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PVNR TELANGANA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY SURGERY AND RADIOLOGY

VETERINARY SURGERY AND RADIOLOGY Credit Hours:2+1
Course Outline as per MSVE Regulation 2016
THEORY

I. UNIT-1(VETERINARY GENERAL SURGERY)

1. Introduction: Historical perspective, Definitions, classification of surgery, tenets of
Halsted.
2. Pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative considerations
3. History taking, physical examination, clinico-pathological testing, intra-operative and
post-operative care.
4. Sterilization and disinfection: Definitions, surgical sterilization, various methods of
sterilization (Heat, chemical and radiations etc.), disinfections.
5. Sutures: Definitions, suturing, factors influencing suturing, characteristics of an ideal
suture material, types of suture material-absorbable and non-absorbable.
6. Surgical knots, various suture patterns-apposition, eversion, inversion and special
sutures.
7. Treatment of acute and chronic inflammation: Use of anti-inflammatory drugs and
proteolytic enzymes.
8. Hemostasis (physical and chemical methods, systemic hemostats, surgical diathermy).
9. Basic surgical affections: Definitions, classification, diagnosis and treatment of
abscess, tumour, cyst, hernia.
10. Hematoma, necrosis, gangrene, burn and scald, frost bite and surgical affections of
muscles, artery and vein, sinus and fistula.
11. Wounds: Definition, classification, examination and diagnosis, general principles for
treatment of aseptic, contaminated and septic wounds,
12. Wound healing and factors affecting wound healing, complications of wounds and their
remedies.
13. Surgical infection: their prevention and management: Classification of infection,
Introduction to biomaterials and stem cell therapy in wound management.
14. Management of surgical shock. Principles of fluid therapy in surgical patients.

II. UNIT-2 (VETERINARY ANAESTHESIOLOGY)

15. Introduction: Development of anaesthesiology, Terminology.
16. Classification and indications, General considerations of anaesthesia.
17. Factors affecting anaesthesia and selection of anaesthetic technique, factors modifying
uptake, distribution and elimination.
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18. Patient evaluation, categories of patients according to physical status, selection of

anaesthetic agent and patient preparation.
19. Pain and its management in animals.
20. Local and regional anaesthesia: Definitions, local anaesthetics, mechanism of action.
21. Premedication, properties and use of different pre-anaesthetics: Uses of premedication,
22. Anticholinergic, sedatives and tranquilizers (Phenothiazine derivatives,
Benzodiazepines, Butyrophenones, Narcoticanalgesics, Alpha-2 agonists, dosage chart
of all the drugs.
23. General anaesthesia: Definitions, methods of induction of anaesthesia, Intravenous
anaesthetics (Total intravenous anaesthesia), monitoring of anaesthesia.
24. Inhalation anaesthesia: Advantages of inhalant anaesthetics, types of inhalant
anaesthetics their properties and effect on various systems,
25. Methods of administration of inhalant anaesthesia.
26. Dissociative anaesthesia: Definition, drugs, clinical application, properties and effect
on various body systems.
27. Avian, wild, zoo, exotic animal anaesthesia and capture myopathy.
28. Lab animal anaesthesia
29. Anaesthetic emergencies and management, Toxicity, antidote and reversal agents.

III. UNIT-3 (VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING TECHNIQUES)

30. Introduction to Radiology-General terminology of radiology, Physical properties of X-

Rays, Scope and uses of Radiology, Directional terms for veterinary radiology.
31. Production of X-rays and factors influencing production of X-rays.
32. Radiation hazards and safety measures- Scattered radiation, Biological effects of
radiation, Direct and indirect effects, Early and late effects, Radiation sensitivity of
different body cells, Radiation protection.
33. General principles of radiation safety, Radiation monitoring devices.
34. Requirement of an ideal radiographic section. The statutory requirements of radiology
set-up as per Atomic Energy Regulatory Board of India (AERB).
35. Production of quality diagnostic radiograph. Recording of image- Manual and digital
processing of X-ray films, storage and retrieval system.
36. Radiographic Quality and faults- Radiographic detail, density and contrast and factors
affecting them.
37. Radiographic faults, their possible causes and prevention.
38. Contrast Radiography- Definition, indications, contraindications and types of contrast
radiography, Different contrast materials and their use,
39. Techniques of some selected contrast radiography in animals (Barium swallow,
Retrograde urography etc).
40. Diagnostic ultrasonography- Principles, indications, techniques
41. Artifacts of ultrasonography.
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42. Advanced diagnostic imaging tools- The brief introduction to the use and limits of some
advanced imaging techniques, Interventional radiology - CT scanning,
43. Advanced diagnostic imaging tools -MRI, etc.
IV. UNIT-4: (REGIONAL SURGERY-I)
44. Head and Neck: Affections of lips, cleft palate, tongue, cheek, and their treatment:
General anatomical considerations, avulsion of lip, cleft lip, Ranula, neoplasm and
traumatic injuries.
45. Affections of teeth and jaws and their treatment: General anatomical considerations,
Developmental abnormalities,
46. Affections of teeth and jaws and their treatment: Dental tartar, periodontal disease,
overgrown molars, fractures and luxations of jaw.
47. Affections of nose, face, head: General anatomical considerations. Brachycephalic
syndrome, Stenotic nostrils, nasal polyps, empyema of sinuses, ,.
48. Affections of ear, horns and their treatment: aural haematoma, otitis, fracture and
avulsion of horn, horn cancer
49. Affections of eye and their treatment: General anatomical considerations and
examination of eye.
50. Affections of eyelids and nictitating membrane and their treatment: entropion,
ectropion, chalazion, stye, Cherry eye and traumatic injuries.
51. Affections of lachrymal apparatus, eyeball and orbit and their treatment: occlusion of
nasolacrimal duct, traumatic proptosis, panophthalmia, orbital neoplasms, glaucoma,
eye worms cont….
52. Affections of lachrymal apparatus, eyeball and orbit and their treatment: occlusion of
nasolacrimal duct, traumatic proptosis, panophthalmia, orbital neoplasms, glaucoma,
eye worms.
53. Affections of cornea, iris and lens and their treatment: corneal ulcers, corneal opacity,
Kerato Conjunctivitis Sicca (KCS), prolapse of iris, corneal dermoid, corneal
lacerations and perforations, cataract.cont…
54. Affections of cornea, iris and lens and their treatment: corneal ulcers, corneal opacity,
Kerato Conjunctivitis Sicca (KCS), prolapse of iris, corneal dermoid, corneal
lacerations and perforations, cataract
55. Affections of guttural pouch, and their treatment: General anatomical considerations.
Empyema, tympanitis and Mycosis of guttural pouch,
56. Affections of oesophagus and their treatment: General anatomical considerations.,
oesophageal diverticulum, megaoesophagus, achalasia and choke.
57. Affections of glands of head and neck and their treatment: General anatomical
considerations. Salivary mucocele, sialoliths, salivary fistula.
58. Affections of neck and their treatment: General anatomical considerations. Yoke gall,
yoke abscess, fistulous withers, poll evil, torticollis.
59. Affections of larynx and Trachea: Tracheal collapse, stenosis, roaring in horses, dorsal
entrapment of soft palate in horses and camels, emergency tracheotomy.
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60. Management of ocular emergencies. Tracheotomy.

V. UNIT-5: (REGIONAL SURGERY-II)

61. Thorax and Abdomen: Thoracic affections: Surgical approaches, perforated wounds,
pyothorax, pneumothorax, pneumocele,
62. Thorax and Abdomen: Thoracic affections: Surgical approaches, Diaphragmatic hernia
and traumatic pericarditis in cattle.
63. Abdominal affections: Surgical approach to the abdomen in different animal species.
64. Common surgical affections of the stomach in dogs and their management: dilation
and torsion of stomach, gastric ulcerations, foreign bodies in the stomach, pyloric stenosis
etc. cont…
65. Common surgical affections of the stomach in dogs and their management: dilation
and torsion of stomach, gastric ulcerations, foreign bodies in the stomach, pyloric stenosis
etc.
66. Surgical affections of the stomach in large animal and their management: Ruminal
impaction, traumatic reticulitis, omasal and abomasal impaction and abomasal
displacement. Cont…
67. Surgical affections of the stomach in large animal and their management: Ruminal
impaction, traumatic reticulitis, omasal and abomasal impaction and abomasal
displacement
68. Surgical affections of small intestines and their management: Intestinal obstruction,
intussusception and strangulation (volvulus). Techniques of intestinal anastomosis. Cont…
69. Surgical affections of small intestines and their management: Intestinal obstruction,
intussusception and strangulation (volvulus). Techniques of intestinal anastomosis
70. Surgical affections of large intestine and their management: Caecal dilatation and torsion,
rectal prolapse, rectal and perineal tear, recto-vaginal fistula.
71. Surgical affections of anus and perineal region and their management: Atresia-ani, anal
stenosis, anal sac impaction.
72. Other surgical affections of abdomen and their management: Perforating wounds and
fistulae of abdomen, umbilical hernia, ventral abdominal hernia,
73. Other surgical affections of abdomen and their management: Inguinal and scrotal hernia,
perineal hernia
74. Urinary system: Urolithiasis and its management. Urolithiasis in small and large animals.
Patent urachus, ectopic ureter. Surgical management of equine colic. Cont…
75. Urinary system: Urolithiasis and its management. Urolithiasis in small and large animals.
Patent urachus, ectopic ureter. Surgical management of equine colic.
76. Genital system: Surgical affections of male genital system and their management, prostatic
enlargement or hyperplasia or neoplasm, Phimosis, paraphimosis, preputial prolapse,
penile amputation. Castration, vasectomy, scrotal ablation in large animals.
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77. Genital system: Surgical affections of male genital system and their management, prostatic
enlargement or hyperplasia or neoplasm, Phimosis, paraphimosis, preputial prolapse,
penile amputation. Castration, vasectomy, scrotal ablation in small animals.
78. Surgical affections of female genital system and their management: Canine transmissible
venereal tumour. Ovariohysterectomy and caesarean section. Cont…
79. Surgical affections of female genital system and their management: Canine transmissible
venereal tumour. Ovariohysterectomy and caesarean section.
80. Applications of rigid and flexible endoscopes in the management of surgical disorders.
81. Integumentary system: Surgical affections of udder, teat and canine mammary neoplasms.
82. Surgical affections of tail and tail docking, Wild or zoo animal surgery(only awareness).

VI. UNIT-6 (ORTHOPEDICS AND LAMENESS)

83. Body conformation of the horse in relation to lameness (trunk, fore limb and hind limb).
84. Lameness: Its definition classification and diagnosis. General methods of therapy for
lameness. Body and limb conformation in relation to lameness in equine.
85. Equine lameness: Shoulder slip (sweeny), bicipital bursitis, omarthritis, capped elbow,
radial paralysis, carpitis. Bent knee, and knock- knee. Hygroma of knee, open knee,
blemished knee.
86. Fracture of carpal bone, fracture of accessory carpal, contraction of digital flexors.
Splints, sore shin, wind puffs.
87. Sesamoiditis Osselets, ringbone, quittor, side bone, Navicular disease, pyramidal
disease.
88. Laminitis, sand crack, seedy toe, fractures of third phalanx, pedal osteitis, and sole
penetration.
89. Canker, thrush and corn, Monday morning disease, cording up, myositis of psoas, Iliac
thrombosis,
90. Crural paralysis, subluxation of sacroiliac joint, rupture of round ligament trochantric
bursitis.
91. Upward fixation of patella, stringhalt, gonitis, chondromalacia of patella, rupture of
tendoachilles, Rupture of peroneus tertius
92. Fibrotic myopathy and ossifying myopathy. Thoroughpin, bog spavin, spavin, curb,
capped hock.
93. Canine lameness: Intervertebral disc diseases, elbow dysplasia,
94. Canine lameness: Hip dysplasia, rupture of cruciate ligament, elbow hygroma etc.;their
management, Onychectomy.
95. Bovine lameness: Contusion of sole, ulceration of sole, septic laminitis, avulsion of
hoof and subluxation of patella, interdigital fibroma, cyst, sand crack, and hoof
deformities.
96. Fracture: Definitions, classification,
97. Fracture healing and complications.
98. Fracture: The preliminary assessment and management of fractures.
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99. Fracture: Techniques of external immobilization of fractures.

100. Techniques of internal immobilization of fractures. Management of fracture
complications
101. Luxations: Definition, signs, diagnosis. Management of common joint luxations in
animals.
102. Spinal trauma, diagnosis and its management
103. Rehabilitation and physiotherapy of orthopaedic patients

PRACTICAL

I. UNIT-1(VETERINARY GENERAL SURGERY)

1. Introduction to layout of operation theatre and surgical unit.
2. Introduction of common surgical equipment and instruments.
3. Suture materials,
4. surgical knots and suture patterns.
5. General examination of surgical patients. Preparation ofsurgical patients. Other
operation theatre routines like sterilization, preparation of theatre, Surgeon and surgical
pack.
6. Bandaging and basic wound management Demonstration (or Audio visual aids) of
surgery, control of hemorrhage and Suturing.

II. UNIT-2 (VETERINARY ANAESTHESIOLOGY)

7. Familiarization with anaesthetic apparatus, monitoring equipment and accessories.
8. Methods of local infiltration analgesia (Linear ring block, inverted L block etc.)
Regional nerve block demonstration and practice (Auriculopalpebral block, Peterson
block or 4 point retrobulbar nerve block, Paravertebral, epidural etc.)
9. Intravenous regional anaesthesia in cattle.
10. Administration of general anaesthesia in small and large animals. (Demonstration and
practice).
11. Administration ofinhalant anaesthesia (Demonstration). Monitoring of general
anaesthesia.
12. Management of anaesthetic emergencies, use of artificial respirator and analeptics.
13. Visit to a wild animal facility or audio-visual aids or both. Cont….
14. Visit to a wild animal facility or audio-visual aids or both.

III. UNIT-3 (VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING TECHNIQUES)

15. Familiarization with the operation of the x-ray unit.
16. Formulation of X-ray exposure technique charts, Adoption of safety measures and film
processing.
17. Positioning and radiography of different parts of the body in small and large animals
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18. Handling, viewing and interpretation of radiograph.

19. Familiarization with the film contrast, density and details, common radiographic
artifacts.
20. Radiographic pathology of the head, neck and thorax of large animals
21. Radiographic pathology of the head, neck and thorax of small animals.
22. Radiographic pathology of abdomen of large animals.
23. Radiographic pathology of abdomen of small animals
24. Radiographic pathology of the bones and joints of large animals.
25. Radiographic pathology of the bones and joints of small animals.
26. Demonstration of contrast radiographic techniques in animals.
27. Demonstration of ultrasonography in animals.
28. Fluoroscopy or Image intensifier (familiarization).

IV. UNIT-4: (REGIONAL SURGERY-I)

29. Demonstration or Audio visual aids: Amputation of horn and disbudding.
30. Demonstration or Audio visual aids: Tooth rasping, dental scaling.
31. Examination of ear (otoscopy).
32. Examination of eye (General examination, Ophthalmoscopy, tonometry, fluorescein
dye test, Schirmer’s tear test, test for blindness).
33. Operation for aural haematoma.
34. Protection and bandage of eyes, tarsorhhaphy, third eyelid flap, flushing of
nasolacrimal duct.

V. UNIT-5: (REGIONAL SURGERY-II)

35. Demonstration or Audio visual aids-Castration in different species in clinical cases and
under animal birth control programme in canine.
36. Demonstration or Audio visual aids- Ovariohysterectomy in dogs and cats.
37. Rumenotomy,
38. Urethrotomy and urethrostomy.
39. Gastrotomy in dogs,
40. Cystotomy and cystorrhaphy.
41. Enterotomy or Enterectomy.
42. Management of teat and udder affections.
43. Amputation of tail in different animals in clinical cases. Circumcision operation for
prepucial and rectal prolapse.
44. Thoracocentesis and abdominocentesis.

VI. UNIT-6 (ORTHOPEDICS AND LAMENESS)

45. Demonstration or Audio visual aids-Familiarization with various orthopaedic
instruments and implants.
46. Basic orthopaedic and neurological examination in small and large animals.
47. Nerve blocks in equine.
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48. Application of basic physiotherapy techniques in animals.

49. Basic limb stabilization techniques and splinting techniques.
50. Application of cast in small and large animals.
51. Internal fixation techniques in animals.
52. Medial patellar desmotomy in bovines.
53. Examination of animals for soundness and preparation of soundness certificate.

Theory

Total number of Lecture classes in 6 Units

Syllabus for I - Internal : 30 % -Lectures from 1 to 31

Syllabus for II - Internal : 60% -Lectures from 32 to 62

Syllabus for III - Internal : 90% -Lectures from 63 to 93

Schedule of Examination

Internal Course Coverage Max. Marks Weightage

Assessment

First 30% 40 10

Second 60% 40 10

Third 90% 40 10

Annual Assessment Syllabus Max. Marks Weightage

Annual examination Paper –I 100 20

(Theory) (Unit 1,2,3,and 4)
Paper –II 100 20
(Unit 5 and 6)
Annual Examination Paper –I 60 20
(Practical) (Unit 1,2,3,and 4)
Paper –II 60 20
(Unit 5 and 6)