Experiment: 1

Program: Write a program to implement Matrix Algebra.

Software Used: MATLAB 7.6
>> a=[1 2 3

456

7 8 9]

a=

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

>> b=[4 6 7

793

3 5 7]

b=

4 6 7

7 9 3

3 5 7

>> %addition

>>a+b

ans

5 8 10

11 14 9

10 13 16
>> %subtraction

>>a-b

ans =

-3 -4 -4

-3 -4 3

4 3 2

>> %multiplication

>>a*b

ans =

27 39 34

69 99 85

111 159 136

>> %display a row

>> e=b(2,:)

e=

7 9 3

>> %display a column

>> f=b(:,2)

f=

>> z=[1 2 3 4]
z=

1 2 3 4

>> z=10:-3:1

z=

10 7 4 1

>> z=0:3:10

z=

0 3 6 9

>> x=zeros(1,3)

x=

0 0 0

>> x=[zeros(1,3); 4 5 6; ones(1,3)]

x=

0 0 0

4 5 6

1 1 1

>> y=rand(2,2)

y=

0.8147 0.1270

0.9058 0.9134

>>who

Your variables are:

aans b e f x y z
>>whos

Name Size Bytes Class Attributes

a 3x3 72 double

ans 3x3 72 double

b 3x3 72 double

e 1x3 24 double

f 3x1 24 double

x 3x3 72 double

y 2x2 32 double

z 1x4 32 double
 Experiment: 2
Program: Write a program to plot following functions
a) impulse function b)Unit Step c) Ramp function d) sin and cos
function
Software Used: MATLAB 7.6
%--Program to Generate IMPULSE function--%

m = 20

for i = -m:m

if(i==0)

y=1

stem(i,y,'r+')

hold on

else

continue;

end

end

hold off

%--Program for UNIT Step function--%

n=10

for t= -n:1:n

if(t>0)

z=1
 plot(t,z,'+');

hold on

else

continue;

end

end

hold off

%--Program to Plot RAMP function--%

t = 0:1:10

y=3*t

plot(t,y,'r')

%--Program to plot Sine and Cosine function --%

x = 0:.0001:1

f = cos(2*pi*x)

g = sin(2*pi*x)

plot(x,f,'b+');

hold on;

plot(x,g,'r');

hold off;
OUTPUTS:-

impulse function:

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

unit step:

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ramp function:

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

sin and cos function:

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
 Experiment: 3
Program: Write a program to find out the convolution of two
sequences using in built convolution function.
Software Used: MATLAB 7.6
clc;

clear all;

close all;

disp('linear convolution program');

x=input('enter i/p x(n):');

m=length(x);

h=input('enter i/p h(n):');

n=length(h);

x=[x,zeros(1,n)];

subplot(2,2,1), stem(x);

title('i/p sequencce x(n)is:');

xlabel('---->n');

ylabel('---->x(n)');grid;

h=[h,zeros(1,m)];

subplot(2,2,2), stem(h);

title('i/p sequencce h(n)is:');

xlabel('---->n');

ylabel('---->h(n)');grid;

disp('convolution of x(n) & h(n) is y(n):');

y=zeros(1,m+n-1);

for i=1:m+n-1

y(i)=0;

for j=1:m+n-1

if(j<i+1)

y(i)=y(i)+x(j)*h(i-j+1);

end

end

end

subplot(2,2,[3,4]),stem(y);

title('convolution of x(n) & h(n) is :');

xlabel('---->n');

ylabel('---->y(n)');grid;
OUTPUT:

i/p sequencce x(n)is: i/p sequencce h(n)is:

6 2

1.5
4
---->x(n)

---->h(n)
1
2
0.5

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
---->n ---->n
convolution of x(n) & h(n) is :
15

10
---->y(n)

0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
---->n
 Experiment: 4
Program: Write a program to plot Exponential function.
Software Used: MATLAB 7.6
%--Program to Plot Exponential Function--%

a= input('enter the value of a')

b = input('enter the value of b')

c = a+i*b

k=10

n=1:10

x= k*exp(c*n)

y = abs(x)

subplot(2,2,1:2)

stem(n,y)

xlabel('time')

ylabel('Mag.')

title('Magnitude Response')

z = angle(x)
subplot(2,2,3:4)
stem(n,z)
xlabel('time')
ylabel('Phase')
title('Phase Response')
OUTPUT:

enter the value of a10

a=

10

enter the value of b10

b=

10

44
x 10 Magnitude Response
3

2
Mag.

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time
Phase Response
4

2
Phase

-2

-4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time
 EXPERIMENT NO.5
Program: Write a program to implement loops.
Software Used: MATLAB 7.6

%--while loop--%

i=1

while i<5

disp ['hello']

i=i+1;

end

%--if loop--%

a=10;

b=20;

if(a<b)

'yes'

if(a>=b)

'no'
end

end

%--if else if--%

x=5
y=10
z=15
if((x>y)&(x>z))
'x is greatest of the three'
elseif(y>z)
'y is greatest'
else
'z is greatest'
End
%--switch--%
method = 'Bilinear';
switch lower(method)
case {'linear','bilinear'}
disp('Method is linear')
case 'cubic'
disp('Method is cubic')
otherwise

disp('hello! method is not there')

end
OUTPUT:

i=

['hello']

['hello']

['hello']

['hello']

ans =

yes

x=

y=

10

z=

15

ans =

z is greatest

Method is linear
 EXPERIMENT NO.6
Program: write a program to implement fir filter
Software used: matlab 7.6
f = [0 0.6 0.6 1]; m = [1 1 0 0];
b = fir2(30,f,m);
[h,w] = freqz(b);
plot(f,m,w/pi,abs(h))
legend('Ideal','fir2 Designed')
title('Frequency Response Magnitudes')
OUTPUT:

Frequency Response Magnitudes

1.4
Ideal
fir2 Designed
1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
 EXPERIMENT NO.7

Program: Study different window functions available in signal

processing toolbox and their controlling parameters.

Software Used: MATLAB 7.6

N = 65;
w = window(@blackmanharris,N);
w1 = window(@hamming,N);
w2 = window(@gausswin,N,2.5);
wvtool(w,w1,w2)
OUTPUT:

Time domain Frequency domain

50
1

0.8 0

Magnitude (dB)
Amplitude

0.6
-50

0.4

-100
0.2

0 -150
10 20 30 40 50 60 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Samples Normalized Frequency (  rad/sample)
 Experiment: 8

Program: Study of plots, subplots including functioning of hold

on and off.
Software Used: MATLAB 7.6

%--subplot1--%

t = 0:.0001:1;

y = sin(2*pi*t)

subplot(2,2,1);

plot(t,y)

z = cos(2*pi*t)

subplot(2,2,2);

plot(t,z);

%--subplot2--%

q = 0:.001:1

a = sin(2*pi*q)

subplot(2,2,1:2)

plot(q,a)

xlabel('time')
 ylabel('amplitude')

title('sine1')

b = cos(2*pi*q)

subplot(2,2,3)

plot(q,b)

xlabel('time')

ylabel('amplitude')

title('cos')

c = sin(pi*q)

subplot(2,2,4)

plot(q,c)

xlabel('time')

ylabel('amplitude')

title('sine2')
OUTPUT1:

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0

-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1

OUTPUT2:

sine1
1

0.5
am plitude

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time
cos sine2
1 1

0.5
am plitude

am plitude

0 0.5

-0.5

-1 0
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
time time
 EXPERIMENT 9:

Program: Write a program to implement autocorrelation

function.
Software Used: MATLAB 7.6

N=1024; % Number of samples

f1=1; % Frequency of the sinewave
FS=200; % Sampling Frequency
n=0:N-1; % Sample index numbers
x=sin(2*pi*f1*n/FS); % Generate the signal, x(n)
t=[1:N]*(1/FS); % Prepare a time axis
subplot(2,1,1); % Prepare the figure
plot(t,x); % Plot x(n)
title('Sinwave of frequency 1000Hz [FS=8000Hz]');
xlabel('Time, [s]');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid;
Rxx=xcorr(x); % Estimate its autocorrelation
subplot(2,1,2); % Prepare the figure
plot(Rxx); % Plot the autocorrelation
grid;
title('Autocorrelation function of the sinewave');
xlabel('lags');
ylabel('Autocorrelation');
OUTPUT:

Sinwave of frequency 1000Hz [FS=8000Hz]

1

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time, [s]
Autocorrelation function of the sinewave
1000

500
Autocorrelation

-500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
lags
 EXPERIMENT 10:

Program: Write a program to implement crosscorrelation

function.
Software Used: MATLAB 7.6

N=1024; % Number of samples to generate

f=1; % Frequency of the sinewave

FS=200; % Sampling frequency

n=0:N-1; % Sampling index

x=sin(2*pi*f*n/FS); % Generate x(n)

y=x+10*randn(1,N); % Generate y(n)

subplot(3,1,1);

plot(x);

title('Pure Sinewave');

grid;

Rxy=xcorr(x,y); % Estimate the cross correlation

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(Rxy);

title('Cross correlation Rxy');

grid;
OUTPUT:

Pure Sinewave
1

-1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Cross correlation Rxy
500

-500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500