Course Title: Mathematics –II Prepared by: Syeda Sabikun Nahar

Assistant Professor (Mathematics)

Course code: MATH 1201 Department of Natural Science

Exact Differential Equation:

The following two differential equations:
1. 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0, solution is 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐.
2. sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0, solution is sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = 𝑐.

These differential equations can be obtained by directly differentiating their solutions. Differential
equations of this type are called exact equations and bear the following property:
“An exact differential equation can always be obtained from its primitive directly by
differentiation, without any subsequent multiplication, elimination etc. “

 Working Rule:
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
If the equation 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 0 satisfies the condition = , then it is exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
To integrate it:
i. Integrate M with respect to x regarding y as constant;
ii. Find out those terms in N which are free from x and integrate them with
regard to y;
iii. Add the two expressions so obtained and equate the sum to an arbitrary
constant.

Example 1: (𝒚𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Solution:
Here, 𝑀 = 𝑦 4 + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 + 3𝑥 and 𝑁 = 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦 + 1
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 4𝑦 3 + 4𝑥 3 and = 4𝑥 3 + 4𝑦 3
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Since these are equal, the equation is exact.

To find solution of the differential equation, integrating with respect to 𝑥, keeping 𝑦 as constant.
We get,
3
𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑥 4 𝑦 + 𝑥 2
2
𝑦2
In 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦 + 1, terms free from 𝑥 are 𝑦 + 1 whose integral with respect to 𝑦 is 2 + 𝑦.
Therefore, the general solution is
2 1
𝑦 4𝑥 + 𝑥 4𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 = 𝑐
3 2

Example 2: 𝒙(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Solution:
Course Title: Mathematics –II Prepared by: Syeda Sabikun Nahar
Assistant Professor (Mathematics)
Course code: MATH 1201 Department of Natural Science

Here, 𝑀 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑎2 𝑥 and 𝑁 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 − 𝑏2 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑥𝑦 and = 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Since these are equal, the equation is exact.

To find solution of the differential equation, integrating with respect to 𝑥, keeping 𝑦 as constant.
We get,
𝑥4 1 2 2 1 2 2
+ 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑎 𝑥
4 2 2
In 𝑁, terms free from 𝑥 are −𝑦 3 − 𝑏2 𝑦 whose integral is
1 1
− 𝑦 4 − 𝑏2 𝑦 2
4 2
Hence the general solution is
𝑥4 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 1 2 2
+ 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑏 𝑦 =𝑐
4 2 2 4 2
Example 3: (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟒𝒚𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Solution:
Here, 𝑀 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 and 𝑁 = 4𝑦 3 + 6𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= −2𝑥 + 6𝑦 and = 6𝑦 − 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Since these are equal, the equation is exact.

To find solution of the differential equation, integrating with respect to 𝑥, keeping 𝑦 as constant.
We get,
𝑥3
− 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 𝑥
3
In 𝑁, terms free from 𝑥 is 4𝑦 3 whose integral is 𝑦 4
Hence the general solution is
𝑥3
− 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 4 = 𝑐
3

Example 4: (𝒙 − 𝟐𝒆𝒚 )𝒅𝒚 + (𝒚 + 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎

Solution:
Course Title: Mathematics –II Prepared by: Syeda Sabikun Nahar
Assistant Professor (Mathematics)
Course code: MATH 1201 Department of Natural Science

Here, 𝑀 = 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 and 𝑁 = 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=1 and =1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Since these are equal, the equation is exact.

To find solution of the differential equation, integrating with respect to 𝑥, keeping 𝑦 as constant.
We get,

𝑥𝑦 + ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

In 𝑁, terms free from 𝑥 is −2𝑒 𝑦 whose integral with respect to 𝑦 is −2𝑒 𝑦 .

Hence the general solution is
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 −2𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑐
𝒂𝟐 (𝒙 𝒅𝒚−𝒚 𝒅𝒙)
Example 5: 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐

Solution:
The equation can be put as
𝑎2 𝑦 𝑎2 𝑥
(𝑥 + 𝟐 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 − 𝟐 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐

𝑎2 𝑦 𝑎2 𝑥
Here, 𝑀 = 𝑥 + 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 and 𝑁 = 𝑦 − 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐

𝜕𝑀 (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝑎 2 −𝑎 2𝑦.2𝑦 𝑎 2 (𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐 ) 𝜕𝑁 −𝑎 2 (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )+𝑎 2 𝑥.2𝑥 𝑎 2 (𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐 )
= 2 = 2 and = 2 = 2
𝜕𝑦 (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 ) (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 ) 𝜕𝑥 (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 ) (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )

Since these are equal, the equation is exact.

To find solution of the differential equation, integrating with respect to 𝑥, keeping 𝑦 as constant.
We get,
1 2 1 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦. tan−1 ⟹ + 𝑎2 tan−1
2 𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑦
𝑦2
In 𝑁, terms free from 𝑥 is 𝑦 whose integral with respect to 𝑦 is .
2

Hence the general solution is

𝑥2 2 −1
𝑥 𝑦2
+ 𝑎 tan + =𝑐
2 𝑦 2
Course Title: Mathematics –II Prepared by: Syeda Sabikun Nahar
Assistant Professor (Mathematics)
Course code: MATH 1201 Department of Natural Science