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Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions, Integration by Parts
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
We want to define the inverse for the trigonometric functions. By restricting the domain as
appropriate, we can define the following inverse trigonometric functions:
𝜋 𝜋
𝜃 = sin−1 𝑥 is the unique angle in [− , ] such that sin 𝜃 = 𝑥.
2 2
𝜃 = cos −1 𝑥 is the unique angle in [0, 𝜋] such that cos 𝜃 = 𝑥.
𝜋 𝜋
𝜃 = tan−1 𝑥 is the unique angle in (− , ) such that tan 𝜃 = 𝑥.
2 2
1 𝜋
For example, sin−1 ( ) = and cos −1 0 = 𝜋/2. By drawing appropriate right-angled triangle, we can
2 6
also simplify more complicated expression, for instance we have cos(sin−1 𝑥) = √1 − 𝑥 2 .
Again, we are interested to do calculus with inverse trigonometric functions.
Calculus of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
𝑑 1 1
1. (sin−1 𝑥) = , and so ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑 1
2. (cos−1 𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑 1 1
3. (tan−1 𝑥) = 2 , and so ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +1 𝑥 +1
𝑑 1 1
4. (sec −1 𝑥) = , and so ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sec −1 𝑥 +𝐶
𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥 2 −1 |𝑥|√𝑥 2 −1
Example:
𝑑𝑥
Find ∫ .
√9−16𝑥 2
Solution:
16𝑥 2 4𝑥 2
First, note that √9 − 16𝑥 2 = √9 (1 − 3
) = 3√1 − ( 3 ) . Let us try using substitution 𝑢 = 4𝑥/3.
4
Then 𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑑𝑥, and the integral becomes:
3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 1 1 1 1 4𝑥
∫ =∫ 4 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = sin−1 𝑢 + 𝐶 = sin−1 ( ) + 𝐶.
√9 − 16𝑥 2 3√1 − 𝑢2 4 √1 − 𝑢2 4 4 3
Problems:
1. Find the derivative of: (a) 𝑦 = ln(sin−1 𝑥), (b) 𝑦 = (tan−1 (2𝑥))3 , (c) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos−1 𝑥
𝑥 3 1 tan−1 𝑥
2. Find: (a) ∫ 𝑑𝑥, (b) ∫0 𝑑𝑥, (c) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√9−16𝑥 2 𝑥 2 +3 1+𝑥 2
Hyperbolic Functions
Hyperbolic functions are certain special combinations of 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑒 −𝑥 that play a role in engineering and
physics. They are defined as follows:
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 sinh 𝑥
sinh 𝑥 = , cosh 𝑥 = , tanh 𝑥 =
2 2 cosh 𝑥
There are similarities between these and the usual trigonometric functions. For example, we have the
identity cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1, and some of the calculus formulae are also similar.
Calculus of Hyperbolic Functions:
𝑑
1. (sinh 𝑥) = cosh 𝑥, and so ∫ sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2. (cosh 𝑥) = sinh 𝑥, and so ∫ cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
3. (tanh 𝑥) = sech2 𝑥, and so ∫ sech2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tanh 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
We can also define the inverse of the hyperbolic functions similar to that of the usual trigonometric
functions. The calculus formulae are listed below.
Calculus of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions:
𝑑 1 1
1. (sinh−1 𝑥) = 2 , and so ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = sinh−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 +1 √𝑥 +1
𝑑 1 1
2. (cosh−1 𝑥) = 2 , and so ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = cosh−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 −1 √𝑥 −1
𝑑 1 1
3. (tanh−1 𝑥) = , and so ∫ 1−𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = tanh−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2
Problems:
3. Find the derivative of: (a) 𝑦 = sinh(𝑙𝑛 𝑥), (b) 𝑦 = 𝑒 cosh 3𝑥 , (c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 tanh(𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
4. Find: (a) ∫ , (b) ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (c) ∫ sinh2 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√9+𝑥 2
Integration by Parts
Integration by parts is a technique of integration often used to find integral of a product of functions.
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 (Integration by parts formula)
Strategy to choose u and dv:
1. Choose u so that du is simpler than u itself.
As a guideline, try LIATE rule: choose u to be the function type which appears first in LIATE, where
L: Logarithmic, I: Inverse Trigonometric, A: Algebraic, T: Trigonometric, E: Exponential
2. Choose dv so that v can be evaluated.
Example:
Find ∫ 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
Choose 𝑢 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑥. So 𝑑𝑢 = 2 and 𝑣 = sin 𝑥. Then
∫ 2𝑥
⏟ cos
⏟𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
⏟ sin
⏟𝑥 − ∫ ⏟
2 sin
⏟𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑣
Example:
Find ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
Choose 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = 1. So 𝑑𝑢 = 1/𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥. Then
∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
Problems:
3. Find: (a) ∫ 𝑥 −3 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (b) ∫ tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (c) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (d) ∫ 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
4. Using any methods you have learnt so far, find:
𝑥 ln(ln 𝑥) ln 𝑥
(a) ∫ cos 𝑥 ln(sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, (b) ∫ 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥, (c) ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥, (d) ∫ √𝑥 𝑒 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
√
