Determining the personality type of the

individual by the way they think(2nd topic)

Group Case Project report submitted for

Cognition, Language and Speech Perception 2020

VIIth Semester Case Project

in
Department of Electronics And Communications

By,
Ashwini Kumar (17101013),
Aishwarya Soni (17101003)

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee

International Institute of Information Technology, Naya Raipur
(A Joint Initiative of Govt. of Chhattisgarh and NTPC)
Email: [email protected], Tel: (0771) 2474040, Web: www.iiitnr.ac.in
 Declaration

We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words and
where others' ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and
referenced the original sources. we also declare that we have adhered to all principles
of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or
falsified any idea/data/fact/source in the submission. We understand that any violation
of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke
penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom
proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Ashwini Kumar
(17101013)

Aishwarya Soni .
(17101003)

Date : 10/11/2020
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from
many people and we are extremely privileged to have got this all along the completion of the
project. All that ,we have done is only due to such supervision and assistance and We would
not forget to thank for the same . The completion of this assignment gave us so much
pleasure

We respect and thank Dr SRESHA YADAV GOSH (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,

ENGLISH) mam, so much for providing us an opportunity to do the project work in
Cognition, Language and Speech Perception 2020, and giving us all support and guidance
which made us complete the project duly. We are extremely thankful to her, for providing
such a nice support and guidance

We are thankful to all our friends who have always helped us throughout the entire project
and gave their valuable time and support for carrying our surveys etc .We have no
appropriate words to express our thanks and feel extremely grateful for all the favours
received by every person , in any form.
 Table of Contents
Title Page No.
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………....... i
ABSTRACT……………………………………………. Ii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION …………………………..1

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW …………………….3
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY ………………………… 5
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS ………………. 9
REFERENCES 12

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 ABSTRACT

Personality is something that people usually think a lot about. When we meet new people,
whether through work, school, or social events, it is often their personality on which we
immediately bring our thinking, concern and focus . Whether they are nice, helpful,organised,
outgoing, or shy are just a few of the things that we assess as we evaluate the people around
us. Our personalities make us unique, but can we really determine about the personality of the
individual ,by the way they think ?To do this analysis we carried out a survey with a group of
people, with similar demographic profile, it contained questionnaire, with simple options to
choose honestly from, which best describe the individual‘s thinking or opinions, about
certain matters of everyday life activities .Through these various types of questions , we tried
to find out if their level of Openness ,Extraversion ,Agreeableness, Conscientiousness ,and
Neuroticism and later in the same survey ,asked the individuals to rate these ,about them as
honestly they think about them ,to find if the analysis we have drawn is in anyway impacting
the reality and is helping to find the correlation between the way we think with the
personality type ,we posses .

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 INTRODUCTION

The term ‗personality‘ [1] is derived from the Latin word ‗persona‘ which by literal means a
mask. According to K. Young, ―Personality is patterned body of habits, traits, attitudes and
ideas of an individual, as these are organised externally into roles and statuses, and as they
relate internally to inspiration ,motivation, goals, and various aspects of selfhood.‖ G. W.
Allport defined it as ―a person‘s pattern of habits, attitudes, and traits which determine his
adjustment to his environment.‖
According to Robert E. Park and Earnest W. Burgess, personality is ―the sum and
organisation of those traits which determine the role of the individual in the group.‖ Herbert
A. Bloch defined it as ―the characteristic organisation of the individual‘s habits, attitudes,
values, emotional characteristics……. which imparts consistency to the behaviour of the
individual.‖ According to Arnold W. Green, ―personality is the sum of a person‘s values (the
objects of his striving, such as ideas, prestige, power and sex) plus his non- physical traits
(his habitual ways of acting and reacting).‖ According to Linton, personality embraces the
total ―organised aggregate of psychological processes and status pertaining to the individual.‖
Personality, as we understand it, says MacIver, ―is all that an individual is and has
experienced so far as this ―all‖ can be comprehended as unity.‖[1].On the basis of these
definitions it may be said there are two main approaches to the study of personality:
(1) The psychological, and (2) The sociological.
Although there is also a third approach, the biological approach, but the biological definition
of personality which comprehends only the bio-physical characteristics of the individual
organism is inadequate. The psychological approach considers personally as a certain style
peculiar to the individual. This style is determined by the characteristic organisation of
mental trends, complexes, emotions and sentiments.
Thus personality is the sum of the ideas, attitudes and values of a person which determine his
role in society and form an integral part of his character. Personality is acquired by tie
individual as a result of his participation in group life. As a member of the group he learns
certain behaviour systems and symbolic skills which determine his ideas, attitudes and social
values. These ideas, attitudes and values which an individual holds, comprise his personality.
The personality of an individual denotes an adult‘s inner construction of the outer world. It is
the result of the inter-action processes by which standards of ethical judgment, belief and
conduct are established in social groups and communities. Personality is neither good nor
bad. Personality refers to persistent qualities of the individual. It expresses consistency and
regularly.[1] There are various types of personality :introvert, extrovert , ambiverts etc There
has been many approaches done ,in ancient times, which claim to find about the type of
personality of an individual by considering some valid and even some invalid attributes
,which may determine the type of personality .

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In this case project we are trying to determine if we could find the type of personality of an
individual by the way of their thinking , We have done survey to find if there is any
correlation between the type of Personality of an Individual and the way they think ,based on
the answers they are giving in the survey ,for certain number of particular questions designed
to test their level of Openness ,Extraversion ,Agreeableness, Conscientiousness ,and
Neuroticism (as per the Big Five Model ),and later in the same survey ,asked the individuals
to rate these ,about them, as honestly they think about them ,to find if the analysis we have
drawn is in anyway impacting the reality and is helping to find the correlation between the
way they think with the personality type ,they posses .
The Big Five model represents five major personality traits, Conscientiousness,
Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, Extraversion / Extroversion
We basically asked people to agree or disagree, on a scale of 1 to 5, to each phrase. Based on
their answers, their results been analysed and shows where they come on a spectrum for each
trait. For example, few might score high in conscientiousness and low in
extraversion, like that .And in analysing we used the Big Five model because ,unlike
other models or approaches , it does not sort personality into binary categories of :introvert
and extrovert , the Big Five Model asserts that each personality trait is a spectrum. Therefore,
individuals are ranked on a scale between the two extreme ends.
The Big Five Model, also known as the Five-Factor Model, is the most widely accepted
personality theory held by psychologists today. The theory states that personality can be
boiled down to five core factors, known by the acronym CANOE or OCEAN:
Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, Extraversion / Extroversion .
People‘s scores of the Big Five remain relatively stable for most of their life with some slight
changes from childhood to adulthood. A study by Soto & John (2012) attempted to track the
developmental trends of the Big Five traits [2]

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

There has been quite many approaches and methodologies which claim to find the personality
,from the ancient times , Few are discussed below :

1 . Phrenology
Early theories assumed that personality was expressed in people’s physical appearance. One
early approach, developed by the German physician Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) and
known as phrenology, was based on the idea that we could measure personality by assessing
the patterns of bumps on people‘s skulls ,In the Victorian age, phrenology was taken
seriously and many people promoted its use as a source of psychological insight and self-
knowledge. Machines were even developed for helping people analyze skulls (Simpson,
2005). However, because careful scientific research did not validate the predictions of the
theory, phrenology has now been discredited in contemporary psychology .[3]

2 . Somatology
Another approach, known as somatology, championed by the psychologist William Herbert
Sheldon (1898-1977), was based on the idea that we could determine personality from
people’s body types , Sheldon (1940) argued that people with more body fat and a rounder
physique (endomorphs) were more likely to be assertive and bold, whereas thinner people
(ectomorphs) were more likely to be introverted and intellectual. As with phrenology,
scientific research did not validate the predictions of the theory, and somatology has now
been discredited in contemporary psychology.[3]

3 . Physiognomy
Another approach to detecting personality is known as physiognomy, or the idea that it is
possible to assess personality from facial characteristics. In contrast to phrenology and
somatology, for which no research support has been found, contemporary research has found
that people are able to detect some aspects of a person‘s character — for instance, whether
they are gay or straight and whether they are liberal or conservative — at above-chance levels
by looking only at his or her face (Rule & Ambady, 2010; Rule, Ambady, Adams, & Macrae,
2008; Rule, Ambady, & Hallett, 2009).
Despite these results, the ability to detect personality from faces is not guaranteed. It seems
then that the predictions of physiognomy may also, in the end, find little empirical support
only .[3]

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4 . Personality as Traits
Personalities are characterized in terms of traits, which are relatively enduring characteristics
that influence our behaviour across many situations. Personality traits such as introversion,
friendliness, conscientiousness, honesty, and helpfulness are important because they help
explain consistencies in behaviour.
The most popular way of measuring traits is by administering personality tests on which
people self-report about their own characteristics. Psychologists have investigated hundreds
of traits using the self-report approach, and this research has found many personality traits
that have important implications for behaviour.[3]
5 .MBTI
As with intelligence tests, the utility of self-report measures of personality depends on their
reliability and construct validity. Some popular measures of personality are not useful
because they are unreliable or invalid. One popular approach :the Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator (MBTI) , is the most widely administered personality test in the world, given
millions of times a year to employees in thousands of companies. The MBTI categorizes
people into one of four categories on each of four dimensions: introversion versus
extraversion, sensing versus intuiting, thinking versus feeling, and judging versus
perceiving.Although completing the MBTI can be useful for helping people think about
individual differences in personality, and for breaking the ice at meetings, the measure itself
is not psychologically useful because it is not reliable or valid. People‘s classifications
change over time, and scores on the MBTI do not relate to other measures of personality or to
behaviour (Hunsley, Lee, & Wood, 2003) [3]

6 . Five-Factor (Big Five) Model of Personality

The fundamental work on trait dimensions conducted by Allport, Cattell, Eysenck, and many
others has led to contemporary trait models, the most important and well validated of which
is the Five-Factor (Big Five) Model of Personality. According to this model, there are five
fundamental underlying trait dimensions that are stable across time, cross-culturally shared,
and explain a substantial proportion of behaviour (Costa & McCrae, 1992; Goldberg, 1982).
―The Five Factors of the Five-Factor Model of Personality,‖ the five dimensions (sometimes
known as the Big Five) are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion,
agreeableness, and neuroticism. The Big Five Personality Test is by far the most scientifically
validated and reliable psychological model to measure personality. A large body of research
evidence has supported the five-factor model. The Big Five dimensions seem to be cross-
cultural, because the same five factors have been identified in participants in China, Japan,
Italy, Hungary, Turkey, and many other countries (Triandis & Suh, 2002). The Big Five
dimensions also accurately predict behaviour. For instance, a pattern of high
conscientiousness, low neuroticism, and high agreeableness predicts successful job
performance (Tett, Jackson, & Rothstein, 1991)

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 METHODOLOGY

 Test Subjects
Test Subjects are people who have taken the survey we created to enroll their data to our
stats. So, people here are in the age domain of age 18 to 27 years old. In the form of survey
we have designed some questions questions and calculated each of them‘s personality by
using the Big five model‘s approach ,the questions for each dimension (openness to
experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. ) were designed
and the individual were asked to agree or disagree, on a scale of 1 to 5, to each phrase. Based
on their answers, their results been analysed and shows where they come on a spectrum for
each trait. For example, few scored high in conscientiousness and low in extraversion, and
to determine their views ,feelings and opinions about some images. The total number of
subjects surveyed is 33

 Tool Used
Internet, As we research how to set up the survey and distribute among the subjects and find
out what questions will tell us about the level of a particular dimension of the big five model
traits ,ie , openness ,extraversion etc

 Data Collection Procedure

Through Google form we have created a survey and circulated it among the subjects (i.e
People) and recorded their responses. One needs to open up the google form survey and fill
their details and participate in the survey given.We asked really simple questions ,where the
people were asked to just agree or disagree on a scale as : 1 to 5 as strongly disagree or
strongly agree ,and rating on scale of 1 to 5 with 5 as high for a particular ,say openness of an
individual ,the survey contained few images also ,which has been needed for determining
more accurately about an individual

 Collected Data
Survey consist of the people‘s data such as name, gender, phone number and age then, a set
of multiple choice simple questions in which one has to give their honest opinion for a
particular situation .

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The survey asked to agree or disagree on a scale of 1 to 5 , for questions about their thinking
,and afterwards and We calculated after analysing each response ,if the questions which we
assigned to a particular trait (say extraversion) ‗s average point value is matching with the
rating given by the individual ,.in the end of the survey where we asked them to rate
honestly their Big five models‘ traits on a scale of 1 to 5 ,by themselves also .

1 The Questions we used to determine a person‘s openness with strongly disagree or

strongly agree (on a point scale of 1 to 5, highest for strongly agree) are:

i. You often see yourself as a person who: has few artistic interests ?
ii . You often see yourself as a person who: has an active imagination ?
iii . Do You have difficulty understanding abstract ideas ?
iv . Do you often find yourself daydreaming or pondering over thoughts ?
v . Do you have ideas, in bulk, usually?

2 The Questions we used to determine a person‘s conscientiousness with strongly

disagree or strongly agree (on a point scale of 1 to 5, highest for strongly agree) are:

i. You often see yourself as a person who: tends to be lazy?

ii . You often see yourself as a person who: does a thorough job ?

iii . You just do enough work to get by?
iv . You get chores done right away ?
v . Do You often forget to put things back to their proper place?

3 The Questions we used to determine a person‘s extraversion with strongly disagree

or strongly agree (on a point scale of 1 to 5, highest for strongly agree) are:
i. Do You like to stay in the background at a party or a social event, usually?

ii Do you think too much before uttering or doing something ?

iii . Do you usually feel comfortable around people?
iv . You often see yourself as a person who: is reserved ?

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v . You often see yourself as a person who: is outgoing, sociable ?

4 The Questions we used to determine a person‘s Agreeableness with strongly

disagree or strongly agree (on a point scale of 1 to 5, highest for strongly agree) are:

i. You often see yourself as a person who: is generally trusting?

ii You often see yourself as a person who: tends to find fault with others ?
iii . Do You tend to have an interest in other people's lives?
iv . Do you take time out for others ?
v . Do you often sympathize with other's feelings?
vi . Do you like to help others , and experience deep and varied emotions ?

5 The Questions we used to determine a person‘s Neuroticism with strongly disagree

or strongly agree (on a point scale of 1 to 5, highest for strongly agree) are:

i. Do you get irritated or sad easily?

ii Do you have frequent mood swings?

iii . You often see yourself as a person who: gets nervous easily?

iv . You often see yourself as a person who: Is relaxed, handles stress well ?
6 The images used for accurately finding and analysing are :
i

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ii

iii

These images ‗s were used to find , how the individual perceive certain things ,based on
which we tried to match our results calculated from survey questions .

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to the survey taken by the subjects we have recorded the percentage of male and
female are given below:

And the age group :

One of the traits ‗s (Neuroticism) responses‘ analysis , through assigned questions by us, for
that (Neuroticism) Versus the rating which the subjects gave to themselves (on scale of 1 to
5 ) is shown and discussed below :

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i

ii

iii

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iv

From above questions (i) is not in favour of Neuroticism ,dimension of BIG Five model
,which means a person who strongly agreed or rated high for it ,has less neuroticism ,while
for all other questions ie of (ii), (iii) and (iv) are in its favour and were not reverse calculated
,while analysing ,i.e high rating for them ,means high neuroticism , of an individual

Above graph shows 27.3 ,33.3%,24.2% and 30.3% agree neutrally about their Neuroticism
,i.e (average 28.775% )and from below rating ,which individuals gave to them ,we find close
connection:

We found close relation with the rating ,which the individuals gave to themselves honestly
about their Neuroticism, ie 30.3 % which is matching closely with the average
percentage(27.775%) of people who were analysed by the way they think ,Hence we can
surely say we can determine the type of personality of an individual by the way they think .

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Similarly , for other traits the analysis were done and more than 85% correlation was found
by us for each dimension(openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion,
agreeableness, and neuroticism) and the rating given by the individuals by themselves
,honestly .

REFERENCES

1. https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/personality/personality-meaning-and-
determinants-of-personality/24336
2. https://www.simplypsychology.org/big-five-personality.html ,The Big Five
Personality Traits, By Annabelle G.Y. Lim , published June 15, 2020
3. https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontopsychology/chapter/11-1-personality-and-
behavior-approaches-and-measurement/
4. Bass, B. M. (1999). Current developments in transformational leadership: Research
and applications. Psychologist-Manager Journal, 3(1), 5–21.
5. Eysenck, H. (1998). Dimensions of personality. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction.
6. Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The
authoritarian personality. New York, NY: Harper
7. Ackerman, C. (2017, June 23). Big Five Personality Traits: The OCEAN Model
Explained. PositivePsychology.com. https://positivepsychology.com/big-five-
personality-theory
8. Grohol, J. M. (2019, May 30). The Big Five Personality Traits. PsychCentral.
Retrieved 10 June 2020, from https://psychcentral.com/lib/the-big-five-personality-
traits

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