Senior High School

Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 – Module 1.3
Illustrate the Limit Laws
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 Senior High School

Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 – Module 1.3
Illustrate the Limit Laws
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Basic Calculus Self-Learning Module on Illustrate the Limit
Laws!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by
educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will

help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Basic Calculus Self-Learning Module on Illustrate the Limit
Laws!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

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 Illustrate the Limit Laws

CONTENT STANDARD
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the basic concepts of limit and
continuity of a function.
PERFORMANCE STANDARD
The learners shall be able to formulate and solve accurately real-life problems
involving continuity of functions.
LEARNING COMPETENCY:

The learner:
1. Illustrate the limit laws (STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-3)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

1. Distinguish the different limit theorems;

2. Illustrate the different limit theorems;
3. Find the value of limit functions using different limit laws.

INTRODUCTION

In the previous lesson, Lesson 1 showed us how limits can be determined

using a table of values or by looking at the graph of a function. One might ask: Must
one always construct a table or graph the function to determine a limit? Filling in a
table of values sometimes requires very tiresome calculations. Likewise, a graph
may be difficult to sketch. However, these should not be reasons for a student to fail
to determine a limit.
In this lesson, we will learn how to compute the limit of a function using the
Limit Theorems.

REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS MODULE

You have learned in your previous lesson the relation of the limit of the function at c
versus the value of a function at c. You learned that not all limit of the function at c is
equal to the value of a function at c. There are only some instances that they can be
equal but all the time.
Sometimes the limit of a function as x approaches c is simply as shown in
lim x →c f ( x) = f (c)
By simply substituting c for x, then the limit can be evaluated by direct substitution.

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PRESENTATION OF THE NEW MODULE
In this lesson, we will state eight limit theorems. These will enable us to
directly evaluate limits, without the need for a table or a graph.

ACTIVITY

FILLED ME UP

Direction: Write your answers and complete solutions on separate sheet of paper.
Let’s begin!

A. Complete the following table

c lim x→c 2016 lim x→c x
-2
-1/2
0
3.1416
10
3

ANALYSIS

Instruction: Answer the following as a guide for this activity. Please refer to the
Activity to evaluate your answer. Ready!

1. How did you find the value of column 2016? Column x?

Answer:_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What can you say about the value of both columns?

Answer:_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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ABSTRACTION

Now, we are ready to list down the basic theorems on limits. Again, in this
lesson, we will discuss eight limit theorems. In the following statements of theorems,
c is a constant, and f and g are functions that may or may not have c in their
domains.

Let us start our discussion on the Two Fundamental limits Theorem

Theorem 1:
The limit of a constant is itself. If k is any constant, then lim x → a k = k
For example:
. x →3 8 = 8
a. lim
b. lim x →0 − 715 .58 = −715 .58
c. lim x →6  =
Based on the examples above, the limit of any constant number is itself. It
does not matter as to where x approaches with. Therefore you just need to look at
the given constant, like in example (a) the constant given is 8, therefore the limit of 8
is also 8, same goes as to examples (b) and (c), the given constant is -715.58 and
 their limit is also -715.58 and .
;therefore 

Theorem 2:
The limit of x as x approaches c is equal to c. This may be thought of as
the substitution law, because x is simply substituted by c. This can be illustrate as
lim x →c x = c
For example:
a. lim x →9 x = 9
b. lim x →0.005 x = 0.005
c. lim x →−10 x = −10

Solution:
Let us take a look at the first example (a) lim , this can be read as “ The
x →9 x
limit of x as x approaches 9”. Using the fundamental Limit theorem , we just need to
substitute the value of c to the function x. So c=9, therefore x is also equal to 9.
Thus,
lim x →9 x = lim x→9 9 ; substitute c=9 to x
lim x→9 9 = 9 ; by Theorem 1, the limit of a constant is itself.

This is also applicable on the next examples above,

(b) since c = 0.005,thus x= 0.005. By Theorem 1, lim x →0.005 x = lim x →0.005 0.005 = 0.005
(c) since c = -10,thus x= -10. By Theorem 1, lim x →−10 x = lim x →0−10 − 10 = −10

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 For the next theorems that we will discuss, we will assume that the limits of f
and g both exist as x approaches c and that they are L and M, respectively. In other
words, lim x →c f ( x) = L and lim x →c g ( x) = M

Theorem 3: The Constant Multiple Theorem

This says that the limit of a multiple of a function is simply that multiple
of the limit of the function.
 
lim x→c k • f ( x) = k • L ; where k is constant

For example, if lim x →c f ( x ) = 4 ; then

a. lim x →c 8  f ( x) = 8  lim x →c f ( x) = 8  4 = 32
b. lim x→c − 11  f ( x) = −11  lim x →c f ( x) = −11  4 = −44

3 3 3 12
c. lim x→c  f ( x) =  lim x→c f ( x) =  4 = = 6
2 2 2 2

Take a look on another illustrative example.

1. Find the lim x →3 5 x

Solution: In this example, we have the constant k which is equal to 5. Using the
Constant Multiple Theorem, we can rewrite the lim x →3 5 x into 5 • lim x →3 x .Thus,
lim x →3 5 x
= 5  lim x →3 x ; by Constant Multiple Theorem
= 5  lim x →3 3 ; by Theorem 2
= 53 ; by Theorem 1
= 15
Thus, the lim x →3 5 x = 15 .
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2. Find the lim x →4 x
2 5
Solution: In this example, we have the constant k which is equal to . Using the
2

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 5 5
Constant Multiple Theorem, we can rewrite the lim x→4 x into lim x→4 x .Thus,
5 2 2
lim x → 4 x
2
5
=  lim x → 4 x ; by Constant Multiple Theorem
2
5
=  lim x → 4 4 ; by Theorem 2
2
5
= 4 ; by Theorem 1
2
20
=
2
= 10
Theorem 4: Addition and Subtraction Theorem
This says that the limit of a sum of functions is the sum of the limits of
the individual functions. Subtraction is also included in this law, that is, the limit of a
difference of functions is the difference of their limits.
lim x →a  f ( x) + g ( x) = lim x→c f ( x) + im x→c g ( x) = L + M
lim x →a  f ( x) − g ( x) = lim x→c f ( x) − lim x→c g ( x) = L − M

For example; if lim x →c f ( x ) = 4 and lim x→c g ( x) = −5 ; then

a. lim x →c  f ( x) + g ( x) = lim x →c f ( x) + lim x →c g ( x) = 4 + (−5) = −1

b. lim x →c  f ( x) − g ( x) = lim x →c f ( x) + lim x→c g ( x) = 4 − (−5) = 4 + 5 = 9

Take a look for another concrete example

1. Find the lim x →c 2 x + 4

Solution: Applying the Addition Theorem of Limits, we can rewrite

lim x →1 2 x + 4 lim x→1 2 x + lim x →1 4

Then, we can operate

lim x→1 2 x + 4
= lim x→1 2 x + lim x→1 4 ; by Addition Theorem of Limits
= 2 lim x→1 x + lim x→1 4 ; by Constant Multiple Theorem
= 2(1) + 4 ; by Theorem 1 and 2
= 2+4
=6

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 Therefore, the lim x →1 2 x + 4 = 6

2.Find the lim x →2 x − 8

Solution: Applying the Subtraction Theorem of Limits, we can rewrite

lim x→2 x − 8 lim x→2 x − lim x →2 8

Then, we can operate

lim x→2 x − 8
= lim x→2 x − lim x→2 8 ; by Subtraction Theorem of Limits
= 2−8 ; by Theorem 1 and 2
= −6

Theorem 5: The Multiplication Theorem

This is similar to the Addition Theorem, with multiplication replacing addition
as the operation involved. Thus, the limit of a product of functions is equal to the
product of their limits.
lim x→c  f ( x)  g ( x) = lim x→c f ( x)  lim x→c g ( x) = L  M

For example; again if lim x →c f ( x ) = 4 and lim x →c g ( x) = −5 ; then

lim x→c  f ( x)  g ( x) = lim x →c f ( x)  lim x→c g ( x) = 4  −5 = −20

Remark 1: The Addition and Multiplication Theorems can be applied to sums, differences,
and products of more than two functions. It means, these theorems can operate 2, 3 or
more functions together.
Remark 2: The Constant Multiple Theorem is a special case of the Multiplication Theorem.
So, in the Multiplication Theorem, if the first function f(x) is replaced by a constant k, the
result is the Constant Multiple Theorem.

Theorem 6: The Division Theorem

This says that the limit of a quotient of functions is equal to the quotient of the
limits of the individual functions, provided the denominator limit is not equal to 0.
 f ( x)  lim x→c f ( x) L ; provided that M ≠ 0
lim x→c  = =
 g ( x)  lim x→c g ( x) M

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 For example;
i. If lim x →c f ( x ) = 4 and lim x →c g ( x) = −5 ; then
f ( x)
lim x →c
g ( x)
lim x →c f ( x)
=
lim x →c g ( x)
4 4
= =−
−5 5
ii. If lim x →c f ( x ) = 0 and lim x →c g ( x) = −5 ; then
f ( x)
lim x →c
g ( x)
lim x →c f ( x)
=
lim x →c g ( x)
0
=
−5
=0
f ( x)
f ( x) = 4 and lim x →c g ( x) = 0 ; it is not possible to evaluate lim x→c
iii. If lim x →c
g ( x)
or we may say that the limit does not exist (DNE).
Theorem 7: The Power Theorem
This theorem states that the limit of an integer power p of a function is just
that power of the limit of the function.
lim x→c  f ( x) = lim x→c f ( x)
p p

For example,
i. if lim x →c f ( x ) = 4; evaluate lim x→c  f ( x)
3

lim x →c  f ( x)
3
Solution:
= lim x →c f ( x)
3

= ( 4) 3
= 444
= 64
ii. if lim x →c f ( x ) = 4; evaluate lim x→c  f ( x)
−2

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Solution: lim x→c  f ( x)−2
= lim x →c f ( x)
−2

= ( 4) − 2
1
=
( 4) 2
1
=
16

Theorem 8: Radical/Root Theorem

This theorem states that if n is a positive integer, the limit of the nth root of
a function is just the nth root of the limit of the function, provided the nth root of the
limit is a real number. Thus, it is important to keep in mind that if n is even, the limit
of the function must be positive.
lim x →c n f ( x) = n lim x→c f ( x) = n L

For examples;

i. If lim x →c f ( x ) = 4 ; evaluate lim x→c f ( x)

Solution: lim x →c f ( x)
= lim x →c f ( x)
= 4
=2

ii. If lim x →c f ( x) = −4 ; evaluate lim x→c f ( x)

Solution: It is not possible to evaluate the lim x→c f ( x) because if we are going to
substitute the limit of f(x) which -4, then the result is not a real number.
Then, we can say, that the limit does not exist (DNE).

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APPPLICATION

Direction: Match Column 1 to Column 2 according to what property or theorem is

being described in Column 1. Write the letters of your correct answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

Consider that lim x → a f ( x ) = L and lim x→a g ( x) = M

Column 1 Column 2

1. lim x → a c = c a. Power Rule

2. lim x → a x = a b. Quotient Rule

 
3. lim x →a k • f ( x) = k • L c. Radical/Root Rule

4. lim x →a  f ( x) + g ( x) = L + M d. Constant Multiple Theorem

 
5. lim x → a f ( x ) − g ( x) = L − M e. The limit of the constant is itself

6. lim x →a  f ( x) • g ( x) = L • M f. The limit of x as x approaches a is a

f ( x) L
7. lim x→a = g. Difference Rule
g ( x) M

8. lim x →a f ( x) p = lim x→a f ( x)
p
h. Multiplication Rule

9. lim x→a x = lim x→a x i. Addition Rule

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ENRICHMENT

Direction: Analyse the following. Write your answer and complete the solution on a
separate sheet of paper.

Assume the following:

lim x →c f ( x) = 1 ; lim x→c g ( x) = −1 and lim x →c h( x) = 2

Compute the following limits

1. lim x →c ( f ( x ) + g ( x))

2. lim x →c ( f ( x) − g ( x) − h( x))

3. lim x →c (3  g ( x) + 5  h( x))

4. lim x→c f ( x)
5
5. lim x→c ( h( x))
g ( x ) − h( x )
6. lim x→c
f ( x)
1
7. lim x→c
f ( x) + g ( x)

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REFERENCES

Learners Module in Senior High School (Basic Calculus)

Teacher’s Guide in Senior High School (Basic Calculus)
https://buenavistanhs.weebly.com/uploads/7/2/2/8/7228051/basiccalc_initial_r
elease_13june.pdf

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Surigao del Norte

Peñaranda St., Surigao City
Surigao del Norte, Philippines 8400
Tel. No: (086) 826-8216
Email Address: [email protected]

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