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi Page 5
 SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSOR FOR VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS

Some major features are:

 High performance RISC CPU

 Only 35 single word instructions to learn
 All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle
 Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
 2K x 14 words of Program Memory 128 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)
 Pin out compatible to the PIC16C72/72A and PIC16F872
 Interrupt capability
 Eight level deep hardware stack
 Direct, Indirect and Relative Addressing modes

2. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

The crystal oscillator speed that can be connected to the PIC microcontroller range from DC to
20Mhz. Using the CCS C compiler normally 20Mhz oscillator will be used and the price is
very cheap. The 20 MHz crystal oscillator should be connected with about 22pF capacitor. There
are 5 input/output ports on PIC microcontroller namely port A, port B, port C, port D and
port E. Each port has different function. Most of them can be used as I/O port.

3. REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

It is used to ensure that the output remains constant even if the input changes. A regulated DC
power supply is also known as a linear power supply. Figure 3 shows the regulated power supply
IC with its circuit.

Figure 3: Regulated Power Supply

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi Page 6
 SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSOR FOR VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS

4. AIR COMPRESSOR

Figure 4: Air Compressor

An air compressor is a device that converts power (usually from an electric motor, a diesel
engine or a gasoline engine) into kinetic energy by compressing and pressurizing air, which
on command can be released in quick bursts. There are numerous methods of air compression,
divided into either positive-displacement or negative-displacement types. A reciprocating
compressor or piston compressor used here is a positive-displacement compressor that uses
pistons driven by a crankshaft to deliver gases at high pressure. The intake gas enters the suction
manifold, then flows into the compression cylinder where it gets compressed by a piston
driven in a reciprocating motion via a crankshaft, and is then discharged. Applications include
oil refineries, gas pipelines, chemical plants, natural gas processing plants and refrigeration
plants. In this proposed system 12V-16V and 7Amps battery is required to drive air compressor
which is supplied by a solar panel.

5. LCD DISPLAY

One of the most common devices attached to a micro controller is an LCD display.
Some of the most common LCD‟s connected to the many microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2
displays. This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines,
respectively. In this project we have used 16x2 display. The pin diagram of LCD is shown in the
figure below.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi Page 7
 SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSOR FOR VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS

Figure 5: LCD Pin diagram

The LCD requires 3 control lines as well as either 4 or 8 I/O lines for the data bus. 8-bit data
bus is used the LCD will require a total of 11 data lines (3 control lines plus the 8 lines for
the data bus). The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW. The EN line is
called "Enable."The RS line is the "Register Select" line. The RW line is the "Read/Write"
control line. Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines namely as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3,
DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.

6. BUZZER

Figure 6: Buzzer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi Page 8
 SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSOR FOR VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical,

or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices and
timers. Basically, the sound source of a piezoelectric sound component is a piezoelectric
diaphragm. To interface a buzzer the standard transistor interfacing circuit is used. Note that if a
different power supply is used for the buzzer, the 0V rails of each power supply must be
connected to provide a common reference. If a battery is used as the power supply, it is worth
remembering that piezo sounders draw much less current than buzzers. Buzzers also just have
one “tone”, whereas a piezo sounder is able to create sounds of many different tones. To
switch on buzzer -high 1. To switch off buzzer -low 1.

7. PRESSURE SENSOR

Figure 7: Pressure sensor

Pressure sensor usually acts as a transducer; it generates a signal as a function of the pressure
imposed. Here the signal is electrical. The piezo resistive pressure sensor or silicon cell consists
of a micro-machined silicon diaphragm with piezo resistive strain gauges diffused into it,
fused to a silicon or glass back plate. The resistors have a value of approx. 3.5kOhm. Pressure
induced strain increases the value of the radial resistors (r), and decreases the value of
the resistors (t) transverse to the radius. This resistance change can be high as 30%.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi Page 9
 SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSOR FOR VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS

8. SOLAR PANEL

Figure 8: Solar Panel

Solar Panels are devices that converts light into electricity. They are called as photovoltaics
which means light-electricity. Set of cells are called as module. Set of modules are called as
array. Set of array are called as String. 12V-16V 20watt Polycrystalline solar panels are used in
this system. Polycrystalline solar panel have many silicon crystal in each cell. This solar panel
have 36 photovoltaic cells on it. Solar cell energy conversion efficiencies for commercially
available multi crystalline Si solar cells are around 14-19%.

9. LED

Figure 9: Electrical Symbol & Polarities of LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. When a diode is forward biased
(switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the
light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the
semiconductor. The electrical symbol and polarities of led are shown in figure 9.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi Page 10
 SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSOR FOR VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS

10. CONTROL BUTTONS

A push-button is a simple switch mechanism for controlling some aspect of a machine or a

process. In industrial and commercial applications, push buttons can be linked together by a
mechanical linkage so that the act of pushing one button causes the other button to be
released. In this way, a stop button can "force" a start button to be released. This method of
linkage is used in simple manual operations in which the machine or process have no electrical
circuits for control.

3.3 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

This project is implemented using following software’s:

 Express PCB – for designing circuit

 PIC C compiler - for compilation part
 Proteus 7 (Embedded C) – for simulation part

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi Page 11
 SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSOR FOR VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS

CHAPTER 4

PROPOSED SYSTEM

 WORKING PRINCIPLE

Figure 10: Block diagram of Solar based Portable Air Compressor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi Page 12
 SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSOR FOR VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS

The block diagram of a solar based portable Air Compressor is shown in the figure above. Solar
energy from the sun are trapped by the photovoltaic cells present in the solar panels, which is
made to flow in a way to the battery such that the battery does not discharge back. The
battery is unidirectional and is connected to switching circuit which finally drives the air
compressor by turning it on. On the other hand, the switching circuit is made to work on the
basis of the instructions given from the PIC microcontroller, which is the heart of the project.

The pin 1 of the microcontroller is connected to the control buttons. The pin 9 and 10 are
attached with crystal oscillator, the purpose of external crystal oscillator is to speed up
the execution part of instructions per cycle and here the crystal oscillator is having 20 MHz
frequency. One of the regulated power supply circuit is used to control the flow of input
voltage to the microcontroller. LED and LCD indicators are used in the 27 and 21 pin position of
the PIC microcontroller. LCD display is controlled by the LCD intensity controller. The
pressure sensors are also connected to sense the pressure of the tire to be inflated. If the pressure
is found to be maximum then a buzzer beeps making a sense to reset the circuit, such that the
whole project model comes to its initial conditions.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi Page 13
 SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSOR FOR VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS

CHAPTER 5

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

 ADVANTAGES

1. Easy to carry to remote place.

2. Easy maintenance.
3. Compact Size.
4. Quick Inflation.

 DISADVANTAGES

1. High initial cost.

2. Weather dependent.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi Page 14
 SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSOR FOR VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS

CHAPTER 6

APPLICATIONS

1. Automobile Industries
2. Oil Industries
3. Gas Industries
4. House hold applications
5. Paint Spraying
6. Lubrication

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi Page 15
 SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSOR FOR VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

This project deals with air compressor that can be operated by using the solar panel which is
used to drive the air compressor effectively without any external supply and an output of
100psi is achieved. In this project we are able to interface the air compressor with
microcontroller and programmatically we are calculating voltages and pressure which can be
displayed on 16X2 LCD. The proposed system is reliable and has an advantage of Easy
maintenance, Compact Size, Easy to carry to remote place, Quick Inflation and it has got the
applications in Oil Industries, Gas Industries, House hold applications, Paint Spraying,
Lubrication and in Automobile Industries.

FUTURE SCOPE

This project can be extended by using IOT/GSM technology, which helps in sending the
monitored and controlled data to any place in the world by an SMS.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi Page 16
 SOLAR BASED PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSOR FOR VEHICLE IN RURAL AREAS

REFERENCES

[1] R.Mathan Kumar, P.Kanaga John Christ, M.Mari Selvam, V.Dhivya Rubini “Solar Based
Portable Air Compressor For Tyre Inflation” International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET) Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019.

[2] Shrinivas N.T, Mayur H.G., Chetan C. B., Shivaprasad B. A., Deepak V. P. “Solar Based Air
Compressor for Tire Inflation” IOSR-JMCE Volume 13, Issue 5| Sep. - Oct. 2016.

[3] Hendricks, J. H. C., and W. G. J. H. M. Sark. “Annual performance enhancement of building

integrated photovoltaic modules by applying phase change materials”. Progress in Photovoltaics:
Research and Applications, vol.21.4 pp.620-630, 2013.

[4] Antonio Luque, Steven Hegedus, Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, 2nd
edition by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., pp. 1014-1072, 2011.

[5] Skoplaki, E.; Palyvos, J.A. Operating temperature of photovoltaic modules: A survey
of pertinent correlations. Renew. Energy 2009, 34, 23–29.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi Page 17