SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY
(Established under section 3 of UGC Act 1956)

MANUAL FOR PREPARATION OF B.TECH PROJECT REPORT

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 MANUAL FOR PREPARATION OF B.Tech Project Report
(Prescribed Format and Specification)

1. GENERAL:
The manual is intended to provide broad guidelines to the B.Tech Students in the preparation of
the project report. In general, the document shall report, in an organized and scholarly fashion,
an account of original research work of the student leading to the discovery of new facts or
techniques or correlation of facts already known (analytical, experimental, hardware oriented etc)
and demonstrating a quality as to make a definite contribution to the advancement of knowledge
and the student’s ability to undertake sustained research and present the findings in an
appropriate manner with actual accomplishments of the work plainly stated and honestly
appraised.
2. NUMBER OF COPIES TO BE SUBMITTED:
3 or 4 hard copies according to size of project team (Per student one copy + guide copy +
department copy) of the project report. In CD (2 No’s) a soft copy of project report in PDF
format along with plagiarism report and whole project (Code, software used and instruction to
execute the code) are to be submitted to the Internal Examiner during External Viva Voce
Examination . The CD should be properly labelled with title of project, Batch ID, Registration No
of students and guide name.
3. SIZE OF THE PROJECT REPORT:
The size of report should not exceed 100 pages of typed matter reckoned from the first page of
Chapter 1 to the last page of the Appendix. Minimum 40 pages of technical chapter content
(excluding front pages and appendix) should be available. Appendix may include screenshots of
project, Main code (Max of 7 to 8 pages), supporting materials related to project.
4. ARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS OF REPORT:
The sequence in which the project report material should be arranged and bound as follows:
1. Cover Page & Title page

2. Bonafide Certificate
3. Own work Declaration

4. Acknowledgement

5. Abstract
6. Table of Contents
7. List of Tables
8. List of Figures
9. List of Symbols and Abbreviations
10. Chapters
11. References
 12. Appendices
13. Plagiarism Report –Format-I ( Overall and Chapter wise report) along with final
report from software
14. Paper Publication (proof)

The Tables and Figures shall be introduced in the appropriate places.

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5. PAGE DIMENSIONS AND MARGIN:
The dimensions of the final bound copies of the Project report should be 297mm × 210mm
(Standard A4 size).
The Report should have the following page margins
Top edge : 25 to 30 mm
Bottom edge : 25 to 30 mm
Left side : 35 to 40 mm
Right side : 20 to 25 mm
The report should be prepared on good quality white paper preferably not lower than 80 gsm.
Tables and figures should conform to the margin specifications. Large size figures should be
photographically or otherwise reduced to the appropriate size before insertion.

6. REPORT PREPARATION:
The Student shall submit a typed copy of the manuscript to the supervisor for the purpose of
approval. In the preparation of the manuscript, care should be taken to ensure that all textual
matter is typewritten to the extent possible in the same format as may be required for the final
thesis. Upon approval of the manuscript by the supervisor, the final report should be prepared
according to the specification outlined in this section as well as in the following sections

6.1 General Typing Instructions:

• Corrections, interlineations and crossing out of letters or words will not be permitted in any of
the copies of the thesis intended for submission. Erasures, if made, should be neatly carried
out in all copies.
ƒ A sub-heading at the bottom of a page must have at least two full lines below it or else it
should be carried over to the next page.
ƒ The last word of any page should not be split using a hyphen.
ƒ One and a half spacing should be used for typing the general text.
ƒ The general text shall be typed in Font Style “Times New Roman” and Font Size 12.
ƒ Single spacing should be used for typing:
(i) Long Tables
(ii) Long quotations
(iii) Foot notes
(iv) Multiline captions
(v) References
• All quotations exceeding one line should be typed in an indented space - the indentation
being 15mm from either margin.
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 • The headings of all items 2 to 14 listed in section 4 should be typed in capital letters without
punctuation and centered 50mm below the top of the page.
• The text should commence 4 spaces below this heading.
• The page numbering for all items 1 to 9 should be done using lower case Roman numerals
and the pages thereafter from Chapter – 1 onwards should be numbered using Arabic
numerals.
• All page numbers (whether it is in Roman or Arabic numbers) should be typed without
punctuation on the upper right hand corner 15mm from top with the last digit in line with the
right hand margin.
• The title page will be numbered as (i) but this should not be typed. The page immediately
following the title page shall be numbered (ii) of consecutively thereon for the remaining
pages till the main text of chapter 1. Pages of main text, starting with Chapter 1 should be
consecutively numbered using Arabic numerals.
• Any statement to be highlighted or emphasized must be done using regular bold letters. Italics
or underlining is not permitted for this purpose.

6.2 Cover Page & Title Page: A specimen copy of the Cover page & Title page for thesis is given
in Annexure I.

6.3 Declaration: The declaration shall be in double line spacing using Font Style Times New
Roman, Font Size 13, as per the format shown in Annexure II.

6.4 Bonafide Certificate: The Bonafide Certificate shall be in double line spacing using Font Style
Times New Roman, Font Size 12, as per the format shown in Annexure III.
The certificate shall carry the supervisor’s signature and shall be followed by the supervisor’s
name, academic designation (not any other responsibilities of administrative nature), department
and full address of the institution where the supervisor has guided the research scholar. The term
‘SUPERVISOR’ must be typed in capital letters between the supervisor’s name and academic
designation.

6.5 Acknowledgement: The acknowledgement shall be brief and should not exceed two pages
when typed in double spacing. The scholar’s signature shall be made at the bottom end above
his / her name typed in capitals.

6.6 Abstract: An abstract is not an introduction. It summarizes the main highlights of your thesis,
including the results. The abstract should not exceed 4 pages typed with double line spacing,

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 Font Style Times New Roman and Font Size 12 and not include any citations or figures. The
abstract should briefly
• Describe the problem and why it is being investigated.
• Summarize the primary methods used in your thesis.
• Describe the major results of the thesis.
• Summarize the conclusion of the results and the implications of your thesis.

6.7 Table of contents: The table of contents should list all material following it as well as any
material which precedes it. The title page, Declaration, Bonafide Certificate and
Acknowledgment will not find a place among the items listed in the Table of contents but the
page numbers in lower case Roman letters are to be accounted for them. One and a half spacing
should be adopted for typing the matter under this head. A specimen copy of the Table of
contents for thesis is given in Annexure IV.

6.8 List of Tables: The list of tables should have the same captions as they appear above the tables
in the text. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head.

6.9 List of Figures: The list of figures should have the same captions as they appear below the
figures in the text. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this
head.

6.10 List of Symbols and Abbreviations: One and a half spacing should be used for typing the
matter under this head. Standard symbo1s, abbreviations etc. should be used.

6.11 Chapters: Divide your overall work into logical portions, and then develop each portion as a chapter. The
logical order is likely to be different from the chronological order you completed the work. Each
chapter may be further divided into several divisions and sub-divisions.
• Each chapter should be given an appropriate title.
• Tables and figures in a chapter should be placed in the immediate vicinity of
the reference where they are cited.
• Footnotes should be used sparingly. They should be typed single space and placed
• Directly underneath in the very same page, which refers to the material they
annotate.

The format for typing Chapter headings, Divisions headings and Sub-division headings are
explained through the following illustrative examples. (Refer Annexure IV)

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 Chapter heading : CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Division heading : 1.1 OUTLINE OF THEISIS
1.1.1…………………..
Sub-division heading : 1.1.2…………………..

The word CHAPTER without punctuation should be centered 45mm down from the top of the
page. Two spaces below, the title of the chapter should be typed centrally in capital letters. The
text should commence 4 spaces below this title, the first letter of’ the text starting 20mm, inside
from the left hand margin.

The division and sub-division captions along with their numberings should be left justified. The
typed material directly below division or sub-division heading should commence 2 spaces below
it and should be offset 20mm from the left hand margin. Within a division or sub-division,
paragraphs are permitted. Even paragraph should commence 3 spaces below the last line of the
preceding paragraph, the first letter in the paragraph being offset from the left hand margin by 20
mm.

6.11.1 Numbering of Chapters, Divisions and Sub-Divisions:

The numbering of chapters, divisions and sub-divisions should be done using Arabic numerals
only and further decimal notation should be used for numbering the divisions and sub-divisions
within a chapter. For example sub-division 4 under division 3 belonging to chapter 2 should be
numbered as 2.3.4. The caption for the sub-division should immediately follow the number
assigned to it.

Every chapter, beginning with the first chapter, should be serially numbered using Arabic
numerals. Appendices included should also be numbered in an identical manner starting with
Appendix 1.

6.11.2 Numbering of Equations:

Equations appearing in each Chapter or Appendix should be numbered serially, the numbering
commencing afresh for each Chapter or Appendix. Thus for example, an equation appearing in
Chapter 2, if it happens to be the eighth equation in that Chapter should be numbered (2.8) thus:

Vc 2
fc = k (2.8)
V +V + V
c w a

While referring to this equation in the body of the thesis it should be referred to as “Equation
(2.8)”. (Without quotes).

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6.11.3 Tables and Figures: A Table, is meant to tabulate numerical data in the body of the thesis as
well as in the appendices. All other non-verbal material used in the body of the thesis and
appendices such as charts, graphs, maps, photographs and diagrams may be designated as figures.
ƒ A table or figure including caption should be accommodated within the prescribed
margin limits and appear on the page following the page where their first reference
is made.
ƒ Tables and figures on half page or less in length may appear on the same page along
with the text, However, they should be separated from the text both above and below
by triple spacing.
ƒ All tables and figures should be prepared on the same paper or material used for
the preparation of the rest of the thesis.
ƒ Two or more small tables or figures may be grouped if necessary in a single page.
ƒ Wherever possible, the entire photograph(s) may be reproduced on a full sheet of
photographic paper.
ƒ Photographs if any, should be included in colour photocopy form only. More
than one photograph can be included in a page.
ƒ Samples of Fabric, Leather etc, if absolutely necessary may be attached evenly in a
page and fixed/pasted suitably and should be treated as figures

6.11.4 Numbering of Tables and Figures: Tables and Figures appearing anywhere in the thesis
should bear appropriate numbers. The number of the Table should be given at the top of the table
with a caption. The number of the figures should be given at the bottom of the figure with
caption. The rule for assigning such numbers is illustrated through an example. The fourth figure
in chapter 3 will be designated as Figure 3.4. Similar rules apply for tables except that the word
Figure is replaced by the word Table. If figures (or tables) appear in appendices then figure 3 in
Appendix 2 will be designated as Figure A 2.3. If a table to be continued into the next page this
may be done, but no line should be drawn underneath an unfinished table. The top line of the
table continued into the next page should, for example read Table 2.1 (continued) placed
centrally and underlined.

6.11.5 References: Within the text, references should be cited in numerical order according to
their order of appearance. The numbered reference citation within text should be enclosed in
square brackets. Example: It was shown by Prusa [1] that the width of the plume decreases under
these conditions. In the case of two citations, the numbers should be separated by a comma [1,2].
In the case of more than two references, the numbers should be separated by a dash [5-7].

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6.11.6 Conclusion Chapter: The conclusion chapter in some sense comprises the “introduction
written backwards.” The conclusion should include the following:
• Review: “Tell the reader what you just told them.” Refresh the reader’s memory about the
contents of each preceding chapter at a level of approximately one to two sentences per
chapter. The review can be very effective at enabling the reader to understand the overall
scope of your work.

• Conclusions: Summarize the salient contributions of your work. Justify that your work
constitutes a contribution to the literature worthy of awarding a degree.

• Recommendations for Future Work: Suggest how it would make sense to extend your work
in the future. This may include opportunities for confirming or relaxing assumptions
required within the scope of your work or applying your work to related research.

6.12 List of References: The listing should be typed 4 spaces below the heading
“REFERENCES” in single spacing left-justified. The References should be arranged in
numerical order according to the sequence of citations within the text.
(1) Reference to journal articles and papers in serial publications should include:
ƒ last name of each author followed by their initials
ƒ year of publication
ƒ full title of the cited article in quotes, title capitalization
ƒ full name of the publication in which it appears
ƒ volume number (if any) in boldface (Do not include the abbreviation, "Vol.")
ƒ issue number (if any) in parentheses (Do not include the abbreviation, “No.”)
ƒ inclusive page numbers of the cited article (include “pp.”)

(2) Reference to textbooks and monographs should include:

ƒ last name of each author followed by their initials
ƒ year of publication
ƒ full title of the publication in italics, title capitalization
ƒ publisher
ƒ city of publication
ƒ inclusive page numbers of the work being cited (include “pp.”)
ƒ chapter number (if any) at the end of the citation following the abbreviation,
ƒ “Chap.”

(3) Reference to individual conference papers, papers in compiled conference

proceedings, or any other collection of works by numerous authors should include:
ƒ last name of each author followed by their initials
ƒ full title of the cited paper in quotes, title capitalization
ƒ individual paper number (if any)
ƒ full title of the publication in italics, title capitalization
ƒ initials followed by last name of editors (if any),followed by the abbreviation (in the case of
books /reports),
ƒ “eds.” (in the case of books),
ƒ Publisher (in the case of books),
ƒ city of publication (in the case of books),
ƒ volume number (if any) in boldface if a single number, include, “Vol.” if part of larger
identifier (e.g., “PVP-Vol. 254”)
ƒ inclusive page numbers of the work being cited (include “pp.”)
ƒ month and / or year of publication
(4) Reference to theses and technical reports or books should include:
last name of each author followed by their initials, year of publication (in bracket),
full title in quotes, title capitalization report number (if any) publisher or institution name, city
A typical illustrative list is given below.
[1] Ning, X., and Lovell, M. R., “On the Sliding Friction Characteristics of
Unidirectional Continuous FRP Composites,” ASME J. Tribol., 124(1), pp. 5-13,
2002.
[2] Barnes, M., “Stresses in Solenoids,” J. Appl. Phys., 48(5), pp. 2000–2008, 2001.
[3] Jones, J., (2000), Contact Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK,
Chap. 6.
[4] Lee, Y., Korpela, S. A., and Horne, R. N., “Structure of Multi-Cellular Natural
Convection in a Tall Vertical Annulus,” Proc. 7th International Heat Transfer
Conference, U. Grigul et al., eds., Hemisphere, Washington, DC, 2, pp. 221–226,
1982.
[5] Hashish, M., “600 MPa Waterjet Technology Development,” High Pressure
Technology, PVP-Vol. 406, pp. 135-140, 2000.
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 [6] Watson, D. W., “Thermodynamic Analysis,” ASME Paper No. 97-GT-288, 1997.
[7] Tung, C. Y., (1982), “Evaporative Heat Transfer in the Contact Line of a Mixture,”
Ph.D. thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.
[8] Kwon, O. K., and Pletcher, R. H., (1981), “Prediction of the Incompressible Flow
Over A Rearward-Facing Step,” Technical Report No. HTL-26, CFD-4, Iowa State
Univ., Ames, IA.
[9] Smith, R., (2002), “Conformal Lubricated Contact of Cylindrical Surfaces
Involved in a Non-Steady Motion,” Ph.D. thesis,
http://www.cas.phys.unm.edu/rsmith/homepage.html

6.13 Appendices: Appendices are provided to give supplementary information, which if included in
the main text may serve as a distraction and cloud the central theme under discussion.
Common examples of information included in appendices are listing of computer programs
used to obtain your results, documentation of experimental setups, standards required for your
work, tables of raw data, and part drawings.
ƒ Appendices should be numbered using Arabic numerals, e.g. Appendix 1, Appendix 2, etc.
ƒ Each appendix must be given a descriptive title. Most appendices require at least an
introductory paragraph explaining what the appendix contains and why.

6.14 List of Publications:

The list of papers published by research scholar during the period of research shall be given
under the heading “List of Publications”. The listing as per the format specified in section 6.12
should be typed 4 spaces below the heading “LIST OF PUBLICATIONS” in single spacing
left-justified.

7. Binding Specifications
• Each of the 4 copies of the report (if batch size is 2) submitted for evaluation should be sewn
and bound using flexible cover of thick white art paper. The cover should be printed in black
letters and the text for printing should be identical to what has been prescribed for the title
page.

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8. Plagiarism: Plagiarism is the representation of any work or idea of another author as one's own.
Remember at all times that plagiarism is a serious offence that could jeopardize an academic
career. Scholars are reminded that they are required to respect standards of academic honesty and
intellectual property in the case of all material used in the thesis.

9. Concluding Remarks:
ƒ Your thesis must meet all formatting guidelines
ƒ Define unfamiliar terms before using them.
ƒ Every chapter must begin with an overview of the contents of that chapter. Similarly,
every section and sub-section must begin with a brief overview of that section.
ƒ One paragraph is usually appropriate for each chapter or major section. One sentence
may suffice for a short section.
ƒ Use short, simple sentences. Each sentence should express a single idea.
ƒ Use short, simple paragraphs. Each paragraph should express a single thought.
Most paragraphs will be three to six sentences in length.
ƒ All units of measure should be in the SI system
ƒ If your research involves some form of modeling or analysis, develop the equations in the
body of your text. Use “Microsoft Equation” or something similar to typeset your equations.
Place each equation on a separate line and number your equations sequentially.
ƒ Use tables when absolute numbers are important and graphs when trends are important.
Always discuss a table or figure before presenting it

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 Annexure I
(A typical Specimen of Cover Page & Title Page)
<Font Style Times New Roman - Bold>

DYNAMIC CLUSTERING FOR ACOUSTICAL TARGET

TRACKING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
<Font Size 18> <1.5 line spacing>
A PROJECT REPORT
<Font Size 14>
Submitted by
<Font Size 14> <Italic>

S. JOSES [Reg No: RA1511003010001]

M. JOSES [Reg No: RA1511003010002]
<Font Size 16>
Under the Guidance of
<Font Size 14> <Italic>

Dr. A. MURUGAN
<Font Size 16>
(Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering)
<Font Size 12>
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of
<Font Size 14> <1.5 line spacing>

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
<Font Size 16>

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
KATTANKULATHUR- 603 203
<Font Size 16><l.5 line spacing>
MAY 2020
<Font Size 14>
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 Annexure II
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
SRM Institute of Science & Technology
Own Work* Declaration Form

This sheet must be filled in (each box ticked to show that the condition has been met). It must be
signed and dated along with your student registration number and included with all assignments
you submit – work will not be marked unless this is done.
To be completed by the student for all assessments

Degree/ Course :

Student Name :

Registration Number :

Title of Work :

I / We hereby certify that this assessment compiles with the University’s Rules and Regulations
relating to Academic misconduct and plagiarism**, as listed in the University Website,
Regulations, and the Education Committee guidelines.

I / We confirm that all the work contained in this assessment is my / our own except where
indicated, and that I / We have met the following conditions:

 Clearly references / listed all sources as appropriate

 Referenced and put in inverted commas all quoted text (from books, web, etc)
 Given the sources of all pictures, data etc. that are not my own
 Not made any use of the report(s) or essay(s) of any other student(s) either past or present
 Acknowledged in appropriate places any help that I have received from others (e.g.
fellow students, technicians, statisticians, external sources)
 Compiled with any other plagiarism criteria specified in the Course handbook /
University website

I understand that any false claim for this work will be penalised in accordance with the
University policies and regulations.

DECLARATION:
I am aware of and understand the University’s policy on Academic misconduct and plagiarism and I
certify that this assessment is my / our own work, except where indicated by referring, and that I have
followed the good academic practices noted above.

If you are working in a group, please write your registration numbers and sign with the date for
every student in your group.

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 (A typical Specimen of Bonafide Certificate)
<Font Style Times New Roman>

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

KATTANKULATHUR – 603 203
<Font Style Times New Roman — Size - 18>

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
<Font Style Times New Roman — Size - 16>
<Font Style Times New Roman — Size - 14>

Certified that this B.Tech project report titled “DYNAMIC CLUSTERING FOR
ACOUSTICAL TARGET TRACKING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS” is the
bonafide work of Mr. S. JOSES and Mr. M. JOSES who carried out the project work
under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported
herein does not form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or
award was conferred on an earlier occasion for this or any other candidate.

<<Signature of the Supervisor>> <<Signature>>

Dr. A. MURUGAN Dr. B. AMUTHA

SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Associate Professor Department of Computer Science and
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Engineering

Signature of the Internal Examiner Signature of the External Examiner

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 ANNEXURE IV
(A typical Specimen of Table of Contents)
<Font Style Times New Roman, Font Size 14>
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES xvi
LIST OF FIGURES xviii
LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS xxvii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 PURPOSE 2
1.2.1 SCOPE 5
1.2.2 NEED FOR ACOUSTICAL TARGET TRACKING SYSTEM 12
1.3 SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY 33
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 58
2.1 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 69
2.2 ACOUSTICAL TARGET TRACKING METHODS 75
2.3 CLUSTERING TECHNIQUES 99

3
4
5
6

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