Scribd
Upload
48 views5 pages

Topics in Image Enhancement

This document discusses various topics in image enhancement including negative images, thresholding, gray level slicing, contrast stretching, histogram equalization, histogram specifications, spatial filtering techniques like smoothing and median filtering, and frequency domain enhancement methods such as smoothing, sharpening, and homomorphic filtering. Spatial filters include average, weighted average, and median filters while frequency domain filters include low pass, high pass, band pass, and homomorphic filters to smooth or sharpen images.

Uploaded by

Varsha Jaiswal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
48 views5 pages

Topics in Image Enhancement

This document discusses various topics in image enhancement including negative images, thresholding, gray level slicing, contrast stretching, histogram equalization, histogram specifications, spatial filtering techniques like smoothing and median filtering, and frequency domain enhancement methods such as smoothing, sharpening, and homomorphic filtering. Spatial filters include average, weighted average, and median filters while frequency domain filters include low pass, high pass, band pass, and homomorphic filters to smooth or sharpen images.

Uploaded by

Varsha Jaiswal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

TOPICS IN IMAGE ENHANCEMENT

1) Negative image
2) Thresholding
3) Gray level slicing
4) Contrast stretching
5) Histogram Equalization
6) Histogram specifications

7) Spatial Filtering
a) Smoothening by average
b) Weighted Average Filter
c) Median Filtering

8) Frequency Doman Enhancement


a) Smoothening
b) Sharpening
c) Homomorphic filtering

 What is Image Enhancement???


1) Negative Image

Definition

A positive image is a normal image. A negative image is a total inversion, in which


light areas appear dark and vice versa. A negative color image is additionally color
reversed,[2] with red areas appearing cyan, greens appearing magenta, and blues
appearing yellow, and vice versa.
Practical Point of view
Negative of an image in MATLAB

The negative of an image is achieved by replacing the intensity ‘i’ in the original image by ‘i-
1’, i.e. the darkest pixels will become the brightest and the brightest pixels will become the
darkest. Image negative is produced by subtracting each pixel from the maximum intensity
value.
For example in an 8-bit grayscale image, the max intensity value is 255, thus each pixel is
subtracted from 255 to produce the output image.
The transformation function used in image negative is:
s = T(r) = (L – 1) – r

2) Thresholding

Thresholding is a very popular segmentation technique, used for separating an


object from its background
The process of thresholding involves, comparing each pixel value of the image (pixel
intensity) to a specified threshold. This divides all the pixels of the input image into 2
groups:
a) Pixels having intensity value lower than threshold.
b) Pixels having intensity value greater than threshold.

3) Gray level slicing

The grey level or grey value indicates the brightness of a pixel. The minimum
grey level is 0. The maximum grey level depends on the digitisation depth of the
image. In contrast, in a greyscale or colour image a pixel can take on any value
between 0 and 255.

4) Contrast stretching
Contrast stretching is also known as normalization. It is a simple image enhancement
technique. The quality of image is enhanced by stretching the range of intensity
values.

To perform the stretching, we have to specify the upper- and lower-pixel value limits
over which the image is about to be normalized. Let’s say a is the lower limit and b is
the upper limit. We also need to find the existing lowest and highest pixel vales
present in the image.

Contrast stretching as the name suggests is an image enhancement technique that


tries to improve the contrast by stretching the intensity values of an image to fill the
entire dynamic range. The transformation function used is always linear and
monotonically increasing.

5) Histogram Equalization
6) Histogram specifications

7) Spatial Filtering
a) Smoothening by average

b) Weighted Average Filter


c) Median Filtering

8) Frequency Doman Enhancement

Frequency Domain Filters are used for smoothing and sharpening of image by
removal of high or low frequency components. Sometimes it is possible of removal
of very high and very low frequency. Frequency domain filters are different from
spatial domain filters as it basically focuses on the frequency of the images. It is
basically done for two basic operation i.e., Smoothing and Sharpening.
1. Low pass filter:
Low pass filter removes the high frequency components that means it keeps
low frequency components. It is used for smoothing the image. It is used to
smoothen the image by attenuating high frequency components and preserving
low frequency components.

2. High pass filter:


High pass filter removes the low frequency components that means it keeps
high frequency components. It is used for sharpening the image. It is used to
sharpen the image by attenuating low frequency components and preserving
high frequency components.

3. Band pass filter:

Band pass filter removes the very low frequency and very high frequency
components that means it keeps the moderate range band of frequencies.
Band pass filtering is used to enhance edges while reducing the noise at the
same time.

1. Smoothening
Smoothing filters are used to enhance noisy images (at the expense of blurring). This
filter generates the average over a 3 x 3 area of the image. The technique is also called
moving window averaging.

2. Sharpening
The principal objective of sharpening is to highlight transitions in intensity.

Sharpening Spatial Filters/High pass:-

a) Basic High pass filter


A high-pass filter can be used to make an image appear sharper. These filters
emphasize fine details in the image – exactly the opposite of the low-pass
filter.
b) High boots filter
The high-boost filter can be used to enhance high frequency component while
still keeping the low frequency components. High Boost filter is composed by
an all pass filter and an edge detection filter (laplacian filter) thus, it emphasizes
edges and results in image sharpener.

c) Gradient Filter

d) Laplacian Filter

A Laplacian filter is an edge detector used to compute the second derivatives of an


image, measuring the rate at which the first derivatives change. This determines if a
change in adjacent pixel values is from an edge or continuous progression. ... The
following array is an example of a 3x3 kernel for a Laplacian filter.

d) Gaussian Filter
The Gaussian smoothing operator is a 2-D convolution operator that is
used to `blur' images and remove detail and noise. In this sense it is similar
to the mean filter, but it uses a different kernel that represents the shape
of a Gaussian (`bell-shaped') hump.

3. Homomorphic Filtering
Homomorphic filtering is sometimes used for image enhancement. It simultaneously
normalizes the brightness across an image and increases contrast. Here homomorphic
filtering is used to remove multiplicative noise

You might also like