Module 1

FOUNDATION OF SPECIAL AND Greek & Romans

INCLUSIVE EDUCATION Romans Consequences of Philosophy:
Education is a lifelong, continuous and multiple • Chaining -Left on hills to die
process which aim is all round development of the • Thrown off cliffs
child. • Locked away
• Drown Father had right to terminate child’s
All round development means physical, intellectual, life
emotional, cultural, spiritual, vocational, aesthetic, • Deaf, blind & Ill children had little more
moral language, social, religious and recreational chance.
development. Old Testament
• God created man in his own image
Western educationists have discovered few Latin
• Disability is an impurity.
words through investigation. According to them, the
• A disabled person cannot approach sacred
English word 'Education' has been derived from
places.
Latin words "educare", "educere", "educatum",
New Testament
"E+duco", "educatus","educatio".
• Jesus helps disabled persons (ex: blind
miracle)
1. The term education has been derived from the
Latin word 'educare'. The term 'educare' means 'to • Disability is less a fault or an evil sign
bring up', 'to rise', and 'to nourish’. • Need of assistance, help
• Help them is an occasion for “winning ones
2) 'Educere' - The term education has been derived salvation”
from the Latin word 'educere’. The term 'educere' Middle Ages – Era of Ridicule
means 'to lead out', 'to draw out' and 'to bring from’. Rigid caste system
Those with disabilities were:
3) 'Educatum' - The term education has been a)Used as servants or fools
derived from the Latin word 'educatum’. The term b)Some were still put to death
'educatum' means 'act of teaching' or 'training'. c)Dwarfs were used as clowns
Education is something which is imposed from d)Overall, ridiculed for deformities and behavior
outside. Renaissance - Era of Asylum
• Church accepts those with disabilities as
4) 'E+duco' - The term education has been derived wards of state
from the Latin word 'E+duco,. The term 'E' means • Cared in isolation
'out of' and 'duco' means 'to lead,.The child has • No education at first, but humane treatment
inherited potentialities. It is inborn. It should be • Belief: Once disabled, always disabled
developed, but how and by whom? Last Century (1900’s)
• Biological emphasis
5) 'Educatus' - The term education has been • Medical model Institutional Care1900-
derived from the Latin word 'educatus'. The term 1950’s Compulsory education. Creation of
'educatus' means 'to bring up', 'rear', 'educate'. classes or schools for the mentally retarded,
blind, deaf, etc..
6) 'Educatio' - The term education has been • After the 2nd world war : Creation of special
derived from the Latin word 'educatio'. The term education system, organized in parallel to
'educatio' means 'a breeding', 'a bringing up', 'a ordinary system.
rearing'.The Greek words 'Pedagogy' is sometimes
used for education. PIONEERS IN SPECIAL EDUCATION
1.Itard(wild boy)
Module 2 Jean Marc Gaspard Itard (1774-1838)
Special Education “specially” designed instruction ➢ French physician and educator Jean Marc
to meet the unique needs and abilities of exceptional Gaspard Itard was one of the earliest
students.
 teachers to argue that special teaching ➢ The prepared environments introduce an
methods could be effective in educating uninterrupted series of learning passages, a
disabled children. continuum.
➢ Between 1801 and 1805, Itard used ➢ The "prepared environment" is Maria
systematic techniques to teach a boy, named Montessori's concept that the environment
Victor, how to communicate with others and can be designed to facilitate maximum
how to perform daily living skills, such as independent learning and exploration by the
dressing himself. child.
➢ MaterialsEach material in a Montessori
classroom isolates one quality. In this way,
First basis of Special Education needs the concept that the child is to discover is
Individualization isolated. For example, the material known as
Emotional attachment the pink tower is made up of ten pink cubes
Specific materials of varying sizes. The preschool-aged child
Structure of contents constructs a tower with the largest cube on
Segregation the bottom and the smallest on top. This
2.Seguin material isolates the concept of size. The
Eduard Seguin (1812-1880) cubes are all the same color and texture; the
➢ In 1848 French psychologist only difference is their size. Other materials
EdouardSéguin, who had studied with Itard, isolate different concepts: color tablets for
immigrated to the United States and color, geometry materials for form, ...
developed several influential guidelines for 4.Decroly
educating children with special needs (ex. Ovide Decroly (1871-1932)
Mental retardation). ➢ “The school will be located wherever is the
➢ Seguin’s education programs stressed the nature, wherever life is, wherever the work
importance of developing independence and is"
self-reliance in disabled students by ➢ In 1901, Decroly founded a school for
presenting them with a combination of children with mild disabilities (behavioral
physical and intellectual tasks. disorders, learning disabilities, light mental
1. Frequent changes in activities retardation). He gradually invented his
2. Analysis of tasks into their pedagogy.
components ➢ In 1907, he founded a school for “ordinary”
3. Differentiation of senses from children with the same pedagogy.
intellect Decroly’s basis
4. Physical education His pedagogy had 4 basis: 4 Centers of
5. Sensory stimulation needs
6. Employment as an outcome of 1. The hobbies and interests of the child
education as a guide to education.
3.Montessori 2. Globalization means that the child
Maria Montessori (1870-1952) learns globally, without order. It's a
➢ Montessori education is a flow experience; it complete picture that we must give
builds on the continuing self-construction of the child, thenhe passes to
the child—daily, weekly, yearly—for the particularity and analysis.
duration of the program. Although 3. The class workshop or class
Montessori schools are divided into multi- laboratory in which the child lives
age classrooms: and works. The "class" strictly
• parent infant (ages 0 to 3) speaking is everywhere; he
• preschool (ages 3 to 6) advocated the breakup of places of
• lower and upper elementary (ages 6 learning: the kitchen, shops, the
to 9 and 9 to 12) street ...
• middle school (ages 12 to 14)
 4. The importance of the natural MODULE NO. 3 - Vision, Policy, Goal and
environment that puts the child in a Objectives of Special Education
situation of discovery. Concept The Department of Education through its
Special Education Division has been providing the
Dr. Anne Moore (1910) broad framework and standards in establishing and
➢ “My study of the situation in New York maintaining special education programs for a wide
convinces me (1)that the horrors attendant range of exceptional children and youth together.
upon feeblemindedness have in no way been
exaggerated; THE VISION
➢ (2)that the condition is neither circumscribed • The Department of Education clearly states
or local: its vision for children with special needs in
➢ (3) that there is a crying need for concerted consonance with the philosophy of inclusive
action toward control of the situation.“ education thus;
Realize that the feeble minded are a menace “The State, community and family hold a
to our present day civilization and that the common vision for the Filipino child with
problem of caring for them can no longer be special needs, the 21st century education
safely ignored. They agree that the defect is envisioned that he/she could be adequately
often hereditary and incurable, that it leads provided with basic education. This
to poverty, degeneracy, crime and disease.” education should fully realize his/her own
➢ Solutions”?Lifelong segregation during the potentials for development and productivity
reproductive period as well as being capable of self expression
➢ Sterilization“This remedy must in the of his/her rights in society. More
opinion of this committee be the principal importantly, he/she is God-loving and proud
agent used by society in cutting off the of being a Filipino.
supply of defectives” • It is also envisioned that the child with
Special Needs Education special needs will get full parental and
The four periods of special needs education: community support for his/her education
1.Instruction for pupils with sensory disabilities, without discrimination of any kind. This
many disabled children were excluded from school special child should also be provided with a
2.Care for the disabled, medical care and healthy environment along with leisure and
rehabilitation. Children segregated into homogenous recreation and social security measures”
groups
3.The principle of normalisation and integration POLICY, GOAL AND OBJECTIVES OF
4.Educationalequality and equal educational SPECIAL EDUCATION
services (inclusion) • The policy on Inclusive Education for All is
adopted in the Philippines to accelerate
access to education among children and
youth with special needs. Inclusive
education forms an integral component of
the overall educational system that is
committed to an appropriate education for
all children and youth with special needs.
• The goal of the special education program of
the department of Education all over the
country is to provide children with special
needs appropriate educational services
within the mainstream of basic education.
SPECIAL EDUCATION AIMS TO: • In 1975, Presidential Decree No. 603, Child
1. Provide a flexible and individualized support and Youth Welfare Code was enacted
system for children and youth with special needs in ➢ (Article 3) The Rights of the Child
a regular class environment in school nearest the provides among others that the
student’s home. emotionally and disturbed or socially
II. Provide support services, vocational programs maladjusted child shall be treated
and work training, employment opportunities for with sympathy and understanding
efficient community participation and independent and provided proper education.
living. ➢ The Philippine Government
III. Implement a life-long curriculum to include • In 1978, the Presidential Decree No. 1509
early intervention and parent education, basic created
education and transition programs on vocational ➢ The National Commission
training or preparation for college. Concerning Disabled Persons
IV. Make available array of educational programs (NCCDP) It was renamed as national
and services: the Special Education Center built on Council for the Welfare of Disabled
“a school within the school concept.” Persons (NCWDP)
➢ The Philippines Government
MODULE NO. 4 • The Education Act of 1982 or Batas
Lesson Title Pambansa Blg 232
The Legal Bases of Special Education ➢ The state shall promote the right of
every individual to relevant quality
Concept: education regardless of sex, age
The Special Education in the Philippines is breed, socioeconomic status,
anchored on the fundamental legal documents that physical and mental condition, social
present a chronology of events on the growth and and ethnic origin, political and other
development of the program. affiliations.
The first legal basis on the core and protection of ➢ The Philippine Government
children with disabilities was enacted in 1935. • In 1983, Batas Pambansa Blg. 344 was
• Republic Act No. 3562 enacted
➢ “An Act To Promote the Education ➢ The Accessibility Law, “An Act to
of the Blind in the Philippines” Enhance the Mobility of Disabled
➢ In 1963 provided the formal training Persons. requires cars, buildings,
of special education teachers of blind institutions, establishments and
children at Philippine Normal public utilities to install facilities and
College, the rehabilitation of the other devices for persons with
Philippine National School for the disabilities.
Blind(PNSB) ➢ The Philippine Government
• Republic Act No. 5250 • The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines
➢ An Act To Establishing a Ten-Year ➢ The Rights of exceptional children to
Teacher Training Program for education in Article XIV Section 1,
Teachers of Special Exceptional promotes the quality education for all
Children. ➢ (BPS) Bureau of Public Schools of
➢ The law provided for the formal the Department of Education and
training of teachers for deaf. Hard-of Culture (DEC)
hearing, speech handicapped, • In 1989, R.A. No. 6759 (1)
socially and emotionally disturbed, ➢ The law declared August 1 of each
mentally retarded and mentally year as “White Cane Safety Day in
gifted children and youth at the Philippines..
Philippine Normal College and ➢ DECS Programs
University of the Philippines.
 • 1992 , R.A. 7610 chromosomes. The chromosomes come in twenty-
➢ R.A 7610 ”An Act providing for three pairs. Each pair is composed of one
Strong Deterrence and Special chromosome from the male and female parents
Protection Against Child Abuse, respectively.
Exploitation and Discrimination, Each set has twenty-two single chromosomes called
Providing Penalties for Its Violation autosomes that carry the physical, mental and
and Other Purposes. personality characteristics.
➢ DEC Meanwhile the twenty-third pair, the XY
• 2000, Presidential Proclamation No. 361 chromosome, determines the sex of the organism.
➢ Set new dates for the National A normal female will have a pair of XX
Disability Prevention and chromosomes while the normal male will have an
Rehabilitation Week Celebration . XY pair of chromosomes.
➢ DEC Inside the chromosome is a long threadlike
• 2004, Republic Act No. 9288 molecule and genetic substances called the
➢ Known as “The Newborn Screening deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. The DNA is a
Act of 2004. molecule consists of two strands of twisted-like
➢ Department of Health ladder shaped structure called the double helix that
wrap.
MODULE 5 :THE BIOLOGICAL AND Each DNA molecule contains many genes, the basic
ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES OF physical and functional units of heredity
DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES: information.
CONCEPTS OF HUMAN REPRODUCTION A gene is a specific sequence of the four nucleotide
bases whose sequences carry the information for
Fertilization takes place with the union of the constructing proteins. Genes act as a blueprint for
genetic materials in the ovum and sperm cells. cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the
The process occurs in the upper third of the proteins that maintain life.
fallopian tube within eighteen or twenty four
hours after sexual intercourse. MODULE NO. 6: The Course of Pre and Post
Natal Development : CONCEPTS OF HUMAN
Humans reproduce through sexual mode and are REPRODUCTION
viviparous. Before the event of fertilization, a series Concept
of events take place, which differs in males and The causes or etiologies of developmental
females. Gametogenesis in males is called disabilities are traced in each of the stages of
spermatogenesis, whereas in females it is prenatal development and pregnancy, during the
oogenesis, both of whose outcomes are different, neonatal stage or birth process and the post natal
i.e., sperm and an ovum, respectively. stage or after birth. Aside from the biological or
The formation of the zygote is followed by the congenital etiologies, the environmental factors that
development of the blastocyst, which passes cause developmental disabilities.
through different stages of development before
childbirth. Abnormalities in the genes and chromosomes
occur.
Heredity is the mechanism for the transmission of Both in the speed of cell division and the process of
human characteristics from one generation to the cell division and the process of cell differentiation
next. Each person carries a genetic code or expose the zygote to trauma. Genetic disorders can
genome, a complete set of coded instructions for be transmitted, such as:
making and maintaining an organism. The genome 1. Dominant and recessive diseases like Tay Sachs
is inherited from both parents. disease, galactosemia, phenylketonuria (PKU),
genetic mutations.
The nucleus inside the cell contains a complete set 2. Sex linked inheritances such as Lesch Nyhan
of the body’s genome that is twisted into forty-six Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome.
packets of thread-like microscopic structures called 3. Polygenetic inheritances
4. Chromosomal deviations, most common of which Birth of the Infant- rearrangement of the muscle
is Down Syndrome structure to facilitate fetal expulsion,
5. Klinefelter Syndrome, Turner Syndrome and What went wrong during the birth process?
6. Cranial and skull malformations- anecephaly or The birth process is very complex and risky for both
absence of major portions of brain, microcephaly or fetus and delivering mother. Difficulties can arise
hydrocephaly. that result to developmental disabilities.
1. Physical trauma or mechanical injury during birth
The Embryonic Phase may injure or damage the brain and impair
▪ The second phase of human development. End of intellectual functioning.
the germinal phase to 2nd month of pregnancy. The precipitous birth – where labor is short(less
▪ 3 main parts ; than two hours)
1. Intensification of cell differentiation, ( Breech and transverse birth
ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) 2. Anoxia or asphysia- occurs in breech delivery
2. Development of the life support system ( and deprives the infant of adequate supply of
placenta, umbilical cord and amnion oxygen for a period long enough to damage the
amniotic fluid. and brain.
3. Organogenesis (neural tube, cells for the
heart, the first appearance of urogenital
systems, arms and legs differentiation, blur
face appearance)
What can go wrong during the embryonic phase?
Chromosomal abnormalities- can cause
spontaneous abortion.
In the central nervous system – most vulnerable to
trauma.
Physical abnormalities can result as well.

The Fetal Phase

• At three months- distinguishable face,
forehead, eyelids, nose, chin upper and
lower arms.
• At four months- growth spurt occurs,
reflexes are stronger.
• At five months- structures of skin, toenails
and fingernails have formed.
• At six months – eyes and eyelids are
completely formed. Irregular breathing
occurs.
• At seven months- the fetus is increasing in
weight
• At eight months and ninth month fetus
continue to grow longer. Fatty tissues
develop.
What can go wrong during the fetal phase?
The same effects of teratogens can occur and
disturb normal development