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I

Skills in
Mathematics for
JEE MAIN &
ADVANCED

Algebra
With Sessionwise Theory & Exercises

*
I
I
i

I
J
Skills in
Mathematics for
JEE MAIN &
ADVANCED

Aleebra
With Sessionwise Theory & Exercises

Dr. SK Goyal

jjcarihant
ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (Series), MEERUT
Skills in Mathematics for
JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

arihant
ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (Series), MEERUT
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Skills in Mathematics for
JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

PREFACE
“THE ALGEBRAIC SUM OF ALL THE TRANSFORMATIONS OCCURRING INA CYCLICAL
PROCESS CAN ONLY BE POSITIVE, OR, AS AN EXTREME CASE EQUAL TO NOTHING"
MEANS IF YOU CONTINUOUSLY PUT YOUR EFFORTS ON AN ASPECT YOU HAVE VERY
GOOD CHANCE OF POSITIVE OUTCOME i.e. SUCCESS

It is a matter of great pride and honour for me to have received such an overwhelming response to
the previous editions of this book from the readers. In a way, this has inspired me to revise this
book thoroughly as per the changed pattern of JEE Main & Advanced. I have tried to make the
contents more relevant as per the needs of students, many topics have been re-written, a lot of new
problems of new types have been added in etcetc. All possible efforts are made to remove all the
printing errors that had crept in previous editions. The book is now in such a shape that the
students would feel at ease while going through the problems, which will in turn clear their
concepts too.

A Summary of changes that have been made in Revised & Enlarged Edition
• Theory has been completely updated so as to accommodate all the changes made in J EE Syllabus &
Pattern in recent years.
• The most important point about this new edition is, now the whole text matter of each chapter has
been divided into small sessions with exercise in each session. In this way the reader will be able to go
through the whole chapter in a systematic way.
• Just after completion of theory, Solved Examples of all JEE types have been given, providing the
students a complete understanding of all the formats of JEE questions & the level of difficulty of
questions generally asked in JEE.
• Along with exercises given with each session, a complete cumulative exercises have been given at the
end of each chapter so as to give the students complete practice for JEE along with the assessment of
knowledge that they have gained with the study of the chapter.
• Last 13 Years questions asked in JEE Main &Adv, IIT-JEE & AIEEE have been covered in all the
chapters.
However I have made the best efforts and put my all Algebra teaching experience in revising this
book. Still I am looking forward to get the valuable suggestions and criticism from my own
fraternity i.e. the fraternity of JEE teachers.
I would also like to motivate the students to send their suggestions or the changes that they want to
be incorporated in this book.
All the suggestions given by you all will be kept in prime focus at the time of next revision of
the book.

Dr. SK Goyal
Skills in Mathematics for
JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

CONTENTS
1. COMPLEX NUMBERS 1-102
LEARNING PART Session 4
Session 1 • nth Root of Unity
• Integral Powers of Iota (i) • Vector Representation of Complex Numbers
• Switch System Theory • Geometrical Representation of Algebraic
Operation on Complex Numbers
Session 2
• Rotation Theorem (Coni Method)
• Definition of Complex Number
• Shifting the Origin in Case of Complex
• Conjugate Complex Numbers
Numbers
• Representation of a Complex Number in
• Inverse Points
Various Forms
• Dot and Cross Product
Session 3 • Use of Complex Numbers in Coordinate
• amp (z)- amp (-z)=± p, According as amp (z) Geometry
is Positive or Negative
PRACTICE PART
• Square Root of a Complex Number
• JEE Type Examples
• Solution of Complex Equations
• Chapter Exercises
• De-Moivres Theorem
• Cube Roots of Unity

2. THEORY OF EQUATIONS 103-206

LEARNING PART Session 4
Session 1 • Equations of Higher Degree
• Polynomial in One Variable • Rational Algebraic Inequalities
• Identity • Roots of Equation with the
• Linear Equation Help of Graphs
• Quadratic Equations Session 5
• Standard Quadratic Equation • Irrational Equations
Session 2 • Irrational Inequations
• Transformation of Quadratic Equations • Exponential Equations
• Condition for Common Roots • Exponential Inequations
Session 3 • Logarithmic Equations
• Quadratic Expression • Logarithmic Inequations
• Wavy Curve Method PRACTICE PART
• Condition for Resolution into Linear Factors • JEE Type Examples
• Location of Roots (Interval in which Roots Lie) • Chapter Exercises
Skills in Mathematics for
JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

3. SEQUENCES AND SERIES 207-312

LEARNING PART Session 5
Session 1 • Mean
• Sequence Session 6
• Series • Arithmetico-Geometric
• Progression Series (AGS)
• Sigma (S) Notation
Session 2
• Natural Numbers
• Arithmetic Progression
Session 7
Session 3
• Application to Problems of Maxima and
• Geometric Sequence or Geometric Minima
Progression
PRACTICE PART
Session 4 • J EE Type Examples
• Harmonic Sequence or Harmonic Progression • Chapter Exercises

4. LOGARITHMS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 313-358

LEARNING PART Session 3
Session 1 • Properties of Monotonocity of Logarithm
• Definition • Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
• Characteristic and Mantissa PRACTICE PART
Session 2 • JEE Type Examples
• Principle Properties of Logarithm • Chapter Exercises

5. PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS 359-436

LEARNING PART Session 5
Session 1 • Combinations from Identical Objects
• Fundamental Principle of Counting Session 6
• Factorial Notation •. Arrangement in Groups
Session 2 • Multinomial Theorem
• Divisibility Test • Multiplying Synthetically
• Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion
Session 7
• Permutation
• Rank in a Dictionary
Session 3 • Gap Method
• Number of Permutations Under Certain [when particular objects are never together]
Conditions
PRACTICE PART
• Circular Permutations
• JEE Type Examples
• Restricted Circular Permutations
• Chapter Exercises
Session 4
• Combination
• Restricted Combinations
Skills in Mathematics for
JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

6. BINOMIAL THEOREM 437-518

LEARNING PART Session 4
Session 1 • Use of Complex Numbers in Binomial
• Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Index Theorem
• Pascals Triangle • Multinomial Theorem
• Use of Differentiation
Session 2 • Use of Integration
• General Term • When Each Term is Summation Contains the
• Middle Terms Product of Two Binomial Coefficients or
• Greatest Term Square of Binomial Coefficients
• Trinomial Expansion • Binomial Inside Binomial
Session 3 • Sum of the Series
• Two Important Theorems PRACTICE PART
• Divisibility Problems • JEE Type Examples
• Chapter Exercises

7. DETERMINANTS 519-604
LEARNING PART the Same Order
Session 1 • System of Linear Equations
• Definition of Determinants • Cramers Rule
• Expansion of Determinant • Nature of Solutions of System of Linear
• Sarrus Rule for Expansion Equations
• Window Rule for Expansion • System of Homogeneous Linear Equations
Session 2 Session 4
• Minors and Cofactors • Differentiation of Determinant
• Use of Determinants in Coordinate Geometry • Integration of a Determinant
• Properties of Determinants • Walli s Formula
• Use of S in Determinant
Session 3
• Examples on Largest Value of a PRACTICE PART
Third Order Determinant • JEE Type Examples
• Multiplication of Two Determinants of • Chapter Exercises

8. MATRICES 605-690
LEARNING PART Session 2
Session 1 • Transpose of a Matrix
• Definition • Symmetric Matrix
• Types of Matrices • Orthogonal Matrix
• Difference Between a Matrix and a Determinant • Complex Conjugate (or Conjugate) of a Matrix
• Equal Matrices • Hermitian Matrix
• Operations of Matrices • Unitary Matrix
• Various Kinds of Matrices • Determinant of a Matrix
• Singular and Non-Singular Matrices
-x<- Skills in Mathematics for
XX
JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

Session 3 Session 4
• Adjoint of a Matrix • Solutions of Linear Simultaneous Equations
• Inverse of a Matrix Using Matrix Method
• Elementary Row Operations
PRACTICE PART
• Equivalent Matrices
• JEE Type Examples
• Matrix Polynomial • Chapter Exercises
• Use of Mathematical Induction

9. PROBABILITY 691-760
LEARNING PART Session 4
Session 1 • Binomial Theorem on Probability
• Some Basic Definitions • Poisson Distribution
• Mathematical or Priori or Classical Definition • Expectation
of Probability • Multinomial Theorem
• Odds in Favours and Odds Against the Event • Uncountable Uniform Spaces
Session 2 PRACTICE PART
• Some Important Symbols • JEE Type Examples
• Conditional Probability • Chapter Exercises
Session 3
• Total Probability Theorem
• Bayes Theorem or Inverse Probability

10. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 761-784

LEARNING PART PRACTICE PART
• Introduction • JEE Type Examples
• Statement • Chapter Exercises
• Mathematical Statement

11. SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 785-836

LEARNING PART Session 3
Session 1 • Definition of Function
• Definition of Sets • Domain, Codomain and Range
• Representation of a Set • Composition of Mapping
• Different Types of Sets • Equivalence Classes
• Laws and Theorems • Partition of Set
• Venn Diagrams (Euler-Venn Diagrams) • Congruences
Session 2 PRACTICE PART
• Ordered Pair • JEE Type Examples
• Definition of Relation • Chapter Exercises
• Ordered Relation
• Composition of Two Relations
 Skills in Mathematics for
JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

SYLLABUS FOR JEE MAIN

Unit I Sets, Relations and Functions Unit IV Permutations and Combinations
Sets and their representation, Union, intersection and Fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an
complement of sets and their algebraic properties, arrangement and combination as selection, Meaning of P(n,r)
Power set, Relation, Types of relations, equivalence and C (n,r), simple applications.
relations, functions, one-one, into and onto functions,
Unit V Mathematical Induction
composition of functions.
Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications.
Unit II Complex Numbers
Unit VI Binomial Theorem and its
Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals,
Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib Simple Applications
and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and
algebra of complex numbers, modulus and argument middle term, properties of Binomial coefficients and simple
(or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a applications.
complex number, triangle inequality. Unit VII Sequences and Series
Unit III Matrices and Determinants Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic,
Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices, geometric means between two given numbers. Relation between
determinants and matrices of order two and three. AM and GM Sum upto n terms of special series: X n, £ n, £n3.
Properties of determinants, evaluation of deter­ Arithmetico - Geometric progression.
minants, area of triangles using determinants. Adjoint Unit VIII Probability
and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of
determinants and elementary transformations, Test probability, Baye’s theorem, probability distribution of a random
of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear variate, Bernoulli and Binomial distribution.
equations in two or three variables using determinants
and matrices.

SYLLABUS FOR JEE ADVANCED

Algebra Logarithms and their Properties
Algebra of complex numbers, addition, multiplication, Permutations and combinations, Binomial theorem for a positive
conjugation, polar representation, properties of integral index, properties of binomial coefficients.
modulus and principal argument, triangle inequality,
Matrices as a rectangular array of real numbers, equality of
cube roots of unity, geometric interpretations.
matrices, addition, multiplication by a scalar and product of
Quadratic equations with real coefficients, relations matrices, transpose of a matrix, determinant of a square matrix of
’ between roots and coefficients, formation of quadratic order up to three, inverse of a square matrix of order up to three,
equations with given roots, symmetric functions of properties of these matrix operations, diagonal, symmetric and
roots. skew-symmetric matrices and their properties, solutions of
Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions, simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables.
arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, sums of Addition and multiplication rules of probability, conditional
finite arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite probability, independence of events, computation of probability of
geometric series, sums of squares and cubes of the first events using permutations and combinations.
n natural numbers.
CHAPTER

Complex Numbers
Learning Part
Session 1
• Integral Powers of lota (i)
• Switch System Theory
Session 2
• Definition of Complex Number
• Conjugate Complex Numbers
• Representation of a Complex Number in Various Forms
Session 3
• amp (z) - amp (- z) = ± it, According as amp (z) is Positive or Negative
• Square Root of a Complex Number
• Solution of Complex Equations
• De-Moivre’s Theorem
• Cube Roots of Unity
Session 4
• nth Root of Unity
• Vector Representation of Complex Numbers
• Geometrical Representation of Algebraic Operation on Complex Numbers
• Rotation Theorem (Coni Method)
• Shifting the Origin in Case of Complex Numbers
• Inverse Points
• Dot and Cross Product
• Use of Complex Numbers in Coordinate Geometry

Practice Part
• JEE Type Examples
• Chapter Exercises

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 2 Textbook of Algebra

The square of any real number, whether positive, negative Remark

or zero, is always non-negative i.e. x2 > 0 for all x e R. 4^ = ija, where a is positive quantity. Keeping this result in
mind, the following computation is correct
Therefore, there will be no real value of x, which when J-a 7^3 = i 4a-i 4b -i2 4ab - - 4ab
squared, will give a negative number.
where, a and b are positive real numbers.
Thus, the equation x2 +1 =0 is not satisfied for any real But the computation, 44i 44b = J(-a)(-b) = 71 al |b| is wrong.
value of x. ‘Euler’ was the first Mathematician to Because the property, 4a 4b = 4ab is valid only when atleast one
introduce the symbol i (read ‘Iota’) for the square root of of a and b is non-negative,
If a and b are both negative, then 4a4b = -^|a||b|.
-1 with the property i2 = -1. The theory of complex
number was later on developed by Gauss and Hamilton. I Example 1. Is the following computation correct?
According to Hamilton, “Imaginary number is that If not, give the correct computation.
number whose square is a negative number ”. Hence, the V^2^3 = 1/(-2)(-3)=V6
equation x2 +1=0
Sol. No,
x2 = -l If a and b are both negative real numbers, then JaJb=-Jab
or x = ±V-l Here, a = - 2 and b = - 3.
(in the sense of arithmetic, J-l has no meaning). 7=2 7-3 = -7(“2) (-3) = - V6
Symbolically, V-l is denoted by i (the first letter of the
8 Example 2. A student writes the formula
word ‘Imaginary ’).
Job = JaJb. Then, he substitutes a = -1 and b = -1
Solutions of x2 +1 = 0 are x = ± i. and finds 1 = -1. Explain, where he is wrong.
Also, i is the unit of complex number, since i is present in Sol. Since, a and b are both negative, therefore Jab * Ja Jb .
every complex number. Generally, if a is positive quantity, Infact a and b are both negative, then we havejajb=- Jab.
then
J-a x V-a = V(“ 1) x a x V(-l) x a I Example 3. Explain the fallacy
I
= V-l x Va x 7-1 x Va
-1 = i x i = J^\ x V-l = 7H)x(-1) = Vi = 1.
Sol. If a and b are both negative, then
a JaJb = -JJ\b\
= i2a = -a V3TxVzi = -7|-i||-i| =-i

Session 1
Integral Powers of lota (/), Switch System Theory
Integral Powers of lota (/)
(i) If the index of i is whole number, then When, 0 < r < 3

i° =1,/’ =j,i2 =(V=1)2 =-l, ... in=i4’+''=(i4)^(Iy=(i)’.(i)r=ir

In general, i4n =1, i4n + 1 =i, i4n+2 = -l,
i3 =i.i2 =-iti4 = (i2)2 =(-i)2 =i
• 4n + 3 _ _ • £or any whoie number n.
To find the value of in (n > 4) First divide n by 4.
(ii) If the index of i is a negative integer, then
Let q be the quotient and r be the remainder.
i.e. 4) n (q i 1 = 1 = 1 == -,;,-
-i,i ’=1 = -l,
i ii 2 -1 i2
“4q
r i 1 =■.-L=i,i
1 = ,;,-. =1 = 1 = 1,etc.
i3 I*
i4 i4 1
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 3

2 1 + i2 +2iy
I Example 4. Evaluate. Sol. ••• a2
(i) I1998 2 2 /
(ii) _(1-1 + 2i)
=i
(iii) ,ne N I 2
a1929 = a-a1928 = a-(a2)964 =a(i)',964
Sol. (i) 1998 leaves remainder 2, when it is divided by 4.
= a(i)4x241 = a-(i4)241 = a
i.e. 4) 1998(499
1996
2
§ Example 7. Dividing f(z) by z - i, where i = V-1, we
. z-1998
= i2 = -1 obtain the remainder i and dividing it by z + i, we get
the remainder 1 + i. Find the remainder upon the
Aliter
■ 2000 J
division of f(z) by z2 + 1.
p998 = -1
I2 “1 Sol. z - i = 0 => z = i

(ii) 9999 leaves remainder 3, when it is divided by 4. Remainder, when f (z) is divided by (z - i) = i
i.e. 4) 9999 (2499 i.e. j\i) = i ...(i)
9996 and remainder, when /(z) is divided by (z + 1) = 1 + i
3 i.e. /(-i) = l + i [vz + i = 0=>z = -i]...(ii)
• - 9999 1 1 i i Since, z2 + 1 is a quadratic expression, therefore remainder
•9999
=i
i3 i 1 when /(z) is divided by z2 + 1, will be in general a linear
Aliter expression. Let g(z) be the quotient and az + b (where a
and b are complex numbers) be the remainder, when /(z) is
■ - 9999 1 i _i_.
■ 9999 -10000
10000 | divided by z2 +1.

(iii) 4n + 3 leaves remainder 3, when it is divided by 4. Then, /(z) = (z2 + l)g(z) + az + t ...(iii)
i.e., 4)4n+3(n f (i) = (i2 + 1) g (i) + ai + b = ai + b
4n or ai + b = i [from Eq. (i)]... (iv)
3 and f (“ 0 = O’2 + 0 g 0 ~ ai + b =- ai + b
■ 4n + 3 •‘-Z3 = -i
I — I
or - ai + b = l + i [from Eq. (ii)] ,..(v)
= _(t-)4n + 3
Now, (-J^T)in+3 = (-i)4n + 3 From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get
= ~(~i) , 1 . i
b-- + i and a = -
=i 2 2
Aliter (-V-1)'|4n + 3 _ ,4n + 3 +3 Hence, required remainder = az + b
1 . 1 .
=-(i4)n-i3 = - iz + - + i
2 2
= -(l)n(-0 =i

S Example 5. Find the value of 1+/2 + l4 + i6 +...+ i2n The Sum of Four Consecutive .
where i = and n e N. Powers of / [Iota] is Zero
Sol. v 1 + i2 + i4 + i6 +... + i2n = 1-1 + 1-! + ... + (-1)" If n e I and i = ypl, then
■n 4-jn + 1 q.jn + ^
Case I If n is odd, then
1 + i2 + i4 + i6 +... + i2n= 1 -1 + 1 -1 +... + 1-1 = 0
Case II If n is even, then
1 + i2 + i4 + i6 +... + i2n = 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 +... + 1 = 1 Remark
m m-p+ 1

1. r2^= S f(r + p-1)

I Example 6. If a = where i = -^-1, then find the =p r=1
m P+1

value of a1929. 2. r=S-pz(r)= rX=1

 4 Textbook of Algebra

13
I Example 8. Find the value of y (/ n 4-iin+])
(where,/ = n-1
Switch System Theory
13 13 13
[Finding Digit in the Unit's Place]
Sol. V y (in4-in + 1)= £in4- £in+1 = (i + o) +(i2 + o) We can determine the digit in the unit’s place in
n =1 n =1 n=1
ab, where a,b& N. If last digit of a are 0,1,5 and 6, then
13 13
L
v £ in =0and y in + 1 = o digits in the unit’s place of a are 0, 1, 5 and 6
= i-l n=2 n =2
respectively, for all be N.
(three sets of four consecutive powers off)

I Example 9. Find the value of y in!

100
Powers of 2
2 1,22,2 3,2 4,2 5,2 6,2 7,2 8,2 9,...the digits in unit’s place
(where,/= ^^1). n=0
of different powers of 2 are as follows :
Sol. n! is divisible by 4, V n > 4.
100 97 2, 4, 8, 6, 2, 4, 8, 6, 2,... (period being 4)
... y j-n! _ y j(n + 3)! *p» /p>. /p* /p's
n=4 n =1
®©®@®@®®® (switch number)
= i° 4- i° 4- i° 4-... 97 times = 97 ...(i)
100 3 100
(The remainder when b is divided by 4, can be 1 or 2 or 3 or 0).
.-. £ «n! = 1/ + £'n!
n=0 n =0 n =4 Then, press the switch number and then we get the digit
in unit’s place of ab (just above the switch number) i.e.
= i0! 4- i•1!” 4- i2' + ;i3!
3! 4- 97 [from Eq. (i)]
‘press the number and get the answer’.
= i1 4- i1 4- i2 4- i6 4- 97 = i 4- i - 1 - 1 4- 97
= 95 4- 2i E Example 12. What is the digit in the unit’s place of
4n + 7
(5172)11327?
! Example 10. Find the value of y ir
i— r=1 Sol. Here, last digit of a is 2.
(where, / = ^-1). The remainder when 11327 is divided by 4, is 3. Then,
4n + 7 4n + 7 4n + 4 press switch number 3 and then we get 8.
Sol. y ir = il 4- i2 4- 13 4- y ir = i - 1 - i 4- £ ir + 3 Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (5172)I11327
1 is 8.
r=1 r=4 r=1

= -14-0 [(n 4-1) sets of four consecutive powers of i]

= -l Powers of 3
S1^2^ 3,3 4,35,3 6,37,3 8,... the digits in unit’s place of
I Example 11. Show that the polynomial
xz'p + xz,q+1 + x4r+2 + xz,s+3 is divisible by different powers of 3 are as follows:
x3 + x2 + x +1, where p, q, r, s g N. 3, 9, 7, 1, 3, 9, 7, 1,... (period being 4)
/^
Sol. Let f(x) = x4fi 4- x4<? +1 4- x4r + 2+ x4s + 3
®©®®®@®@ ••• (switch number)
and x3+x2+x + l = (x2+l)(x + 1)
= (x + i)(x-i)(x + l), The remainder when b is divided by 4, can be 1 or 2 or 3
where i = J- 1 or 0. Now, press the switch number and get the unit’s
Now, f (i) = i4p 4-i4?+ 14-i4r +2 + i4s + 3 = 1 + i + i2+ i3 =0 place digit (just above).
[sum of four consecutive powers of i is zero]
C Example 13. What is the digit in the unit’s place of
f (-/) = (-j)4P + (-i)4’ +1 + (-i)4r + 2 + (-i)4s+ 3
(143)86 ?
= 1 + (-i)1 + (—i)2 4- (— i).33 = 1 - i - 1 + i = 0
and f (- 1) = (- I)4' + (- 1)4<? +1 + (- l)4r + 2 + (- i)4‘+ 3 Sol. Here, last digit of a is 3.
The remainder when 86 is divided by 4, is 2.
= 1-14-1-1=0
Then, press switch number 2 and then we get 9.
Hence, by division theorem, f (x) is divisible by
Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (143)86 is 9.
x3+x2 + x + l.
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 5

Powers of 4 Powers of 8
41,4z,43,44,45,...the digits in unit’s place of different 8 3,8 4,85,8 6,87,8 8,...the digits in unit’s place of
powers of 4 are as follows: different powers of 8 are as follows:
4, 6, 4, 6, 4, ... (period being 2) 8, 4, 2, 6, 8, 4, 2, 6,... (period being 4)
T T T ? ? w
©©(D©® (switch number)
••• (switch number)
The remainder when b is divided by 2, can be 1 or 0. Now, The remainder when b is divided by 4, can be 1 or 2 or 3
press the switch number and get the unit’s place digit or 0.
(just above the switch number).
Now, press the switch number and get the unit’s place
I Example 14. What is the digit in unit’s place of digit (just above the switch number).

(1354)22222? I Example 16. What is the digit in the unit’s place of

Sol. Here, last digit of a is 4. (1008)786 ?
The remainder when 22222 is divided by 2, is 0. Then, Sol. Here, last digit of a is 8.
press switch number 0 and then we get 6. The remainder when 786 is divided by 4, is 2. Then, press
Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (13 54 )22222 is 6. switch number 2 and then we get 4.
Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (1008)>786 is 4.

Powers of 7
7l,7 2,7 3,7 4,7 5,7 6,7 7,7 8>... the digits in unit’s place of
Powers of 9
9 \ 92,9 3,9 4,95,... the digits in unit’s place of different
different powers of 7 are as follows:
powers of 9 are as follows:
7, 9, 3, 1, 7, 9, 3, 1,...(periodbeing4)
9, 1, 9, 1, 9,...(period being 2)

••• (switch number)

••• (switch number)
(The remainder when b is divided by 4, can be 1 or 2 or 3 The remainder when b is divided by 2, can be 1 or 0.
or 0). Now, press the switch number and get the unit’s Now, press the switch number and get the unit’s place
place digit (just above). digit (just above the switch number).

I Example 15. What is the digit in the unit’s place of I Example 17. What is the digit in the unit’s place of
(13057)941120579 ? (2419)111213?
Sol. Here, last digit of a is 7. Sol. Here, last digit of a is 9.
The remainder when 941120579 is divided by 4, is 3. Then, The remainder when 111213 is divided by 2, is 1. Then,
press switch number 3 and then we get 3. press switch number 1 and then we get 9.
Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (13O57)94112057’ is 3. Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (2419)111213 is 9.
6 Textbook of Algebra

g Exercise for Session 1 I

/
1 lf(1 + /)2n + (1-/)2n = -2:n+1
‘ (where, / =7-^)for all those n, which are
(a)even (b)odd
(c) multiple of 3 (d) None of these
2 If / = 7~1. the number of values of/n + i~n for different/? el is
(a) 1 (b)2
(c)3 (d)4
3 If a > 0 and b < 0, then 7a 4b is equal to (where, / = 7=1)

(a)-#W (b)TTJb]/
(d) None of these

4 Consider the following statements.

Sj:-6 = 2/x3/ =7F4)><7(-9) (where,/=7^1) S2:7F4)x7F9)=7(-4)x(-9)
S3:7(-4)x(-9)=V36 S4:736=6
Of these statements, the incorrect one is
(a) S, only (b) S2 only
(c) S3 only (d) None of these
50
5 The value of X /(2n+1)1 (where,/=J^1)is
n=0
(a)/ (b) 47-/
(c) 48 + / (d)0
1003
6 The value of X ir (where/ = 7~1)is
r=-3
(3)1 (b)-1
(C)/ (d)-/
7 The digit in the unit's place of (153)98 is
(a) 1 (b)3
(c)7 (d)9
8 The digit in the unit’s place of (141414)I12121
1 is
(3)4 (b)6
(c)3 (d)1
Session 2
Definition of Complex Number, Conjugate Complex
Numbers, Representation of a Complex Number in
Various Forms
Definition of Complex Number Algebraic Operations on
A number of the form a + ib, where a, b 6 R and i = 7~1, is Complex Numbers
called a complex number. It is denoted by z i.e. z = a + ib. Let two complex numbers be z j = a + ib and z2 = c + id,
A complex number may also be defined as an ordered pair where a,b,c,de R and i = -J-l.
of real numbers; and may be denoted by the symbol (a, b). 1. Addition Zj + z2 =(a + ib)+(c + id)
If we write z = (a, b), then a is called the real part and b is
= (a + c) + i(b + d)
the imaginary part of the complex number z and may be
denoted by Re (z) and Im (z), respectively i.e., a = Re (z) 2. SubtractionZ] -z2 = (a + ib)-(c + id)
and b = Im(z). ~(a-c) + i(b-d)
Two complex numbers are said to be equal, if and only if 3. Multiplication z i • z2 = (a + ib ) • (c + id)
their real parts and imaginary parts are separately equal. = ac + iad 4- ibc + i2 bd
Thus, a + ib = c + id
= ac + i (ad + be) - bd
a = c and b = d
= (ac - bd) + i (ad + be)
where, a, b, c, d 6 R and i = -/-I.
4 n • • zi (a + ib) (c-id)
i.e. zx = z2 z2 (e + id) (c - id)
Re(z,) =Re(z2) and Im (zx) =Im (z2)
[multiplying numerator and denominator by c - id
Important Properties of Complex Numbers where atleast one of c and d is non-zero]
1. The complex numbers do not possess the property of order, _ ac - iad + ibc - i2bd _ac + i (be - ad) + bd
i.e.. (a + ib) > or < (c + id) is not defined. For example, (c)2—(id)2 c2-i2d2
9 + 6/ > 3 + 2/ makes no sense.
2. Areal number a can be written as a + Z-0. Therefore, every _ (ac + bd) + i (be - ad) _ (ac + bd ) t . (be-ad)
real number can be considered as a complex number, whose \c2+d2)
c2+d2 (c2+d2)
imaginary part is zero. Thus, the set of real numbers (R) is a
■>

proper subset of the complex numbers (C) i.e. R c C. Hence,

the complex number system is A/ c IV c / c Q cR cC Remark
3. A complex number z is said to be purely real, if Im (z) = 0; and = / and -—- = - i, where i = V-i.
is said to be purely imaginary, if Re (z) = 0. The complex 1-/ 1+/
numberO =0 + i-0 is both purely real and purely imaginary.
4. In real number system, a2+ b2 = 0 => a = 0 = b. Properties of Algebraic Operations
But ifz, and z2 are complex numbers. thenz,2 + z 2 = 0 on Complex Numbers
does not imply z, = z2 = 0.
Let zx,z2 and z3 be any three complex numbers.
For example, z, = 1 + / and z 2 = 1 - /
Then, their algebraic operations satisfy the following
Here, z, #0, z2 #0
But z2 + z2 = (1 + i)2 + (1 - i)2 = 1 + /2 + 2/ + 1 + i2 - 2/ properties:
= 2 + 2/2 =2-2 = 0 Properties of Addition of Complex Numbers
However, if product of two complex numbers is zero, then (i) Closure law zx + z2 is a complex number.
atleast one of them must be zero, same as in case of real
numbers. (ii) Commutative lawZj + z2 =z2 +Zj
If z3z 2 =0, then zx = 0,z2 *0 or z, *0,z2 = 0 (iii) Associative law (zj +z2) +z3 = zx +(z2 +z3)
or z,=0,z2=0
 8 Textbook of Algebra

(iv) Additive identity z + 0 = z = 0 + z, then 0 is called

the additive identity.
Properties of Conjugate . I

(v) Additive inverse - z is called the additive inverse of Complex Numbers

Let z, Zj and z2 be complex numbers. Then,

Properties of Multiplication (i) (i)=* I

of Complex Numbers (ii) z + z =2 Re (z)
(i) Closure law z} •z2 is a complex number. (iii) z - z = 2 Im (z)
(ii) Commutative law zx • z2 = z2 ■ Z] (iv) z +z = 0 => z =-z => z is purely imaginary.
(iii) Associative law (z2 • z2) z3 =Zj (z2 • z3) (v) z - z = 0 => z=z => z is purely real.
(iv) Multiplicative identity z ■ 1 = z = 1 • z, then 1 is (vi) Zj ±z2 =z1 ±z2 Ingeneral,
called the multiplicative identity.
n = Zj ±z2 ±z3 ±...±z„
(v) Multiplicative inverse If z is a non-zero complex
(vii) Zj -z2 =Zi -z2
number, then - is called the multiplicative inverse
z
In general, z1 • z2 -z3 ...z„ =zx -z2 -z3...z„
of z i.e. z. — = 1 = — • z
z z (viii) = ^-,z2*0
(vi) Multiplication is distributive with respect to *2
addition Zj (z2 +z3) = Zj z2 +z1 z 3
(ix) z"=(z)n
(x) Zj z2 +Z] z2 = 2 Re(zj z2) = 2 Re(zj z2)
Conjugate Complex Numbers (xi) Ifz =/(zi,z2),thenz =/(z!,z2)
The complex numbers z = (a, b) = a + ib and
z = (a, - b) = a - ib, where a and b are real numbers, X-3 V-3 . , n ,
i = V-l and b * 0, are said to be complex conjugate of each
I Example 18. if ------+ ----- = i, where x, y e R and
3+i--- 3-i
other (here, the complex conjugate is obtained by just i = ^pi, find the values of x and y.
changing the sign of i). _ . x-3 y-3
Sol. ••• ------ + ------ = i
Note that, sum = (a + ib) + (a - ib) = 2a, which is real. 3+i 3-i
And product = (a + ib)(a-ib) =a2-(ib)2 (x — 3)(3 — i) + (y — 3) (3 + i) — i (3 + i) (3 — i)
=>(3x - xi - 9 + 3i) + (3y + yi - 9 - 3i) = lOi
= a -i b =a -(-l)p
=> (3x + 3y - 18) + i (y - x) = lOi
= a2 +b2, which is real. On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
Geometrically, z is the mirror image of z along real axis on 3x + 3y - 18 = 0
■■(i)
• argand plane. x+y = 6
and y - x = 10 ...I,(ii)
Remark On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Let z = - a - ib. a > 0, b > 0 = (- a, - b) (III quadrant) x = -2, y = 8
Imaginary axis
P(z) I Example 19. If (a+ib)5 = p + iq, where i = ypz\,
b prove that (b + ia)5 = q+ip.
0_ a □ > Real
o 0
axis Sol. (a + ib)5 = p + iq
b
(a + ib)5 = p + iq => (a - ib)5 = (p ~ iq)
0(2)
(-i2a-ib)5=(-i2p-iq) [•••i2=-l]
Then.z = -a + ib=(- a b) (II quadrant). Now,
(i) If z lies in I quadrant, then z lies in IV quadrant and => (~i)5(b + ia)3 = (-i)(q + ip)
vice-versa. => (~i)(b + ia)5 =(-i)(q + ip)
(ii) If z lies in II quadrant, then z lies in III quadrant and
vice-versa. (b+ ia)5 =(q + ip)
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 9

I Example 20. Find the least positive integral value of I Example 23. Find real values of x and y for which

n, for which
'i-p" , where i = 7-1, is purely the complex numbers - 3+ i x 2y and x 2 + y + 4i,
<1 + ' where i = yp\, are conjugate to each other.
imaginary with positive imaginary part. Sol. Given, - 3 + zx 2y = x2 + y + 4i
2 n
"1-z 1 (1 - i 1- 1 + i2 - 2i 1 - 1 - 2i => - 3 - zx 2y = x2 + y + 4i
Sol.
<1 + i } U+i i-ij I 2 7 2 On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
= ( i)n = Imaginary x2 +y = -3 —(i)
n = 1,3,5,... for positive imaginary part n = 3. and - x 2y = 4 .••(ii)
4
From Eq. (ii), we get x2 = -
I Example 21. If the multiplicative inverse of a
y
complex number is (73 + 4/)/19, where i = ^p\, find
4 2 4
complex number. Then, --+y=-3 putting x2 =---- in Eq. (i)
y y
Sol. Let z be the complex number.
(J~3 + 4i' y2+3y-4=0 => (y + 4)(y-l) = 0
Then, z- =1
19 . y = - 4, i
2
For y = -4,x = 1 => x = ± 1
19 X(V3~4Q ■
or For y = 1, x2 = - 4 [impossible]
(73 + 4z) (73 - 4i)
19(73 - 41) x = ± 1, y = - 4
= (73 - 41)
19 I Example 24. If x = - 5+2 yp4, find the value of
3+2/sin0 , xA+9x3 + 35x2-x + 4.
I Example 22. Find real 0, such that ------------ , where
1 — 2/sin 0 Sol. Since, x = -5 + 2 J-4 =>x+5 = 4i
i = 7-1, is => (x + 5)2 = (4i)2 => x2 + lOx + 25 = - 16
(i) purely real. (ii) purely imaginary. x2 + lOx + 41 =0 (i)
, 3 + 2i sin 0 Now, ,
Sol. Let z =-------------
1 - 2i sin 0 3
x2 + lOx + 411 x4 +9x3 +35x 2 - x + 4l x 2 - x + 4
On multiplying numerator and denominator by conjugate 2 \
x4 + 10x3 + 41x
of denominator,
(3 + 2i sin 0) (1 + 2i sin 0) (3 - 4 sin2 0) + 8i sin 0 -x3-6x2-x + 4
~ (1 -2isin0)(1 + 2isin0)~ (l + 4sin20) - x 3 -10x2 -41x
+ + +
(3- 4 sin2 9) (8 sin 0)
+i 4x2 + 40x + 4
(1 + 4 sin2 6) (1 + 4 sin2 0)
4x2 + 40X + 164
(i) For purely real, Im(z) = 0
8 sin 0 -160
=> = 0 or sin 6 = 0 x4 + 9x3 + 35x2 — x + 4
1 + 4sin2 0
= (x2 + 10x + 41)(x2 - x + 4) - 160
0 = n n, n G I
(ii) For purely imaginary, Re (z) = 0 = 0 - 160 = -160 [from Eq. (i)]
(3- 4sin20) n „ A . 2o a
----------- —- = 0 or 3 - 4sin 0=0 I Example 25. Let z be a complex number satisfying
(1 + 4sin20) the equation z 2 -(3+ i)z + X + 2i = 0, where XeR and
/ 2
i = 7^1. Suppose the equation has a real root, find the
or sin20 = — • —
= Ism 71
4 I 3 non-real root.
Sol. Let a be the real root. Then,
0 = mt ± —, n e I a2 -(3 + i)a + X+ 2i = 0
3
10 Textbook of Algebra

=> (a2 -3a + A) + i(2-a) = 0 Argument of z will be 0, it - 0,n + 0 and 271-0

On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get according as the point z lies in I, II, III and IV
a2 -3a + A. = 0 ...(i) quadrants respectively, where 0 = tan -1 y
2-a =0 x
...(ii)
From Eq. (ii), a = 2
Let other root be 0.
8 Example 26. Find the arguments of z1 = 5 + 5/,
Then, a + 0 = 3 + i => 2 + 0 = 3 + i z2 = -4 + 4/, z 3 = - 3- 3i and in = 2-2i,
0=1+i where / = ^-1.
Hence, the non-real root is 1 + i. Sol. Since, z,, z 2, z 3 and z4 lies in I, II, III and IV quadrants
respectively. The arguments are given by
-i !
arg(zj) = tan = tan 1l = 7t/4
Representation of a Complex 5

Number in Various Forms arg (z2) = 7t - tan 1

4
-4
-1 71
= 7t - tan 1 = 71-----
4
3tt
4
-3
Cartesian Form arg(z3) = 7t + tan 1
-3
_i 71 571
= 7t + tan 1 = 7t 4— = —
4 4
[Geometrical Representation) -2
and arg (z4) = 2n - tan-1
Every complex number z = x + iy, where x, y E R and 2
i= can be represented by a point in the cartesian -1 71 7n
= 271 - tan 1 = 2n----
plane known as complex plane (Argand plane) by the 4 4
ordered pair (x, y).
Principal Value of the Argument
The value 0 of the argument which satisfies the inequality
Modulus and Argument of a -7t <0 <7i is called the principal value of the argument.
Complex Number If z = x + iy = (x, y), V x, y G R and i = -1, then
Let z = x + iy =(x,y) for all x,y g P and i = t/-T.
arg(z) = tan-1 — always gives the principal value. It
Imaginary axis
xJ
P(x.y) depends on the quadrant in which the point (x, y) lies.

r Imaginary
axis
i

9 P(*.y)
n +- Real axis
0 x

The length OP is called modulus of the complex number z

denoted by |z|,
X' +
i.e. OP = r = |z|=7(^22 +/) o x
Real axis
and if (x, y) # (0,0), then 0 is called the argument or
amplitude of z, (i) (x, y) G first quadrant x > 0, y > 0.

i.e. 0 = tan -1 — [angle made by OP with positive X-axis] The principal value of arg (z) = 0 = tan 1

or arg(z) = tan-1 (y / x) It is an acute angle and positive.

(ii) (x, y) G second quadrant x < 0, y > 0.
Also, argument of a complex number is not unique, since
if 0 is a value of the argument, so also is 2n7t + 0, where The principal value of arg (z) = 0
/ \
n G I. But usually, we take only that value for which
0 <0 < 271. Any two arguments of a complex number differ = 7t - tan 1 _y_
by 2nn. IM 7
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 11

y
m Imaginary or tan 1 1, it - tan"11, - it + tan 1 1, - tan" 1 1
(x.y) axis 71 It 7t It It 371 371 It
or —, it------,-7C + —, — or —,—,------- ,
4 4 444444
e Hence, the principal values of the arguments of zb z2, z 3
, it 371 3ti it
x+ ->X and z4 are —, —,----- ,----- , respectively.
X 0
Real axis 4 4 4 4

y' Remark
1. Unless otherwise stated, amp z implies principal value of the
It is an obtuse angle and positive. argument.
(iii) (x, y) G third quadrant x < 0, y < 0. 2. Argument of the complex number 0 is not defined.
3. If z, = z2 <=> | 2i| = |z2| and arg (Zi) = arg (z2).
The principal value of arg (z) = 0 = - 7t + tan"1
4. If arg (Z) = jc/2 or — it/2, z is purely imaginary.
y 5. If arg (z) =0 or n, z is purely real.
Imaginary
axis 6 Example 28. Find the argument and the principal
value of the argument of the complex number
x 0
X+ ->X 2+ /
Real axis Z =--------------- 7 , where / =
e 4/ + (1 + /)2
2+i 2+i 2+i
Sol. Since, z =
(x.y) 4i + (1 + i)z 4i+l + i2 + 2i 6i 6 3
/
:. z lies in IV quadrant.
It is an obtuse angle and negative.
1
(iv) (x, y) G fourth quadrant x > 0,y < 0.
Here, 6 = tan 3 .= tan 1 2
The principal value of arg (z) = 0 1
/ X 6
= -tan"1
arg (z) = 2it - 0 = 2n - tan"1 2
x
\ 7
Hence, principal value of arg (z) = - 0 = - tan"1 2.
yi
Imaginary
axis Properties of Modulus
x
(i) | Z | > 0 => | Z | = 0, iff Z = 0 and j z | > 0, iff z A 0
x'^ o X
(ii) -1 z | < Re (Z) < | z | and -1 z | < Im (Z) < | z |
Real axis
(iu) |z|=|z|=j-z|=|-z|
(iv) zz = | z |2
(x.y)
(v)|Zi Z2| = |zj |Z2|
It is an acute angle and negative. In general, zx z2 z3...Z„| = |Z111z2 ||z3 |...|Z„|

I Example 27. Find the principal values of the i = N-Z2^0)

(vi)iL=pl(
arguments of Z1 =2+2/, z 2 = - 3+ 31, z3 = -4 -4/
and z4 = 5 - 5i, where i = 7-1.
*2 lzd'
*2

(vii)|Z1 ±z21< Zi|+|Z2|

Sol. Since, z ;, z 2, z 3 and z4 lies in I, H, IH and IV quadrants In general, Z1 + z2 ±z3 ± ±*n|—1*1 + |*2 |
respectively. The principal values of the arguments are
+ z3 | + ... + |z„|
given by
2
/
3
\
-4 ]
(viii)|Z1 ±z2 |>||Z1 |-|z21|
tan , it - tan - it + tan
2 H’ <~ J 4’ (ix) |Z"| = |Z|n
- tan Ml (x) ||Z1|-|Z2||<|Z1 + z21<|zx| + |Zz|
5 7
12 Textbook of Algebra

Thus, | Zi | +1z21 is the greatest possible value of sin0. GO,-,

Zi +z2
and-1 ■■■'--
11 z! | -1 z211 is the■ least possible value of L 2-
Z] + z2.
i.e. 0 < sin0( < -
(xi)|zi ±z2|2 =(zj ±z2)(zj ±z2)=|z1|2 +|z2|2 2
Inequality Eq. (i) becomes,
1 | |3 1 | |2 1
2sl|zf + -|z I1 + -
or|Zj|2 +1z2|2 ±2Re(z! z2) 2 1 +;l*l + ;lzl ' 2 2

(xii) zxz2 +zyz2 = 21 Zj 11 z21 cos(0! -02), where

3<|z|'+|z|
’dzNzl
0i = arg (zj) and 02 =arg(z2) 3S|z| + |z|2+|z| 3 + |z|4<|z| + |z|2 .

(xiii) |zj + z2|2 =|zi|2 + |z2|2 <=> — is purely imaginary.

*2
+ l»r+l*l +...+ 00
4

3<|z| + |z|2+|z| ’+|z|‘ +...+ °°

(xiv) |zj +z2 |2 +|zi ~z2 |2=2{|z,|2+|z2|2}
3<±L [here, |z| < 1]
(xv) |aZ1 - bz2^+^bzj + az2 |2=(fi2+b2)(|z1|2+|z2|2), . ,i-hl
where a, b e R 3-3| z | < | z | => 3 < 4 | z |
(xvi) Unimodular i.e., unit modulus kl>-
1 1 4
If z is unimodular, then | z | = 1. In case of unimodular,
letz = cos0 + i sin 0,0 6 R and i = V-l. Hence, -<|z |ci [•/|Z|<1]
4 1 1

Remark § Example 30.If | z- 2+ /1<2, find the greatest and

1. If f(z) is unimodular, then \f (z) | = 1 and let
f (z) = cos 0 + i sine, 0 e R and i =
least values of |z|, where i = 7=1.
2. — is always a unimodular complex number, if z * 0.
Sol. Given that, | z - 2 + i | < 2 •••(0
| z - 2 + i | > 11 z | -1 2 - z 11 [by property (x)J
(xvii) The multiplicative inverse of a non-zero complex | z-2+ i |>||z|-Vs| ...(ii)
number z is same as its reciprocal and is given by
1 _ z _ z From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
z zz |z|2’ | |z| - Vs| < | z-2 + i | <2

||z|-^|<2
I Example 29. If 0,- e[0,7t/6],/ = 1,2,3,4,5 and
-2<|z|-V5<2
sin0, z" +sin02 z3+sin03 z2 + sin04 z
=> Vs-2<|z|<V5 + 2
+ sin05 =2, show that - < |z | < 1.
Hence, greatest value of | z | is Vs + 2 and least value of | z |
So/. Given that, is V5-2.
sin 0j z4 + sin02 z,3 + sin03 z 2 + sin04 z + sin05 = 2
or2 = |sin0] z4 +sin0 2z 3 + sin03 z2 + sin04 z + sin05|
I Example 31. If z is any complex number such that
2 < |sin 0jz4| + Jsin02 z 3 | + |sin03 z 2 I | z+41 < 3, find the greatest value of | z +11.
+1 sin04 z | +1 sin051 [by property (vii)] So/, v | z + 11 = | (z + 4) - 3 |
=>2 < | sin 0j | J z4 | +1 sin02 || z3 | + | sin03| | z2 | = |(z + 4) + (-3)|<|z + 4| + |-3|
+1 sin04 || z | +1 sin05| [by property (v)] =|z+4 |+3
=> 2 < | sin 0j || z |4 +1 sin02 || z |3 + | sin03|| z |2 <3+3=6 [■••|z + 4|<3]
+1 sin04 j| z | +1 sin05| [by property (ix)] ...(!) | z + 11 < 6
But given, 0( 6 [0, Jt/6]
Hence, the greatest value of | z + 11 is 6.
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 13

I Example 32.lf |z, | = 1,|z2 | = 2,|z31 = 3and I Ii22 I — I2

=> I zt — 2z2 | = | 2 - Z1Z2 |
9x^2 + 4z3z, + z2z3 | = 6, find the value of => (zj -2z2)(z1 -2z2) = (2-z1z2)(2-z1z2)
z1+z2 + z3l.
[by property (iv)]
Sol. v k.|=* =» | Zi |2 = 1 (zi -2z2)(zi -2z2) = (2-z1z2)(2-z1z2)
1 _ => ZjZj - 2zjZ2 - 2z2Zj + 4z2z2
Z1 Z1 = 1 — = 21
21 = 4 - 2ZjZ2 - 2zjZ2 + ZjZtz2z2

I Z2 I = 2 => | z2 |2 = 4 => z2 z2 = 4 | Zi |2 + 4 | z2 |2 = 4 +1 Zj |21 z2 |2

|Z112 - 1^1 |2-|z2 |2 +4|z2 |2 -4=0

— = z2 and I z 3 I = 3 => |z 312 = 9
z2
- n 9 -
(l zi P “ 4 0
=> z3 z3 = 9 => — = z3
23 But | Z2 | * 1 [given]
and given | 9z xz 2 + 4z 3z j + z 2 z 3 | = 6 i z« r = 4
Hence, |Z1| = 2
I Zi z2 z3 I — + — + — = 6
z3 z2 Zi

| 2111 22 I |z3 ||z3 +Z2 + Z11 = 6 Properties of Arguments

1 _ 4 _ , 9 _ (i) arg(z1z2) = arg(z1) + arg(z2)+2fcjt, Ice I
•/ — = z p — — Z2 and — — z 3
zi z2 z3 In general, arg(zj z2 z3...zn)
=> 1-2-3 | zx +z2 + z3 1 = 6 = arg(zj) + arg (z2) + arg (z3) +... + arg (zn) + 2/cTt,
ke I.
I Zi +z2 +z3 | = 1 [v|z| = |z|]
z
(ii) arg — =arg(zj-arg(z2) + 2kit, ke I
\Z2j
I Example 33. Prove that
I z ]
|zi| + |z2|= -(Z1+Z2) + #1^2 + i(Zj +z2)-7zTzT. (iii) arg — = 2 arg (z) + 2Att, k e I
(z J

Sol. RHS = (Zj + z2) + 7^2 + 1/ x I-----

-(Zi +Z2)" ^2
(iv) arg(zn) = n. arg(z) + 2fcjt, ke I, where proper value
of k must be chosen, so that RHS lies in (-71,7t]
Z] + z2 +2 Jzfa + Zj + z2 — 2 72i22 / \ /• \
(v) If arg | — | = 0, then arg — = 2rm - 6, where n e I.
2 2
J kZ2 /

- 2^1 + +| f) (vi) arg (z) = - arg (z)

= i.2{|^|!+|^|2} [ by property (xiv)] I Example 35.lf arg (z,) = — and arg (z2) =—, find
18 18
= |z1| + |z2|=lhs the principal argument of Z]Z2 and (/] /z2).
Sol. arg (ZjZ2) = arg (zj + arg (z2) + 2kn
I Example 34. zy andz2 are two complex numbers, 17n lit
i i ^Z 2 . . I, i .|
=---- + — + 2kn
18 18
such that------ — is ummodular, while z2 is not
2-ZrZ2 = — + 2hc
3
unimodular. Find |z, |. 4n n 2n
Zi - 2z2 - ------ 271 = [for k = -1]
Sol. Here, =1 3--------- 3
2 - ZiZ2
and arg = arg (Zj) - arg(z2) + 2ht
Zj — 2z2
=> =1 [by property (vi)]
2 - zxz2
18 18 18
| Zj - 2z2 2 - zYz2 571 . 57C
= —+ 0 = — [for k = 0]
9 9
14 Textbook of Algebra

! Example 36. If zy and z2 are conjugate to each [b] Trigonometric or Polar or

other, find the principal argument of (— Z]Z2 )- Modulus Argument Form of a
Sol. zx and z2 are conjugate to each other i.e., z2 = zlt there­
fore, ZjZ2 = zxzx = | Zj |2
Complex Number
Let z = x + iy, where x, y 6 R and i = 7-1, z is represented
/.arg (- Z] z2) = arg (-1 Zi |2) = arg [negative real number]
by P (x, y) in the argand plane.
= 71
yi
[ Example 37. Let z be any non-zero complex_
number, then find the value of arg (z)+ arg (z). P(x,y)
Sol. arg (z) + arg (z) = arg (zz) f
= arg (| z |2) = arg [positive real number] f y
e
=0
o X 7?--- *"x
M Real axis

(a) Mixed Properties of Modulus By geometrical representation,

OP = 7(x2+/)=|z|
and Arguments
(i) zx + z2 = + z2 «arg(z1) = arg(z2) Z.P0M = 0 = arg (z)
*1

(ii) zx+z2 = “ *2 «arg(z1)-arg(z2) = 7t In AOPM, x = OP cos (Z POM) = z cos(arg z)

*1
and y = OP sin (Z POM) = z sin (arg z)
Proof (i) Let arg (z,) = 0 and arg (z 2) = <|)
z = x + iy
| *1 + z2 |=|zi | + |z2 I
z = | z | (cos (arg z) + i sin (arg z))
On squaring both sides, we get
or z = r (cos 0 + i sin0)
|*1 + *2^ =|*1|2 +|*2|2 +2|Z1||Z2|
z = r(cos0 -isin0)
=> |*1|2+|*2|2+2|z1||z2| cos (0-0) where, r = | z | and 0 = principal value of arg (z).

= |zi|2 +|z2|2 + 2|z1||z2| Remark

1. cos© + / sin0 is also written as CiS 0.
=> cos (0 - 0) = 1 2. Remember
0 - 0 = 0 or 0 = 0 1 = cosO + / sin 0 -1 =cos7t + i sinn
arg(zj) = arg(z2) 7T . 71 . . 71
/ =cos - + / sin- => -1 =cos - - i sin —
2 2 2 2
(ii) v |zj + z2| = |z1|-|z2|
On squaring both sides, we get 1
i Example 38. Write the polar form of - - -
| *1 + *2 |2 =1*1 |2 +|*z|2 -2|zi||z2| 2 2
(where, i =
=> 1*1 |2 +1*2 |2 +2|zi ||z2 |cos(0-0) e I t . 1 / 73
Sol. Let z =------------ . Since,
J -----
73^
f3
lies in III quadrant.
= 1*1 |2 +1*2 |2 -2|zi ||z2 | 2 2 k 2
-’ 2J -73/2
.'. Principal value of arg (z) = - 7T + tan"1
=> cos (0 - 0) = -1 -1/2
0-0 = 71 or arg(zj-arg(z2) = 7t 71 271
= - it + tan-1 73 = -7C + — =
3 3
Remark 2
1
1. | z, -z21 = 1*, 1+ | *21 <=> ar9 (Zi)=arg(z2) and | z | = + 3 I = 1=1
-1 + -
2. j z, - z21 = | Zi | -1 z21 « arg (z,) - arg (z2) = n 2 4 4J

3. |z1-z2| = |zl + z2| « arg(z1)-arg(z2) = ±^,z1z2 .'. Polar form of z = | z | [cos (argz) + i sin(argz)]

and — are purely imaginary. • - —1_ 271 2lt

i.e. cos + i sin
*2 2 2 3 3
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 15

Sol. Given, |z| = !

(c) Euler's Form
z„ _= e„ i' 0 -(i)
If9E R and i = J-l, then e '0 =cos9 + i sin9 is known as
arg (z) = 0 •••(ii)
Euler’s identity. "arg(zH
e~iQ = cos 9 - isin9
1 + i tan
Now, < 2 J _ 1 + t’tan (9/2) [from Eq. (ii)]
RHS =---------
Let z-eiQ rarg(z)^ 1 - i tan (0 / 2)
1 - i tan
k 2 J
| z | = 1 and arg (z) =9 ei0/2
cos0 12 + i sin0 /2
Also, e"
+e-ll0 and e 0-e-'0 21 sin 9
° =2cos9 ande' e-,e/2
cos0 12 - i sin0 /2
and if 9,4>6 R and i = then = ei0 = z = LHS [from Eq. (i)]
0+$
i /
10 2 9-^ 'a-ibY 2ab
(i) e + e* = e • 2 cos I Example 41. Prove that tan i In
2 ^O+ib )
eiQ + 6* = 2 cos (where a,b e R+ and i = J^T).
< 2 ,
a - ib a - ib
and arg(e'e +e,<!>) = Sol. v =1 [•.■|z| = |z|]
< 2 ) a + ib a + ib
0+0 a - ib i0
i
i0 2 9-<|)' Let ------ = e ...(i)
(ii) e -e* = e • 2i sin a + ib
2
By componendo and dividendo , we get
'9-4?
e10 -e1'* = 2 sin (a-a)-(a+,t)=£e2-i^. i0-l =.tan(0/2)
< 2 y
(a - ib) + (a + ib) e‘e + l a
and arg (e10 -e''*) = 9 + <|> ft [\’i = ein/2 0 _b
2 2 or tan (ii)
2 a
Remark /
1. e'0 + 1 = e'0/2-2cos (0/2) (Remember) 'a - ib ^
LHS = tan i In
2. e /e -1 = e'e/2-2/sin(0/2) (Remember) <a + ibL
= tan (i In (e10)) [from Eq. (i)]
3. = /tan (0/2) (Remember)
e'0 + 1 = tan (i-i0) = - tan 0
io
4. If z = r e'°; | z | = r, then arg (z) = 0, z = r e~ 2tan0/2
= — --------------
5. If|z-zo| = 1. thenz-z0 = e'9 l-tan20/2
2(-b/a)
I Example 39. Given that | z -11 = 1, where z is a point [from Eq. (ii)]
l-(-b/a)2
on the argand plane, show that -—- = i tan (arg z), 2ab
= RHS
Z a -b
where / =
Sol. Given, | z - 11 = 1 Applications of Euler's Form
z - 1 = e10 =s
= z = ei0 + l = e,0/2 • 2 cos (0 12) If x, y, 9 E R and i = -J-l, then
arg (z) = 0 / 2 —(i)
let z = x + iy [cartesian form]
z -2 1 + e,e - 2 e10
LHS = ----- —- = i tan (012) z (cos 9 + isin9) [polar form]
z 1 + e'0 e10 + 1
= i tan (arg z) = RHS [from Eq. (i)] z e10 [Euler’s form]

i Example 40. Let z be a non-real complex number (i) Product of Two Complex Numbers
"arg (zH . Let two complex numbers be
1 + i tan
< 2 ) = |Zi |e'0) and z2 = |z21 e^2,
lying on | z | = 1, prove that z =--------- *1
farg(zH where9!,92 E R and i = J-l
1 - i tan
(where, i = J^T). 2 J
16 Textbook of Algebra

Z] ’*2 = |Z1|e |22|e«= =

lzdhle i(9I+02) w (cos (arg w) - i sin (arg w))
w (cos (- arg w) + i sin (~ arg w))
Z1 z2 (cos(0; +02) + isin(01 +02))
= — w (cos (arg w) + i sin (arg w)) = - w
Thus, |zi z2| = *1 Z2
and arg(zj z2) =6i+0 2 = arg (zj) + arg (z2) I Example 44. Express (1+1)"', (where, i = V-1) in the
form A+ iB.
(ii) Division of Two Complex Numbers
Let two complex numbers be Sol. Let A + iB = (1 + i) 1

zi =|zi | On taking logarithm both sides, we get

and z2 =| z2 le*02,
loge (A + iB) = - i loge (1 + 0
where 0j, 0 2 G 7? and i =
= - i logf V2 -= + -7=
_lZ1L(o1-.e2) -J2
*2 [z^e^ 71 . . 71
= - i loge V2 cos—r i sin —
4
4 7
zd (cos(0j -02) + isin(0j -02))
= iI— = - i loge (^2 e'n/4) = - i (loge J2 + loge ein/4)
|Z2|
.(1.. „. in}
.fl in i . „ n
= - l - loge 2 + =---- loge 2 + —
Thus, £1 I Z1 I 2^o)
= L-J,(z I2
<2 4 J 2 4
*2 Iz2| A + iB = e 2
_ n
"■ 2 + —
--log, 4 =eK/4.ellog,2-'2
/ \
and arg -h = 0j-02 = arg (zj) - arg (z2) = en/4 •(cos( loge2” 1/2) + isin( loge2-1/2))
kZ2 7
= en/4 • COS loge "7T
n/ 4 • Ti
sin loge ~r f11 Y
(iii) Logarithm of a Complex Number I U2.
2 k kv2.
loge(z) = loge (| Z | 6 ) = loge | Z | + loge (e *)
I Example 45. If sin (loge /') = o+ ib, where I =
= loge I Z I +10 = loge I z I + i arg (z) find a and b, hence and find cos (loge /').
So, the general value of loge(z) Sol. a + ib = sin (loge i') = sin (i loge i)
= loge(z) + 2nni(-71 <argz <7i). = sin (i (loge | i | + i arg i))
= sin(i(loge l + (i7t/2)))
I Example 42. If m and x are two real numbers and = sin (i (0 + (i tt/2)))= sin ( - 7t/2) = -1
xm
( xi +1 a = -1, b = 0
i- , prove that e2m/cot ’x = 1.
k xi -1 y Now, cos( loge i') = -Jl - sin2 (loge i‘)
Sol. Let cot 1 x = 0, then cot 0 = x
\m
=- (-1)2 = /a -1)=o
/.LHS = e2 m'cot 1 xi + 1 2m iQ i cot0 +1 Aliter
=e
xi - 1, i cot0 - ly ^(e^2)' _ -n/2
m
= e2mi0
' i (cot0 - i) I „2 m 10 | cos 0 - i sin0
=e /. sin (loge i') = sin (l°ge e -It/2 ) = sin f - logee
J (cot0 + i) k cos 0 + i sm0?
- sin (- tc/2) = - 1 = a + ib [given]
fe"'eT
=e
2 miQ

e 2 miO
'br^—2 m i 9
_ e 2 mi0

= e° =1=RHS
•(e - 2 I0yn
and
a = - 1, b = 0
COS ( loge ) = COS ( loge e - rt/2)
Tt
= cos -ylog.e = cos =0
2
I Example 43. If z and w are two non-zero complex
numbers such that | z =| w | and arg(z) + arg(w) = 7t, I Example 46. Find the general value of log2 (5/),
prove that z = -w.'
where i =7“T
Sol. Let arg (w) = 0, then arg (z) = n - 0 _ log. 5i _ 1
Sol. log2 5i {loge 15i | + i arg (5z) + 2nni}
.'. z = z (cos (arg z) + i sin (arg z)) log. 2 10ge 2
z (cos (7t - 0) + i sin (7t - 0))
1 in
z (- cos0 + isin0)=-|z |(cos0 -isin0) {loge 5 + — + 2nni} ,ne I
10ge 2 2
I

Chap 01 Complex Numbers 17

§ Exercise for Session 2

1 lfk“ = a - ib and a2 + b2 = 1, where a, b e R and / = then x is equal to
1 + /X
29 /(b) 2b
(a) ----------------- y
m ---------2b------- z- (C) 23
(c) ----------------- — (d)
(1+a)2 + b2 (1+ a)2 + b2
(1+a) (1+b)2 + a2 (1+b)2 + a2

r 1+/
(1 +i 2 . 1 . \
2. The least positive integer n for which ----- = — sec-1 — + sin'1 x (where, x *0,-1<x <1and/' = 7~1). is
U-/
k1 - i j n x
(a) 2 (b)4 (c)6 (d)8
3 If z =(3 + 4/)'>6 + (3 - 4/ )6, where i = then Im(z) equals to
(a)-6 (b)0 (c)6 (d) None of these

4 lf(x+/y))1/1 3 = a + ib, where i = ^-1, then is equal to

a b
(a) 4a2b2 (b)4(a2-b2) (c)4a2-b2 (d)a2 + b2

5 If --------- - --------- = a + ib, where / = and a2 + b2 = Xa - 3, the value of X is

2 + cos 0 + / sin 0
(a) 3 (b)4 (c)5 (d)6

6 If------is purely imaginary, then | z | is equal to

(b)1 (c)V2 (d)2

7 The complex numbers sin x + / cos2x and cos x -i sin2x, where / = J-\ are conjugate to each other, for

(a) x = nn,n el (b) x = 0 (c)x = |n + - Ln el (d)no value ofx

8 If a and 0 are two different complex numbers with 101 = t then

0- a is equal to
1-a0
(a)0 (c)1 (d)2
(b>5
9 If x = 3 + 4/ (where, / = 7~1). the value of x4 -12x 3 + 70x 2 - 204 x + 225, is
(a)-45 (b)0 (c) 35 (d)15

10 If | z1 -11 < 1,| z2 -21 <2,| z3 - 31 <3, the greatest value of |z, +z2 +z3 |is
(a) 6 (b)12 (c) 17 (d)23
8n I + / sin ^-(
11 The principal value of arg (z), where z = f 1 + cos — 8n where, i =1/=d)is given by
5 5
(a)-I (b)-^ (c)5 (d)^
5 5 5 0
12 If | z1|=2, | z21 = 3, | z 3| =4 and | z-i +z2 +z 3| =5, then 14z2z3 + 9z3z^ + 16z1z21 is
(a) 24 (b)60 (c) 120 (d) 240

13 If | z - i | < 5 and z} = 5 + 3/ (where, i = the greatest and least values of | iz + z are

(a) 7 and 3 (b)9and1 (c)10and0 (d) None of these

14 IfZi.Za andZ3-z4 are two pairs of conjugate complex numbers, then arg | — | + arg — equals to
z4 \Z3J
(a)0 <b)| (C)7t
Session 3
- umM-n —ir - -*-.fwr-n im < -ii ni'i ■ ■>n—rr«rm>rr- r»w «inanim >nw j.jwu—■mhhiui—■« !■■■■ iim nniiwrn—rm -[Trwii~ini ~ i ~ —— — ——— - - **"■*■ — ■. i » ——

amp(z) - amp (-z) = ± n; According as amp (z) is Positive or

Negative, Square Root of a Complex Number, Solution of
Complex Equations, De-Moivre's Theorem, Cube Roots of Unity

amp(z)-amp (-z) = ±7t, From Eq. (ii), we get

Zj = | z2 | (cos (71 + arg (z2)) + i sin (7t + arg (z2)))
According as amp (z) is Positive [from Eq. (i) and | Zj | = | z21 ]
or Negative = I Z2 | (- cos (arg z2 )-i sin (arg z2)) = - z2
[from Eq. (iii)]
Case I amp (z) is positive.
Z] + z2 = 0
If amp (z) = 0, we have
Y I Example 48.Let z and w be two non-zero complex
numbers, such that | z | = | w I and
amp (z)+amp(w) = 7t, then find the relation between
P=z
z and w.
X Sol. Given, amp (z) + amp(w) = 7t
r 0/ => amp (z) - amp (w) = 7t
-(n-0)
Here, |z|=w|=|w| .[given |z| = |w|]
r=-z
and amp (z) > 0
Then, z + w =0
amp(-z) = -( ZP' OX) = — (7t — 0)
amp (z) - amp (-z) = it
Case II amp (z) is negative.
[here, OP = OPQ
Square Root of a Complex Number
Let z = x + iy,
If amp (z) =-0
where x, y G R and i = yf-l.
We have, amp (—z) = ZP'OX = 7t-0
amp (z) - amp (~z) = - it [here, OP = OP'] Suppose y(x + iy) = a + ib
Y On squaring both sides, we get
(x + iy) =(a2 -b2) + 2iab
P = —z
7t-0 On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get
2 <2
o -e a -b =x -(ii)
P sz and 2ab=y .■■(Hi)

az,2 -+l bf,2 = 7 (a2 -fc2)2 +4a2b2 =7 (x2 +y2)

a + b = |z| -(iv)
I Example 47.If Jz, | = |z21 and arg (z1/z2) = ti, then
From Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get
find the value of z, + z2.
( z + x^ Z -x
Sol. v arg — = 71 a = ±^ , b=±
Uz \
2
7
2
7
arg(zj) - arg(z2) = ti -(■) 7 z - Re (z/
Zj = | zj (cos ( arg zj + i sin (arg Zj)) ■■■(ii)
or a=± l2l+Re(z)) , hb _= +±
'(---------------
and z2 = | z2 | (cos (arg z2) + i sin (arg z2)) ...(in) 2 2
\ 7
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 19

Now, from Eq. (i), the required square roots, 2 X2

3 "l
+ + 2.A.
;f l|z|
i -, + Re(z) J z| - Re (z) £7 V2 /2
±+ x I LJ
■ ---------- + i LJ------- , if Im (z) > 0
X
N 2 V 2
7 2
z =• [ 3+i 3+z
/I| z| + Re (z) Il z I - Re (z) =±
+ J'—i-------— - i J—------ — , if Im (z) < 0 72
V 2 V 2
k 7 (ii) Let z = — 5 + 12i
Aliter |z | = 13, Re (z) = -5, Im (z) = 12>0
If + zy), where x, y e R and z = -1, then
| z | + Re (z) z -Re(z)
(i) If y is not even, then multiply and divide in y by 2, z =+ +i
2 2
then 7(x + zy) convert in k
7 /
13-5
yjx+y^-i = x +2
4
V" 2
+i
13+5^
2
x 7

v2
(ii) Factorise: - — say a, p (a < P). Aliter
4
Take that possible factor which satisfy
7(-5 + 12Q =7(~5 + 12 7~1)
x =(ocz)2+P2,ifx >0 or x =a2+(zP)2,if x <0 = 7(-5+277Z36)
(iii) Finally, write x + zy = (ocz)2 + p2 + 2zaP = 7(-5+27(“9x4))
or a2 +(zp)2 +2z‘ap = 7(-9 + 4 + 2/(-9x4))
and take their square root.
= 7(3z)2 +22 +2 • 3z - 2
± (ai + P) + (P - ia)
(iv)7(x + zy) = ■ and 7(x - zy)
or±(a + zp) or ± (a-zP) = 7(2 + 3z)2 =±(2+30
(iii) Let z=-8-15i
Remark
| z | = 17, Re (z) = -8, Im (z) =-15 <0
1. The square root of i is ± i where i = x
f f/17-8 (17+8^
V(-8-15i)=± -i
2. The square root of (- /) is | 1. 2 2
IV2; k

i Example 49. Find the square roots of the following = ± p-5f

I ^2 >
(i) 4 + 31 (ii) - 5 + 12/
(iii) —8 — 15/ (iv) 7 - 24/(where, / = 7~1) Aliter 7(-8-15i) = -8 -15 7^)
Sol. (i) Let z = 4 + 3z
-8-2
2255 -8-2
( 25
- — x-
9
/. |z| = 5,Re(z) = 4, Im(z) =3>0
l 2 2zy
>|z| + Re(z)
z -Re(z)
■x
'9 25 9 ]
2 2 ”-2 ----- x-

7(4+3z) = ±
5+4
+i =+
f3 + z I 12 2 2 2jJ

Aliter V
2 k 2 k 3j
+
_sf
2
Z2.4 5i
7(4 +3z) =^4 + 3 -1 = 4 + 2 9 J2, 72>
4
3-5r 3-5/
’-l+2 9 =±
72 > x/2
2 2 4
20 Textbook of Algebra

(iv) Letz=7-24z xz+x+r fx2 -x+1

| z | = 25, Re (z) = 7, Im (z) = - 24 < 0 2 7 k 2

z + Re (z) Jz7! - Re (z) 7 2

X 2i + X + 1
T
fx2 - x + P"1
Vz = ± -i +2 x-
2 2 2 2
x 7
25+7a 25-7
/.7(7-24i) =± -i 2 2
2 J 2 \2+x + P + i
x2-x + P
7
2 7
2 7,

IfxVx + lY . Ifx2 - X + 1^1

Aliter

7(7 - 24 0 = 7(7 ~ 24x/~T) = ^7 - 2 7(- 144) +2{—J-JHH

=77~27(16x-9)
= 716-9-27 (16 x-9)
= 7(4)2 + (3z)2 - 2 -4-3i

= 7(4 -3i)2 =±(4-30

I Example 50. Find the square root of

4
Solution of Complex Equations
x+ -X -X Putting z = x + iy, where x, y G R and z = 7~^ hi the given
4
So/. Let - x2 - 0 equation and equating the real and imaginary parts, we
x4 + x2 +1) get x and y, then required solution is z = x + iy.

••• X4 +x2 +1) I Example 51. Solve the equation z2 +1 z | = 0.

Sol. Let z = x + iy, where x, y e R and i = 7~4
= 7( x4 + 2x 2 + o=7u2+i)2
.-. | z | = (x2 + 1) z2 = (x + iy)2 = x2 - y2 + 2ixy

Re(z)= x and |z | = 7(x2 + y2)

Im(z) = 7tx4 + x2 + 1) >0 Then, given equation reduces to
( |z|-Re(z/ x2 - y2 + 2ixy + 7(x2 + y2) = 0
| z| + Re(z) )
2 2 On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get
7
X + 7(- X4 - x2z - 1)
x2 -y2 + 7(x2 +y2) = 0 ■•(ii)
and 2xy = 0 .(iii)
f Ifx2 + 1 + x) . ffx2 + l-x^
From Eq. (iii), let x = 0 and from Eq. (ii),
-y2 +7/=0
Aliter • -jy|2+|y|=o
+ -J(-x'4 - X 2-0 = x+2
-x4 - x2 - r |y| = 0.1
4 => y = 0, ± 1
From Eq. (iii), let y = 0 and from Eq. (ii),
- (x2 + x + 1) (x2 - X + 0
x+2 x2 + [^=0
1 N 4
=> x2L +|x|=0
2
X +X+1 ■x2 -x + l^l | x |2 +1 x | = 0 => x = 0
x+2 x - ■ =>
1 2 2 7 x + iy are 0 + 0-z, 0 + i, 0 - i
i.e. z = 0, i, - i are the solutions of the given equation.
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 21

I Example 52. Find the number of solutions of the

equation z2 + |z|2 =0. De-Moivre’s Theorem
z2 + | z ||22 = 0 or z2 + zz = 0 Statements
Sol. v
(i) If01,02,03,...,0n G R and i = ^/-l.then
z (z + z) = 0
(cos0j + isin0x) (cos02 +isin02)
z =0 ...(i) (cos03 + isin03)...(cos0„ + isin0„)
and z + z = 0 => 2Re(z) = 0
= cos(0j +02 + 03 +...+ 0n)
Re(z)=0
+ isin (0i +02 +03 + ... + 0n)
If z = x + iy [v x = Re (z)]
(ii) If 0 G R, n G I (set of integers) and i = 7~T, then
= 0 + iy, y G R
and i = ^1 -(H) (cos0 + isin0)n = cosn0 + isinn0

On combining Eqs. (i) and (ii), then we can say that the (iii) If 0 G R, n&Q (set of rational numbers)
given equation has infinite solutions. and i = 7~1, then cos n 0 + i sin n 0 is one of the values

I Example 53. Find all complex numbers satisfying of(cos0 + isin0)n.

the equation 2 |z|2 + z2 - 5+/ 73 = 0, where / = ^-1 • Proof
Sol. Let z = x + iy, where x, y 6 R and i = 7“T 19 =cos0 + isin0
(i) By Euler’s formula, e®

=> z 2 =(x + iy)2 = x2 -y2 +2ixy LHS =(cos0! + isin0i) (cos02 + isin02)

and | z | = J( x2+y2) (cos03 + isin03)...(cos0n + isin0n)

_ . p'Oj +9j+0j+--+Q1)
C C C •• • C c
Then, given equation reduces to
2 (x2 + y2) + x2 - y2 + 2ixy - 5 + i Ji = 0 -COsfOj + 02 +03 +”. + 0n)
=> (3x2 +y2 - 5) + i (2xy + a/3) = 0 = 0 + i'0 + i sin (0j + 02 +83 +... + 0n) = RHS
On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get (ii) If = 02 = 03 = ... = 0„ = 0, then from the above
3x2 +y2 -5 = 0 ...(i) result (i), (cos0 + i sin0) (cos0 + isin0)
and 2xy + Ji = 0 •••(ii) (cos0 + i sin0)... upton factors

On substituting the value of x from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get = cos (0 + 0 + 0 + ... upton times)

3
' 2^V + y2 - 5 = 0
+ isin(0 + 0 + 0 + ... upton times)

2y' 9 i.e., (cos0 + isin0)n =cos n0 + isin n0

9 + /=S
A-
=>
4yz (iii) Let n = —, where p,qE I and q 0, from above result (ii),
<7
or 4y4 - 20y2 +9=0
(2y2-9)(2y2-l) = 0
/
we have cos — P 0 | + i sin — 0 ( wq
y 2 = 9 y 2 = 1 or y = ±,3 y = ±,11
I V?
// X / \ \
Ci Ct y Lt2
Lt y
= cos — 0 q + isin — 0 q = cos p 0 + isin p 0
or = __3_ 2___ L _L A? ' > I? J J
y Ji’Ji’ Ji’Ji r 00^
From Eq. (ii), we get => cos + i sin — is one of the values of
1 l/<7
X = ~r (cosp 0 + isin p 0)
P05)
z = x + iy => cos + i sin — is one of the values of
__________
1
V6
3i 1 T_ 3i |3_±_ |3
+ -=
Ji’ >/6T^’v2 Ji’ V2
+4 UJ
2 [(cos 0 + isin 0)p]1/9
are the solutions of the given equation.
22 Textbook of Algebra

To Find the Roots of (a + ib)p,q, where a,beR;

=> cos + i sin is one of the values of
9 p,qe I,q 0 and i =
(cos0 + isinO) P Let a + ib = r (cos0 + isin0) [polar form]
(a + ib)p /g = {r (cos (2 rm + 0)
Other Forms of De-Moivre's Theorem + i sin (2rm + 0))}p /?, n e I
1. (cos0 - / sin0)n = cosn0-/sinn0,V net
Proof (cos0 - / sin0)n = (cos (- 0) + / sin (- 0)),n
= rp,q (cos (2hti + 0) + i sin (2mt + 0))p/?
= cos (- r?0) + / sin (- n0) = cos n0 - i sin nO
/ \ / A
_ rP cos 2
— (2n7r+0) +i sin — (2rm+0)
2. (sin0 + i cos0)n = (/)” (cos n0 - i sin n 0), V n e I
7
Proof (sin0+ i cos0)n = (/ (cos0 - / sin0))n
where, n = 0,1,2,3,.... g-l
= in (cos0 - z sin0)n = (z)n (cos/?0 - / sin n 0)
[from remark (1)] L Example 56. Find all roots of x5 -1 = 0.
3. (sin0 - z cos0)n = (-/)n (cos n0 + /sin n0), V r? e /
Proof (sin0-/cos0)° =(-/(cos0+ / sin0))n Sol. x5-l = 0=>x5=l
= (-/)n (cos0 + / sin0)n ’ = (cosO + i sin0)1/5,
x = (l)|1/5
= (- i)n (cos o0 + / sin r?0)
4. (cos0 + i sin0)n * cos n0 + /' sin/70. V ne/ where i = -7-1
[here, 0 * 0.-. De-Moivre's theorem is not applicable] = [cos (2n7t + 0) + i sin (2n7t + 0)]1/5
5. -------- --------- = (cos0 + i sin 0)-1
cos0+/sin0 2n7t 2nn
= cos + i sin
= cos (-0) + /' sin(- 0) = cos0 - i sin0 5 5
where, n = 0,1,2,3, 4
7t A . . < 71 A Roots are
I Example 54. If zr =cos — +1 sin — , where
3rJ k33rr J 1, cos
2ti f 271 ] f 4tt ]
+ i sin — , cos -— + i sm
I 471
i= prove that z1 z2 z3... upto infinity = i. 5 I 5 5 I5
71 6tc (671 ) 8tc 8tt >
Sol. We have, zr = cos + i sin I 71 cos + i sin — , cos + i sin
7 <3r 5 I5J 5 5J
'n n 71 67t 67t
Zj z2 Z3...oo = COS —+—+—+ + °° Now, cos + i sin
.3 32 33 5 5
. . [ 71 7t 71 f 471 I . • L 471
+ i sin — + — + — +... + °° = cos 27T------ + i sin 271---------
<3 32 33 5 5
f n \ 71
4n 47T
3 3 71 71 = cos - i sin
= cos + i sin = cos + i sin 5 5
1-1 1--
2 2
8n 8tc
k 37 \ 3> and cos + i sin
5 5
= 0 + i-l = i
27t
(cos0 + i sin 6)4 = cos L271------
27C |1 + i . sin• | L 271
271-------
I Example 55. Express in o+ ib I 5 5
(sin6 + i cos0)5 27C 271
= cos - i sin
form, where i = -1. 5 5
Sol. v (sin0 + icos0)5 = (i)5 (cos0 - i sin0)5 (271) 2tt
Hence, roots are 1, cos — ± i sin
= i (cos0 + i sin0)“5 I 5J 5
4tt 471
(cos0 + i sin0)4 (cos0 + i sin 0)4 and cos ± i sin
5 5
(sin0 + i cos0)5 i (cos0 + i sin 0)“ 5
(cos0 + i sih0 )9 Remark
Five roots are 1, z,, z2, z]t z2 (one real, two complex and two
cos90 + i sin90 conjugate of complex roots).
= - i cos90 + sin90
= sin90 - i cos90
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 23

[i Example .57. Find all roots of the equation

x5 - x5 + x4 - x3 + x2 - x + 1 = 0.
Properties of Cube Roots of Unity
2 J , „4___ 5 , „6
(i) 1 + (O + (02 =0 and CD3 =1
Sol. v 1- X+X - x" + x ‘ - X + X° =0
1 [1 —(—x)7] (ii) To find the value of (i)”(n >3).
= 0,1 + x*0
l-(-x) First divide n by 3. Let q be the quotient and r be the
7
or .1 + x' = 0, x - 1 or x7' = - 1 remainder. 3)n(q
x = (- 1)1/7 = (cosn + i sin 7t)1/7, i = 7-1 -3q

= [cos (2n + 1) 7t + i sin (2n + 1)ti]1/7 r

(2n + 1)ti i.e. n = 3q + r, where 0 < r < 2

(2n + 1)71
= cos + i sin
7 7 (0n=0)3<?+r=(w3)<?.(0r=(0r

for n = 0,1,2, 4,5,6. In general, (O3n = 1, (03n+1 = (0, (o3n + 2 = (o2

Remark 3, when n is a multiple of 3

(iii) 1 + (Or + (o2r
For n = 3 x = -1 but here x + - 1 0, when n is not a multiple of 3
n+ 3
(iv) Cube roots of -1 are -1, - co and - w2.
(v) a + b (0 + c to2 = 0 => a = b = c, if a, b, c G R.
Cube Roots of Unity (vi) If a, b, c are non-zero numbers such that
Let z =(1)1/3 => z3 = 1 => z3 — 1=0 a + b + c = 0 =a2 +b2 + c2, then a: b: c = 1: (0: (02.
=»(z-l)(z2+z+l)=0 => z -1 = 0 or z22+z+l = 0 (vii) A complex number a + ib (where i = 7-1), for which
-1±>^4) -l±iV3 | a: b | = 1: 73 or 73 :1 can always be expressed in
z = 1 or z =------- ----------- =-----------
2 2 terms of (0 or (D2.
l + iV3 -l-i73 -
Therefore, z = 1, -----------,-------------- , where 1 = v-1. For example,
2 2
(a) l + iV3 =-(-1-173)
If second root is represented by (O (omega), third root will
be co2. <-l-i73>
=-2 = -2(O2
Cube roots of unity are 1, (0,(02 and (0, (O2 are called
non-real complex cube roots of unity.

Remark 2^
I o
1. 0) = CD2, (CD)2 = CD 2. Vco = ± co,22, CD — ± CD
2 7
3. | CD | = | CD2 | = 1
2(0
= — = -2ico
Aliter
Let z =(1)1/3 =(cos0 + isin0)1/3,i = 7"-1 (viii) The cube roots of unity when represented on complex
plane lie on vertices of an equilateral triangle
il/3
= [cos (2 mt + 0) + i sin (2 mt + 0)] inscribed in a unit circle, having centre at origin. One
(2 mt . . I 2 nit ] , vertex being on positive real axis.
= cos +1 sm ----- L where, n = 0,1,2
3 I 3 J Y-
Therefore, roots are
CO,
2n/3
( 27t'l 271^ 471 471^ 2n/3
1, cos — + i sin — ,cos + i sin
I3J 3J / X
u 1
1 »2ni73 „ 4ni/3
or 1, e ,e
CD2 2n/3
If second root is represented by (0, then third root will be (02
or if third root is represented by (O, then second root will be co2.
24 Textbook of Algebra

Important Relations in Terms i Example 59. If a, p and y are the roots of

of Cube Root of Unity x3 - 3x2 + 3x + 7 = 0, find the value of
(i) a2 + ab + b2 = (a - few) (a - bat2) a— P -1 +-----
-1 +----- y
(ii) a2 - ab + b2 = (a + few) (a + few2) P-1 y-1 ex — 1
(iii) a3 + fe3 =(a + fe)(a + few) (a + few2) Sol. We have, x3 - 3x2 + 3x + 7 = 0
(iv) a3 -fe3 = (a-fe) (a-few) (a-few2) => (x -l)3 + 8 = 0
(v) a2 + fe2 + c2 - ab - be - ca
(x-l)3+23 =0
= (a + few + cw2) (a + few2 + cw)
(vi) a3 +fe3 +c3 -3abc => (x - 1+ 2)(x - 1+ 2co)(x - 1+ 2co2) = 0
= (a + b + c) (a + bw + cw2) (a + few2 + exo) => (x + l)(x - 1+2co)(x - 1 + 2(O2) = 0

[ Example 58. If co is a non-real complex cube root of x = - 1,1 - 2CQ 1 - 2W2

unity, find the values of the following. a = -1,P = 1 — 2(0, y -1 ~2(O2
(i) w1999 B-l y-1 “
-22 —
- 2C0
2(0 - 2(O2
(ii) w’998 Then, ----- +
-- +------- F------ =------ + ------ - +------
P-1 y-1 a-1 -— 2(0 2co - 2co 2C02 -2
3n + 2
^-1+/V3
(iii) , n e N and i = = - + - + co2 = co2 + co2 + co2 = 3wz
< 2 j co co

(iv) (1 + w) (1 + w2) (1 + wA) (1 + co8)...upto 2n factors V3 + /

I Example 60. If z = - , where / = -1, find the
a + Pco+yco2+ 8co2> 2
(v) where cc,P,y,8gR value of (z101 + /103)105.
k p + aco2 +yco+ 8co J
Sol.
73 + i 1 I' i 73
z =------- = - — [vi2=-i]
(vi) 1-(2-w)(2-w2)+2-(3-w)(3-w2)+3- 2 2
(4-co)(4-co2)++ (/i — 1) (n — co)(n — co2) — 1 + i 73
= -i = - ico
Sol. (i) co199’ = (o3 x 666 + 1 = (o < 2
1 co 101 • coJ01
z101 = (- ico)101 = - i■ 101 101 = - i co2 and i103 = i3=-i
(ii) co-"8 =-----
999
= co
W998 CO Then, z101 + i103 = - ico2 - i = - i (co2 + 1)
( x 3n + 2

(iii) = co3" - co2 = (co=3)COn 3n- co+ 22

2 = — i (— co) = ico
7
Hence, (z101 + i,03)105 =(ico)105 = i105 •coI05 = i-l = i
= (1)" ■ co2 = co2
50
(iv) (1 + co)(1 + co2)(l + co4)(l + co8)... upto2n factors 3 /V3A
! Example 61. If — +---- = 325(x-/y), where
= (1 + co) (1 + CO2)(1 + co)(1 + co2)... upto 2n factors 2 2 J
= (- C02)(- co)(- C02)(- co)... upto2n factors x,yeR and i = 7~T find the ordered pair of (x,y).
= (CO3)(co3)... upto n factors = 1-1- l>...upto n factors + i2^
Sol. v
= (l)n=l I 2 7 2 7

a + Pco+ yw2 + 8co2> co(a 4- pco + y o>2 + Seo2) = -iT3-

(V) = - i 73 co
P + aco2 + yco + Sco J (Pco + aco3 + yco2 + 8co2) 2

co(a + Pw + yco2 + 8co2) /3+£^ v° = (—i73co)50 = i50 •325 •co50

(Pco + a + yco2 + 8co2) "I2 2 }
(vi) Z(n - l)(n - co)(n - co2)= L(n 3 - 1) = Z n3 - X1
= -l-325-(O2 =-325
-i-i7T|
2
fn (n + 1) 2 7
-n
”I 2
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 25

Then, f (- co) = 0 and f (- co2) = 0

= 325 [given]
12 2 J - 7co3 - aco + b = 0 and - 7CO6 - aco2 + b = 0
1 or -7 -aco+ 6 = 0
x = -,y = -
2 and - 7 - aco2 + b = 0
(1 On adding, we get
=> Ordered pair is •—
2 J - 14 -a(co + co2)+ 26 = 0
or -14 + a + 26 = 0 or a + 2b = 14 (i)
I Example 62. If the polynomial 7x3 + ax+b is
and on subtracting, we get
divisible by x2 -x+1, find the value of 2a+b. -a(co - co2) = 0
Sol. Let f(x) = 7x 3 + ax +6 => a=0 [•/ CO - CO2 *0]
and x2 - x +1 = (x + co)(x + co2) From Eq. (i), we get 6 = 7
V f (x) is divisible by x2 -x + 1 2a + 6 = 7

g Exercise for Session 3

1 The real part of (1-/) ', where/ = 7~1 is

(a)e-"/41 cos I - loge 21 (b) -e"*'4 sin loge 2

f1.
(c)en/4 cos I - loge 21 (d)e’n/4 sin [ — loge 21
12 )

2 The amplitude of e 6 °, where 0gR and/ = ^/-l is

(a) sinQ (b)- sinO
(cje0050 (d)esine

3 \iz'=i loge(2 -73), where/ = then the cos z is equal to

(a)/ (b)2 (C)1 (d)2
4 Ifz =/'\where/=7-~1, then | z | is equal to
(a)1 (b)e-’t/2 (c)e-" (d)e“

5 7(-8-6/) is equal to (where, / = V-1)

(a)1±3/ (b)±(1-3/) (c)±(1+3/) (d)±(3-/)

7(5+12/-)+ 7(5-12/).
6 , —7 is equal to (where, / = V- 1)
7(5 + 12/) - 7(5^-127)
(d)-|
(a)-1 (b)j<
4
I \
(c) ” 3;
-1

7 If 0 < amp (z) < rc, then amp (z) - amp (- z) is equal to
(a)0 (b)2amp(z) (c)n (d)-n

8 If |z1| = |z2|andamp(z1) + amp(z2) = 0,then

(a)z1=z2 (b)z1=z2 (c) + z2 = 0 (d)z1 = z2

9 The solution of the equation | z | - z = 1 + 2/, where / = ’-i, is

(a)2-| (b)| + 2 . 3 .
(c)i-2f (d)-2+|
2
26 Textbook of Algebra

10 The number of solutions of the equation z2 + z = 0, is

(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d)4
ra
11 If zr= cos + i sin [ ~ , where r = 1,2,3 n and / = M, then lim zyz2z3 ...zn is equal to
In J n —°°

(a)e« (b)e"'“/2
(c)e”/2 (d)^“

n
1 + sin 0 + / cos 0
12 If 0eR and/ = 7-t then I is equal to
1 + sin 0 - / cos0
nrc - n0
(a) cos | — - nO j + / sin (— “9 (b) cos • |inn
+ n0j + /• sin ^ +. n0
12 J I. 2 J 12 J
(c) sin - noj + / cos m - nO
“oj (d) cos + 20 + / sinfnf- + 20
2 J I 12
13 If / z4 + 1 = 0, where / = then z can take the value
n + / sin f—
(a)l±i (b) cos |-|
18 J 18
V2
(C)44
(d)/

14 If co(*1)is a cube root of unity, then(1 - w + co2)(1- o>2 + w4)(1- co4 + to8)... upto2n factors, is
(a) 2" (b)22n
(c)0 (d)1
xa+yB + zy. ..
15 If a, p and y are the cube roots of p (p < 0), then for any x, y and z, -------- —------ - is equal to
x0 + yy + z a

(b)-(1+/V3),/=7^1
2
(c)J(1-i 73)./=^ (d) None of these
Session 4 v .r; v. »e«

nth Root of Unity, Vector Representation of Complex Numbers,

Geometrical Representation of Algebraic Operation on Complex Numbers,
Rotation Theorem (Coni Method), Shifting the Origin in Case of Complex
Numbers, Inverse Points, Dot and Cross Product, Use of Complex Numbers
in Coordinate Geometry

nth Root of Unity Remark

W-aLoC' = (-1) is the basic concept to be
Let x be the nth root of unity, then
understood.
x = (1)1 /n = (cos 0 + i sin 0)1/n
(c) If a is an imaginary nth root of unity, then other roots
= (cos (2 &7C + 0) + i sin (2 for + 0)1/n are given by a2 ,a3 ,a4,...,an.
[where k is an integer]
= (cos 2bt + i sin 2k7t)1/n Imaginary
axis
X = cos
f 2kn + i sin 2kn Y+
k n 7 n
i
where, k = Q, 1,2,3,...,n-l A=(a2)
r/^A,(a)
27t 2ti
Let a = cos — + i sin —, the n, nth roots of unity are V
n n ^9
ak (k = 0,1,2,3,... ,n -1) i.e, the n, nth roots of unity are X' <e ■X Real axis

l,a,a2,a3,...,an-1 which are in GP with common ratio /W

-e 2rti/n -i

(a) Sum of n, nth roots of unity Y'

_i-(i-qn) (d) v 1 + a +a2 +... + a" 1 -0

1 + a +a2 +a3 +...+a" 1
(l-a) n -1

1 - (cos 2ti + i sin 2tt) X ak =0

k=0
l-a
n -1 n -i .
2nk ] . y . [ 2nk 2ltk
= 1-<1+°)=o or S cos
k-0
-----| + i Zj sm |------ = 0
n fc = o n
l-a
n -1

Remark X cos 271 k = 0

1 + a + a2 + a,33 + + a.n "1 = 0 is the basic concept to be
k=0 n
understood. n -1
y . [ 2itk
(b) Product of n, nth roots of unity and Zj sm|-----=0
k=o n
lxaxa 2 xa x...xa"-1 =a1+2+3+-+<n-1)
xa3 x...xa
These roots are located at the vertices of a regular
(n-l)n
(n-l)n
271 . . 271 2 plane polygon of n sides inscribed in a unit circle
=a 2 cos — +1 sin — having centre at origin, one vertex being on positive
n n
real axis.
= cos (n -1) 7t + i sin (n -1) 71 (e) xn -l=(x-l)(x-a)(x-a2)...(x-an-1).
= (cos 7t + isin it)n 1 = (-l)n-1
28 Textbook of Algebra

niQ
Important Benefits e* • e 2 -2isin
1. If 1. (XpOo, a3 an_: are the noth root of unity, then
= Im ■
e10
Im
27
(1)p + (aj)p + (tto)^ + ... + (an_!)p
TT-T f0Y
k
[0. ifp is not an integral multiple of n e'e/2 • 2i sin
[n, if pis an integral multiple of n
0. ifnis even
2. (1 + a1)(1+ &>)... (1 + an_1) = fnG nG

3. (1-O|)(1-a2)...(1-an_1) = n
1, ifnisodd
= Im
sin
k •e
2 I
sin
2 ,
• sin
n+P
e
4. zn-1 = (z-1)(z+1)
(n - 2) / 2
n z2 2z cos — + 1
sin (e'
I “ sin T
<2,
2 7

r =1 n
if ‘ii is even.
(n-2) Z2 Remark
5. zn + i= n z2 -2z cos \2r +1) 7t + 11 if n is even.
r=0 n ForQ = —, we get
n
(n-3)/2
\2r + 1) 71 « 1 i 2ti 4 71 6n (2n-2)7i A _
6. Z" + 1 = (Z+1) n z2 - 2z cos + 1 1.1 +cos — + cos + cos + ... + cos 0
r =0 n kn < n n n J
if 'ri is odd. n . (27lA . i*+;i
471 . (Guy (2n-2)n
2. sin — | + sin | — + sin — + ... + sin =0
kn n I nJ n

The Sum of the Following 2 Example 63. If 1,co,(o2,...,con 1 are n,nth roots of
Series Should be Remembered unity, find the value of (9-co)(9-(o2)...(9-G)n'1)-
(i) cosG + cos20 +cos30 + ... + cosnG Sol. Let x = (l),/n => xn - 1 = 0
fnG has n roots 1, cn, cd2, ..., of “1
sin
k
fey
.cos
n+P
2
0
xn -1 = (x - l)(x - cd)(x - cd2)...(x - of “’)

sin 7 On putting x = 9 in both sides, we get

9n -1
= (9 - CD) (9 - CD2) (9 - CD3)... (9 - Of " *)
(ii) sin0 +sin20 + sin30 + ... +sinnG 9 -1

sin
nff or (9-CD)(9 - CD2)...(9-af-1) =
9n -1
2 , n+P 8
• sin e
2 Remark
sin
<2, xn -1 = (X - co) (x - CO2) ... (x - w'

Proof x -1
n -1-= lim (x - co) (x - co2)... (x - ci/’~1)
lim -x------
(i) cosG + cos20 +cos30 + ... + cosnG
x 1 x —1 * 1
= Re {e*0 + e2® +
+ee 3,e + ... +en10}, where i = 7~1 n = (1-(D)(1-CD2)...(1-(Dn-1)
=>

n0Y
P0 e n'0/2 • 2i sin ( 2tt
6 Example 64.If a = cos I — 1+ i sin
( 2 7t A
, where
e'9{(e'0)" -1} V2)
= Re I = Re( 7
e*-l e,0/2
• 2i sin (0 /2) i = V-1, find the quadratic equation whose roots are
a = a+o2 + O4 and 0 = a3 + a5 + a6.
fnGA (nQ' Sol. •.•
271 27t

= Re
sin
I2J
(0A
■ e
2 )
sin
k
f gA
• cos
I7 n + P
~2~>
0
a = cos
7
+ i sin

a7 = cos2n + isin 2it =1+0 = 1

7

sinl — sini —
V2J or a = (l)1/7

(ii) sinG +sin20 + sin30 + ... + sinnG /. 1, a, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 are 7,7 th roots of unity.
= Im{e'e + e2'0 +
+ee 3/0 + ... + en'0}, where z = V-l 1 + a + a.2£ + a„3J + a44 + a5 + a6 = 0 ...(i)
=> (a + a:2 + a4) + (a3 + a5 + a6) = - 1 or a + 0 = - 1
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 29

andaP = (a + a2 + a4)(a3 + a5 + a6) I Example 67.If n> 3 and 1,al,a2,a3,...)an_1 are

= a4 + a6 + a7 + a5 + a7 + as + a7 + a9 + a10 the n,nth roots of unity, then find the value of
= a4 + a6 + 1 + a5 + 1 + a + 1 + a2 + a3 [•••a7 = l] ZZ a, a,.
= (1 + a + a2 + a3 + cP + cP + a6) + 2 1<i < j <n-l
=0+2 I [from Eq. (i)] Sol. Let x = (l),/n
=2
xn=l or xn - 1 = 0
Therefore, the required equation is
1 + CLi + tt2 + CL3 + ... + 0tn _ j = 0
x2-(a+P)x + ap=0 or x2 + x + 2 = 0
or + a2+a3+... + an_! =-1
On squaring both sides, we get
I Example 65. Find the value of
10 r ' (2^ cl2 + a22 +a32 +...+ a2n-i + 2(a,a2 +a,a3
(2nk\
Z sin - / COS ------ , where i = -1. + ... + a1an_1 + a2a3+... + a2an-i
k=l < 11, I 11 J +... + a n-2an_1) = l
10 r
_ . V . I 2nk
ZTC/C 2nk orf + faj)2 + (a2)2 +(a3)2 + ... + (a„_1)2
Sol. 2j sm |----- - i cos
k=i k 11 11
io
+2 ZZ c^a j = 1 +12
1SK jSn-l
2nk 2nk
= -iZ cos + i sin
k=l 11 11 0+2 ZZ a,a; =2
1ii<jSn -1
io
= -i z
k =0
2itk , . . I2nk
cos __ + ism|-----
I 11
-1
zz
[here, p is not a multiple of n]
CLjCLj = 1
1 5 i < jn - 1
= -1(0-1) [sum of 11,11th roots of unity] Aliter
v x" -l = (x-l)(x-a1)(x-a2)...(x-a„_1)
I Example 66. If ao,oci,a2,...,an_1 are the n.nth On comparing the coefficient of x" ~2 both sides, we get
roots of the unity, then find the value of Z — 0= ZZ a, a. j +«! + a2 + + an-i
7 i=o2-aj
0Si<j£n -1

Sol. Letx = (l)I/n =>xn=l .*. xn-1=0 0= ZZ a^j -1

1< i < j < n - 1
or x” -l = (x-a0)(x-a1)(x-a2)...(x-an_1) + a„_i = 0]
[vl + aj + a2 +
n -1
ZZ a, a, = 1
= H(x-a,) Hi < jin-I
i=0

On taking logarithm both sides, we get

n -i Vector Representation of
loge(xn -1)= Z loge(x-a,)
i =0
Complex Numbers
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get If P is the point (x, y) on the argand plane corresponding
n -1 to the complex number z = x + iy, where x, y e R and
nxn-1
xn-l
=z
i =0
1
x - a, j
On putting x = 2, we get P(x,y)
1 n -1
__ 1
•(i)
2n - 1 •' =o (2-a,) iy
n -1 0 i

a'
"-1 ( 2 n >x
Now, Z = Z -1 + 0 x M
' i = o (2-OCj) i=0 2-aG
n -1 n-1
2-n-2"~1 OP = x i +y j => OP = ^x2 +y2) = | z |
-__ 1 Then,
=- Z 1+2 Z
^o(2-a,)
= -(n) + [from Eq. (i)]
i=0 i=C 2n -1 -i1 (y /x) =0
and arg (z) = direction of the vector OP = tan-
n-2n n
= - n +------- Therefore, complex number z can also be represented by OP.
2n -1 2n -1
 30 Textbook of Algebra

Geometrical Representation (c) Product

Zj = rj (cos 0! + z’sin©!) = rj e'6‘
of Algebraic Operation on Let
| Zj | = n and arg (zj =0j
Complex Numbers and z2 = r2 (cos 02 + z sin02) = r2 e
te2

[a] Sum | z2 | = r2 and arg (z2) = 02

Let the complex numbers Zj = X] + iy} =(Xj,yj)and Then, zyz2 =r1r2(cos01 + zsin©!) (cos 02 +zsin02)
z2 = x2 + iy2 = (x2> y>2) be represented by the points P and = r!r2{cos(0! +02) + zsin(0i +02)}
Q on the argand plane. | ZjZ2 1 = ^ andarg(zjz2) =0t +02
YA
YA fl(ZiZ2)
fl (Z1 + z2)
O(z2)

fl(zi) O(z2)
--------- X ^/fl(zl)
<2
0 ®1 <1
'2 01
Complete the parallelogram OPRQ. Then, the mid-points o +X
A
of PQ and OR are the same. The mid-point of
Let P and Q represent the complex numbers zx and z2,
+ *2 ?i + y2 1
PQ = respectively.
2 ’ 2 )
OP = rltOQ = r2
Hence, R = (xj +x2,yi +y2)
^POX = Gl and XQOX = Q2
Therefore, complex number z can also be represented by
----> Take a point A on the real axis OX, such that OA = 1 unit.
OR = (x, + x2) + i(yi +y2)=(xj + zyj) +(x2 + zy2) Complete the XOPA
= Zj +z2 =(x1,y1)+(x2,y2) Now, taking OQ as the base, construct a AOQR similar to
In vector notation, we have DJ? DP
AOPA, so that —= —
OQ OA
Zj + z2 =OP+OQ=OP+PR=OR
i.e. OR = OP ■ OQ = r2 [since, OA = 1 unit]
and XROX = XROQ + XQOX + 02
(b) Difference
Hence, R is the point representing product of complex
We first represent - z2 by Q', so that QQ' is bisected at O. numbers Zj and z2.
Complete the parallelogram OPRQThen, the point R
represents the difference zr -z2. Remark
1. Multiplication by/
Ya
Since, z = r (cos0 + i sin 0) and / = cos - + i sin -
Q(z2) I 2 2
n + 01 + / sin f- + 0^
iz = r cos | -
Pfr) 2 2 J.
0
X+ ------ >~X Hence, multiplication of z with /, then vector for z rotates a
right angle in the positive sense.
R^-Z2) 2. Thus, to multiply a vector by (-1) is to turn it through two
Q (-z2) right angles.
ty' 3. Thus, to multiply a vector by (cos0 + i sin0) is to turn it
through the angle 0 in the positive sense.
We see that ORPQ is a parallelogram, so that OR - QP
We have in vectorial notation, (d) Division
Z1 -z2 =OP-OQ=OP+QO Let zx =T] (cos0j +isin0!) = ri
|zi | = H andarg(z1)=01
=OP+PR=OR=QP and z2 ~r2 (cos02 +isin02) -r2 e <02
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 31

lz2 | = r2 and arg(z2)=02

Then, we have AC = z3-Z] and AB = z2 -z.
Then = — • (cos91 +fsin9i)
[z2 £0, r2 £0]
z2 r2 (cos02 + isin02) and let arg AC = arg(z3 -z1)=0

— = —[cos(0j —02) + isin(0! -02)]

and arg AB = arg(z2 -Zj) = <|)
Z2 r2
zi ri f zi Let ZCAB=a
= — .arg — -0j ~02
z2 r2 Z.CAB = a = 0 - 0 = arg AC - arg AB
Let P and Q represent the complex numbers zx and z2, = arg(z3 -Z!)-arg(z2 -zj
respectively.
fz
2 3 -zZ1
OP = ri>OQ = r2i ZPOX =0] and ZQOX =02 = arg
kZ2 “Z1 ,
Let OS be new position of OP, take a point A on the real
axis OX, such that OA = 1 unit and through A draw a line or angle between AC and AB
making with OA an angle equal to the XOQP and meeting r affix of C - affix of A
OS in R. = arg k affix of B - affix of A J
Then, R represented by (z i /z2).
For any complex number z, we have
yt O(z2)
I («g -)
Z =| Z | e
f2. ?3 -Z1
i arg
z3 ~Z1 = z3 ~zi 22 -Z]
Similarly, e L
02^ JP(Z1) Z2 -Zj
<z2 "zl;
A ■>X
"701-02
z3 ~Z1 _IZ3 ~21 I gi(ZCAB) -ACc ia
or
R z2 -Z1 | z2 -Z1 | AB

Now, in similar AOPQ and AOAR. Remark

1. Here, only principal values of the arguments are considered.
(<Z_1 ~z_ 2 \
OA OQ r2 2. arg = 0, if AB coincides with CD, then
73 “ z4 ,
since OA = 1 and Z.AOR = Z.POR - Z.POX = 02 - 0i
arg | Zl ~ 22 | == 00 or
orn. so that
n. so that ——— is real. It follows that
Hence, the vectorial angle of R is - (02 - 0 j) i.e., 0 j - 02. lZ3-Z4J Z3"Z4
if ^—£1 is real, then the points A B.CDare collinear.
Remark z3"z4

If 0j and 02 are the principal values of zt and z2, then 0, + 02 and D

0, - 02 are not necessarily the principal value of arg (z,z2) and
arg(z,/z2). /Pfa)
S(z4) 9
A 8
Rotation Theorem [Coni Method] H(z3)

Let zt ,z2 and z3 be the affixes of three points A,B and C O(z2)
respectively taken on argand plane. C

YA 3. If AB is perpendicular to CD. then

C(z3)
/ /0(Z2) n iSo£lzA is purely imaginary.
= ±!!
arg
a Z3 " 2i > 2 z3 - z4
4. It follows that, if z, -z2 = ± k (z3 - z4), where k is purely
imaginary number, then AB and CD are perpendicular to
al
each other.
0 RQ
->-X
0
32 Textbook of Algebra

f Example 68.Complex numbers zbz2 and z3are the From Coni method, Z1 ~ z2 ft/3
G)
z3 - z2 a
vertices A, B, C respectively of an isosceles right angled
triangle with right angle at C. Show that and XBAC = -
(z1-z2)2=2(z1-z3)(z3-z2). 3
. i 2 3 “ Z1
Sol. Since, Z.ACB = 90° and AC - BC, then by Coni method From Coni method, -------- ■(ii)
z2 ~ zi a
21 ~ z3 _ ft/2
=i
z2 - z3 BC A(z0
fi(z2)
ji/4

/^Tt/4£j-
4(Zj) C(Z3) S(z2) a C(z3)
=> z,-z3= i(z2-z3) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ——— = — ---- -
On squaring both sides, we get z3 — z2 z2 - Zj
(zi -z3)2 = “(z2 (Z! - z2)(z2 - Z]) = (z3 - Z])(z3 - Z2)

Zj2 +z32 -2Z]Z3=-(z22 + z32 -2z2z3) zf + z2 + z2 = zxz2 + z2 z3 + z 3z,

zi +z22 -2zjZ2 = 2(zjZ3 -ZjZ2 -z3 +z2z3)
Remark
Therefore, (zj - z2 )z = 2(z, - z3) (z3 - z2) Triangle with vertices zx, z2, z3, then
(i) (z, - z2)2 + (z2 - z3)2 + (z3 - z, )2 = 0
Aliter CA = CB = BA
■42 (ii) (z1-z2)2 = (z2-z3)(z3-zl)
B(z2)
(iii) £(Zt -z2)(z2-z3) =0 WJ_±_=o
(z,-z2)
n/4

Complex Number as a Rotating Arrow

£ in the Argand Plane
C(z3) Let z = r(cos0 + zsin0) = reidiQ ...(i)
XBAC=(n/4) be a complex number representing a point P in the argand
z2 ~ Z1 _ PA e (in/ 4) plane.
- ’ . y
z3 — zi CA Q(zeif)

or Z1~Z2 ...(i) r/
Z1 - z3
P(z)
and XCBA =(rr/4) X' X
0
1
. z3 ~ z2
or z3 ~z2 = ~i= e
_C£e(in/4) or (i n/ 4)
•••(ii)
Zi -z2 AB zi~z2 ■42
Y' ■
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
(zj -z2)2 =2(zj -z3)(z3 -z2) Then, OP = | z | = r and XPOX = 0
Now, consider complex number zx = ze
I Example 69. Complex numbers zb z2, z3 are the or zx = reiQ • e"^ =re‘^e+^ [from Eq. (i)]
vertices of A, B, C respectively of an equilateral Clearly, the complex number zx represents a point Q in the
triangle. Show that argand plane, when OQ = r and Z.QOX = 0 + 0
Z12+Z^+Z^=Z1Z2+Z2Z3+Z3Zb
Clearly, multiplication of z with e rotates the vector OP
Sol. Let AB = BC = CA = a through angle (J) in anti-clockwise sense. Similarly,
XABC = - multiplication of z with e-1* will rotate the vector OP in
3
clockwise sense.
 I

Chap 01 Complex Numbers 33

Remark
1. If z,, z2 and z3 are the affixes of the C(z3)
Shifting the Origin in Case
three points A B and C, such that
AC = AB and /CAB - 0. Therefore,
of Complex Numbers
AB = z2-z,, AC = z3-zv Z B(Z2) Let 0 be the origin and P be a point with affix z0. Let a
--- > point Q has affix z with respect to the coordinate system
Then, AC will be obtained by rotating A(zi) passing through 0. When origin is shifted to the point P
— y
AB through an angle 0 in anti­ (z0), then the new affix Z of the point Q with respect to
clockwise sense and therefore. new origin P is given by Z = z - z0.
AC = ABe'e i.e., to shift the origin at z
z0o., we should replace z by Z + z0.
/O z3 -z}
or (z3-z1) = (z2-z1)e or —---- - = e'° yk
z2-z, Y1
2. If A B and Care three points in argand plane, such that •0
AC = AB and /CAB = 0, then use the rotation about /Ito find
e'e, but if AC * AB, then use Coni method. □_ +-X
P(zo)
I Example 70. Let zy and z2 be roots of the equation
~l
z2 + pz + q = 0, where the coefficients p and q may be 0 IM
■>x

complex numbers. Let A and B represent zy and z2 In I

the complex plane. If ZAOB = a / 0 and OA = OB,

where O is the origin, prove that p2 = 4 qcos2 (a/2). § Example 71. If z1 ,z2 and z3 are the vertices of an
equilateral triangle with z0 as its circumcentre, then
Sol. Clearly, OB is obtained by rotating OA through angle a.
changing origin toz0, show that Z}2+ Z22 + Z32 = 0, where
OB=OAefa Z, ,Z2 ,Z3 are new complex numbers of the vertices.
=> z2=z1e,a Sol. In an equilateral triangle, the circumcentre and the
z2 _ „ ia
centroid are the same point.
—=e ...(i) Zj + z2 + z3
Z1 So, ——
fl(z2)
Zj + z2 + z3 = 3z0 ...(i)
To shift the origin at z0, we have to replace zu z2, z3 and z0
A(zi) byZt + z0, Z2 + z0,Z3 + z0 andO + z0.
a Then, Eq. (i) becomes
O (Zj + zo) + (Z2 + zo)+ (^3 + zo)= 3(0 + Zq)
or —+ l = (e ia + l) => Z] + Z2 + Z3 = 0
Z1 On squaring, we get
(Z1 +z2) = e'a/2 Zj + Z2 + Z3 + 2 (ZjZ2 + Z2Z3 + Z3Zj) = 0 ...(ii)
=> ■ 2 cos (a / 2)
Z1
But triangle with vertices Zj, Z2 and Z3 is equilateral, then
On squaring both sides, we get Zj2 + Z22 + Z32 = Z,Z2 + Z2 Z3 + Z3Zj ...(iii)
(z1+z2)2=eia.(4cos2a/2)
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
Z1 3(Zj2 +Z22 +Z32) = 0
(zi +z2)2
= —-(4cos2 a/2) [from Eq. (i)] Therefore, Zj2 +z22 +Z32 =0
z? Z1

(z{ + z2)2 = 4 ztz2 cos2 (a 12)

(- p)2 = 4 q cos2 (a/2)
Inverse Points
v zt and z2 are the roots of z2 + pz + q = 0 (a) Inverse points with respect to a line Two points P
and Q are said to be the inverse points with respect to
:. Zj + z2 = - p and z1 z2 = q
the line RS. If Q is the image of P in RS, i.e., if the line
or p2 = 4 q cos2 (a/2) RS is the right bisector of PQ.
34 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 72. Show that z},z2 are the inverse points fc Example 73. Show that inverse of a point a with
with respect to the lineza + az = b, ifz}a + az2=b. respect to the circle | z - c | = R (a and c are complex
............................. R2
Sol. Let RS be the line represented by the equation, inumbers, centre c and radius R) is the point c + zz~.
za +az=b ,..(i) a— c
Let P and Q are the inverse points with respect to the line RS. Sol. Let a' be the inverse point of a with respect to the circle
The point Q is the reflection (inverse) of the point P in the | z - c | = R, then by definition,
line RS, if the line RS is the right bisector of PQ. Take any
point z in the line RS, then lines joining z to P and z to Q are
equal.
P c» a
a \z - c | = Fl
*

The points c, a, a are collinear.

R _ii S We have, arg (a' - c) = arg(a - c)
= -arg(a-c) [••• arg z = - argz]
I
I
=> arg (a' - c) + arg (a - c) = 0
Q arg {(a'-c)(a-c)} = 0
.♦. (a' - c) (a - c) is purely real and positive.
i.e., |z-z,| = | z - z21 or | =1 z - z212 By definition,| a' - c 11 a - c | = R>2‘ [vCP-Ce = r!)
i.e„ (z - zj(z - zj = (z - z2)(z - z2)
=>z(z2 -zj) + z(z2 -zJ + CziZj -z2z2) = 0 ...(ii) => | a' - c 11 a - c | = R2 [•■•1*1 = 1*11
Hence, Eqs. (i) and (ii) are identical, therefore, comparing |(a'-c)(a -c)| = R2
coefficients, we get
=> (a' - c) (a -c ) = Rz
[•.■(a' - c)(a - c) is purely real and positive]
, R2 , R2
I a - c = ——- => aa' = c + —---- -
a-c a-c
L
I

R S
A(z)
I
I
I
Dot and Cross Product
O = z2 Letzj =Xj + iyt ^(x^y^) andz2 = x2 + iy2 = (x2,y2),
where xl,yl,x2,y2 G R and i = ^/-l, be two complex
a a -b
Z2 - Z] Z2 - Zj Z]Z] — z2 z2 numbers.
If Z.POQ =0, then from Coni method,
_ az2
So that, Z2 -o _| z2 I
Zi(z2-Zj) Z2(Z2-Z])
e'9 Qfo)
-b _ Zyd f az2 - b Z1-0 |zj|

Z]Zj — z2 z2 0
22^1 _IZ2 Lie
[by ratio and proportion rule] => --- - - ----- - e P(Zl)
ZiZj |zj
z1a + az2-b = 0 or z}a+az2 = b
Z2Z) _|Z2 |
(b) Inverse points with respect to a circle If C is the e®
centre of the circle and P, Q are the inverse points
with respect to the circle, then three points C, P, Q are
Pi I2 hl
collinear and also CP ■ CQ = r2, where r is the Z2Z1 =|Z1 ||z2[e IQ

radius of the circle. Z2Zj = z i z2 (cos0 + isin0)

Re(z2zi) = zi z2 COS0
<
and Im(z2z1)=|z1 || z2 sin 9 •••(ii)
0 The dot product zx and z2 is defined by,
C P
zi-z2 =|zj 11 z2 |cos0
= Re(zj z2) = x1x2 +yjy2 [from Eq. (i)]
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 35

and cross product of Zj and z2 is defined by Remark

Zj xz2 = Zj || z2 |sin0 1. The distance of a point z from origin, | z — 0 | = |z |
2. Three points >4(2,), fl(z2)and C(z3)are collinear, then
= Im(z1z2) = x1y2 -x2y} [from Eq. (ii)]
A8+8C = AC
Hence, Zj-z2 = x, x2 + yxy2 = Re(z,z2) C(z3)
and Zi xz2 =x,y2-x2yi =Im(z,z2)

Results for Dot and Cross 8(Z2)

Products of Complex Number A(*i)

1. If z, and z2 are perpendicular, then z, • z2 = 0 i.e. |z1-z2| + |z2-z3| = |z1-z3|.
2. If z, and z2 are parallel, then z, x z2 =0
3. Projection of z, on z2 = (z, -z2) /1 z2| S Example 75. Show that the points representing the
4. Projection of z2 on z, = (zrz2) /1 z, | complex numbers (3+2/), (2-/) and -7/, where
5. Area of triangle, if two sides represented by z, and z2 is /= are collinear.
l|z,xz2|. Sol. Let z, = 3 + 2i, z2 = 2 - i and z3 = -7i.
6. Area of a parallelogram having sides z, and z2 is | z, x z2|. Then, |zj-z2| = | l+3i | = Vio,| z2 -z3 | = | 2 + 6i |
7. Area of parallelogram, if diagonals represented by z, and z2 is
^40 = 2 710
l|z,xz2|.
and Zj - z3 | = |3 + 9i| = 790=3V10
9 Example 74. If z1=2+5/,z2= 3-i, where i=yp\, find |z]-z2 | + |z2-z3 | = |zi-z3 |
(i) zrz2 (ii) Zixz2 Hence, the points (3 + 2i), (2 - i) and - 7i are collinear.
(iii) 22-Zi (iv) z2x^i
(v) acute angle between z, and z2. [b] Equation of the
(vi) projection of Z]On z2. Perpendicular Bisector
Sol. (i) zrz2 = x,x2 + yj/2 = (2) (3) + (5) (- 1) = 1
If P (z1) and Q (z2) are two fixed points and R (z) is
(ii) z, x z2 = Xjy2 - x2yx = (2) (- 1) - (3) (5) = - 17 moving point, such that it is always at equal distance from
(iii) z2-zj = xxx2 + yxy2 = (2) (3) + (5) (- 1) = 1 P(zj) and Q(z2).
(iv) z2 x zj = x2 y, - x,y2 = (3) (5) - (2) (- 1) = 17
(v) Let angle between zx and z2 be 0, then
z, -z2 = | Zj || z2 | COS0
1 = 7(4 + 25) 7(9 + 1) cos0 z O(z2)

cos 9 = 4= 8 = cos-1f 1 ] i.e. PP = QP

290 ( ^290 J or |z-zi z -z2
1
(vi) Projection of z, on = or z(z!-z2)+z(zi-Z2)=ZjZj -z2z2
Vio z(zi -Z2)+z(Zi -Z2)=|Zi | -|z2 I
or

Use of Complex Numbers in Hence, z lies on the perpendicular bisectors of Zj and z2.

Coordinate Geometry I Example 76. Find the perpendicular bisector of 3+4/

and - 5+6/, where i = 7“i-
[a] Distance Formula Sol. Let z, = 3 + 4i and z2 = - 5 + 6i
The distance between two points P (z,) and Q (z2) is given by If z is moving point, such that it is always equal distance
Q(z2) from z, andz2.
i.e. z-z.
or z (z1-z!) + z(z,-z2) = |z,|2-|z, |!
=>z ((3 - 4i) - (- 5 - 6i)) + z ((3 + 4i) - (- 5 + 6i)) = 25-61
P(Zl) Hence, (8 + 2i) z + (8 - 2i) z + 36 = 0
PQ = |z2 -Z] | =| affix of Q- affix of P| which is required perpendicular bisector.
36 Textbook of Algebra

2-0 + 1-z
(c) Section Formula Zj + Z2+Z3

3 2+1
If R (z) divides the joining of P (zj) and Q (z2) in the ratio => z, + z2+z3=z
mj :m2 (m1,m2 >0). Therefore, zx + z2 + z3 - z = 0
O(z2)
(m2) I Example 78. Let zbz2 and z3 be three complex
(™i)
numbers and a.b.ceR, such that a+b + c = 0 and
R(z)
az1 + bz2 + cz3 =0, then show that zbz2 and z3 are
P(zi)
collinear.
Sol. Given, a+b+c =0 -(i)
(i) If R (z) divides the segment PQ internally in the ratio and azx + bz2 + cz 3 = 0
ofm,:m2.thenz = m|22tm22' => azx + bz2 - (a + b)z3 = 0 [from Eq. (i)]
nij + m2
or z3 =
(ii) If R (z) divides the segment PQ externally in the ratio a+b
It follows that z3 divides the line segment joining zx andz2
ofm1:m2,then z =
-m2 internally in the ratio b: a. (If a, b are of same sign and
opposite sign, then externally.)
Hence, zbz2 and z 3 are collinear.
fl(z)

Q(Z2)
(d) Area of Triangle
If ZbZ 2 and z3 are the affixes of the vertices of a triangle,
Pfa) Zj z3 1

Remark then its area = — I

4
1. If R (z) is the mid-point of PQ, then affix of R is -~1t z3 z3 1
2
2. If zy, z2 and z3 are affixes of the vertices of a triangle, then
affix of its centroid is 2l + Zg + Z3.
3
3. In acute angle triangle, orthocentre (0), nine point centre (A/),
OG
centroid (G) and circumcentre (Q are collinear and — = -,
GC 1
ON
---- = —(1
NG 1
4. If Zp z2, z3 and z4 are the affixes of the vertices of a Remark
parallelogram taken in order, then zy + z3 = z2 + z4. -J3 2
The area of the triangle with vertices z, coz and z + coz is | z |,

I Example 77.lf zbz2 and z3are the affixes of the where co is the cube root of unity.
vertices of a triangle having its circumcentre at the I Example 79. Show that the area of the triangle on
origin. If z is the affix of its orthocentre, prove that the argand plane formed by the complex numbers z,iz
Z] + z2 + z3 - z = 0. i . . 1 I |2 .
Sol. We know that orthocentre 0, centroid G and circumcentre and z + iz is -1 z | , where / = ^1.
C of a triangle are collinear, such that G divides OC in the
Zi + Zo + Zq z z 1
ratio 2:1. Since, affix of G is-------------- and C is the Sol. Required area = 1 iz iz 1
3
origin. Therefore, by section formula, we get z + iz z + iz 1

z z 1
iz iz 1
z + iz z + iz 1
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 37

z Z 1 Proof Equation of the straight line joining points having

iz -iz 1 affixes Zi andz2 is
z + iz z-iz 1 z = tzx +(1 -1) z2, where te R ~ {0}
On applying R3 -> R3 ~(R} + i?2)>weget => z-z2 =t(Zi -z2) ...(i)
z z 1 and z -z2 =t(Zi -z2)
A 1.
Area = — iz -iz 1 I = ~ l(“ 1) (“ 122 - 122 or z -z2 =t(zx -z2) ••■(ii)
4 4I
0 0 -1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= l|2izz|=l z — z2 _ Zi — z2 z-z2
41 1 2 l‘'lH=;lzl2 Ci
z — z2 Zi — z2
2 — 22

Z1 ~z2 Z1 -z2
Aliter
z -z2 Z-Z2 0
We have, iz= z (cos(n/2) + i sin(n/2)) = ze(m/ 2) iz is the
vector obtained by rotating vector z in anti-clockwise zl ~z2 21 -22 0 =0
direction through (n/2). Therefore, OA 1 AB, z2 z2 1
Imaginary axis
Now, applying Rx —> Rx + R3 and R2 —> R2 + R 3, we get
B z z 1
zi zi 1 =0

/ \'Z z2 z2 1
z + iz \
or z(zj -z2)-z(zj -z2)+zjz2-zxz2 =0
A
■^z Aliter
----- >-XReal axis
0 Let P (z) be an arbitrary point on the line, which pass
through A (zx) and B (z2).
Now, area of AOAB- - OA x AB = -1 z 11 iz | Z.BAP =0 or 71
2 2
1 |2 z -Zi
arg = 0 or 7t [by rotation theorem]
2 <z2 “zl>

z-zx
is purely real.
(e) Equation of a Straight Line z2 ~Z1
/ /------- A
z-zx z -Zi Z -Zj z-zx
[i] Parametric form <z2 ~21 >
=>---- — =
z2 “Z1 z2 ~Zl
\z2 -zi 7
Equation of the straight-line joining the points having
affixes zx andz2 is A(Z1)
z = tzx + (1 —t)z2, where te 7?~{0} B(Z2)
Proof
_tzx +(l-t)z2
z = tzx +(1- t)z2
t+(l-t)
z(zx -z2)-z(zx -z2)+zxz2 ~zxz2 =0
Hence, z divides the line joining zx and z2 in the ratio
z z 1
1 -1: t. Thus, the points zx, z2, z are collinear.
or Zj zx 1 =0
[ii] Non-parametric form z2 z2 1
Equation of the straight line joining the points having
affixes Zi andz2 is Remark
z z 1 Z1 L 1

zi zi 1 =0 If z2 and z3 are collinear, z2 z2_ 1 =0

Z3 z3 1
z2 z2 1
or ^zx(z2-z3) =0.
or z(Zj -Z2)”Z(Z1 -Z2)+z1z2 “zlz2 =0
 38 Textbook of Algebra

(iii) General form The general equation of a straight (i) If the lines are perpendicular, then
line is of the form az+az+b=0, where a is a
?&)
complex number and b is a real number.
Sol. The equation of a straight line passing through points
having affixes z1 and z2 is given by n
(zi) fo)
z(zl-z2)-z(zx-z2) + zlz2-ziz2=Q (i)
On multiplying Eq. (i) by i (where, i = V-l), we get
zi (zi “ z2) - z i (z, - z2) + i (ztz2 - z,z2) = 0 (z4)
=> z {-i(z1-z2)} + z{i(z1-z2)} + i(ztz2 -ZjZ2) = 0 (zi ~z 2) _ (z3 ~z4)
„nt/2
=> z {- i (Zj - z2)} + z {- i (Zj - z2)} + {i (2ilm (z,z2))} = 0 e
|z1 “z
Zi- 2 |
z2 \z3-z4\
=> z {- i (zj -z2)} + z {- i (Zj - z2)} + {(-2Im(z1z2)} = 0
(zi —z2)2 _(z3 —z4)2 c tK
=> za + za + b = 0,
| Z1 -Z2 | | z3 ~Z4 |
where, a = - i (zj - z2),b = -2Im(Z]Z2) Z1

Hence, the general equation of a straight line is of the form (Z1 ~Z2)2 = (z3 ~z4) 2 e in
az + az + b = 0,
(zi “z2)(zi-z2) (z3-z4)(z3-z4)
where a is complex number and b is a real number.
(iv) Slope of the line a z + az + b = 0 (Z1 -z2) _(z3 — z4)
(-1)
Let A (z:) and B (z2) be two points on the line (Zi -z2) (z3 — z 4)
a z +az +b=0, then —Ct j — 012 [from Eq. (i)]
a Zj +azj + b=0 otj +a2 =0
and a z2 + az2 +b=0 (ii) If the lines are parallel, then
z. a(zt -z2)+a(Zi -z2)=0 Z1 ~Z2 _ Z3 ~z4
e°
, Z1 ~z2 _ _ a
[Remember] hi-z2| | z3 “z4 I
I Z1 — Z2 a
(Z1 ~ Z2 ) _ (Z3 ~z4)
coefficient of z
Complex slope of AB = - Z1 — z2 P |Z3~Z4 P
a of z
coefficient of
(z1 — z2 ) 2 (z3 ~Z4) 2
Thus, the complex slope of the line az+az + b= Q is
a (Z1 — z2 ) (Z1 ~z2) (z3 ~z4)(z3 -Z4)

a (Zi -z2) _ (z3 ~Z4)

(Zl-Z2) (z3“Z4)
Remark
The real slope of the line az + az + b = 0 is oti =a2
Re (coefficient of z)
Im (a) Im (coefficient of z) Remark
1. The equation of a line parallel to the line az + az + b = 0 is
Important Theorem az + az + X = 0, where X e/?.
2. The equation of a line perpendicular to the line
If ex j and a2 are the complex slopes of two lines on the az + az + b = 0isaz-az + /X = 0
argand plane, then prove that the lines are where, X e R and i =
(i) perpendicular, if cXj + a2 =0.
(v) Length of perpendicular from a given point on a
(ii) parallel, if Ctt = a2. given line
Proof Let Zj and z2 be the affixes of two points on one
The length of perpendicular from a point P (z j) to the
line with complex slope a] and z3 and z4 be the affixes of line
two points another line with complex slope ot2- Then,
| azj +azj + b |
anda2=^-^ ...(i) a z + a z + b =0 is given by
«i = and ot2 =
Zj - Z2 Z 3 ~Z4
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 39

Proof Let PM be perpendicular from P on the line a - a' 4-

------- ib) =o
a z + az + b = 0 and let the affix of M bez2, then a-a'
P(zi) b(a- a')- b(a - a') = 0 •••(ii)

On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get

a'b + ab + c = 0

_________ ________ Aliter

M(z2) Equation of perpendicular bisector of PQ is
PM =| zx -z2 j z (a' - a ) + z (a' - a) - a'a' + aa=0 —(i)
and given line zb +zb + c = 0 •••(ii)
az+az+b=0
Since, Eqs. (i) and (ii) are identical, we have
and M(z2) lies on a z + az + b =0, then
a' - a a - a aa-a'a'
a z2 +az2 +b=0 ...(i) =k [say]
b b c
Since, PM perpendicular to the line (a z + a z + b =0). a' - a = b k, a' - a = bk
z\z2 a and aa - a'a' - ck
Therefore, =0
Z1 -z2 a a'-a (a' - a ’
Now, a'b + ab = \ a + a -------
a z1 -a z2 -azj +az2 =0 k k J
a Zi +aZi + b = 2az1+az2-az2+b = ±{a'a'-a'a}=±(-ck) = -c
rC rC
= 2az} -az2 + (az2 + b)
Hence, a'b + ab + c =0
. =2 az} - az2 - az2
= 2a(z} -z2)
or \azt +azj + b | = 21 a 11 zx -z2 [ (f) Circle
= 2 a |zi-^2| [••‘|z|=|z|] The equation of a circle whose centre is at point affix z0
and radius r, is | z - z 0 | = r.
=2 PM

P(z)
PM = r

C(zQ)

§ Example 80. Show that the point o' is the reflection

of_the_point a in the line zb+ zb + c = 0, if
o'b + ob + c = 0. Remark
Sol. Since, a' is the reflection of point a through the line. 1. If the centre of the circle is at origin and radius r, then its
So, the mid-point of PQ equation is | z | = r.
P=a 2. z - z0 <r represents interior of a circle) z -z0| = rand
z ■-z0 > r represent exterior of the circle | z - z01 = r.

3. r < | z - z01 < R. this region is known as annulus.

A(z)
[i] General Equation of a Circle
Q = a' The general equation of the circle is
a + a' 7 - z z +a z + az + b =0,
i.e„ ------- lies on zb + zb + c = 0
2 where a is a complex number and be R, having centre at (- a)
a + a' (a + aA
or b +b +c=0 and radius = -b.
2 k
2“ 7
=> b (a + a') + b (a + a') + 2c = 0 (i) Proof The equation of circle having centre at z 0 and
radius r is
Since, PQ _L AB. Therefore,
| -z0| =r
Complex slope of PQ + Complex slope of AB = 0
 40 Textbook of Algebra

|z-Zo |2 = r2 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

(z-zi)(z2 -z3)
(z -z0)(z-z0) = r2
= Real •(iii)
(z -z2)(zi -z 3)
zz -zz0 -ZqZ + zozo = r 2
Remark
=> zz+(-z0)z+(-z0)z+|z0 |2 -r2 =Q
If four points z1( z2, z3, z4 are concyclic, then —£11 =
=> zz +az +az +b=0 (z4 - z2) (z, - z3)
real [replacing z by z4 in Eq. (iii)]
where, a = -z0 and b = | z0 |2 - r2
(z2-z3) (z4 -zQ
or arg = n, 0.
zz + az + az + b=0 (z1-z3)(z4 — z2)
where, b GR represents a circle having centre at (- a) and
radius = Ji z0 |2 - b = ^/| a |2 - b. (iii) Equation of Circle in Diametric Form
If end points of diameter represented by A(zj) and B (z2)
Remark and P (z) is any point on circle.
Rule to find the centre and radius of a circle whose equation is ZAPB= 90°
given
Complex slope of PA + Complex slope of PB = 0
1. Make the coefficient of zz equal to 1 and right hand side
equal to zero.
2. The centre of circle will be = (-a) = (- coefficient of z).
/ /9oA
3. Radius = J(|a|2-constant term) 8(z2)

I Example 81. Find the centre and radius of the circle 4(zi)
2z z + (3 - /) z + (3+ /) z - 7 = 0, where i = J-L
Sol. The given equation can be written as / X / \
Z “ Zj Z -Z2
3 + i z-’=o + =0
zz + kz -Z1 ? K Z - Z2 ?
J 2 2
(3 + i)
Hence, (z-zJ)(z-z2)+(z-z2)(z-z1)=0
So, it represent a circle with centre at -1 —— I and radius which is required equation of circle in diametric form.

3+i 2 7 9 17)/- (iv) Other Forms of Circle

+- — + — + — = v6
2 2 4 4 2J (a) Equation of all circles which are orthogonal to
/
|z-zi | = n and | z-z2 | = r2.
(ii) Equation of Circle Through Three Let the circle be | z - a | = r cut given circles
Non-Collinear Points orthogonally.
2 I |2
Let A (zj), B (z2), C (z3) be three points on the circle and r2 + fj = a-zj -(i)
P (z) be any point on the circle, then
and r2+r22=|a-z2 |2 ...(ii)
P(z)
On solving,
2 2 i2 i2
0 \ X r2 -n = a(zj-z2) + a(zj-z2) + |z2 | ~|zi|
p(z3)

A(Zi)
.A %
and let a = a + ib, i = yj-l, a,beR

\I z -Zj
(b) Apollonius circle = k*l
z -z2
^ACB = Z.APB It is the circle with join of z3 and z4 as a diameter,
Using Coni method, , zt + kz2 z, -kz2
, z4 =
z2 ~Z3 _ 1+k 1-k
in AACB,
Zj “Z3 CA for k = 1, the circle reduces to the straight line which
is perpendicular bisector of the line segment from zt
Z2 ~Z _ BP
in AAPB, .-(ii) toz2.
Zj -Z AP
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 41

(Z7-7Z j A I z + z + 2a I
(c) Circular arc arg =a z - a = 1---------------
1 1 2
This is an arc of a circle in which the chord joining z i or zz~4a(z+z)=-{z2 + (z)2}
and z2 subtends angle a at any point on the arc. 2
71 where, a G R (focus), directrix is z + z + 2a = 0.
If a = ± —, then locus of zis a circle with the join of

Zj and z2 as diameter. If a = 0 or it, then locus is a

straight line through the points zj and z2 •
(h) Equation of Ellipse
For ellipse
(d) The equation | z -zj2 +|z -z2|2 = k,will represent a Imaginary axis
i •r i
circle, if/c>-|zj-z2|2.1 " P(z)
2'
I Example 82. Find all circles which are orthogonal to
+ > Real axis
| z | = 1 and |z—1| = 4. S'(Z2) c SW
Sol. Let | z-a| = k ...(i)
(where, a = a + ib and a, b, k G R and i = J-l) be a circle
which cuts the circles
\z = 1 „(ii) SP+S'P=2a
and | z-1 = 4 (iii) z -Zi | + | z -z2 | = 2a
Orthogonally, then using the property that the sum of where, 2a > zx -z2 | [since, eccentricity < 1]
squares of their radii is equal to square of distance between
Then, point z describes an ellipse having foci at zx and z2
centres. Thus, the circle (i) will cut the circles (ii) and (iii)
orthogonally, if andaGR+.
k2 + 1 = | a -o|z = aa
k2 +16 = | a -112 = (a -l)(a -1)
[i] Equation of Hyperbola
and
For hyperbola
= aa - (a +a) + l Imaginary axis
.-. 1-(a+a)-15 = 0 => a+a = -14
2a = -14 => a = - 7
a = a + ib = - 7 + ib
Also, k2 = |.a |2 - 1 = (-7)2 +b2 -l=b2 + 48 + > Real axis
S'(Z2) C Sfr)
=> k = ^(b2 + 48)
Therefore, required family of circles is given by
| z + 7 - ib | = 7(48+ b2).
SP -S'P = 2a => | Z-Z] | — | z —z2 I = 2a

(g) Equation of Parabola where, 2a<|zj -z2 | [since, eccentricity > 1]

Now, for parabola Then, point z describes a hyperbola having foci at zx and
Imaginary axis z2 and a G R+.

M J Examples on Geometry
o Real axis I Example 83. Let z, = 10+6i,z2 = 4 +6i, where
N A (0) S(a + i-0)
II i = ^1. If z is a complex number, such that the
c3
+ argument of (z - z}) / (z - z 2) is it 14, then prove that
In
+ | z-7-9/1= 3 V2.
N
z - Zj _ 71
SP = PM So/. *.* arg
z-z2 J’4
 42 Textbook of Algebra

It is clear that z, zu z2 are non-collinear points. Always a I Example 85. In the argand plane, the vector z = 4 - 3i,
circle passes through z, Zj and z2. Let z0 be the centre of the
circle.
where i = yp], is turned in the clockwise sense through
180° and stretched three times. Then, find the complex
A®
number represented by the new vector.
n/4 \ Sol. v z = 4-3i => |z|=7(4)2+(-3)2 =5
O(z0A Let Zj be the new vector obtained by rotating z in the
r <_>\r clockwise sense through 180°, therefore
x k/2 zx = z e~ * = - z = - (4 - 3i) = - 4 4- 3i.
MB CW
4 3
The unit vector in the direction of Zj is - — + -i.

On applying rotation theorem in ABOC, 3 iA

I 4 3
Therefore, required vector = 3|z|l- — 4--i
ZI ~z0 _ 0C e (in/ 2)_ i
[v OC = OB] 5 J
Z2-Z0 OB
= 15 I --4--I | =-12 4-91
=> (z]-zo) = i(z2-zo) I 5 5 J
=> 10 4-6i - z0 = i(4 4-6i-z0) Aliter
16 + 2i = (1 - i) z0 Imaginary axis
(16 4- 2Q (1 4- i) 3
or *0
■ (1-i) ’(14-0

16 4- 16i 4- 2i 4- 2i2 4 Real axis

0
2
14 4- 18*
= 7 +9i -3
2
and radius, r = OC = ( z0 - z, | = |7 4- 9i - 10 - 6i |
Here, z{ = - 4 4- 3i
= | - 3 4- 3/ |
Hence,3 Zj = — 12 4- 91
= 7(9+9) = ■ 2
Hence, required equation is I Example 86.ABCD is a rhombus. Its diagonals AC
|z-z0 = r and BD intersect at the point M and satisfy BD = 2AC.
| z - 7 - 9i | = 372 If the points D and M represents the complex numbers
1 + i and 2 - i, where / = respectively, find A.
I Example 84.If | z - 2+ /1 < 2, where i = then Sol. Let A =z
BD = 2AC or DM = 2 AM
find the greatest and least value of | z |.
Sol. Radius = 2 units C, B

0
<x~ i}
n/2\ i
X
W 2 A(z)
p(2,-1) \ D(1 + 0
\2 I
Now, in ADMA,
/B Applying Coni method, we have
£-(2-0 AM ^/2 = 1 .
_AM
i.e., AC = CB = 2 units ------ e
(l + 0-(2-0 DM 2
Least value of | z | = OA = OC - AC = 75-2
and greatest value of | z | = OB = OC + CB = 75 + 2 z - 2 4- i = - (- 1 4- 2i) = - - — 1 or z = 1 - - i
2 2 2
Hence, greatest value of | z | is + 2 and least value of | z | A = 1 - - i or 3 - -
2 2
is75-2.
[if positions of A and C interchange]
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 43

b I Example 87. Find the maximum and minimum

If z ± — = a, then the greatest and least values of | z |
z
. - a + 7(«2 + 4 | b |)
values of | z | satisfying z + - = 2
a + ^(q2 + 41 |)
are---- and
2 2 Sol. Here, b = 1 and a = 2
respectively.
2+ 7(4+ 4)
b Maximum and minimum values of |z | are
Proof z±- >
z z hl- 2
-2+7(4+ 4)
and i.e., 1 + -Ji and -1 + 72, respectively.
a> PI-13
1 1 kl
2
q
- q < I z I - — <a I Example 88. If z + - = 2, find the maximum and
or
' 1 M
|z|-^q
minimum values of |z|.
Now, Sol. Here, b = 4 and a = 2.
1 1 kl
|z|2-q|z|-|b|<0 :. Maximum and minimum values of | z | are
2 + 7(4 + 16) - 2 + 7(4 + 16)
a- '(a2 + 4 1^1) q + 7(q2 + 4 l&l) 2 . 2
2 < |z|<
-|Z|_ 2 i.e. 1 + 75 and -1 + 75, respectively.

or ...(i) I Example 89. If | z | > 3, then determine the least

and value of z + - .
lzl z
- q+ 7(a2 + 4 |fe|) z+1 > 1
1*1* 2
(ii) Sol. v
z
ld- z
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 1 1 1
|z|>3 => r~i-_ or
-a+7(a2 + 4|fe|)
<|z|<
q + 7(q2 + 4|fe|) |z| 3 Id 3

2 2
••• 1 1 |z| 3
q + 7(a2 + 4 |fe|)
Hence, the greatest value of |z| is
2 ' >«

and the least value of |z| is

- q +7(a2 + 4 |b|)
2
or
|2|-n 3
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
•••(ii)

, 1 1 ^88
Corollary For b = 1, z±- =a z + - >-
z z 3
- a+yj(a2 + 4) a + -J(q2 + 4) r 1 r 1 . 8
Then, <|z|< /. Least value of z + - is -.
3’
2 2 z
44 Textbook of Algebra

g Exercise for Session 4

4
1 If z-i, z2, z3 and z4 are the roots of the equation z:4 = 1, the value of Z zz3 is

(a)0 (b)1 (c)/,/ = V=l (d)l+/,/=7="l

2 If z1,z2,z3,...,zn aren.nth roots of unity, then fork = 1,2, 3,.. ..n

(a)|zk | = k|zfc + 1 | (b)|z* + 1| = k|z* |

(c)|zk + i |-|z*] + |z*-i| (d)|**| = |z*+i|

3 If t a-j, a2, a3,..., an -j are n, nth roots of unity, then (1 - oq) (1 - a2) (1 - a3)... (1 - an -i) equals to
(a)0 (b) 1 (c)n (d)n2
6
2itk . (2nk]\ , . i—- .
4 The value of £ sin - / cos I 1I > where / = ^-1, is
k=1 1
(a)-1 (b)0 (c)-/ (d)/

5 If a * 1 is any nth root of unity, then S = 1 + 3a + 5a2 + ... upto n terms is equal to
(a)-^- (b)--5L (c)-"_ (d)- n
1- a 1- a 1- a

6 If a andb are real numbers between 0 and 1, such that the points zy = a .+ i,z2 = 1+ bi andz3 =0form an
equilateral triangle, then
(a)a=b = 2+73 (b)a = b = 2-73
(c) a = 2 - 73, b = 2 + 73 (d) None of these
7 If | z j = 2, the points representing the complex numbers -1 + 5z will lie on
(a) a circle (b) a straight line (c) a parabola (d) an ellipse
8 If j z — 21 /1 z - 3| = 2 represents a circle, then its radius is equal to
(a)1 (b)J (c)2 (d)3
3 4 3
9 If centre of a regular hexagon is at origin and one of the vertex on argand diagram is 1 + 2/, where / = its
perimeter is
(a) 275 (b)672 (c)475 (d) 6 75

10 Ifz is a complex number in the argand plane, the equation |z-2| + |z + 2| = 8 represents
(a) a parabola (b) an ellipse (c) a hyperbola (d) a circle

11 If| z -2 -3/ | + | z + 2 -6/1 =4, where / then locus of P (z) is

(a) an ellipse (b) 0
(c) line segment of points 2+3 and -2+6/ (d) None of these

12 Locus of the point z satisfying the equation | iz -11 + | z -11 = 2, is (where, / = ^-l)
(a) a straight line (b) a circle (c) an ellipse (d) a pair of straight lines

13 tfz.iz and z + iz are the vertices of a triangle whose area is 2 units, the value of | z | is
(a) 1 '(b) 2 (c)4 (d)8
4
14 if z — = 2, the greatest value of | z | is
z
(a) 75 - 1 (b) 73 + 1 (c) 75 + 1 (d) 73 - 1
 3

Shortcuts and Important Results to Remember

1 ||Z1|-|Z2||<|Z1 + Z2|<1Z1| + |Z2| z-Zy'
12 If arg = a (fixed), then the locus of z is a segment
Thus, | z, | +1 z2 | is the greatest possible value of z-z2>
| zy + z21 and 11 zy | -1 z211 is the least possible value of of circle.
I zy + z21. P(z)
a
b a
2 If z ± - = a, then the greatest and least values of | z | are
z
a + 7(a2 + 4|b|) a+ . respectively.
and
2
B(z2)
/ \
3 l^+Tta2 -z22)| + |z2-7(? - z22) | 13 If arg
Z~Zy
= ± n /2, the locus of z is a circle with z.
<z-z2j
= |z1 + z2| + |z1-z2|
and z2 as the vertices of diameter.
4 | Zt + z21 = | z-i | +1 z21 <=> arg (z,) = arg (z2)
Z-Zy
14 If arg = 0 or 7i, the locus of z is a straight line i
i.e. Zy and z2 are parallel. z-z2
passing through z, and z2.
5 | Z1 + z21 = | Z11-| z21«arg(zj-arg (z2) = it
15 If three complex numbers are in AP, they lie on a straight
6 I z, + z21 = | Z! -z21 <=> arg (z,) - arg (z2) = ±it/2 line in the complex plane.
16 If three points z1t z2, z3 connected by relation
7 If | Zy | = | z21 and arg (zj + arg (z2) = 0, then Zy and z2 are a Zy + b z2 + c z3 = 0, where a + b + c = 0, the three points
conjugate complex numbers of each other. are collinear.
8 The equation \ z - Zy \2 + \ z - z2 \2 = k, k e R will 17 If z1f z2, z3 are vertices of a triangle, its centroid
■
represent a circle with centre at (z, + z2)and radius is Zy + z2 + z3 zj2 (z2 -z3)
Z0 = -, circumcentre Zy
3 £zi(Z2-Z3) ’
^2k-\zy-z212 provided k >| z, - z212.
= £Zi(Z2-Z3)+£|Zi!2(Z2-Z3)
orthocentre z
9 Area of triangle whose vertices are z, iz and z + iz, ^(Z^-Z^)
where i = 7“t is^lzl2- Z1 Zt 1
1
and its area = - I z2 z2 1
4
I-
10 Area of triangle whose vertices are z, a>z and z + wz is Z3 z3 1
■^3
— | z |2, where co is cube root of unity.
18 lf|z1|=n1,|z2|=n2.| z3|=n3..... | zm | =n

11 arg (z) - arg (- z) = it or - it according as arg (z) is n2 n2 n2 i .

then —+— + — + — = |z1 + z2 + z3 + ...+ zm|.
positive or negative. Z1 Z2 z3 zm
 JEE Type Solved Examples:
Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 multiple choice examples. n h r
Sol. (a) We have, — 4- — 4- — = 14-i
Each example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of Qi Ci
which ONLY ONE is correct.
On squaring both sides, we get
aa22 bbJ.22 cc2 (ab be ca
® Ex. 1 Ifzy and z 2 be then th root of unity which subtend — + — + — 4- 2|---- +----- 4------
ai bi Ci Ujbi bjCj CjO]
right angled at the origin. Then, n must be of the form
= 1 4- i2 4- 2i
(a) 4/c + 1 (b) 4/c 4-2 (c) 4k + 3 (d) 4k
Sol. (d) The nth roots of unity is given by a2 b2 c2 „ abc £1 + £14-
( 2rn . • • I 2rn 1 ai bi q aAci c a b
COS 4- isin ----- = e 2riti In
n \ n ) = 1 - 1 + 2i
where r =0,1, 2,..,(n - 1) a2 b2 c2
— + — + 2— + 0 = 2i
2 r2
So, let z} = e2nri‘/n Z2 - e2nrzl'nwhereo < rh r2 < n, <21 bl Cl

2 12 2
n * r2. a p c
—— 4- —— -1—— = 2i
z,2 l2 „2
It is given that the line segment joining the points having al Ci
affixes Zi and z2, subtends a right angled at the origin.
Therefore, ® Ex. 4 Let z and co be complex numbers. lfRe(z) = | z - 2|„
n 71
argU=±? 2
Re(“) =l“-2| =? lm(z + 0» is

2nrt 2nr2 _ + n (a)^ (b)^ (c)V3

n n ~~ 2

n = ±4(rj -r2) Sol. (d) Let z = x + iy, x,y E R and i =

n = 4k, where k = ±(n - r2) Re(z) = |z-2|

x = 7(x - 2)z + y2
• Ex. 2 lf\ z | = 1 and co = ——- (where z *-l), then Re(co) is y2 = 4(x - 1)
Z 4-1
:. z = 1 4-1 + 2ti, parametric form and let CD = p 4- iq
1
(a)0 (b)- Similarly, CO = 1 4- s2 + 2si
|Z4-1|2
z - co = (t2‘ -s„22) + 2i(t-s)
z 1
(c) (d)
2 4-1 |z+1j 2 |z + 1|2 arg(z - cd) = - [given]
Sol. (a) We have, |z| = 1. /
2 it
Let z = e1 e, where 0 e R and i = V-l. tan
<t + Sy 3
z -1 e'e-l (Q
Then, CD =-------
z+1 e <e + l
= i tan —
I2 (f+S)=4
V3
9

:. Re(co) = 0 Now, z 4-co = 2 4- 12 4-s2 4-2i(t4-s)

4
* Ex. 3 Ifa, b, c, av b} andc-i are non-zero complex Im(z 4- co) = 2(t 4- s) =
fl
. - . cz b c . jCJibiCi
numbers satisfying — +---- 1- — =14-/ and — 4- — 4- — = 0,
*- L Cl a bL c z -3^ 71
2 • Ex. 5 The mirror image of the curve arg
b2 c2 . i

where i = V-1, the value of— 4- — 4- — IS z~'i> 6

b2 c2 i = V~1 in the real axis, is
(a) 2/ (b) 2 + 2/ (c) 2 (d) None of these
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 47

' z + 3^1 n z-3 It 1 fl], 2x

(a) arg (b) arg a„ = z-2017 4" ■■ — -I C0+ — = -((0+ CO ) = 1
<Z + 'J 6 z+i 6
4
^2017
k U)/

(c) arg
r z+c it
(d) arg
z+i it and 22" = 242 " 4 = 162"" has last digit 6.
4 2"'
kz + 3> 6 z-3 6 b=6- 1 =5
Sol. (d)The image of z in the real axis is z. Hence, a2 + b2 = I2 + 52 = 26
The image is given by

arg
fz-3^ it • Ex. 8 If tn is complex cube root of unity and a, b, c are
kz - iJ 6 such that—1— + 4-_J_ __L_ = 2co2 and
+--------
------- 4.
fz -3' it a + co 6 + co c + cd
-arg [••' arg(z) = - arg(z)]
kz + ' > 6 1 __ 1 1
—:— + —— 4- —:— = 2 co, then the value of
2/2
6 + 00 2 2 J
'Z + it a + co co 2 c + co
=> arg ••• arg = -arg £2
6 z2 *1 1 1 1 .
------ +------- +-------is equal to
a+1 6 b + 1 c+1
'z+i 71 (a)-2 (b)-1 (c)1 (d)2
• Ex. 6 The mirror image of the curve arg
4’ 1 1 1 n 2 2
<Z~V Sol. (d) v
a + co
------ +
b + co C + CO CD
i = V-1 in the line x - y = 0, is
fZ A 1 1 1 „ 2
and --- r +--- r +--- r = 2 CO = —
(a) arg
it 1 + 1: 1 = -it'
(b) arg I ----- a + co b + CD
co2 c + co2 co­
4 kz - 1J 4
lt is clear that, co and co2 are the roots of the equation
(c)argI —- = it (z + i} It 1112
(d) arg ------ = - ------ 4-------- 4---------= — ...(i)
kz + V 4 Vz-lJ 4 a+x b+x c+x x
Sol. (c) v The image of z in the line y = x is iz. => xY(b + x)(c + x) = 2(a + x)(b + x)(c + x)
.’. The image of the given curve is => x3 - (ab + be + ca)x - 2abc = 0
iz + 1 | it
arg v Coefficient of x2 =0, the sum of roots = 0
4
a + co + co2 = 0 => a -1 = 0
fz+ P it
arg a=1
4
:. Third root is 1.
=> -arg '£±11- it [•/ arg(z) = - arg(z)] From Eq. (i), we get
4 1 1 1
------ +-------+------- = 2
r z -1 \ it z2 a +1 t +1 c + 1
arg ------ = ••• arg — = ~ arg —
4 zz) kZl.
• Ex. 9 If a, b and c are distinct integers and co (+ 1) is a
1 cube root of unity, then the minimum value of
4--------- and b is the last
z2017 |<2 + 6CD + cCD2 | + |a + 6cd2 + cco|,/5
(a) 2>/3 (b) 3 (c) 4 ±2 (d)2
digit of the number 2 -1„ when the integer n >1, the value
2
of a2 + b2 is Sol. (a) Let z = a + too + c co . Then,
(a) 23 (b) 24 (c) 26 (d)27 |z|2 = zz = (a + too+ cco2)(a + too + cco2)
• Sol. (c) v z +1 = 1 => z2 - z +1 = 0 = (a + too + cto2)(a + too2 + cco)
z
= a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - be - ca
-(-1)± 7(1^4) 2
Z ----------- XI------ L - _ 00, - Q)4
2 = -[(a-b)2+(b-c)2+(c-a)2]
2
[co is cube root of unity]
v a*b*c
and z 2017 = (-co)2017 = - cu
=> |z|2>-x6 = 3 |a-6|>l,|&-c|> 1
-2017
Z = (-co2)2017 = - CO2 2
and |a - c| > 2
 48 Textbook of Algebra

Sol. (b) ■: |3 - i(z - 1)| = |- i(z - 1 - 3i)| = |-i||z - 1 - 3z|

|a + to + cco21 + |<j + to2 + cco| = |z-l-3i|
= |a + to + ecu21 + |a + b(Dz + cc6| and |z -1 - 3i| = |(z - 2i) + (-1 - i)| < |z - 2i| +|-1 - i|
= |a + to + oco21 + |a + to + oco21 [v|zi+z2|<|zi| + |z2|)
= 2|a + to+ ecu21 = 2|z| > 2-73 |z-l-3i|<|z-2i| +72
Hence, the minimum value of |a + to + cco21 + |a + to2 + cco] ' |z-l-3i|<72 + 72 [v |z - 2i| < V2]
is 2 A
|z - 1 - 3i| < 2V2
• Ex. 10 lf\z -2/|<7: , where i - 7-1, then the maximum From Eq. (i), we get
|3 - i(z - 1)| < 2J2
value of\ 3 - i(z -1) |, is
(a) V2 (b) 2V2 Hence, the maximum value of |3 - i(z - 1)| is 2^2.

JEE Type Solved Examples:

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
■ This section contains 5 multiple choice examples. Each (z2 -z3) = (l + i)(z1-z3)
example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which fi(z2)
more than one may be correct.

• Ex. 11 !fzy = a+ ib and z2 = c + id are complex numbers

such that | z31 =|z21 = 1 andRe(ZiZ2) =0, where i = -7-1,
then the complex numbers co, = a + ic and co2 = b + id
ir/2 j—
satisfy
C(z3)
' (a)|(O,l=J (b) |0hl = 1
(c)Re(CD,CD2) = 0 (d) None of these $ (z2 -Z1) = i<Zi -z3)
& => (z2 -z1) = -i(z3 -zj
Sol. (a, b, c)
or (z3 -zj = i(z2 -zj
|zj| = 1, |z2| = 1 => Zj = CiSQ, z2 = CiS(J)
z3 ~ Z1 e inl2
Re(Z]Z2) = Re(CzS(G - <£)) = 0 [given]
z2 - Z1
71 71
=> cos(G — c|>) = 0 => G - (p = — => 0 = 0---- n
7t
2 2 AC is obtained by rotating AB about A through —
anti-clockwise. 2
and a = cos0, b = sin0, c = cos0, d = sin0 7t
Cty = a + ic = cos0 + i cos 0 = cos0 + isin0 AB = AC, ZCAB = -
2
v 0=G -— Hence, zb z2, z3 form isosceles right angled triangle.
2
and 0^ = b + id = sinG + isin 0 = sinG - icosG • Ex. 13 If z satisfies the inequality \z ~ 11 < | z +11, then
v0=G -— one has
2
(a) | z - 2 - i | < | z + 2 - i |, i = 7-1
I<aI -i>1102I -1 IT
and Re(av^) = Re(cos0 + isin0)(sin0 + icos0) = O (b) |arg(z + /)| <-,/■ = -1
2
• Ex. 12 The complex numbers z-[, z2,z3 satisfying (c) Re(z) < 0
(z2 - z3) = (1 + i)(z} - z3), where i = -7-1, are vertices of a (d) lm(/ z) > 0, i = 7-1

Sol. (a, b, d)
triangle which is
(b) isosceles On putting z = x + iy in the given relation, we have
(a) equilateral
(c) right angled (d) scalene (x-1)2 +y2 <(x + I)2 +y2
Sol. (b.c) => x>0
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 49

i.e. Re(z) > 0 (0 Case II When y = - x, then 2xy = (x -1)2 + y2 reduces to

and on putting z = x + iy in alternate (a), then -2x2 = (x - I)2 + x2
(x - 2)2 + (y - l)2 < (x + 2)2 + (y - l)2
=>(x - I)2 + 3x2 = 0 which is not possible. ,(ii)
x>0 [from Eq. (i)]
which is true. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get z =-----
2
/. Real part of (z + i) = x > 0, i.e., no real and no purely imaginary roots
71 71
then arg(z + i) lies between — and — . i 1
2 2 and z = —f= < 1
n V2
and hence |arg (z + i)|< —
• Ex. 15 Letz-i andz2 be two complex numbers represented
and Im(iz) = Im(i(x - iy)) - Im(y + ix)
by points on circles | z | = 1 and\ z | = 2 respectively, then
- x >0 [from Eq. (i)]
(a) max.| 2z} + z21 = 4 (b) min.lzj - z2| = 1
which is true.
2
(c) z2+ — <3 (d) z, + - <2
• Ex. 14 The equation z2 - /| z -112 =0, where i = V-1, has *2

(a) no real root Sol. (a, b, c, d)'

(b) no purely imaginary root jzj = 1 and |z2| = 2
(c) all roots inside |zj = 1 |2Zj + z2|<|2z1| + |z2| = 2|z1| + |z2|
(d) atleast two roots => |2zt + z2| < 2|zj| + |z2| = 2 + 2 = 4
Sol. (a, b, c) |2zi +z2|<4
On putting z = x + iy, we have max.|2zj + z2| = 4 [alternate (a)]
(x + iy)2 - i|x + iy - 1|2 = 0 and 1*1 - *2! ll*il ~ l*zll = |1 “ 2| = 1
|zi-z2|>l
=> x2‘-y2+2ixy-i((x-l)2+y2) = 0
min.lz; - z2| = 1 [alternate (b)]
On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get 1 1
x2-y2=0 and 2xy = (x - l)2 + y2 z2 + — < |z2| + = |z2| + — = 2 + -1 = 3•>
*1 *i 1*11 1
Case I When y = x, then 2xy = (x - l)2 + y2 reduces to
2x2 =(x-l)2 + x2 kI + -^j*il <3 [alternate (c)]

0 = -2x + l ■2 2 2 2
and <|Zl|+ -1 = |21| + —=l + - = 2
1 *2 |z2|I 2
*21 1*2
Z1 + -^|<2
[alternate (d)]
z = x + iy = —— ...(i) *21

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 2 solved passages based upon each (b) (ab + ab) (be + bc) + (ca- ca)2 = 0
of the passage 3 multiple choice examples have to be
(c) (ab - ab) (be - be) + (ca + ca)2 = 0
answered. Each of these examples has four choices (a), (b),
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. (d) (ab + ab) (be - be) + (ca - ca)2 = 0

Passage I (Ex. Nos. 16 to 18) Sol. (b) v az

az 2 + bz + c = 0 (i)
Consider a quadratic equation az2 + bz + c = 0, where a, b andc az2 + bz + c = 0
are complex numbers. => a(z)2 + bz + c= 0
16. The condition that the equation has one purely For purely imaginary root,
imaginary root, is z = -z
(a) (ab - ab) (be + be) + (cd - ca)2 = 0 Then, az2 -bz + c=0 -(ii)
 50 Textbook of Algebra

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Passage II (Ex. Nos. 19 to 21)
z2 z 1 Let P be a point denoting a complex number z on the complex
be + be ca - ca
ca-ca -ab-db plane.
be + be cd - ca i.e. z = Re (z) + i Im (z), where i = -1
=> z = ——— = —=—-----
ca-ca -ab-ab If Re (z) = x and Im (z) =. y, then z = x + iy
(ab + ab)(be + be) + (cd - ca)2 = 0 19. If P moves such that
|Re(z)| + |lm(z)| = a(aE R+)
17. The condition that the equation has one purely real
root, is The locus of P is
(a) (ab + ab) (be - be) = (ca + ca)2 (a) a parallelogram which is not a rhombus
(b) a rhombus which is not a square
(b) (ab - ab) (be + be) = (ca + ca)2
(c) a rectangle which is not a square
(c) (ab - ab) (be - be) - (cd - ca)2 (d) a square
(d) (ab - ab) (be - be) = (ca + ca)2 Sol. (d) •: |Re(z)| + |Im(z)| = a
Sol. (c) v az2 + bz + c = 0 ...(i) => lx| + |y| = a

az2 + bz + c = 0 Y
a
=> a(z)2 + bz + c = 0

For purely real root, z = z X

0 a
Then, az2 + bz + c = 0 -(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get -a
Y'
z2 z 1
be - be cd - ca ab - ab :. Locus of P is a square.

be - be ca - ca 20. The area of the circle inscribed in the region denoted

=> z = —------ by | Re (z)| + |lm(z)| = 10 equals to
ca - ca ab - ab
(a) 50 n sq units (b) 100 7t sq units
=> (ab - ab) (be - be) = (ca - ca)2 (c) 55 sq units (d) 110 sq units
18. The condition that the equation has two purely Sol. (a) From above, a = 10
imaginary roots, is Diameter of circle = Distance between sides of square
a b c a b c = Length of side of square = a^2 = 10 Vz
(a)- = (b)
a b c a b c or 2r = 10^2
b c c
(c)r = r =5-72
a b c a b c
.’. Area of a circle = Ttr2 = 5071 sq units
Sol. (d) 7 az2 + bz + c = 0 .-(i)
21. Number of integral solutions satisfying the inequality
az2 + bz + c = 0
| Re (z)| +1 Im (z)| < 21, is
=> a(z)2 + bz + c =0 (a) 841 (b) 839
(c) 840 (d) 842
Since, both roots are purely imaginary.
Sol. (c) v |x| + |y| <21 => 0 < |x| + |y| < 20
:. z=-z
Then, az2 - bz 4- c = 0 If x>0,y>0,0<x + y<20

Hence, Eqs. (i) and (ii) are identical. Number of solutions = 21C? = — = 210
a b _c 2
a b c :. Total integral solutions = 4 x 210 = 840
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 51

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. The answer to each
example is a single digit integer ranging from 0 to 9
(both inclusive).

• Ex. 22 lfz],z2 g C, z\ + z\ G R, z} (z2 -3z2) = 2 and

z2 (3z2 - z2) =11, the value ofz] +z2 is

Sol. (5) We have, Zj (zf - 3z2)= 2 ...(i)

and z2(3z2 - zf) = 11 ...(ii) /+
multiplying Eq. (ii) by i (7-1) and then adding in Eq. (i), we Also, |z-(3 + 5i)| + |z-(5 + lli)| = 475
get represents an ellipse.
- 3ztz2 + i (3z2z2 - z32) = 2 + lli .'. |(3 + 5i) - (5 + 1 li)| = 74 + 36 = 740 < 475

=> (zj + iz2)3 = 2 + lli ...(iii) with foci S](3,5) and S2 (5,11).
Distance between foci = = 740 = 2710 = Diameter of
Again, multiplying Eq. (ii) by (- i) and then adding in Eq. (i),
we get circle
z? - 3zjz2 - i (3z!2z2 - z3) = 2 - lli i.e., 2ae = 2710
=> ae = 710 and 2a = 475 => a = 2^5
=> (Z] - iz2)3 = 2 - lli ,(iv)
ae 1
Now, on multiplying Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get e = — = —j=
a 72
(z2 + z2)3 = 4 + 121 = 125 = 53
zf + z2 = 5 Now, b = - e2) - 2^5. 1 - - | = 710 = Radius of circle
2j
® Ex. 23 The number of solutions of the equations Centre of the ellipse = Mid-point of and S2
|z — (4 4-87)| = VTo and\z -(3 +5/)| + ] z -(5 + 11/)| = 475, 3 + 5i + 5 + lli . . .
=---------------- = 4 + 8t i.e., (4,8)
where i = 7-~1- 2
which coincides with the centre of the circle and length of
Sol. (2) Here, \z - (4 + 8i)| = 710 minor-axis is equal to the radius of the circle. Hence, there
represents a circle with centre (4, 8) and radius 710. are only (2) two solutions of the given equations.

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. Examples 24 and 25 have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and four
statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct matching with one or more
statement(s) given in Column II.

® Ex. 24
Column I Column II

(A) If A, and p are the greatest and least values of |z- 1|, if |z + 2 + i|< 1, where i = 7-1, then (p) X + p = rational

(B) If A. and p are the greatest and least values of |z - 21, if |z + i | < 1, where i = f-i, then (q) X + p = irrational

(C) If X and p are the greatest and least values of |z + 2i|, if 1 < |z - 11 < 3, where i = 7-T, then (r) ! X - p = rational
(s) j X - p = irrational
52 Textbook of Algebra

Sol. (A) -> (q, r); (B) -» (q, r); (C) (p, s) From the figure, the greatest value of|z - 2| = | co|
(A) v \z + 2 + i| < 1 = | co-0| = OB
=> |(z - 1) + (3 + i)| < 1 = OP + PB = 75 +1
=> |co + (3 + i)| < 1 where, co = z - 1 A = Ts +1
From the figure, the greatest value of and the least value of |z — 2| = |co|
\z - 1| = |co| = | co —0| = OB=OP + PB = 710 + 1 = |co-0| = OA = OP - AP= 75 -1
X = Tio + i p = 75-l
y A + p = (75 +1) + (75 - 1) = 275 = irrational
and A - p = (75 + 1) - (75 - 1) = 2 = rational

B Aliter
PT |z + i| < 1
ii |(z - 2) + (2 + i)| < 1
'A
>-x | CO + (2 + i)| < 1
0
where, CD= z -2 (i)
and the least value of |z — 1| = [ co| |C0 + (2 + i)|>||C0|-|2 + i||
= |co-o| =op - ap=7w-1 or |C0 +(2 + i)| > ||(0| - 75| .(ii)
p = 7io-1 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
||co| - 75| < |co + 2 + i| < 1
A + p = (710 + 1) + (710 - 1) = 2710 = irrational
||cd|-75|<1
and A - p = (710 + 1) - (710 - 1) = 2 = rational
or - 1 < |co| - 75 <1 or 75 — 1 < |co| < 75 +1
Aliter
A = 75 + 1 and p = 75 - 1
=> |(z-l) + (3 + i)|<l A + p = 2^5 = irrational
=> |u) + (3 + i)|<l and A - p = 2 = rational
where, co = z - 1 (C) v l<|z-l|<3
|co+(3+i)|>||co|-|3 + i|| => 1 < |(z + 2i) - (1 + 2i)| < 3
or |(O+(3 + i)|>||co|-7i0| .(ii) l<|(O-(l + 2i)|<3 —(i)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get where, (0 = z + 2i
||co| - 710| < |co + 3 + i| < 1
y*
||co|-7io|<i A
or -1 <|co|-7To <1
or Tio -1 < | of < Tio +1
A = 710 + 1 and p = 710 - 1 P/

A + p = 2710 = irrational
A 2l
0
and A - p = 2 = rational ■>x
(B) v |z + i| < 1 8
=> |(z-2) + (2 + f)| < 1
|0)+ (2 + i)| < 1 From the figure, the greatest value of |z + 2i| = | co|
where, CO=z-2 = |0)-O| = OA = OP + PA = 75+3
y A = 3 + 75
and the least value of |z + 2i| = |co|
= |cd-O| = OB = PB-OP = 3~ 75
p = 3 - 75
=> A + p = (3 + 75) + (3 - 75) = 6 = rational
0 and A - p = (3 + 7s) - (3 - 75) = 275 = irrational
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 53

c Ex. 25 = 3 - 3i, 1 + i, - 1 - i, - 3 + 3/
7t 7t 37t 3n
Column I Column II Principal values of arg (z) = -
4’4’ 4’4
(A) If 7(3 - 4/j + 7(- 3-4/) = z, the principal (P) 0
13 + 5 13-5
value of arg (z) can be (where / = 7~i) (B) 7(5 + 120 = ±
2 2 7
(B) If 7(5 + 12z j + 7(- 5 + 12/) = z, the principal (q) = ± (3 + 2i)
value of arg (z) can be (where / = V-l) 4
13- 5 13 + 5^1
7(- 5 + 12i) = ± +i
(C) If 7(-15 + 8/) + 7(- 1S') = z-> the principal (r) 2 2
2 7
value of arg (z) can be (where i = V^I)
= ± (2 + 3i)
(s) z = 7(5 + 12/) + 7(-5 + 12i)
4
= ± (3 + 2i) ± (2 + 3i)
Sol. (A) -> (q, s); (B) -> (q, s); (C) -> (p, r) = 5 + 5i, 1 - i, - 1 + i, - 5 - 5/
' l|z|4Re(2) it it 3it 3it
Principal values of arg (z) = —,
4 4’ 4 ’ 4
2 V 2 )
17 - 15 |17 + 15
= ± ( ll2l + Re(2)
l|z|-Re(gVm (C) 7“ 15 + 8i = ±
2
+i
2
22 V 2 J
= ±(l + 4i)
f 15 + 3 . 5-3
and 7“ 15 “ 8' = J- 15 + 8/ = ± (1 + 4i)
(A) 7(3-4i) = ± ,------------ 1 = ±(2-0
U 2 2 7
= ± (1 - 40
7(-3-4l) = ± f VI5"~ 3 2 2 J
z = 7(" 15 + 80 + 7(" 15-8i)
= ± (1 + 4i) ± (1 - 4i) = 2,81, - 8i, - 2
z = 7(3 - 40 + 7(- 3 - 4/) 71 7t
.'. Principal values of arg (z) = 0, —,---- , it.
z = ± (2 - 1) ± (1 - 2/) 2 2

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Statement I and II Type Questions
■ Directions Example numbers 26 and 27 are Sol. (c) Statement-1
Assertion-Reason type examples. Each of these examples AB = |z1-z2| = |4/| = 4,
contains two statements:
BC = \z2 -z3| = |4| = 4,
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason)
Each of these examples also has four alternative choices, CD = |z3 -z4| = |-4/| = 4
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select DA = |z4 -Z1| = |-4| = 4
the correct choice as given below. AC = |z1-z3| = |4 + 4i| = 472
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 and BD = \zz - z4| = |4 - 4x| = 472
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true Z4 =-2 + 2/ z, =2 + 2/
Dr------ -71A
• Ex. 26 Consider four complex numbers z, = 2 + 2/,
z2 = 2 - 2/, z3 = - 2 - 2/ and z4 = - 2 + 2/, where i = 7~h X'^ *X
/O
Statement-1 zb z2, z3 and z4 constitute the vertices of a
square on the complex plane because CL------ —JS
Statement-2 The non-zero complex numbers z,z,~ z,-z z3 = -2 - 2i z2 = 2-2i
always constitute the vertices of a square.
54 Textbook of Algebra

It is clear that, AB = BC = CD = DA and AC = BD => (lzil + |z2|)2 = |Zi|2 + |z2|2 4- 2|zj |z2| cos (0t-02)
Hence, z}, z2, z3 and z4 are the vertices of a square. [from Eq. (i)J
Statement-1 is true. |z1|2+|z2[2+2|z]||z2|
=>
Statement-2 If z = a + ib
= |zi|2 + |z2|2 + 2IzJ|z2| cos (0] -02J
lfa*b
Then, AB = jz - z | = |(a + ib) - (a - ib)| = 2|b| COS(0j - 02) = 1
BC = |z - (- z)| = |z + z| = |a - ib + a + ib\ = 2 |a|
AB # BC *1 Z2 o
Statement-2 is false. 01 ~ 02 — 0
or amp (zi) - amp (z2) = 0
• Ex. 27 Consider z} and z2 are two complex numbers
/. Statement-1 is true.
such that\z} + z21 = || + |z21 Statement-2 Since, zb z2 and 0 (origin) are collinear,
Statement-1 amp(z1)-amp(z2) = 0 then
Statement-2 The complex numbers z3 and z2 are collinear 0 - Zi
amp =0
with origin. 0 -z2
Sol. (b) Statement-1 zi
=> amp — = 0
1^ +z2| = |z1| + |z2| ...(i) kz2.
If amp(zj) = 0] and amp(z2) = 02, then => amp(zj - amp(z2) = 0
|zj +z2|2 =|zi|2 +|z2|2 +2|zi||z2|cos (0, -02) Statement-2 is true, which is not a correct explanation of
Statement-1.

Subjective Type Examples

■ In this section, there are 24 subjective solved examples. Hence, the least value of | z} + z2 | is 19 and the greatest
value of|zj + z2\ is 31.
• Ex. 28 //| z - i Re (z) | = | z - Im (z) |, then prove that z
lies on the bisectors of the quadrants, where i = -J-L • Ex. 30 Let S denotes the real part of the complex number
5 + 2/ 20+5/ , . /— fZ , x .
Sol. Let z = x + iy, where x, y G R and i = z =------- +---------- + 3/, where i = J-1, K denotes the sum
2-5i 7+6/
Re (z) = x and Im (z) = y
Then, | z - i Re (z) | = | z - Im (z) | of the imaginary parts of the roots of the equation
| x + iy - ix = x + iy - y | z2 -8 (1 - /) z + 63 -16/ = 0 andG denotes the value of
[x-i(x-y) = (x-y)-hiy | 2012
Z ir, where i = y-1, find the value ofS - K +G.
7x2 +(x-y)2 =yl(x-y)2 +y2 r=4

x2 + (x - y)2 = (x - y)2 + y2 Sol. For S,

x2 = y2 ory = ± x
(5 + 20 . (20 + 50 ...
=> z =------------- 1--------------- + Jl
(2-5i) (7+6i)
Hence, z lies on the bisectors of the quadrants.
(5 + 2i)(2 + 5i) (20 + 5i)(7-6i)
— -------------------------------- -j--------------------------------------- r Jl

• Ex. 29 Find the greatest and the least values of\ + z2|, 29 85

ifz} = 24 + 7/ and| z2 | = 6, where i = -j-T - 0 * 29f + 170 ~ 85f + 3i

29 85
Sol. v Zj = 24+7i = i + 2 - i + 3i = 2 + 3i
|z,| = 7(24)2+(7)2 =25 Re(z) = 2 .’. S = 2
For K,
||Z1|-|Z2 ||-|Zl+Zz |-I2l l + lZ2 I Put z = x + iy in the given equation, then
I 25 - 6 I < I Zi + z2 | <25+ 6 (x+ iy)2 - 8 (1 - i) (x + iy) + 63 - 16i = 0
or 19<|z,+z2 |<31
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 55

On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get

• Ex. 32 If arg (z v3) = yarg(z! +z z V3),find the value
x2 -y2 -8(x + y) + 63 = 0 ...(i)
and xy + 4(x-y) = 8 ••■(ii)
1
On substituting the value of x from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get Sol. We have, arg(z’/3) = - arg(z2 + z z ,/3)
' 2
y4 + 16y3 + ... = 0
2 arg(zI/3) = arg(z2 + z z1/3)
K = -16
2012 2009 arg(z2/3)=arg(z2+zz1/3) [by property]
For G, G = Z ir = Z ir + 3 = i + 0=1 arg(z2 +zz1/3)-arg(z2/3) = 0
r = 4r = 1

S - K + G = 2 - (-16) + 1 = 19 /z2+Fzv3
=> arg =0 [by property]
z2/3
• EX. 31 lf\ z -11 = 1, where z is a point on the argand
arg z4/3
plane, show that ——- = i tan (arg z), where i = V-1.
z
2
=> z4/3 + is purely real.
Sol. Given, | z - 11 = 1 =>
(z-l)(z-l) = l => zz-z-z=0
Im z4/3 + _i_ =0
(z + z) = z z
z
=> — + 1 = z z1/3J
z
?/3 z z
t = z-i (i) z4'3
z +?3 =0
Now, RHS = i tan (arg z) = i
^m (zf 2i
<Re(z),
z-z
z4'3
2i z—z (z)1'3
=i =i
z+z z(z + z)?
z4/3 Jz)^)',1/3 = (z)'
z(z)1'3
2
i-1
T7
lzl 73 I
lzll 2/3
z-z _ z (z - 1) -1 z-2
=------ [from Eq. (i)] [vz1/3 (z),/3=(zz)l’1/3=|z|2/3]
z+z (z - 1) + 1 z
r+1
z 1
=>z4Z3 -(z)4/3 ((z)4'3 -(z)4'3 ) = 0
= LHS ilZi^"
l
Aliter
We have, | z - 1 | = 1 i.e.(z - 1) is unimodular, so we can take 1
{z4Z3 -(i)4/3 } 1- =0
z -1 = cos 0 + i sin0 I |2/3

z - 2 = - 1 + cos0 + i sin0
lZl .
2 0 0
= - 2 sin — + 2i sin — cos —
0 IZ|2/3=1 [•■•z*z]
2 2 2 Therefore, |Z| = 1
0
= 2i22 sin22—6+ 2i sin
.6— cos —
2 2 2 • Ex. 33 C is the complex numbers f;C—»Ris defined by
n z3 - z + 2 . Find the maximum value off (z), if
or
0. . e)
z - 2 = 2z sin — cos — + 1 sin — ...(i) f(z) =
2 2 2J |z| = !.
and z = 1 + cos0 + isin0 Sol. v |Z| = 1
20 .000
= 2 cos — + 2i sin — cos — z = e'e
22 : 2
••• f (e **) = | e 3® -el6 + 2 e2® (^ iG) + 2|
, 0 0f 00
z = 2 cos — I cos — + 1 sin — • 09>l •••(ii)
2k 2 2/ = |e2'0 • 2i sinQ + 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= (cos20 + isin20)-2isin0+2 |
z -2 . 0
------ = 1 tan — = (2-2 sin20 sin0) + 2i sin0 cos20 |
z---------- 2
z —2 = 21 (1 - sin20 sin0) + i sin0 cos20 |
Therefore,----- = i tan (arg z) [v arg (z)= 0/2 from Eq. (ii)]
z = 2 ^(1-sin 20 sin 0)2 +(sin0 cos20)2
 56 Textbook of Algebra

= 2 -J(l + sin2 0 - 2 sin0 sin20) II. Aliter

Here, OA = OB ■(0
= 2 -Jl + sin20 (1-4 cos0)
From Rotation theorem,
= 2.J1 + (1 - cos0)(l + cos0)(l - 4 cos0) Zj - 0 -
— c-2ni/3
z2 -0 OB
For maximum value, cos0 = - - v cos6 £ - 1,1.- ( 271 .. 271
2 4 = cos----- F i sin — [from Eq. (i)]
Z2 <3 3 ,
3
Maximum value of/(z) =2-1 + |1(3) = V13 _ 1 m/3
2 2J =>
^2 2 2
• Ex. 34 Prove that the complex numbers z^ and z2 and
27T
271 _ ——— ■■■(ii)
the origin form an isosceles triangle with vertical angle—, if z2 2j 2
2 , 2 , 3
Zi +z2 4 On squaring both sides in Eq. (ii), we get
2 2 Z]2 1 z, 3
Sol. Given, Zj + Z2 + ZjZ2 = 0 _L. + _ + _L = -_
(Zj - coz2) (Z] - (02zz) = 0 z2 4 z2 4
2 2
z1 = 0)z2 orz1 = (D z2 ^+^+1=0
z22 z2
In the first case, (z^ = | coz21 => |zj| = | co||z21 |z,|=hl 2 2 -
Hence, two sides equal Z] + z,z2 + z2 =0
2 2
amp(zj)= amp(to)z2 = amp (to) + amp(z2) Zi + z2 + ZjZ2 = 0
. , 2n . .
amp(Zj) = — + amp(z2)
• Ex. 35 Ifcl = e 2111,71 where i = -J-1 and
=> amp(z1)-amp(z2) = y 20 k
/(x) = A o + E A k x , then find the value of
k=1
/ So, the angle between two sides is —.
f (x) + f (ax) + / (a2 x) +... + / (a6 x) independent ofa.
Similarly, the other case Sol..- a = e2nil7
I. Aliter
a'7 _
=e„21ti
‘'“ = cos2tc + i sin27t = 1 + 0=1 or a = (1)1/7
Given, z2 + zf + Z]Z2 = 0
1,a,a2,a3,a4,a5,a6 are the seven,7throots ofunity.
(zj - (0z2) (Zj - (D2z2 ) = 0
20 20
2 v/(x) = Ao + £ Akxk = Y Akxk
zx = 0)z2 or zx = co z2
k=1 k-0
In the first case, zx = toz2
2ni Now, / (x) + /(ax) + f (a2x) + ... + /(a6x)
(z1-0) = (z2-0)e2’ti/3 vw=e 3 2°
= £ AfcXfc[((l)fc + (a)fc +(a2)* + ...+ (a6)fc]
k-0
=> OA = OBe2,t‘/3
= Ao x° (7) + Ay x 7(7) + A14 x14 (7)
—* —* - 2n
i.e., OA is obtained by rotating OB through angle of —. = 7 (Aq + Ay X7 + A14 x14)
3
O
v (1/ + (a )fc + (a2 )* +... + (a6 /
2n/3
7, k is multiple of 7
0, k is not multiple of 7
B(z2) A(zy)
2n • Ex. 36 Show that all the roots of the equation
OA = OB and Z.AOB = —
3 a-iZ3 + a2 z2 +a3z +a4 =3, (where\ a-t | < 1, / = 1,2,3,4) lie
Thus, triangle formed by z„ z2 and origin is isosceles with
, , 2tc outside the circle with centre at origin and radius 2/3.
vertical angle —. Sol. Given that, a}z3 + a2z2 + a3z + a4 = 3
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 57

We have, | 3 | = a{z3 + a2z2 + a3z + a41 On squaring both sides, we get

2
3 < | ajZ3
+1 a3z
+ \a2z2 <?iz24 = _4si„z“ a . . a
cos — + i sin —
(z2-z,)2 2 2 2
3<|aj 11 z31 +1 a2 ||z2| + ||a,||z| + |a,|
= - 4 sin2 — (cos d + zsin d)
=> 3 < | fll || z |3 + | a2 11 z |2 +1 a3 11 z | + | a4 | 2
[from De-Moivre’s theorem]
3< |z|3 + |z|2+|z| + l [•.•|a<|<l]
*3 ~Z1
3 < 1 +1 z |+1 z |2 +1 z |3 < 1+1 z | +1 z |Z +1 z |3 +... [from Eq. (ii)]
(z2 - Zj) 2 z2 - Z]
3<l + |z| + |z|2 + |z|3 + ...
Therefore, (z2 - z3)2 = 4 sin2 (d /2)(z3 - Zj)(Z] - z2)
1 Aliter , .
=> 3 <
!-|z| it a
• i-kl ZzABC =
• 1 2 2 2
=>
• 3 3
■ =>

;-bl<o
•

From Coni method, we have

=> |z |>2/3 or|z-0|>2/3 .(n a)
Z1 ~z2 = ABe'lriJ
Hence, all the roots lie in the exterior of circle, z3 — z2 BC
|z-0| = 2/3.
and ZACB = 71 _ a I
• Ex. 37 If A, B andC represent the complex numbers 2 2J
z-i, z2 andz3 respectively on the complex plane and the From Coni method, we have
.(n a A
z2 - z3 BC , i\2--------2)
angles at B and C are each equal to —(it- a), then prove (ii)
2 zx - z3 AC

that(z2-z3)2 =4(z3 -z1)(z1 -z2)sin2

a On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get
2
2 (Zz-Zj)2 = (8C)2 = rBC
[v AB = AC]
Sol. It is given that, (z3 - zl)(z1 - z2) AB-AC VAB
7C a / \2
ZzABC = ZACB = -
2 2 sind
[using sine rule]
=> /.A- a.
sin f71 _ d
AC = AB ...(i) I2 2
So, A ABC is an isosceles triangle.
\2
Considering rotation of AB about A through angled, we get • —
o2sm a I cos a
12 ) 2
= 4 sin2
a

A
>4(21)
fd^ 2
cos
2 7
Therefore, (z2 ~z3)2 = 4(z3 -zt)(zt - z2)sin2 a/2

• Ex. 38 lfz} and z2 are two complex numbers such that

A2 2 2 2]\
S(22) C(z3) Zy -Z2
= 1, then prove that — =k, where k is a real
Z3 ~ Z1 -e ia z2
Z2 -Zi number. Find the angle between the lines from the origin to
the points z^ + z2 andz} - z2 in terms ofk.
——— = cosd + i sind •(ii) zl~z2
z2 - Zi Sol. (i) Given, =1
zl +z2
Z, — Zi
—------ - 1 = cosd - 1 + i sind
z2 -Z1
=> £2__ = 1
Z3 - Z2 „ . 2d . d d
=> --------- = - 2 sin — + 2i sm— cos — *+l
z2 - Zj-------------- 2 2 2 z2
z3 -z2 _. . d f d
d ^ . . dd>
or --------- = 2i sin — | cos — + i sm — | -.(iii) => —+ 1
z2 — Zj-------------- 2 2 2 (i)
z2 z2
58 Textbook of Algebra

On squaring Eq. (i) both sides, we have (ii) Now, let the angle between OB and OA be 0, then from
2 2 Coni method,
Z1
+ 1 - 2 Re h. Z1 + 1 + 2 Re Z1 Z] + z2 - 0 OB
Z2 Z2 z2 z2 = ---- e to
Zj - z2 - 0 OA
Zj_
4 Re =0 Zj +Z2
z2
21-^2
=> — is purely imaginary number
22 "zi + z2
=> [from Eq. (i)]
<21 - Z2
=> — can be written as i — = k, where k is a real number.
z2 z2
(ii) Let 0 be the angle between z} — z2 and zt +z2 , then
IM22__ = 6® - ki +1
[from Eq. (ii)]
=> ---------- = e
Q(zi + z2) ^-1 — ki — 1
<Z2 >
fi(Zl+Z2)

P(Z1-Z2)

0 A(z1-z2)
Z] + z2 £2___ ' - ik 4-1
9 = arg = arg = arg -1 + ki
ik — 1 i0
Z1 - z2 *-l —------- = e
1 + ki
< Z2
(k2 -1 + 2ik (-l + ki)(l-ki)_c
{ -1 + ik
= arg --------- = arg (l + ki)(l-ki)
I 1 + ik k2 +1
(k2 -1) 2ki iQ
2k - - +------ ~ =2 e
Therefore, 0 = tan 1 (k2 +1)) 1 + k
k2-l
k2 - 1
21 ~ Z2
Re (e|B) = cos0 = —-----
Aliter (i) Given, =1 ...(i) k2 + 1
Z1 +z2
2k
cosa + i sina and Im(e'9) = sin0 =
21 ~ Z2 _
Let k2 +1
Zj +z2 1
2k
(Zi -Z2) + (Zi +Z2) _ 1 + cosa + i sina tan 0 =
=> [by k2 -1
(Zj +z2)-(z1 -z2) 1 - cosa - i sina /
2k
componendo and dividendo] Therefore, 0 = tan 1
kk2-ly
a a a
2 cos2 + 2i sin cos
h. ^2 ,2 2
=>
a a a • Ex. 39 If z = x + iy is a complex number with rational x
Z2 2 sin2 - 2i sin cos
2 2 2 and y and | z | = 1, then show that\z 2n-1 is a rational
r
n Ia a a number for every ne N.
2 cos — cos + i sin
12 2 2 _7 Sol. Since, | z | = 1, where z is unimodular
=>
-2i sinl -
12
cos
a
2
+ i sin —2 1J z = cos0 + isin0
As x and y are rational, cos 0, sin0 are rationals
Ja
cot — /. |z2n-l 1= ) = lz -z~n
zi_ = _ 1 I z") 1
z2 = 1 2i sin n0 |
= 2 sin n0 |
= - cot — = k (say) = real
Z2 <2 J Since, sinn0 is rational, therefore | z,2n - 1 is a rational

Hence, i^=k (ii) number.

Z2
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 59

• Ex. 40 If a is a complex number such that\ a | = 1, then Therefore, z lies on the right bisector of the segment
connecting the points 0 + i - 0 and - 1 + 0- i. Thus,
find the value ofa, so that equation az2 + z +1 = 0 has one
Re (z) = - 1 / 2. Hence, roots are collinear and will have
purely imaginary root. their real parts equal to - 1 / 2. Hence, sum of the real parts
Sol. We have, az2 + z + 1 = 0 (i) of roots is I —- (n — 1) I
I 2 J
On taking conjugate both sides, we get
Aliter
az2 + z + 1 = 0
z" = (z + l)n
=> a(z)2 + z + 1 = 0
=> =1 or — = (l)1/n
a (-z)2 + (—z) + 1=0 z 7 Z

[since, z is purely imaginary, z = - z] = (cosO + isin0)1/n

or az2- z + l= 0 ...(ii) = (cos2rn + i sin2rn),1/n
Eliminating z from Eqs. (i) and (ii) by cross-multiplication 2m I • • ( 2rn I
rule, we get 1 + - = cos + i sin --- = e 2rni/n
z n 7 \ n 7
(a — a)2 + 2 (a + a) = 0 rni
2rniln nr
On dividing each by 4, we get or - = (e - 1) = e n -2isin
2
z n
a-a a+a
I + =0 1 1__
nr i
2 2 or z=- i-— •e n
2 2 ( nr
Ia-a a+a sin
+ =0 n
I 2i 2
nr . . nr
or - (Im (a))2 + Re (a) = 0 ...(in) cos------ i sin —
n n
Given, 1-1=1 2 . nr
sin —
Let a = cosa + i sina n
Re (a) = cosa, Im (a) = sina
Re(z) = - - [here r £ 0]
Then, from Eq. (iii), we get 2
-sin a+cosa=0 or cos a + cosa-1 = 0 where, r = 1,2,3, ,n-l
1 1
cos a =
-1 ± ym Sum of real parts of z = - 1 , - 1)tunes
(n
2 2
2
75-1 2
Only feasible value of cos a =
2
Hence, a = cosa + i sina • Ex. 42 Prove that the angle between the line a z + a z = 0
/
where, a = cos-1 and its reflection in the real axis is
\ 2 7 2 Re (a) Im (a)
9 = tan (Im(a))2-(Re(a))2 "
• Ex. 41 lfneN>1, find the sum of real parts of the roots
Sol. Let z = x + iy, then equation a z + a z = 0 can be written as
of the equation zn = ( z +1)n.
(a + a) x + i (a - a) y = 0
Sol. The equation zn = (z + l)n will have exactly n -1 roots. (a + a a-a
We have, y=0
2 2i
n
z +1 Z + 1Y {Re (a)}x + {Im (a)} y = 0
1=1=^ =1'1
z z
/. Slope of the given line (m) = -
|z + l {Im (a)}
=> 1=1
1*1 Then, tan (180°—<f>) = -
{Im (a)}
tan 0
{Im (a)}
Iz+1 = z|
=> z -0 | Hence, angle between the given line and its reflection in
real axis
 60 Textbook of Algebra

wA
zP = 20 (cos 0 + i sin 6) =20
5 5J
ro
c zP = 12 + 16/
CD
% CD
Similarly, zQ = - 12 + 16/
E
From the figure, E is the point with least modulus and D is
"0 the point with maximum modulus.
*- Real axis
0 Hence, zE = OE = OC - EC = 25/ - 15/ = 10/
x. —> —> —>
and zD = OD = OC + CD = 25/ + 15/ = 40/
2 tan 0
= 20 = tan-1 {tan20} = tan
1 - tan2 0 • Ex. 44 Two different non-parallel lines meet the circle
| z | = r in the points a, b and c, d, respectively. Prove that these
2 {Re(a)}
= tan
{Im(g)|
= tan
2 Re (a) Im (a) Lil
lines meet in the point z given byz= -——------ ------- —,
t {Re(a)}2 (Im(0)}2 -(Re(<.)}2 a-1b
where a, b, c, d are complex constants.
{Im(0)}2
Sol. Let two non-parallel straight lines PQ, RS meet the circle
\z | = r in the points a, b and c, d, then
• Ex. 43 Among the complex numbers z which satisfies |a| = r,|b| = r,|c| = r and|d| = r
| z — 25/1 < 15, find the complex numbers z having
P a
(i) least positive argument. b S
(ii) maximum positive argument.
z
(Hi) least modulus. d Q
(iv) maximum modulus. R c
Sol. The complex numbers z satisfying the condition or |a|2 = |b|2 = |c |2 = |d|2 = r 2
\z - 2511 < 15 ...(i)
/ aa=bb = cc = dd = r2

40/
r 2 - 2r rr22 - r2
D a = —, b = —, c - — -and d = —
Tangent from a b c d
/ origin For line PQ, points a, band z are collinear, then
C 25i
z z 1
"O'
0 P a a 1 =0
E/ b b 1
AoY z (a - b) - z (a - b) + (ab - ab) = 0
0 A/ 2\ f 2 .
=> Z ^2 - —
r • ar2 br' 2
-z(a-b) + --------- = 0
are represented by the points inside and on the circle of \~a ~b J Ib a
radius 15 and centre at the point C (0,25). On dividing both sides by(b - a), we get
The complex numbers having least positive argument and 2 2

maximum positive arguments in this region are the points — z + z----- (a + b) = 0

ab ab
of contact of tangents drawn from origin to the circle.
z z (a + b)
Here, 0 = Least positive argument => — + —------ < = 0
ab r2 ab
and 0 = Maximum positive argument
Similarly, for line RS, we get
/. In AOCP, OP = yl(OC)2 ~(CP)2= 7(25)2 -(15)2 = 20
z z (c + d)
— + — - -------- = 0 (ii»
. OP 20 4 cd r2 cd
and sm 0 = —■ = — = —
OC 25 5 On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
4 4 _1 1_^ (a + b) (c + d)
tan 0 = — => 0 = tan z 0
3 3 ab cd) ab cd
Thus, complex number at P has modulus 20 and argument z (a^b-1 - c~\Tl) = a + b~'-c -/T1
4
0 = tan a 1 + b' - c~* - d
3 Therefore, z=—
a-1b - c~ld~x
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 61

• Ex. 45 Ifn is an odd integer but not a multiple of 3, th en Sol. (i) Since, |z-l| + |z + l| = 4
prove that xy (x + y) (x 2 + y2 + xy) is a factor of i.e., (distance of z from the point 1 + 0 • i) + (distance
(x + y)n -xn-yn. of z from the point - 1 + 0- i) = 4 (constant)
i.e., The sum of the distances of z from two fixed
Sol. We have, xy (x + y) (x2 + y2 + xy) = xy (x + y)
points 1 + 0-i and - 1 + 0-i is constant, which is the
(x - coy)(x - CO2y) definition of an ellipse.
n
and let f(x, y) = (x + y)n - x -yn ...(i) Therefore, locus of z satisfying the given condition
On putting x = 0 in Eq. (i), we get will be an ellipse with foci at 1 + 0 • i and - 1 + 0 • i and
_f(0, y) = y" - 0 - y" = 0 centre at origin.
(ii) Given that,
/. x - 0 is a factor of Eq. (i).
On putting y = 0 in Eq. (i), we get arg(z + i) - arg(z - i) = -
2
/(x,0) = xn -x" =0 I z + i [ 7T
or arg ----- 7 =
y - 0 is a factor of Eq. (i). Iz-ij 2
On putting x = - y in Eq. (i), we get
Let the points A and B have affixes i and - i and the
f(-y.y) = (-y + y)n ~(-y)n -y" point P has affix z. Then, Eq. (i) can be written as
= 0 - (- y)n - yn= yn -yn = 0 [because n is odd] (7 + /
Z.BPA = - ••• Z.BPA = arg -----
:. x + y is a factor of Eq. (i). 2 Iz-i
On putting x = COy in Eq. (i), we get
Thus, locus of P(z) is such that the angle subtended at
f (o)y, y) = (oiy + y)' - (uyf - y" 71
P by the line joining points A and B is —. This is the
= y"[(<o+l)"-<tl'-l]
definition of a circle with diameter AB.
= y" [(-co2)" -erf* -1)1 [v 1 + C0+ CO2 =0]
= - y“ {co2” + of + 1) [because n is odd]
Yf
Atf
Since, n is odd but not a multiple of 3, then n = 3k + 1 or
P(z)
n = 3k + 2, where k is an integer. jt/2

co2n + of + 1 = 0 [in both cases] ...(ii)

>X
/(coy,y) = 0 0
x - coy is a factor of Eq. (i).
On putting x = CO2y in Eq. (i), we get
fi(-0
f (w2y. y) = (w2y + y)" - (co2y)n - yn
= y" {(co2 + 1)" - co2" - 1} Therefore, locus of point z is a circle with diameter AB
and centre at origin with radius 1.
= yn {(- -0)2" -1}
(iii) We have, 1 <\z - 2 - 3/ | < 4 represents a circle with
= - yn {of + co2" + 1} [because, n is odd]
centre at (2,3) and radius r e (1, 4).
=0 [from Eq. (ii)]
x - co2y is a factor of Eq. (i).
Combining all the factors, we get
1/ :4.
(x - 0) (y - 0) (x + y) (x - coy)(x - co2y) c/_
(2.3)
Therefore, xy (x + y) (x2 + xy + y2) is a factor of
/(x,y) = (x + y)"-x"-yn.

• Ex. 46 Interpret the following equations geometrically on

Since, |z - 2 - 3i | > 1 represents the region in the
the Argand plane.
plane outside the circle.
(i) |z-1| + |z + 1| = 4 (ii) arg(z +/)-arg(z -/) = — |z-2-3i| = l ...(i)
and |z — 2 — 3i | < 4 represents the region inside circle.
(Hi) l<|z — 2 — 3/1 <4 (iv) — < arg (z) < —
4 3 |z-2-3i| = 4 ...(ii)
|z-1| + 4 Hence, 1 < |z - 2 - 3i | < 4 represent the angular space
(v) logcosn/3
3|z-1|-2 between the two circles (i) and (ii).
62 Textbook of Algebra

, 7t , . 71 On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

(iv) We have, — < arg (z) < —
4 3 (zi -z2)(z2 ~z3) = (zi -z3)2
Let z = x + iy => arg (z) = tan y_ 222
X or Zi + z2 + z3 = Z]Z2 + z2 z3 + z3Z!

Y| Hence, the triangle whose vertices are zb z2 andz3 is

A equilateral.
Similarly, it can be shown that the triangle whose vertices
are Zj', z2' and z3' is also equilateral.
n/
A/
• Ex. 48 Show that the triangle whose vertices are
z1, z 2, z3 and z-f, z2', z3' are directly similar, if
z, z/ 1
n/3 71/4
0 z2 z2' 1 = 0.
X
*3 Z3' 1
The given inequality can be written as
Sol. Let A, B, C be the points of affix Zj, z2, z3 and A',B', C be
n y 71
— < tan the points of affix z1/,z2',z3/.
4 X 3
Since, the triangles ABC and A'B'C' are similar, if
7t y it
=> tan — < — < tan — BC= XB'C'
4 x 3
i.e., (z3 - z2) = X(z3' - z2') •W
=, 1<Z< 3
X and CA = XC'A'
=> x <y < y/3 x i.e., (zj -z3) = X(z1/-z3') (ii)
This inequality represents the region between the lines A>i')
y = x and y = -fix
A(z0
lz ~ 11 + 4 .
(v) We have, logCOSJt/3-
3|z-l|-2 ' /V \\
' lz ~ 1| + 4 ,
or I°gl/2
3|z-l|-2 8(Z2) C(z3) B'fo') C'(z3')
lz~l| + 4 <1 On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
3|z-l|-2 2 z3 -z2 z3'-z2'
or 2|z-l| + 8<3|z-l|-2 Z1 — z3 Z1 — z3

|z — 11 > 10 => z3(z1'-z3')-z2(zl'-z3')

Hence, the inequality represents exterior of a circle of = Zi (z3' - z2')-z3 (z3' - z2')
radius 10 with centre at (1,0). => z^z2' -z3')~z2 (zl'~z3') + z3 (zl/-z2/) = 0
Z1 zl' 1
• Ex. 47 Show that the triangles whose vertices are Hence, z2 Z2' 1 = 0
zb z2, z3 andzf z2',z3' are equilateral, if
z3 z3 1
(zj -z2)(z/-z2')=(z2 -z3)(z2'-z3')
Aliter
=(z3-zf)(z3'-zf)
Since, AABC and AA'B'C' are similar.
Sol. From the first two relations, we have
If AB BC
Z1 ~ Z1 z2 - z3 and ZABC = ZA/B'C'=a [say]
/ / /__ / A'B' ~ B'C'
z2 — Z3 Zj z2
(zj -z2) + (z2 -z3) = Zi -z3
Then, from Coni method in AABC and AA'B'C', we have
zi ~ z2 AB ja
(z2 — z3 ) "b (Z1 — z2 ) Z1 — Z3 -------- =— e ■(0
z3 - zz BC
Z1 ~ z2 _ Z1 ~~ Z3
...(i) z/ - z2 A'B' ia
Z2 ~ z3 Z1 - z3 and (ii)
z3'-z2 B'C'
Also, from the last two relations
(z2 "z3)(z2/ -Z3/) = (Z3 ~zl)(z3' ~zl') ...(ii)
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 63

AB BC AB _ A'B' => (fliz, + a3z3) = ~(a2z2 + a4z4) -(ii)

Since,
A'B' B'C' BC ~ B'C' On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get
GjZ] 4" G3Z3 ^2*^2 @4^4
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ——— = —— (Hi)
z3 — z2 z3 — z2 Gj 4" G3 ^2 @4
Zj z/ 1
Eq. (iii) implies that point O divides PR in the ratio a3:
On simplifying as in 1st method, we get z2 z2 1 =0 and O divides QS in the ratio a4 : a2.
z3 z3' 1 Let OR = ajc, OP = a3k, OQ = a4l, OS = a2l
Now, in AOPQ,
• Ex. 49 If (x) is the nth root of unity and zb z2 are any two (PQ)2 = (OP)2 + (OQ)2 - 2 (OP) (OQ) cos 0
complex numbers, then prove that
n -1 => lzi “ z2|2 - aih2 + a2/2 - 2a3a4lk cos 0
2
£ 2i+®/ z2 = n {| z, |2 +| z2 |2}, where nE N.
<2^2 \zi - z212 = a!a2a2fc2 + a^afl2
k=0
-2ala2a3a4lk cos 0
Sol. If 1, cq co2, co3, of-1 are the n, nth roots of unity, then
n-1 n -1 _ Similarly, a3a4 |z3 - z412 = a3a4a2k2 + a3a4a2l2
E of =0 and E (co/ =0 - 2a1a2a3a4/fc cos 0
k=0 k=0
n-1
From given condition, \zx - z212 = a3a4 |z3 - z412

LHS = SJz, + afZ2|2 O'?

:. axa2 a3k +
0 0 0
a4l = a3a4at k + a3a4a21
0 0 0

n -1 => h a3at (a2a3 — ala4) = I a2 a4 (a2 a3 — ala4)

= X (z1 + o/z2)(z1+(co/z2)
k=0 => (a1fc)(a3fc) = (a2Z)(a4/)
n -1
= E {z^+ZiZ2 (co/+ZjZ2 ci/+z2z2 (ci/)(co/} OP OR = OQ-OS •
k -0 So, P, Q, R and S are concyclic.
n-1 n-1 n-1 n-1
= E |Z1|2 + E zjz2(co/ + E z^of + E |z21 2 • Ex. 51 Ifa andfi are the roots of
k=0 k=0 k=0 k=0
z + — = 2 (cos 0 + z sin 0), where 0 < 0 < n and i = V-1,
n-1 n-1 n-1 n-1
= |Zj12 E I + ZjZz E (oj)fc+ZiZ2 E (co/ + |z2l2 E 1 show that |a - /1 = |P - /1.
k=0 k=0 k=0 k=0
Sol. Since, z + - = 2 (cos 0 + i sin0)
= n|z1|2 +0 + 0 +n|z |2 [fromEq. (i)] z
= n{|zi|!+N2)=RHS z + - = 2e 10 => z2 - 2e ®z + 1 = 0
z
4 4 2e -4)
• Ex. 50 Let E a: = 0 and E a jzj = 0, then prove that z=—
ij = 1 2____
zb z2, z3 and z4 are concyclic, if z = e ® ± -J(e2i0 - 1) => z = e ,0± ^el0-2i sin0
0^2\z}-z2\2 =a3a4 |z3 -z412 => z-i = e'0-i ±-Je,0-2i sin0
4
■ie--iK,2)±7ei(0+n/2)-2sin0
= (e--e
Sol. •; E at =0
i=i PW
‘IM
= el2 4j •2isin^2
f- -1 e/2+ s/4
±e ( ^^sinO

ea _ e i(0/2+Jt/4) 2fsinf— - — 1 ± ^2sin0 ■

0(22) 2 4
o\>
re S(Z4)
2
|z-i|=l- 4sin — - — | + 2 sin 0
2 4J

fl(z3) I IA K
□i + tz2 + a3 + a4 = 0 = 2 1 - cos 0---- + 2 sin 0
V I V 2
=> (ai + a3) = -(a2 + a4) ■(i)
4 - ^2-2sin0 + 2sin0 =
and E ajZ. = 0
j=i |a -i|=|P -i|= ^2 [here, a,p are two values of z-i]
+ a2 z2 + a3z3 + a4z4 =0
g Complex Numbers Exercise 1:
Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 30 multiple choice questions. 8. Let a and b be two fixed non-zero complex numbers and
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of z is a variable complex number. If the lines
which ONLY ONE is correct az + az + l = 0andbz + bz-l=0are mutually
1. If cos (1 - i) = a + ib, where a, b g R and i = -j-I, then perpendicular, then
(a) 0 = l| e —n cos 1, b = - I 1
sin 1
(a) ab + ab = 0 (b) ab - ab = 0
eJ 21 e (c) ab - ab =0 (d) ab + ab = 0
1 i .
(b) a = l e + cos 1, b = - e — sin 1 87C + i sin | — |, where i = J-l, then
«. e> 2 ey 9. If a = cos
11 Ml/
P , 1
(c) a = - e + - < 1, b = - | e + - | sin 1
cos Re(a + a2 + a3 +a4 +a5)is
2 „ e, 2 ej
( f (a)l (b)-l (c)0 (d) None of these
(d) a = - e — | cos 1, b = - e — I sin
• 1
1 2 2
2 \ e. 1 2 ej
10. The set of points in an Argand diagram which satisfy both
2. Number of roots of the equation z10 -z5 -992 = 0, where
real parts are negative, is |z|< 4and0< arg(z)<—, is
3
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
(a) a circle and a line (b) a radius of a circle
3. If z and z represent adjacent vertices of a regular (c) a sector of a circle (d) an infinite part line
polygon of n sides with centre at origin and if
11. If /(x) = g(x3) + x/i(x3)is divisible by x 2 + x +1, then
h” = 72-1, the value of n is equal to
Re(z) (a) g(x) is divisible by (x -1) but not h(x)
(a) 2 (b) 4 (b) /i(x) is divisible by (x -1) but not g(x)
(c)6 (d) 8
(c) both g (x) and h (x) are divisible by (x - 1)
4. If fl e lpQ = 1, where FI denotes the continued product (d) None of the above
p=i
12. If the points represented by complex numbers
and i = the most general value of 0 is z, = a + ib, z2 = c + id and Zj _ Zz collinear, where
2nn , _. 2nit
(a) --------- , n g I (b)
(b) ,ngI i= then
r(r-l)------------------------ r(r + l)
(a) ad + be = 0 (b) ad - be = 0
4nrt • ... 4nn (c) ab + cd = 0 (d) ab - cd = 0
(c) --------- , n G 1I (d)
(d) ,nGI
r(r-l)------------------------ r(r + l)
13. Let C denotes the set of complex numbers and R is the
(where, n is an integer)
set of real numbers. If the function f: C —> R is defined
5. If (3 + i) (z + z) - (2 + i) (z - z) +14 i = 0, where i = -yf-l, by /(z) = |z|, then
thenzz is equal to (a) f is injective but not surjective
(a) 10 (b) 8 (b) f is surjective but not injective
(c) - 9 (d) - 10 (c) f is neither injective nor surjective
(d) f is both injective and surjective
6. The centre of a square ABCD is at z = 0, A is zP Then,
14. Let a and 0 be two distinct complex numbers, such that
the centroid of AABC is
[ a | = | P |. If real part of a is positive and imaginary part
(a) Zj (cos K ± i sin it) (b) y (cos it ± i sin n)
of P is negative, then the complex number
... z} (a + P) / (a - P) may be
(c) Z] cos — ± i sin — (d) — cos — ± i sin —
\ 2 2. 3 V 2 2. (a) zero (b) real and negative
(where, i = yf—1) (c) real and positive (d) purely imaginary
15. The complex number z, satisfies the condition
3-i , where i = J-l, then(i101 , 101x103 25
7. If z = +Z ) equals z----- = 24. The maximum distance from the origin of
2 z
to
coordinates to the point z, is
(a) iz (b)z
(a) 25 (b) 30
(c)z (d) None of these
(c) 32 (d) None of these
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 65

16. The points A, B and C represent the complex numbers ( 2 "l

z,------
z1,z2,(l-i)z1 + iz2 respectively, on the complex plane
23. If arg l2l = —K and------
z
zx =3, then |zj equals to
(where, i = J-l ). The AABC, is z 2 1*1
(a) isosceles but not right angled < l2l )
(b) right angled but not isosceles (a) ^3 (b)2>/2 (c) V10 (d) V26
(c) isosceles and right angled
24. If |z -2 - i | = |z | sin - argz | , where i = ■>/-!, then
(d) None of the above
4
17. The system of equations | z +1 - i | = V2 and | z | = 3 has locus of z, is
(where, i = (a) a pair of straight lines (b) circle
(c) parabola (d) ellipse
(a) no solution (b) one solution
(c) two solutions (d) None of these 25. If 1, Zj.Z2.Z3,..., zn_j are then, nth roots of unity, then
n-Z x
18. Dividing f(z) by z - i, we obtain the remainder 1 - i
is
and dividing it by z + z, we get the remainder 1 + i. r=l
(3-zr)’
Then, the remainder upon the division of /(z) by z2 +1, n-3"-1 1 n-3 *
(a) +- (b) ---------- 1
is 3" -1 2 3n -1
(a) i + z (b) 1 + z n-3"-1
(c) 1 - z (d) None of these (c) -------- + 1 (d) None of these
3" -1
19. The centre of the circle represented by | z +11 = 21 z - 11
26. If z = (3 + 7z) (X + z'p), when X, |1 e I - {0} and z = -J-T,
on the complex plane, is
is purely imaginary then minimum value of | z |2 is
(a)0 (b)f
(b);
(a) 0 (b) 58
(c)^ (d) 3364
(4 (d) None of these

27. Given, z = /(x) + ig (x), where i = V-l and

20. Ifx = 91/3-91/9 .91/27
.91/9 -91/27...~,y = 41/3 •4-1/9 •4 1/27 ...00and
00 f, g: (0,1) -> (0,1) are real-valued functions, which of the
z = y (1 + z)-r, where i = then arg(x + yz)is following hold good?
r=1 /
(a) z = —J— 1_ 1 I 1 ]
(b)z =
equal to 1 - ix k1 + ix. 1 + ix [1 -ixj
(a)0 (b)-tan-1[Tj (c)z =
1 ( 1
(d)z = -L_ + i J — LX J
' 1 j
1 + ix 11 + ix 1 -ix

(c) - tan' (d) it - tan'

£ 28. Ifz3 + (3 + 2z) z + (-1 + ia) = 0, where i = V-I, has one
real root, the value of a lies in the interval (a e R)
21. If centre of a regular hexagon is at origin and one of the (a) (-2,-1) (b)(-l, 0)
vertices on Argand diagram is 1 + 2i, where i = -j-l, (c)(0,l) (d) (1,2)
then its perimeter is 29. If m and n are the smallest positive integers satisfying
(a) 2^5 (b) 4^5 m n
the relation 12 CiS — = | 4 CiS — I , where z =
(c) 6^5 (d) 8-^5
I 6 I 4
n (nz + n) equals to
22. Let|zr-r|<r,V r = 1,2,3,then y zr islessthan (a) 60 (b)72 (c)96 (d) 120
r=l
30. Number of imaginary complex numbers satisfying the
(a)n (b) 2n equation,z2 =z-21-'2' is
(c) n(n + 1) (d)3
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2
 66 Textbook of Algebra

[pi Complex Numbers Exercise 2 •

More than One Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 15 multiple choice questions. (a) ——— is purely real
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of z2 - z3
which MORE THAN ONE may be correct. z _z
(b) —------ is purely imaginary
X 4“ 1 I Z2~Z4
31. If ----- - is a purely imaginary number (where i = yj- 1),
(c) |Zj-z3|*|z2-z4 |
then z lies on a 21 ~ Z4 Z2 Z4
(a) straight line (d) amp * amp
Z2“Z4 Z3~Z4
(b) circle
(c) circle with radius = -U 38. If |z -3| = min {|z — 11, |z — 5|}, then Re(z)is equal to
<2 (a) 2 (b) 2.5 (c) 3.5 (d) 4
(d) circle passing through the origin
39. If arg (z + a) = — and arg (z - a) = — (a e R+), then
32. If z satisfies |z-l|<|z + 3|, then co = 2z + 3 - i (where, 6 3
i = ^/-l) satisfies (a)|z| = a (b)|z|=2a
(a) |co - 5 - i | < | CO + 3 + i | (b) |0) - 5 ( < |(0 + 3 | (c)arg(z) = ^ (d)arg(z) = ^
J z
(c) Im (ico) > 1 (d) |arg (co —1)| < —
2 40. If z = x + iy, where i = V-l, then the equation
33. If the complex number is (1 + ri)3 = X (1 + i), when (2z-i)
= m represents a circle, then m can be
i = y/-l, for some real X, the value of r can be (z +1)

/
, v
(a) cos —

z *
5
7t

TC
(b) cosec —

/ t\
2
371

(4 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) e (3,2^3)

(c) cot — (d) tan — 41. Equation of tangent drawn to circle | z | = r at the point
12 12
A(z0),is
34. Ifze C, which of the following relation(s) represents a /
circle on an Argand diagram? (a) Re — =1 (b) Im — = 1
(a)|z-l| + |z + l|=3 (b)|z-3| =2
<2o. lzoJ
7 (d)zzo + zoz =2r2
(c)|z-2+i| = - (d)(z-3 + i)(z - 3-i) = 5

(where, i = V-T) 42. Zj and z2 are the roots of the equation z2 - az + h = 0,

35. If l,z1,z2,z3,...,zn_1 be the n, nth roots of unity and co where | z} | = | z21 = 1 and a, b are non-zero complex
numbers, then
be a non-real complex cube root of unity, then
n -1 (a)|a|<l (b)|a|<2
fl (co - zr) can be equal to (c) arg (a) = arg(i>2) (d) arg (a2) = arg(b)
r=1
43. If a is a complex constant, such that az2 + z + a = 0has
(a) 1 + w (b) -1
(c)0 (d) 1 a real root, then
(a) a + a = 1
36. If z is a complex number which simultaneously satisfies
(b) a + a = 0
the equations
(c) a + a = -1
31 z -121 = 51 z - 8i | and | z - 41 = | z - 81, where
(d) the absolute value of real root is 1
i- , then Im (z) can be
44. If the equation z3 + (3 + i) z2 - 3z - (m + i) = 0, where
(a) 8 (b) 17 i = V-l and me R, has atleast one real root, value ofmis
(c)7 (d)15
(a) 1 ■ (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5
37. If P(zx), Q(z2), R(z3) and S(z 4) are four complex
45. Ifz3 + (3 + 2i) z + (- 1 + id) = 0, where i - y/~I, has one
numbers representing the vertices of a rhombus taken in
order on the complex plane, which one of the following real root, the value of a lies in the interval (a e R)
is hold good? (a) (-2,1) (b)(-l, 0) (c)(0,1) (d)(-2,3)
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 67

g Complex Numbers Exercise 3:

Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 4 passages. Based upon each of Passage III
the passage 3 multiple choice questions have to be (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
answered. Each of these questions has four choices (a),
(b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. For any two complex numbers Z] and z2,
1*1 1“ 1*2 I
1*1 ~z.2 I—)
Passage I .1*2 1“ l*i I
(Q. Nos. 46 to 48)
and equality holds iff origin z{ and z2 are collinear
7t, ifarg(z)<0 and Zj, z2 lie on the same side of the origin.
arg(z)+arg (-z) = < , where
— tc, ifarg(z)>0 1
52. If z — = 2 and sum of greatest and least values of | z |
- 7t< arg(z)<7t. z
is X, then X2, is
46. If arg (z)> 0, then arg (- z) - arg(z) is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
(a)-n (b)~ 2
53. If z + - =4 and sum of greatest and least values of | z |
t \ K
z
(d) n
<c)7 is X, then X2, is
(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 24 (d) 30
47. Let Zj and z2 be two non-zero complex numbers, such
3
that |Zj| = |z2|and arg(z, z2) = it, thenzj is equal to 54. If z — = 6 and sum of greatest and least values of | z | is
(a) z2 (b) *2 z
(c) -z2 (d) -z2 2X, then X2, is
. _ Zi
(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 24 (d) 30
48. Ifarg(4z])-arg(5z2) = 7t, then — is equal to
*2 Passage IV
(a) 1 (b) 1.25 (Q. Nos. 55 to 57)
(c) 1.50 (d) 2.50
Consider the two complex numbers z and w, such that
Passage II z -1
w =------ = a + ib, where a,beR and i =
(Q.Nos. 49 to 51) z+2
Sum of four consecutive powers of i (iota) is zero.
55. Ifz = CiS 0, which of the following does hold good?
i.e.,/" + zn+l + /" + 2 +zn + 3 =0,Vne7.
, x • A 9b
(a) sin 8 =---------
25 1 - 4a
49. If E in! = a + ib, where i = 7-1, then a - b, is (b) cos 8 = I——
n =1
1 + 4a
(a) prime number
(b) even number (c) (1 + 5a)2 + (3b)2 = (1 - 4a)2
(c) composite number (d) All of these
(d) perfect number
95 50
56. Which of the following is the value of - -, whenever it
a
50. If E ir + E ir' = a + ib, where i - 7-1, the unit place exists?
r=-2 r=0

digit of a2011 + b2012 , is

f o'
(a) 3 tan - (b) I tan -1
<2, 3 2j
(a) 2 (b) 3
i e
(c) 5 (d) 6 (c) - - cot 0 (d) 3 cot -
100 101
51. If Z ir! + II i = a + ib, where i = 7-1, then a + 75b, is 57. Which of the following equals to |z|?
r=4 r=l
(a) |w| (b) (a + I)2 + b2
(a) 11 (b) 22
(c) 33 (c) a2 + (b + 2).22 (d) (a + I)2 + (b + I)2
(d) 44
68 Textbook of Algebra

g Complex Numbers Exercise 4:

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 questions. The answer to (1 - Tic i
63. Ifz = — (1 + z)4 —==--- +
Tic - i' , where i = 7-1,
each question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0
4 V Va T t
to 9 (both inclusive).
then f 1*1 ' equals to
58. The number of values of z (real or complex) <amp(z)>
simultaneously satisfying the system of equations
64. Suppose A is a complex number and neN, such that
1 + z + z2 + z3 +... + Z17 =0
An = (A +1)" =1, then the least value of n is
and 1 + z + z2 + z3 +... + z13 =0is
65. Let zr; r = 1,2,3,..., 50 be the roots of the equation
59. Number of complex numbers z satisfying z33 = z is 50 50 ,
= - 5X, then X equals to
60. Let z = 9 + ai, where i = 7~A and a be non-zero real.

If Im(z2) = Im(z3), sum of the digits of a2 is 32 7 io V

. 2qn
66. IfP=E (3p+2) Z sin —---- i cos —— 2qn ]
, where
61. Number of complex numbers z, such that (z| = 1 p=i <7 = 1 11 11 J
/
i = y/-l and if (1 + i) P = n (n!), neN, then the value of n is
and — + — = 1 is
z z 67. The least positive integer n for which
1 + x2 ^ —
62. If x = a + ib, where a, be R and i = 7~"1 and x2 = 3 + 4i, rl + i 2 .
= — sm , where x > 0 and i = 7-1 is
x3 = 2 + lli, the value of(a+ b)is K 2x 7

g Complex Numbers Exercise 5:

Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 4 questions. Questions 68 and 69 have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and
four statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II and questions 70 and 71 have four statements (A, B, C and D) given in
Column I and five statements (p, q, r, s and t) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct
matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column II.

68. Column I Column II

(A) If z - - = 2 and if greatest and least values of |z| are G and L respectively, then G - L, is (P) natural number
z
2
(B) If z + - =4 and if greatest and least values of |z| are G and L respectively, then G - L, is (q) prime number
z
3
(C) If z — = 6 and if greatest and least values of |z| are G and L respectively, then G - L, is (r) composite number
z

(s) perfect number

69.
Column I Column II

(A) If 7(6+ 8z) + 7(- 6 + 80 = Zj, z2, z3, z4 (where i = 7~1), then \z} |2 + \z2121 + |z312 + |z412 is divisible by 7
(P)

(B) If 7(5 - 120 + 7(- 5 - 120 = z,, z2, z3, z4 (where i = T7!), then |z, |2 + |z212 + |z312 + |z412 is divisible by 8
(q)

(C) If 7(8 +15i) + 7(- 8- 15/) = zi,z2,zi, z4(where i = 7-1), then |zj |2 + |z212 + \z312 + |z412 is divisible by
(0 13

(s) 17
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 69

70. 71. Column I Column II

Column I Column
II (A) If z-- = 5 and maximum and (p) X? + px = 8
z
(A) If X andp are the unit’s place digits of (P) 2
(143)861 and (5273)1358 respectively, minimum values of |z | are X. and p
respectively, then
then X, + p is divisible by
(B) If z —7 =6 and maximum and (q) X? -1? =7
(B) If X. andp are the unit’s place digits (q) 3
z
of (2 1 2)7820 and (13 22)1594
minimum values of |z| are X, andp
respectively, then X, + p is divisible respectively, then
by
(C) If z—g = 7 and maximum and (r) X? + px = 7
(C) If X, and p are the unit’s place digits of (r) 4
z
(136)786 and (7 1 38)13491 respectively,
minimum values of |z|are X, andp
then X. + p is divisible by
respectively, then
GO 5
(s) X? - px = 6
(t) 6
(0 Xp +nx =9

g Complex Numbers Exercise 6:

u Statement I and II Type Questions
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 72 to 78) are Assertion-Reason 75. Statement-1 Locus of z satisfying the equation
type questions. Each of these questions contains two | z -11 +1 z - 81 = 5 is an ellipse.
statements:
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) Statement-2 Sum of focal distances of any point on
Each of these questions also has four alternative ellipse is constant for an ellipse.
choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You 76. Let zp z2 and z3 be three complex numbers in AP.
have to select the correct choice as given below.
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 Statement-1 Points representing zpz2 andz3 are
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 collinear.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 Statement-2 Three numbers a, b and c are in AP, if
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 b-a = c -b.
(c) Statementl is true, Statement-2 is false
77. Statement-1 If the principal argument of a complex
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
number z is 0, the principal argument of z2 is 20.
72. Statement-1 3 + 7i>2 + 41, where i = J-l.
Statement-2 arg (z2) = 2 arg (z)
Statement-2 3 > 2 and 7 > 4
78. Consider the curves on the Argand plane as
73. Statement-1 (cos 0 + i sin (|))3 = cos 30 + i sin 3 ((), _ . . Tt
Cl :arg(z) = -,
2
4
Statement-2
It . . 7C „ . . 3n
cos — + i sin — =1 C2 :arg(z) = —
4 4. 4
74. Statement-1 Let zp z2 and z3 be three complex and C3 : arg (z - 5 - 5i) = 7t, where i = 7-1.
numbers, such that |3Zj + l| = |3z2 +1| = |3z3 +l|and Statement-1 Area of the region bounded by the curves
1 + Zj + z2 + z3 = 0, then Zj,z2,z3 will represent vertices 25
Cp C2 and C3 is —.
of an equilateral triangle on the complex plane. 2
Statement-2 zp z2 and z3 represent vertices of an Statement-2 The boundaries of CX,C2 andC3 constitute
equilateral triangle, if a right isosceles triangle.
zx2 +z22 +z23 +Z1z2 +z2z3 + z3zx =0.
 70 Textbook of Algebra

Complex Numbers Exercise 7:

Subjective Type Questions
■ In this section, there are 24 subjective questions. 88. Show that if a and b are real, then the principal value of
79. If Zj, z2 and z3 are three complex numbers, then prove arg (a) is 0 or K, according as a is positive or negative and
7t 71
that Zj Im(z2 z3) + z2 Im(z3 z,) + z3 Im(Zj z 2) = 0. that of b is — or--- , according as b is positive or negative.
2 2
80. The roots zp z2 and z3 of the equation
3 2
89. Two different non-parallel lines meet the circle | z | = r.
x + 3ax + 3bx + c = 0 in which a, b and c are complex
One of them at points a and b and the other which is
numbers, correspond to the points A, B, C on the tangent to the circle at c. Show that the point of
Gaussian plane. Find the centroid of the A ABC and . 2c-1 — a-1 — b”1
show that it will be equilateral, if a2 = b. intersection of two lines is-------------------- .
c~2 -a^b"
-a 1
81. If 1 ,apa2,a3 and a4 are the roots of x 5 -1=0, then
90. A, B and C are the points representing the complex
prove that
numbers zp z2 and z3 respectively, on the complex
co-a
co-a,j] UJ — U,2 co-a
LU—U.J co —a4
plane and the circumcentre of AABC lies at the origin. If
— = co, where co is
2 7?2
co-a, co —a2 co -a3 co 2 -a,4
2 2
the altitude of the triangle through the vertex A meets
a non-real complex root of unity. the circumcircle again at P, prove that P represents the
( z z \
82. If Zj and z2 both satisfy the relation z + z= 2|z-l| and complex number —2—~ .
I zi )
arg (Zj — z2) = —, find the imaginary part of (z, + z2).
4 91. If | z | < 1 and | CO | < 1, show that
/ |z —co|2 <(|z|-|co|)2 + {arg(z) - arg (co)}2.
83. If ax + cy + bz = X, ex + by + az = Y, bx + ay + cz = Z,
show that 92. Letz, z0 be two complex numbers. It is given that |z| = 1
(i) (a2 +b2 +c2 - be -ca -ab) (x2 +y2 and the numbers z,z0, z z0,1 and 0 are represented in an
+ z2 -yz -zx - xy)= X2 +Y2 +Z2 -YZ -ZX - XY Argand diagram by the points P, Po, Q, A and the origin,
respectively. Show that APOP0 and AAOQ are
(ii) (a3 + b3 + c3 -3abc)(x3 + y3 + z3 -3xyz) congruent. Hence, or otherwise, prove that
= X3 +K3 + Z3 -3XYZ. lz —zo l = lzzo —11-
93. Suppose the points z}, z2,..., zn {zi * 0) all lie on one
84. For every real number c > 0, find all complex numbers z
side of a line drawn through the origin of the complex
which satisfy the equation | z |2 - 2iz + 2c (1 + z) = 0,
planes. Prove that the same is true of the points
where i = V-l . 11
— , —..... —1 . Moreover, show
, that
85. Find the equations of two lines making an angle of 45° zi Z2 zn

with the line (2 - i) z + (2 + i) z + 3 = 0, where i ~ 7-1 „ and

Zj +z2 + ... + zn 7*0 □ ----
1 F—1 +...+ 1— £0.
and passing through (-1,4). Z1 Z2 Zn

86. For n > 2, show that 94. If a, b and c are complex numbers and z satisfies
2 22 az2 +bz + c =0, prove that|a11b| = ^a(b)2c and
1+f 1+i
1+ ----- 1+ 1+
V 2 2 2 |a| = |c|«>|z| = l.

2n
95. LetZj,z2 andz3 be three non-zero complex numbers
1+
1 ,1where i = 7-1.
= (1 + i) f1------ lzil lz2l lz3l
o2 "
\ 2 J andZj ^z2. If |z21 |z3| fzj = 0, prove that

87. Find the point of intersection of the curves lz3l lzil lz2l
(i) zi,z2,z3 lie on a circle with the centre at origin.
arg (z - 3i) = 3k / 4 and arg (2z + 1 -2z) = —, where 2
4 / X
(zz3_-z
21
(ii) arg = arg
<Z2 > <Z2 ~ Z\ >
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 71

96. Prove that, if zx and z2 are two complex numbers and ..... . K . 3k . 5k 1
(in) sin — sin — sin — = -
14 14 14 8
c>0, then|Zj + z2 |2 <(1 + c)|Zj |2 +11 + - ||z2 |2.
\ c) .. . K 3k 5k 1
(iv) tan — tan — tan — = —
14 14 14 77
97. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose vertices are
given by the complex numbers zx,z2 and z3. Also, show that
(1 + y)7 + (l-y)7 = 14 fy2 + tan2 —
98. Find the orthocentre of the triangle whose vertices are
given by the complex numbers zp z2 and z3. k 14

99. Prove that the roots of the equation y2 + tan 2 3k 2 5ft

y2 + tan
„ 3 , 2 . . n ft
K 3k
3K , 5tc 14 14
8x3 - 4x2•- 4x + 1 = 0are cos —, cos — and cos —.
7 7 7 and then deduce that
Hence, obtain the equations whose roots are ft 2 (3ft A L 2 (5ft _
tan2 + tan — + tan — 1 = 5
... 2 ft 2 3k 2 5k 14 1147 114)
(i)sec — ,sec —,sec —
7 7 7
101. If the complex number z is to satisfy
(11) tan —, tan —,tan — |z| = 3, |z-{a(l + i)-z}|<3and|z + 2a-(a + l)i|>3, where
7 7 7 i = J-l simultaneously for atleast one z, then find all
(iii) Evaluate sec — + sec — + sec — ae R.
7 7 7
102. Write equations whose roots are equal to numbers
100. Solve the equation z7 +1 = 0 and deduce that
.... 2 ft . 2 2ft . 2 3ft 2 nft
... K 3k 5k 1 ,sin --------- ,...,sin --------- .
,sin --------- ,sin
(i)sin -------- ,sm
(I) cos — cos — cos — = - 2n + l 2n +1 2n
2n +1+ l ’ 2n +1
7 7 7 8
.... K 3k 5k
(II) cos — cos — cos — =
77 (ii) cot
2 ft 2ft
, cot2 -------- 22 3ft
3ft 2 nft
, cot --------- cot -------------- .
2n + l ”
2n +1 2n + 1 2n + 1 2n +1
14 14 14 8

Q Complex Numbers Exercise 8:

Questions Asked in Previous 13 Years’ Exams
■ This section contains questions asked in IIT-JEE,
(a) |z — 11 > 2; | arg (z — 1)| < —
AIEEE, JEE Main & JEE Advanced from year 2005 4
to year 2017. K
(b) |z - 11 > 2;|arg (z — 1)] < —
103. If (1) is a cube root of unity but not equal to 1, then
minimum value of | a + b(0 + cto21, (where a, b and c are (c) |z + 11 > 2; |arg (z + 1)1 < —
4
integers but not all equal), is (d) |z + l|>2;|arg(z + l)|<-~
[IIT-JEE 2005, 3M]

(a)0 (c)l (d)2 105. If one of the vertices of the square circumscribing the
circle| z — 11 = V2 is 2 4- 73i, where i = -J-I. Find the
104. PQ and PR are two infinite rays. QAR is an arc. Point other vertices of the square. [IIT-JEE 2005,4M]
lying in the shaded region excluding the boundary
106. If zx and z2 are two non-zero complex numbers, such
satisfies [IIT-JEE 2005,3M]
that | zx + z21 = | Zj | +1 z 21, then arg (zi) - arg(z2) is
Y|
(-1+V2, <2i) equal to [AIEEE 2005, 3M]
(a) -ft (b) -k/2
(1,0)\ (c) n/2 (d) 0
A
X'+
0
>X 107. If 1, co, w2 are the cube roots of unity, then the roots of
the equation (x -1)3 + 8 = 0 are
[AIEEE 2005, 3M]
(a) -1,1 + 2(0,1 + 2co2 (b) - 1,1 — 2(0,1 - 2(O2
y,J-1+V2,-V2/)
(c) -1,-1,-1 (d) None of these
 72 Textbook of Algebra

108. Ifm = —-Z— and|(01 = 1, where i = 7-1, thenzlies on 115. The number of elements in the set A n B n C, is
”T (a) 0 (b) 1
z—I
3 [AIEEE 2005, 3M] (c) 2 (d) ~
(a) a straight line (b) a parabola 116. Let z be any point in A n B n C. Then,
(c) an ellipse (d) a circle
|z +1 — z |2 + |z — 5 — i |2 lies between
109. If co = a + i’P, where P 5* 0, i = 7~1 and z 1, satisfies the
(a) 25 and 29 (b) 30 and 34
co - coz
condition that is purely real, the set of values (c) 35 and 39 (d) 40 and 44
1 —z
117. Let z be any point in A n B n C and co be any point
of z is [IIT-JEE 2006, 3M]
satisfying 10) - 2 - i | < 3. Then, | z | — | CO | + 3 lies between
(a) {z : |z | = 1} (b){z:z=z}
(a) - 6 and 3 (b) - 3 and 6
(c) {z : z * 1} (d){z:|z| = l,z*l}
(c) - 6 and 6 (d) - 3 and 9
io
110. The value of L f sin + i cos -—I (where i = 118. A particle P starts from the point z0 = 1 + 21,1 = 4^4.11
k=A
1 11 11 J
moves first horizontally away from origin by 5 units and
is [AIEEE 2006, 3M]
then vertically away from origin by 3 units to reach a
(a)i (b) 1 point zr From zp the particle moves 72 units in the
(c)-l (d)-i
direction of the vector i + j and then it moves through
111. If z2 + z +1 = 0, where z is a complex number, the value of
71
2 / i 2 / 2 an angle — in anti-clockwise direction on a circle with
1
z+- 2
+--1 + z33 + — + ...+ Z 6 + —
z z2. I z\ z6. centre at origin, to reach a point z2 > then the point z2 is
is [AIEEE 2006, 6M] given by [IIT-JEE 2008,3W]
(a) 18 (b) 54 (a) 6 + 7i (b)-7 + 6i
(c)6 (d) 12 (c) 7 + 6i (d) - 6 + 7z
112. A man walks a distance of 3 units from the origin
119. If the conjugate of a complex numbers is ——, where
/ towards the North-East (N 45° E) direction. From there, i -1
he walks a distance of 4 units towards the North-West i = ^[-1. Then, the complex number is
[AIEEE 2008,3M]
(N 45° W) direction to reach a point P. Then, the position
of P in the Argand plane, is [IIT-JEE 2007,3M] (a)^-
l-l
OTA-
(a)3e*/4 + 4i (b)(3 — 4z) /4
(c)(4 + 3i) ert/4 (d)(3 + 4i)e*/4 (c)A
(where i = 7-1)
2 120. Let z = x + iy be a complex number, where x and y are
113. If |z | = 1 and z ± 1, then all the values of------ — lie on integers and i = 4~A- Then, the area of the rectangle
2
1-z
[IIT-JEE 2007, 3M] whose vertices are the roots of the equation
(a) a line not passing through the origin zz +zz =350, is [IIT-JEE2009,3M]
(b) [z| = 72 (a) 48 (b) 32
(c) the X-axis (c) 40 (d) 80
(d) the K-axis 121. Let z = cos 0 + i sin 9, where i = Then the value of
114. If|z 4- 41 <3, the maximum value of|z +11 is 15
Z Im(z Zm-1)at0 = 2° is
[AIEEE 2007, 3M] m=1 [IIT-JEE 2009,3MI]
(a) 4 (b)10 1 i
(c)6 (d)0 (a) (b)
sin 2° 3sin2°
Passage (Q. Nos. 115 to 117) (c)
1__
(d)
1
2sin2° 4sin 2°
Let A, B and C be three sets of complex numbers as defined
below: A = {z:Im(z)> 1} 4
122. If z— =2, the maximum value of \z | is equal to
B = {z: | z - 2 - i | = 3} z [AIEEE 2009,4M ]
C = {z: Re ((1 - i) z) = 42}, where i = -1 (a) 2 + 42 (b) 73 + 1
[IIT-JEE 2008, 4+4+4M1 (d)2
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 73

123. LetZ] andz2 be two distinct complex numbers and 128. If z is any complex number satisfying | z - 3 - 2i | < 2,
z = (1 -1) 2i + lz2> f°r some real number t with0< t < 1 where i = then the minimum value of 12z - 6 + 5i|,
and i = . If arg (w) denotes the principal argument is [IIT-JEE 2011, 4M]
of a non-zero complex number w, then [IIT-JEE 2010,3M] 129. The set
(a) |z-zj + |z-z2| =|zt -z2|
2iz
(b) arg(z-zj) = arg(z-z2) 5 Re :z is a complex number |z| = l,z£±Bis
Z - Zj Z - Zj
1-^/
(c) =0
Z2 “• Zi z2 — Zj [IIT-JEE 2011.2M]
(d) arg(z-z1) = arg(z2-z1) (a) (-«, «>) (b) (- oo, 0) U (0, «■)
(C) (- - 1) U (1, oo) (d)[2,oo)
124. Let co be the complex number cos — + i sin —, where

i = -J-A, then the number of distinct complex numbers z

f 1 )
130. The maximum value of arg ------ for | z | - 1, z 1, is
Ij-zj
z+1 co co2 given by [IIT-JEE 2011, 2M]
2 (b)5 (c)J (d)^.
satisfying CO z + co 1 = 0, is equal to
(a)7 3 2 3
co2 1 z + co
[IIT-JEE 2010, 3M] 131. Letw = e m/3 , where i = -j-1 and a, b, c, x, y and z be
(a)0 (b)l
non-zero complex numbers such that
(c)2 (d) 3
a+b+c=x
125. Match the statements in Column I with those in a + bw + cw2 =y
Column II. a + bw2 + cw=z.
[Note Here, z takes values in the complex plane and Im
Tb.v!,lnAnflX|2+l>Z|2+l2l 2
(z) and Re (z) denote respectively, the imaginary part 1 he value ot----------------------- , is
and the real part of z.] [IIT- JEE 2010,8M] |a|2+|b|2+|c|2 [IIT-JEE 2011, 4M]

Column I Column II 132. Let a and P be real and z be a complex number. If

(A) The set of points z satisfying (P) an ellipse with z2 + az + p = 0 has two distinct roots on the line
|z - i | z || = |z + i \z ||, where eccentricity 4/5
Re (z) = 1, then it is necessary that [AIEEE 2011,4M]
i = ~1, is contained in or equal to
(a)p6(-l,0) (b)|p| =1
(B) The set of points z satisfying (q) the set of points z (c)pe(l,oo) (d)pe(0,l)
\z + 4 | + \z -41 = 10 is contained in satisfying
or equal to 133. If to 1) is a cube root of unity and (1 + co)7 = A + Bco,
Im (z) = 0
then (A, B) equals to [AIEEE 2011,4M]
(r) the set of points z
(C) If |w| = 2, the set of points z = w - — (a) (1,1) (b) (1, 0)
w satisfying
is contained in or equal to |Im (z)| < I (c)(-l,l) (d)(0.1)
(s) the set of points 134. Let z be a complex number such that the imaginary part
(D) If |w| = 1, the set of points z = w + —
w satisfying of z is non-zero and a = z2 + z +1 is real. Then, a cannot
is contained in or equal to |Re(z)|<2
take the value [IIT-JEE 2012, 3M]
(t) the set of points z
(b)i1 (c)i1 (d)±3
satisfying |z|< 3 (a) — 1
3 <4 2 4
126. If a and P are the roots of the equation x2 - x +1 = 0, Z2
135. Ifz 1 and —— is real, the point represented by the
a2009 +p2009 is equal to [AIEEE 2010, 4M] z-1
(a)-l (b)l complex number z lies [AIEEE 2012, 4M]
(c)2 (d)-2 (a) on a circle with centre at the origin
127. The number of complex numbers z, such that (b) either on the real axis or on a circle not passing through
|z-l| = |z + l| = |z-i|,wherei = ^[-1,equals to the origin
(c) on the imaginary axis
[AIEEE 2010, 4M]
(d) either on the real axis or on a circle passing through the
(a) 1 (b)2
origin
(C)« (d)0
74 Textbook of Algebra

136. Ifzis a complex number of unit modulus and argument (a) is strictly greater than -
0, then arg
W equals to 2

1 + zj (b) is equal to -
[JEE Main 2013, 4M] 2
(a)^-0 3 5
(b)9 (c) is strictly greater than - but less than -
2 2 2
(c)it-e (d)-e (d) lies in the interval (1, 2)
2k n' (2k 71 i
137. Let complex numbers a and ~ lie on circles 142. Let zk = cos + isin ----- ; k = 1, 2,..., 9. Then,
a 10 > I 10 J
(x-x0)2 +(y-y0)2 =r22 and
match the column.
(x - x0 )2 + (y - y0 )2 = 4 r2, respectively. If
Column I Column II
zo =xo + iy0 satisfies the equation2 |z012 = r2 +2 ,
(A) For each zk there exists a Zj such that (1) True
then |a| equals to [JEE Advanced 2013, 2M]
=1
(c)^
(a)4-
72 2 (B) There exists a k e {1,2,..., 9} such that (2) False
Z] • z = zk has no solution z in the set of
138. Let w = complex numbers
and P - {wn : n = 1,2,3,...}. Further,
2 |1 — z< ||1 — z2|... |1 — z91
(Q ------ !equals to (3) 1
1
= <z g C : Re(z)> - > and H2 zg C: Re(z) < | — — ] ►,
* I 2 I 2J
. 2kJt
(2krt\ ,
where C is the set of all complex numbers. If (D) 1 - 5 cos ----- equals to (4) 2
Zj e P n Hv z2 e P n H2 and O represents the origin, k= i V 10 7
then Zz1Oz2 equals to
[JEE Advanced 2013, 3M] [JEE Advanced 2014, 3M]
/ xn Codes
(a)I 6 A B C D A B C D
2tc (d)^ (a) 1 2 4 3 (b)2 1 3 4
T 6 (c) 1 2 3 4 (d)2 1 4 3

Passage (Q. Nos. 139 to 140) 143. A complex number z is said to be unimodular if | z | = 1.

Let — iS* j n S*2 £ 3 ? where Suppose Zj and z2 are complex numbers such that
z, — 2z,
Si = {zgC:|z|<4}, —----- — is unimodular and z2 is not unimodular. Then
2 — zxz2
z — 1 + V. the point z1 lies on a
S2 = <zgC: Im >0> [JEE Main 2015,4M]
1-731 (a) circle of radius z
(b) circle of radius 72
and S3 = {zg C: Re z> 0}. [JEE Advanced 2013, 3+3M]
(c) straight line parallel to X-axis
139. min J1 — 3z — z | equals to (d) straight line parallel to T-axis
zeS
2- 73 (b)^ 144. Let co 1 be a complex cube root of unity.
(a)
2 If (3-3C0 + 2C02 )4n+3 +(2 + 3C0—3(02)4n+3
3- 73 +(—3+2(O + 3(O2 )4n+3 = 0, then possible value(s) of n is
(c) (d)
2 2 (are) [JEE Advanced 2015,2M]
140. Area of S equals to (a) 1 (b) 2
, J07C 20 7C (c)3 (d) 4
(a) (b)^
(b) —
3 3 145. For any integer k, let ak = cosf—
kn 'j + i sinf—1
where
16n 32rc 7
(c)— (d) — 12 K
Xlafc+i-afc|
141. If z is a complex number such that | z | > 2, then the i = V-l. The value of the expression t=i

,
minimum value or z + - , is r 70 •
\2 [JEE Main 2014, 4M]
is [JEE Advanced 2015,4M]
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 75

146. A value of 0 for which 2 + 3t S*n ■- is purely imaginary, is 1 1

(a) the circle with radius — and centre —, 0 for a > 0, b * 0
1 - 2i sin 0 2a 2a
[JEE Main 2016, 4M]
/ 1 1
1 (b) the circle with radius----- and centre------ , 0 for
(b) sin 2a 2a
(a)7 a < 0, b * 0
(c) sin (c) the X-axis for a * 0, b - 0
(d) the Y-axis for a = 0, b * 0
147. Let a, be R and a 2 + b2 * 0. 143. Let (0 be a complex number such that 2co +1 = z, when
1 1 1 1
Suppose S zeC:z = 16 R, t where
a + ibt ’ z = 7-3 if 1 -CO
-co2 -1 co2
2 -1 = 3k, then k is equal to
CO2
z = x + iy and zeS, then (x, y) lies on 1 co2 co7 [JEE Main 2017, 4M]
[JEE Advanced 2016 4M] (a) 1 (b)-z (c)z (d)-l

Answers
Exercise for Session 1 71. A -> (r); B —> (p, s); C -> (q, t)
72. (d) 73. (d) 74. (c) 75. (d) 76. (a) 77. (d)
l-(d) 2. (c) 3- (b) 4. (b) 5.(c) 6. (b) 78. (d)
7. (d) 8- (a) 82.2
Exercise for Session 2 84. z = c+ z(-l ± ^(J-c1 -2c)) for 0<. c< 72 - 1 and no solution for
6.(b) c>72-1
i.(b) 2. (b) 3- (b) 4. (b) 5. (b)
' 7.(d) A (c) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11-(a) 12. (c) 85. (1 - 3z)z + (1 + 3i)~z - 22 = 0 and (3 + i)z + (3 - i)z +14 = 0
13. (c) 14. (a) 97 Z|Z||2(z2-z3)
87. No solution
Exercise for Session 3 Zz,(z2-z3)
£Z|(Z2-Z3)+ X|Z||2(Z2-Z3)
l.(a) 2. (b) 3- (d) 4. (a) 5- (b) 6. (a) 98.
7. (c) 8.(b) 9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12- (a) ^z^-Zjzj)
13.(b) 14. (b) 15. (a)
99. (i)x3 -24x2+ 80x-64 = 0
Exercise for Session 4 (ii) ?-21x2+35x-7 = 0
l.(a) 2- (d) 3- (c) 4.(d) 5. (b) 6.(b) (iii) 4
7-(a) 8- (d) 9.(d) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (a)
13. (b) 14.(c) 100. Roots of z7 + 1 = 0 are -1, a, a3, a5, a, a3, a5, where
n . . n
a = cos— + i sin —
Chapter Exercises 7 7
l.(b) 2.(c) 3. (d) 4.(d) 5. (a) 6. (d) 'i-TtT -i-47iT o '-1+47TT i + T/T
7. (b) 9.(b) 10. (c) 12.(b) 101. ae
8- (d) 11. (c) < 2 ’ 5 < 5 ’ 2 J
13. (c) 14. (d) 15- (a) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (c)
19. (b) 20. (b) 21-(c) 22. (c) 23.(c) 24. (c) 102. (i) 2n+ *<■ ri _ lC3(l-x)"-1x+...+ (-l)V = 0
25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (c) (ii) 1 C/ -2n+l CjX^1+2^1CJ.v*‘2-...= 0
31. (b,c,d)32. (b,c,d) 33. (b,c,d) 34. (b.c.d) 35. (a,c,d) 36. (a,b) 103. (c) 104. (c) 105. (1 - 73) + /, -173, (73 + 1) - i 106. (d)
37. (a,b,c)38. (a,d) 39. (a,c) 40. (a,b,d) 41. (a,d) 107. (b) 108. (a) 109. (d) no. (d) lll.(d) 112. (d)
42. (b,d) 43. (a,c,d) 44. (a,d) 45. (a,b,d) 113. (d) 114. (c) 115. (b) 116. (c) 117. (d) 118. (d)
46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (b) 49. (a) 50. (c) 51. (b) 119. (c) 120. (a) 121. (d) 122. (c) 123. (a, c, d) 124. (b)
52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (a) 55. (c) 56. (d) 57. (b) 125. A -+ (q, r); B -> (p); C -+ (p, s); D -»(q, r, s, t) 126. (b) 127. (a)
58.(1) 59. (5) 60.(9) 61.(8) 62. (3) 63. (4) 128. (5) 129. (a) 130. (c) 131.(3) 132. (c) 133. (a)
64. (6) 65. (5) 66. (4) 67.(4) 134. (d) 135. (d) 136. (b) 137. (c) 138. (c) 139. (c)
68. A -»(p, q); B -> (p, r); C -+ (p, r, s) 140. (b) 141. (d) 142. (c) 143. (a) 144. (a, b, d)
69. A ->(q); B -> (q, r); C -+ (q, s) 145. (4) 146. (c) 147. (a,c,d) 148. (b)
70. A -+ (p, q, r, t); B -> (p, s); C -> (p, r)
 Solutions 4. We have, 11 eip6=l
p=i

=> e'e ■e2ie ■e3i6...e "e _ j

fr(r 4-1)^
ei8(l + 2 + 3 + + r) = l => e*9 I 2 J=1
=>
1. We have, r(r + 1)„1 . . ^0l = l + i.O
or cos —------^01 + i sin
a + ib = cos (1 - i) = cos 1 cos i + sin 1 sin i 2 J 2 !
= cos 1 cosh 1 + sin 1 isinh 1 On comparing, we get
[•.’ cos i = cosh 1, sin i • 1 = i sinh 1] r(r + l)/l . .
e+e e - e-1 ] cos ------- -Q r = 1 and sin =o
= cos 1 + i sin 1 2 I 2
\ 2 7 2 r(r + 1) r(r + l)
=> 9 =2mK and 0 = nyt
1 1 i • 1 f 1 I ■ , 2 2
= — e + - cos 1 + i • - | e — sml
2 e. 2 e) Q= 4m71 and0=^-
1 r(r+l) r(r+ 1)
a
L = - | e + - I cost
2 ej where,m,n\ el
1) . . 4nit
and b = - I e - - I sinl Hence, 0 = , n g I.
21 r(r + 1)

2. Given that, z io -z~ 5 -992 = 0 5. Let z = x + iy, then

t=z5 (3 + i) (z + z) -(2 + i) (z — z) + 14i = 0 reduces to
Let
(3 + i)2x-(2 + i)(2iy)+14i = 0
=> t2 - t - 992 = 0
=> 6x + 2y + i(2x - 4y + 14) = 0
1 ± Ji + 3968 _ 1 ± 63 On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
=> = 32,-31
2 2 6x + 2y = 0
=> 3x + y = 0 -(i)
z5 =32
and 2x - 4y + 14 = 0
and z5 =-31
=> x - 2y + 7 = 0 (ii)
But the real part is negative, therefore z5 = 32 does not hold. On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Number of solutions is 5. x = -1 and y = 3
3. From Coni method. z = -l + 3i
0 zz = |z |2 = | -1 + 3i|2 = (-1)2 + (3)2 = 10
6. Since, affix of A is zv
/2x\
. z n v C B
\ / \
\ / \ \ K
V/_________

A»(z) Ai(z)
z-0 2xiln z
------ = e or — = e 2viln ...(i)
z -0 z D A(z,) •
Im(z)
But given R^) OA = Zj and OB and OC are obtained by rotating OA
z -z Tl —
- -1 through — and it. Therefore, OB = iz1 and OC = -zr
21 1 1
z +z i Hence, centroid of AABC= ——-Z‘-+
~+1
2 kz 7 3
„2xiln i Z] it . . it
e cos — + i sin —
=> = 1(72-1) [from Eq. (i)] = -Zi = —
e2ni/n 3 3 2 2,
+L
If A, B and C are taken in clockwise, then centroid of AABC
=> i tan [ — ] = i (72 -1)
\nj If 7CIt . . . . 7CTt'i
= - z, I cos---- 1 sin —
(it\ fn5) 3 \ 22 2J
2,
tan — I = tan I — I
\nj \8j n , . . it
Centroid of &ABC = — cos— ± i sin—
n=8 3 2 2.
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 77

7. Given that, z =
a/3 -i -1 -i^Y zi zi 1
=i = ico2
2 j
=> Z2 Z2 1 =0
.2x101
:. =ii101
z 10l=(iC02)10,= 101 co202 = ico z,-z2 zx-z2 1
Now, i101 + z101 = i + ico = i(-co2) zi zi 1

(i101 + z101)103 = - i103 co206 = - i3 co2 = ico2 = z

Applying R3 -» R3- Rt + R2, then Z2 Z2 1 =0
8. The complex slope of the line az + az + 1 = 0 is a = - —
a
and the complex slope of the line bz + bz -1 = 0 is P = - ■= 0... 0 ...1
Expand w.r.t. R3, then
Since, both lines are mutually perpendicular, then Z1Z2 Z1 Z2 —
a+P=0 zlz2 “ (zlz2) =

=> Im(zJ2) = 0
a b
=> Im ((a + ib) (c + id)) = 0
ab + ab = 0
=> Im ((a + ib) (c - id)) = 0
9. We have, a = cos + i sin => be - ad = 0 => ad - be = 0
Now, Re (a + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5) 13. Let z —a + ib

_ a + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5
2 => /(z) = /(z) = /(-z) =/(-z) = ^2 + b2)
_ -1 + (1 + a + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5:
f is not injective (i.e., it is many-one).
2
-1 + 0 but|z| >0i.e. f(z)>0 => f(z) e (Range)
[sum of 11,11th roots of unity]
2 => R+ c R
:. f is not surjective (i.e., into).
2
Hence, f is neither injective nor surjective.
10. |z|<4
14. Let a=re'e,p = re* [v|a| =|p|,given]
7t
and 0 < arg(z) < - .(ii) where, 6 e f - —, — ] and <J> G (— K, 0)
V 2 2)
P(z) 4—1
e ' 2 ' • 2 cos
e-0
n/3 a + P _ re* + rt>* 2
Real axis
0 a - p re i0 -H>*
e
4e— 1
2 ' • 2i sin e_-J»
. 2
= - i cot
e-<^ = Purely imaginary
which implies the set of points in an argand plane, is a sector 2 J
of a circle. 25 25
15. We have, |z| = z + — - — < z + — +
11. Since, x2 + x + 1 = (x - co) (x - co2), where co is the cube root z z z
of unity and f (x) = g (x3) + x h (x3) is divisible by x2 + x + 1. 25
!z|S24 + -
Therefore, co and co2 are the roots of f (x) = 0.
=> / (co) = 0 and / (co2) = 0 |z|2-24 |z|-25 < 0 => (|z|-25)(|z| + 1) < 0
|z|-25<0 [v|z| + l>0]
g(co3) + co ft (co3) = 0
=> |z|<25 or |z - 0| <25
and g ((co2)3) + co2h (co2)3 = 0
Hence, the maximum distance from the origin of coordinates
=> g (1) + CO (1) = 0 to the point z is 25.
and g (1) + co2/i (1) = 0 16. •: A =Zp B =z2, C =(1 - i) z3 + iz2
=> g(i) = MD = o AB=|zj -z2)
Hence, g (x) and h (x) both are divisible by (x - 1). BC = |z2 - (1 - i) - iz2\ = | (1 - i) (z2 - z,)|
12. Since, zu z2 and Zj - z2 are collinear. = ^|zt -z2|

zi zi 1 and CA=|(l-i)z1 + iz2-z1| = |-i(z1 -z2)|

Z2 Z2 1 =0
= |-i|lzi-z2l = lzi ~Z2I
It is clear that, AB = CA and (AB)2 + (CA)2 = (BC)2
zl“z2 zl“z2 1
A ABC is isosceles and right angled.
78 Textbook of Algebra

17. Centre and radius of circle | z | = 3 (0 y = 4,/3- 1/9 . 4,1/27 ,1/3-1/9+1/27...—

I ! ...°°— 4
1/3
are Ct = 0, r} = 3
= 41 + 1,3=41M
and centre and radius of circle
| z + 1 - i | = Ji (ii) 1 1 1
andz = (1 + i)~r = (1 + i) + (1 + i)2 +------- r + ...°°
and C2 = - 1 + i, r2 = Ji r=l (I + o’
1 I
\cxc2\=\-i + i\=Ji
and I C,C21 < 5 - r2 (l + O _1_ f
"i-_L-’*" =
(1 + 0
|z|=3
Now, x + yz =3 - i 41

O' /|Z+1-/|=V2 arg (x + yz) = arg (3 - i Ji) - - tan' i

o
21. v A = 1 + 2i
^2_________ ?i(1+2/)

\ « >'
\n/3/
A
Hence, circle (ii) completely inside circle (i) O/\
t \
Number of solutions = 0 f

18. We have, /(z) = g(z) (z2 + 1) + h(z)

Ai ^5
where, degree of h (z) < degree of(z2 + 1)
A2=(l + 2i)em/3
=> h(z) = az + b; a, b e C
:. f(z) = g (z) (z2 + 1) + az + b; a, b e C =(1+2()[L+ ^W +^+i
1 iji
I2 2)2 2 2
f3
=> f(z) = g (z)(z - i)(z + i)+ az + b; a, b e C ...(i) x
Now, /(i) = 1 - i [given]
=> ai + b = 1 - i [from Eq. (i)] ...(ii) 2

and f(-i) = 1 + i [given]

|XjA2 |=l-F2f-
1 -Tfl-if— + 1
=> a(-i) + b = 1 + i [from Eq. (i)] ...(iii) 2 ) I 2
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii) for a and b, we get
a = -1 and b = 1 = l + J~3 + i i-22
2 2
:. Required remainder, h(z) = az + b= -z + l = l- z
/, \2 ( 2
19. We have, |z + 1| = 2 |z -1| +l-2«
= ,|W|
^2 ) + t : 2
Put z = x + iy, we get
(x+l)2 + y2 = 4[(x-l)2 + y2] .’. Perimeter = 61 X1A21 = 6 Ji
3x2 + 3y2-10x + 3 = 0 22. We have,
2 2 1® - n
=> x^ + y-----x+l = 0
3
(i) if (|z,-r| + |r|)
r=1 r=1
On comparing Eq. (i) with the standard equation
n
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c =0 = 2>,-r|+£|r|<£r + ZIN
10 = — 5 and□ f =r «0 r=l r=l r=l r=l
=> p =-----
6 3 n(n + 1) n(n + 1)
= n(n + 1)
Required centre of circle = (-g, - f) = 0^ 2 2
n
.-. ^zr <n(n + l)
5 „ . 5 r=1
i.e. - + O-i =-
3 3 f Z >

20. v x = 9,/3 . 9,/9 . 91/27 oo

23. We have, arg
Z1~N = —n and. ~z— z. =3
1/3 z 2 |z|
^1/3+1/9+1/27 + ...- = 9l-1/3 = 91/z =3
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 79

which implies the following diagram X

—
7
— —“

p. 3
_z_ X,p e I - {0}
\|z| For minimum value A. = 7, p = 3
I 1 A3

I
|z|2=l(3 + 7i)(X + ig)|2
90° p Zi
X' —X = |3 + 7i|2|X + ip|2 = 58 (X2 + p2)
o
= 58 (72 + 3Z) = (58)2 =3364
27. We have,
z=/(x) + ig(x)
Y' where, i = V-T and f, g: (0,1) —> (0,1) are real-valued
Z . . functions.
=> ~zi = 3 => IzJ = '9+1 =V10
|z| 1 ]
(a) z = —— + i|
24. Let z = x + iy = r (cos 9 + i sin 9) 1-ix 1 1 + ix J
A |z| = r, arg(z) =9 1 + ix x+ i 1 1++xx . (1 + x)
1 + x2 1 + x2 11 ++ xx22 1 + x2
Given, |z —2 —i| = |z| sin | — -arg(z)
\4 1+x . .. 1+x
=
=>/(*) = ------ 2 and g(x) = -
i 71 1 + x2 1 + x2
=> |x + iy -2 - i| = r sin---- 9
\4 But for x = 05, /(05) > 1 and g(0.5) > 1, which is out of
range.
... . 1 .
=> | (x - 2) + i (y - 1) | = r —j= (cos 9 - sin 9) Hence, (a) is not a correct option.
V2
1 1 }
=> ^x-2)2 + (y - I)2 =-L\x-y\ (b) z =------- 1 — ix J
1 + ix
/ /
On squaring both sides, we get 1-ix [ (i-x)^ 1 -x ' 1 -x
+i
2 (x2 + y2 - 4x - 2y + 5) = x2 + y2 - 2xy 1 + x2 1 + x2 0 + x2, J + X2
=* (x + y)2 = 2(4x + 2y - 5) 1 -X
=> f(x) = -— and g(x) = -—
1 + x22 1+x
which is a parabola.
25. Since, 1, zp z2, z3,.... zn_l are the n, nth roots of unity. Clearly, /(x), g(x) e (0,1), if x e (0,1)
Hence, (b) is the correct option.
(z" -1) = (z -1)(z - Zj) (z - z2) (z - z3)... (z - Z„_1) fc) - - 1 ~ i(l - ix) (1 + x) i(l - x)
=(z-i)nn (z-zj 1 + x2 1 + x2 (1 + x2) (1 + x2)
r=1 Hence, (c) is not a correct option.
Taking log on both sides, we get 1 ' 1 1 + ix i(l + ix)
n—1
(d) z =------
1-ix J"* 1 + x2 (1 + x2)
log, (zn -1) = log, (z -1) + £ log,(z -zr)
r=1
(1 - x) ! i(l + x)
(1 + x2) (1 + x2)
On differentiating both sides w.r.tjz, we get
Hence, (d) is not a correct option.
nz”-1 1 •_n'1 1
(Z“Zr)
28. Let z = a be a real roots of equation.
(zn-l) (z-1) r=l
z3 + (3 + 2i)z + (-1 + ia) = 0

Putting z =3, we get => a3 + (3 + 2i)a + (-1 + ia) = 0

n -1 => (a3 + 3a -1) + i(a + 2a) = 0
1 _n-3"~‘ 1
E
r=l
(3-zr)"(3"-l) 2 On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get
a3 + 3a -1 = 0 and a + 2a = 0
26. We have,
a
z=(3 + 7i)(X + ip) => a =—
2
= (3X-7g) + i(7X + 3g) a3 3a
Since, z is purely imaginary. => ------------ i = o
8 2
3X-7p = 0
=> a3 + 12a + 8 = 0
80 Textbook of Algebra

Let f(a) = a3 4- 12a 4- 8 which is a circle and passing through the origin
=> /(-I) < 0and/(0) > 0
and radius =
2
-0 =
£
a €(-1,0) 2 2 /2
n
29. CiS — = cos — + i sin — 32. Given, |z-l|<|z + 3|
6 6 6
=> |z-l|2<|z4-3|2:
1 -1 4- iJT to
— = -ico => |z I2 4-1 - 2 Re (z) < |z I2 4- 9 4- 2 Re (3z)
i 2 7 i
m => 2Re(4z)>-8
[ 2 CiS — I = (-2to)m = ((-2i(jo)3 )m/3 = (8/)m/3 Re (4z) > - 4
k 6. 4z 4- 4z
n => --------- >-4
and^4 CiS = ^4 ^cos 7C 4- i sin I =(2^2(1 4- i)n 2
4 z + z >-2
and 0) = 2z 4- 3 - i
= (8(14-i)2)"/2=(16i)
=(16i)"’ /2
CO 4- CO = 2z 4- 3 - i 4- 2z 4- 3 4- i
Thus, (8i)w/J=(16i)"/2
= 2(z4-z)4-6> — 44-6
which is satisfy only when m = 48 and n = 24 =3 CO 4- CO >2
.•. m 4- n = 72 Option (a) (co - 5 - i | < | co 4- 3 4- i |
2
30. We have, z2 = z • 2* “111 => I 2z 4- 3 - i - 5 - i I < 1 2z 4- 3 - i 4- 3 4- i |
Taking modulus on both sides, we get => | 2z - 2 - 2i 1 < 1 2z 4- 6 |
|z|2=|z|-2*"M => |z-l-i|<|z4-3|
|z|(|z|-2*-l“) = 0 which is false.
...(i)
Option (b) | CO - 5 | < | CO 4- 3 |
and arg(z2) = arg (z •21-|x|)
=> | 2z 4- 3 - f-5 | < | 2z 4- 3 - f 4- 3 |
2arg(z) = arg (z) = -arg (z) => 2z - 2 - i | < | 2z 4- 6 - i |
=> 3arg(z) = 0
=> 2-i-i < z4-3--
arg (z) = 0 2 2
Then, y=0 [‘•'z=x+iy] |z-l|<|z + 3[
From Eq. (i), |z| = 0 => x = 0 [■•■ y = o] which is true.
One solution is z = 0 4- i • 0 = 0.
Option (c) Im (rco) > 1
Also, from Eq. (i),
y=2
to - to >
=>
Y 2i
to 4- ito
=>
(0.1) 5 2i
=> co 4- to >2
X' X which is true.
o
Option (d) | arg (co -1) | <

=> | arg (2z + 3 - i -1) | < -

r 2
IZH21"111 => |x|=2’"x => | arg (2z 4- 2 - i) | < y
=> lil=2-*=y(say)
Lt
=>
Im(2z 4- 2 - i) n
tan
Hence, total number of solutions = 2 ^Re(2z 4- 2 - i) 2
3f. is a purely imaginary number. Re(2z 4- 2 - i) > 0
z 4- i
(2z 4- 2 - i) 4- (2z 4- 2 4- i) Q
z+1 z 4- f z+1
=>——- = 2
z+i 2 + f> z -i z+i => z 4- z + 2 > 0
(z 4-1) (z 4- i) 4- (z - i) (z 4-1) = 0 => z + z > -2
2zz 4- z (1 4- i) 4- z(l - i) = 0 which is true.
1- i 33. .-. (1 + ri)3 = X (14- i)
=> zz + z =0
2 2 => 1 + (ri)3 4- 3(1 )2ri + 3(1) (ri)2 = X (1 + i)
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 81

=> 1 -r3i + 3ri -3r2 = A, + iX => 2(x2 + y2) + 27x - 50y + 38 = 0 ,..(i)
On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get and |z-4|=|z-8| =>|z-4|2=|z-8|2
1 -3r2 = X => |z|2 + 16-2 Re (4z) = | z |2 + 64-2 Re(8z)
and - r3 + 3r = X => 8 Re (z) = 48
Re(z) = 6
Then, - r3 + 3r = 1 - 3r.2
=> x=6 ...(ii)
=> r,3’-3r2-3r + l = 0
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
=> (r3 + l)-3r(r + l) = 0 2 (36+ y2) + 162 — 50y + 38 = 0
(r + 1) (r2 -r + 1 -3r) = 0 y2 -25y + 136 = 0
=£ (r+ l)(r2-4r + l) = 0 => (y-17)(y-8) = 0
r = - 1,2 ± => y = 17,8
Im(z) = 17,8
3rc n n
=> r = cosec —, tan —, cot — 37.
2 12 12 O(z2)
77^1)
34. Option (a) | z - 11 +.| z + 11 = 3
Here, 11 -(-1) | <3
i.e. 2 < 3, which is an ellipse.
Option (b) | z - 3 | = 2
It is a circle with centre 3 and radius 2.
Option (c) | z - 2 + i | = - (z3)«
S(z4)
3
7
It is a circle with centre (2 - i) and radius Option (a) v PS11QR
3' X
Z1 ~ Z4
Option (d) (z -3 + i)(z -3-i) = 5 arg =0
Z2 “Z3>
=> (z - 3 + 0 (z - 3 + 0 = 5
|z-3 + i|2=5 ——— is purely real.
z2~z3

=t> ) z-3 + 11 = V5 Option (b) v Diagonals of rhombus are perpendicular.

It is a circle with centre at (3 - i) and radius x/5. / Z, - z3 \ _ K_
Then, arg
35. Since, 1, zp z2, z3,..., zn j are the n, nth roots of unity. Vz2-z4>/ " 2
Therefore, => ——— is purely imaginary.
z"-l=(z -l)(z-zj)(z -z2)...(z-zn_1) z2-z4
Option (c) v PR * QS
z"-l
=> = (z-z1)(z-z2)...(z-zn_1) I Z1 “ Z3 I *1 Z2 ~Z4 I
z -1
Option (d) v ZQSP = ZRSQ
n—1
= n (z - zr) amp
Z2 ~ Z4
= amp
Z3 ~ Z4
r=l
Z1~Z4 Z2 - Z4J
Now, putting z = co, we get
f X
n -1 ,. n . Z1 ~ Z4 Z2 ~ Z4
=> -amp = - amp
n«o-zr)=^ lz2- ZJ <Z3 “ 2 4 >
r=l CO-1
( \
0, if n =3r, r e Z => amp
Z1 - Z4
= amp
Z2 ~ Z4

kZ2 “ Z4 > Z3" Z4>

=1 if n =3r+ 1, r 6 Z
1 + CD, if n = 3r + 2, r € Z 38. v | z — 31 = min {|z — 11,| z — 51}
36. v 3|z-12|=5|z-8i| Case I If|z-3|=|z-l|
On squaring both sides, we get
A 91 z - 12 |2 =25 1 z-8i |2
|z-3|2=|z-1|2
=> 9(z-12)(z-12)=25(z-8i)(z+8i)
=> | z |2 + 9-2 Re (3z) =| z |2 + 1 -2 Re(z)
=> 9(zz - 12(z + z) + 144) = 25(zz + 8i(z -z) + 64)
=> 4Re(z)=8
=> 16zz + 108 (z + z) + 200 (z - z) i + 304 = 0
=> Re(z) = 2
=> 16(x2 + y2) + 216x - 400y + 304 = 0
82 Textbook of Algebra

r_
CnseH If | z-31=| z-51 z z
—+
On squaring both sides, we get 2o k2 0
=> =1
|z-3|2=|z-5|t2 2
| z |2 + 9 - 2 Re (3z) = | z |2 + 25 - 2 Re (5z) Z
Re =1
=> 4Re(z) = 16 => Re(z) = 4 2o
39. C(z) 42. v Zj + z2 = a, Z]Z2 = b
and given | zj =| z21 = 1
yn/3\
/a \ Let Zj = e‘e and z2 = e‘
n/3 n/3, 2n/3 | a | =| z, + z21 <| zj + | z21 = 1 + 1 = 2
A(-a.O) a O a S(a,0) |a|<2
0+0
Also, arg (a) = arg (zj + z2) = arg (e'° + e‘*) =
2
and arg (i>) = arg (z,z2) = arg (e'e + 0) )=e + 0
From figure, it is clear that z lies on the point of intersection of :. 2 arg (a) = arg (&) => arg (a2) = arg (b)
the rays from A and B.
V Z.ACB = 90° and OBC is an equilateral triangle.
43. az2 + z + a = 0 .(0
Hence, OC = a Then, az2 + z + a = 0
=> |z-0|=aor|z|=a a (z )2 + z + a = 0
and arg (z) = arg (z - 0) = y => az2 + z + a = 0 [v z = z] ...(ii)
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
2z - i
40. v =m (a -a) z2 - (a - a) = 0
z+i
a - a - Oandz2 = 1
z-i/2 m
=> a = a and z = ± 1
z+i 2
Put z = ± 1 in Eq. (i), we get
For circle, — # 1 a + a =±1
2
and absolute value of real root = 1
=> m + 2 and m > 0
i.e, |z| = |±l| = l
41. A(z0) lie on| z | = r
44. Let z = a be a real root of equation
=> |z0| = r => |z0|2=r.2: =* zozo=r2
z3 + (3 + i)zZ-3z-(m+i) = 0
=> a3 + (3 + i)a2 -3a-(m + i) = 0
Afco)
r => (a3 + 3a2-3a-m) + i(a2-1) = 0

0 On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get

a3 + 3a2-3a-m = 0
P(z)
and a2- i = o => a = ± 1

Let P(z) be any point on tangent, then For a = 1, we get

it l+3-3-m = 0=> m = l
ZPAO = ~
2 For a = -1, we get
Complex slope of AP + Complex slope of OA = 0 -l+3+3-m=0 => m = 5
=> 45. Letz = a be a real root of equation
z - z0 z0 - 0
z3 + (3 + 2i) z + (-1 + ia) = 0
=> zz0 +zoz =2z0z0
a3 + (3 + 2i) a + (-1 + ia) = 0
=> ZZq + Zo2 =2r2
=> (a3 + 3a -1) + i(a + 2a) = 0
=$ zz0 = zz0
On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
Z -4=2
4+Z
Also,
r2 r2 a3 + 3a -1 =0 I

ZZp ZqZ and a + 2a = 0 ■

ZqZq ZqZq
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 83

a 98 50 A
=> a =—
2 = Z'' -3+ -0!
+ i1! + i2! + i”
-Z
=>
£ — -1 = 0 => a3 + 12a+ 8 = 0
r=1

f
r=4

47
j

X
8 2
=(r2 + i + 0) + i1 + i1 + i2 + i■ 66 + £ f(r+3)!
Let _f(a) = a3 + 12a + 8
< '• = 1 /
/(-l)<0,/(0)>0,/(-2)<0
= (-l-i) + (i + i-l-l
/(l) > 0 and f(3) > 0
■ =>

a g (-2,1) or a e(-l,0) ora g(-2,3) + (i° + i° + f° + ... 47 times))

So/. (Q. Nos. 46 to 48) = (-l-i) + (2i-2 + 47)
46. ■: arg (z) > 0 = 44 + i = a + ib [given]
arg (*) + arg (—z) = — K a = 44, b = 1
=> -arg(z)+arg(-z) = -7t Unit place digit of a2011 = (44)2011
=> arg(-z)-arg(z) = -7t = (44) ((44)2),00S = (44) (1936)1005
47. v arg (Z1z2) = it = (Unit place of 44)
=> arg (zj + arg (z2) = it x (Unit place digit of(1936)1005)
=> arg (zj - arg (z2) = 7t = Unit place of (4 x 6) = 4
Given, |zil=|z2l and unit place digit of fe2012 = (I)2012 = 1
lzil=|z2| = |z2| Hence, the unit place digit of a2011 + b
b 2012 = 4+1 = 5.
Then, Z1 + z2 = 0 too 10I
=> z, =-z2 51. ■: £ ir' + fl ir
r=4 r=1
48. arg (4zJ - arg (5z2) = 7t 97
is possible only when | 4zJ = | 5z2| _ y ,('■+ 3)! i2i3...i101
r=l
=> = - = 1.25 = (i° + i° + i° +... 97 times) + il + 2+ 3 + •••+101
Z2 4
= 97 + i5151=97+i3=97-i
and also 4Z[ + 5z2 = 0
:. a =97 and b = -1
=> £l = _5 Hence, a + 75b =97 -75 =22
z2 4
Sol. (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
£> = — = 1.25 If z ± - = b, where a, b > 0
Z2 4 z
Sol. (Q. Nos. 49 to 51) a aa
z±- <|z| + —
49. •: n I is divisible by 4, V n > 4. z z |»|
25 22
y ((n + 3)> => »S|z| + -^-
|z|
n=4 n=1
=> |z|2 — b|z| + a>0
= i° + i° + i° +... (22 times) = 22 (0 b - yjb2 - 4a
25 25 |z|<
Zin! = i1! + i2! + iy + £
n=1 n=4
2
b + yjb2 - 4a
and |z[> (i)
= i + i2 + i6 + 22 [from Eq. (i)] 2
= i-l -1 + 22 = 20 + i . .
z±- > |z|-^- a
Also,
z ' ' zI z I
:. a = 20, b = 1
a -b =20-1 = 19 b> | z |------
b > |z|- —
which is a prime number. 1*1
95 50 - b < | z || ------ b< b
=>
50. .-. £ f + £ ir- 1*1
r--2 r-0
=> -b | z | <| z |2-a < b 1 z |
 84 Textbook of Algebra

Case I -b | z | < | z |2 -a On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
=> |zl2 + b|z|-a>0 (1 -a)2 + b2 =(2a + 1)2 + (2b)2
- b - y]b2 + 4a => 3a2 + 3b2+6a = 0
Iz|<
2 => a 2 + b2 + 2a = 0
From option (c),
and
2 (1 +5a)2 +(3fe)2=(l -4a)2
Case II ( z |2 - a < b | z | => 9a2 + 9b2 + 18a = 0
=> | z |2 — b | z | — a < 0 a2 + b2 + 2a = 0

b — Jb2 + 4a b + Jb2 + 4a 56. From Eq. (i), we get

... z <------------
---- A--------- <<|z|< l-tan29/2^ /
2 2 2tan9/2
(1-a) +b = 2a + 1
From Case I and Case II, we get J + tan29/2j J + tan20/2,
-6 +Jfr2 + 4a^ b +Jfr2 + 4a -9 9
<|z|< •■•(ii) => (1 - a) - (1 - a) tan2 - + 2b tan -
2 2 2 2
9
9 V
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get = (2a + 1) + (2a + 1) tan2 -
2
- b + Jb2 + 4a , b + J(b2 + 4a)
z 4------ --------------
-------- i;--------- 4<|z|< 9 9
2 2 =t> (2 + a) tan2 — 2b tan - + 3a = 0
2 2
b + ^b2 + 4a 9 2b ± J4b2 - 1.2a (2 + a)
:. The greatest value of | z | is tan - =------ 2------------ ——
2 2 2(2 + a)
- b + yjb2 + 4a
and the least value of | z | is _2b + ^4b2-12(-b2)
2 [v a2 + b2 +2a = Q]
-2b2/a
52. Here, a = 1 and b = 2
_ (2b ± 4b) a 6ba - 2ab
-2ab 3a a
X =Sum of the greatest and least values of | z | =----- r or
or-----
----- -7 =----- or -
-2b2 -2b2 -2b -2b22 b b
= ylb2 + 4a = ^4 + 4 = 7i
9 b b b „n . e9 9
cot - =----- or - or — =3 cot - or - cot -
X2=8 2 3a a a 2 2
53. Here, a = 2 and b = 4 57. :. a2 + b2 + 2a = 0 => (a + I)2 + b2 = 1

X =Sum of the greatest and least value of |z |. Now, | z | = 1 = (a + I)2 + b2

= y!b2 + 4a = 716 + 8 = 724 58. v 1 + z + z2 + z3 +... + z'7 =0
I2 =24 1 • (1 — z 18)
—=0
54. Here, a = 3 and b = 6 (1-z)

X =Sum of the greatest and least value of | z | => 1-z18 = 0,1-z # 0

= ^2 + 4a = 736+ 12 = 748 = 473 z18 = 1, Z 1

=> 1 =273 and 1 + z + z2 + z3 +...+ z13 = 0

X2 = 12 L-O-^Lo
(1 -z)
Sol. (Q. Nos. 55 to 57)
=> 1-z14 = 0,1 - z 0
v W= = a + ib
z+2 z14 = 1, z 1 ■(ii)

55. v z=ase = ei0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

e*-l z14 • z4 = 1 => 1 • z4 = 1
= a + ib
e® + 2 z4 = 1
=>(cos9 + isin0 -1) =(a + ib) (cos9 + fsin9 + 2) Then, z = 1,-1, i,-i
On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get z *1
cos9 -1 = a cos9 + 2a -b sin9 z =-l, i,-i
=> (1 - a) cos9 + b sin9 = 2a + 1 —(i) Hence, only z = -1 satisfy both Eqs. (i) and (ii).
and sin9 = a sin9 + b cos9 + 2b :. Number of values of z is 1.
(1 - a) sin9 - b cos9 = 2b (ii)
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 85

59. We have, Z3 =Z ■••(0 r- x 1

For x = —,y = ± - [from Eq. (i)]
|Z|’=|f|=|z| 2 2
n V3 x 1
=3 |z|(|z|2-l) = 0 For x =------,y = ± - [from Eq. (i)]
2 2
| z | = 0 and | z |2= 1 1 , i^ 1 . iy/3 73 i '3 i
:. Solutions are - ±---- , — ±---- , — ± ------± -
Now, | z |2 = 1 2 " 2 ’ 2 2 2 2 2 2
_ 1 Hence, number of solutions is 8.
zz = 1 => z = -
z 62. We have, x- a + ib
On putting this value in Eq. (i), we get
=> x2 = (a2 -b2)+2iab =3+ 4i [given]
Z'3 =1 2
a" -b2 =3 and ah = 2 •••(i)
z
=> . z4=l -(ii) and x3 = x • x2 = (a + ib) [(a2 - b2) + 2iab]
Clearly, Eq. (ii) has 4 solutions. = (a3 - ab2 - 2ab2) + i[2a2b + b(a2 - b2)]
Therefore, the required number of solutions is 5. = (a3 - 3ab2) + i(3a2b - b3) = 2 + Hi [given]
60. We have, z = 9 + ai .-. a3-3ab2 =2
=> z2 =(81 -a2) + 18ai and 3a2b-b3=ll (ii)
z3 = (729 - 27a2) +(243a - a3) i From Eq. (i), we get
According to the question, we have a2 + b2= -b2)2 + 4a2b2 = 5
Im (z2) = Im (z3)
Then, 2a2 =8,2b2 =2
=> 18a = 243a - a3 => a(a2 -225) = 0 a2 = 4,b2 = 1
a = 0 or a2 =225 => a=2,b = l
But a*Q and a=-2,b = -l [■.• ab=2]
a2 =225 Finally, a = 2, b = 1 satisfies Eq. (ii).
Hence, a + b = 2 + l= 3
The sum of digits of a2 = 2 + 2 + 5 = 9
63. v (l + i)4=[(l + i)2]2
61. Let z = x + iy
= (l + i2 + 2i)2 = (l-l + 2i)2
1*1 = 1
= 4i2 = - 4 ■(i)
x2 + y2 = 1
z z 1 — Vie i -i
and - + - =1 and
z z Vk + i 1 + Tn i
x + iy x - iy _ (1 - Vn i) (Vit - i) + (Vn - i) (1 - Vic i)
=> 1
x - iy x + iy n+1 1+n
_ Vtc- i-ni-Vit+Vtc- TCi-i-Vic
(x + iy)2 4- (x - iy)2
=> =1 K+l
x2 + y2
-2ni-2i
------------ = -2i -(ii)
2(x2-y2) _ TC + 1
=> 1 [from Eq. (i)]
1 f—
It -I
\

Given, z = —(1+i)4 +
x 2 -y 2.1
=± - (ii) 4
2
Tt
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get = -(-4)(-2i) = 2ni [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
4
2x.22=1±- = -,-
2 2 2 Now, 1*1 -^ = 4
2 1 3 u.1 x^3 amp (z) J It/2
1
=>
4 4 2 2 64. v An=l
D 1 X v/3
[from Eq. (i)] => A=(l)1/n=e■2: ’tH/n,r = 0,l,2,...,n-l
For x = -,y =± —
22 4si/n of>Kiln
A = l, e2K‘ln.e'*‘"\ e'"'"",..., e
fl2rt(n-l)i/n

_ p2it piln
Forx = --,y=± — [from Eq. (i)] and (A + l)n=l => A + l=(l)1/n —c
2 2
 ■
86 Textbook of Algebra ■

.[’Of 2qn 2qn

A=e2Kp,,n-l = epK,/n -2isin = -i { L cos----- + i sm —— ■

[9 = oV 11 11
p — 0,1, 2,.. n-1 s
= - i {(sum of 11,11th roots of unity) - 1}
i
A = 0, e"i/n • 2i sin I „2xi/n
I, e
Mt). = -i (0-1) = I
32 ( ™ ( . 2qlt . 2qn p
TC (n - 1) P = Z (?p + 2) Z sin —----- 1 cos ——
eKI <n ~,)/n • 2i sin p=l l? = ik 11 11
n
For n = 6, 32
„4xi/n _ „4ni/6
= £(3p + 2)((y
e =e = e2x(/3 P=1
2n . . 2rc 1 ’•173
i73 32 32
= cos — 4-1 sin — = — +----- = 3Ep(i)P + 2Z(iy
3 3 2 2• p=l P=1
e>ti/6 K 32
and e ■ 2i sin
6 = 3 Z p(, )P + 0 = 3$ (say)
p=i
\ rt 7t i
= cos — + i sin — • i 32
I 6 6J where, S = Z p(i)p

= —+-
f 73 f p=i

I2 2J 2 2 S = l-i + 2i2 + 3i3 + ... + 31-i31 4- 32 -i32

Hence, the least value of n is 6. i$ = li2 + 2-i3+... + 31i32 + 32i33

65. Given, z,. z2, z3,..., z50 are the roots of the equation (1 - i)S =(i + i2 + i3 +... + i32) -32i■ 33
33
50
y (z)r = 0. then = (0)-32i
r=0 s_ 321(1 + 0
50 50 (l-i)(l + i)
y (z)r =(z - Zj) (z - z2) (z -z3)... (z - z50) = n (z - zr)
r»0
= - 16 (i - 1) = 16 (1 - i)

1 Taking log on both sides on base e, we get P=3S = 48(l-i)

' 50 > Given, (1 + i) P = n(n!) => (1 + i)-48(l -i) = n(n!)

50
log, £(2)' =X log, (z-zr) 96 = n(n!) =$■ 4(4!) = n(n!)
<r = 0 > r=l
n=4
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. z, we get (1 + i)2 1 4- i2 4- 21
50 67. v =i
W* 50
1 -i (l-0(l + 0 2
r = 0________
50 =e
r=1 (z ~ zr)
1
Given,
+/ ]
— | = — sin
1 -i n < 2x )
.2 \
2 . _j "1 + x‘

r=0 (. i\
1+ X
=> in=- sin’’
On putting z = 1 in both sides, we get n < 2x )
50
(1 + x2
50 => sin-1
r=0
~50 -e r=1
1
(1 -Zr)
2x

E’
r=0 =>
1 4- x 2 f it
71
- = sin -(i)n (0
2x 2
SO
=>
(1 4-2 4-3 4-...4- 50)
51 -e r =l
1
(zr -1)
Now,

X+1
AM>GM

X
x2+ 1
= -(-5X) [given] > 1 => >1
2 2x
5-°x51
( 7t . .J
=> 2 = 5X sin - (i)n > 1 [•/ -1 < sin 0 < 1]
51 2
=> X =5
sin | — (i)n = 1
»? ( . 2qn
2q7t 2qlt
2q7t U
66. •: l I sin —— i cos
q=1 11 11 => n = 4,8,12,16,...
*2 ( 2q7C 2qn Least positive integer, n = 4
= - i Z I cos — + i sm
9=> 11 11
1
3
Chap 01 Complex Numbers 87

68. (A) -> (p,9), (B) -> (p,r),(C) -» (p.r.s) '13 + 5 _ .

-5 (B) 75-12/ =± ± (3 - 2i)
If z ± - = b, where a > 0 and b > 0, then
■ z
13 + 5'
i- - b+ yjb2 + 4a b + 7b2 + 4a
and 7-5 -12/ = ± = ±(2—3/)
I■ 2
<|z|<
2
2 ,
5 z = 75-12/ + 7-5-12/ = ± (3 - 2i) ± (2 - 3i)
I
■
(A) Here, a = 1 and b = 2
Then, - 1 + 72 <|z| 1 + 72
= 5-5/,-l -/,-5 + 5/,l + /
2 zt = 5 - 5i, z2 = - 1 - /,
G = 1 + 72
z3 = - 5 + 5/ and z4 = 1 + i
= and L = -l + 72
B |z,|2 + |z2|2 + | z3|2 + |z412 = 50 + 2 + 50 + 2
- =3 G - L =2 [natural number and prime number]
(B) Here, a = 2 and b = 4 = 104 = 8 x 13
' |17 + 8
I
■
Then, -2 + 76 <|z| <2 + 76
G = 2 + 76
(C) 78 + 15/ = ±
\ 2 ■/¥)
and L = - 2 + 76 = ± [_5_ 3i_
= ± -7= (5 + 3i)
72
=> G - L = 4 [natural number and composite number]
andV-8-15.=±^H-i 17 + 8
(C) Here, a - 3 and b = 6
2
Then, -3 + 273 <|z| <3 + 273
3 5
G=3 + 2y[i =± 4= i| = ± 4; (3-5i)
.2 J)
,7i 7i >12
and L = -3 + 273
z = 7» + 15/ + 7-8-15/
=> G - L =6
[natural number, composite number and perfect number] I = ± -7= (5 + 3i) ± -7= (3 - 5i)
72 72
69. (A) -+ (q), B —» (q, r), C -+ (q, s)
z =-1= (8-2i),-7= (-2 - 8i),
We know that, 72 72
|z| — Re (z) |z| - Re (z)
2 2
4= (-8+ 2/), 4= (2+ 8/)
72 72
' /|z| + Re(z) '|z| -Re(z)' z, = 72 (4 - /), z2 = 72 (- 1 - 4i)
If Im(z) > 0 = ± -/
X 2 2 z3 =72 (- 4 + i)andz4 = 72 (1 + 4i)
If Im (z) < 0
••• kJ2 + k2l2 + N2 + lz412=34 + 34 + 34 + 34
10 + 6 = 136 = 17x8
(A) 76 + 8/ = ±
X 2
70. (A) -> (p,q,r,t);(B) -+ (p,s);(C) -» (p.r)
= ± (2y[2 + /Ti) (A) Here, the last digit of 143 is 3. The remainder when 861 is
= ± 72 (2 + /) divided by 4 is 1. Then, press switch number 1 and we get
3. Hence, the digit in the units place of(143)861 is 3.
10-6 + . 10 + 6
and 7- 6 + 8/ = ± X=3
2 2
Next, the last digit of 5273 is 3. The remainder when 1358
= ± (72 + f 2T2) = ± 72(1 + 2i) is divided by 4 is 2. Then, press switch number 2 and we
z = 76 + 8/ + 7- 6 + 8/ get 9. Hence, the digit in the units place of (5273)1358 is 9.
U=9
= ±>12(2 + i) + yl2(l + 2/)
Hence, l+g=3 + 9 = 12
= 372 (1 + /), 72 (1 - /),-3^ (1 + i),72 (-1 + i) which is divisible by 2, 3, 4 and 6.
Zj = 372 (1 +/), z2 = 72 (1 -/), (B) Here, the last digit of 212 is 2. The remainder when 7820
is divided by 4 is 0. Then, press switch number 0 and we
z3 =-3^ (1 + /)
get 6. Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (2 1 2) 7820 is 6.
and z4 =7i (-1 + /) X=6
•• |z,|2 + |z2|2 + |z3I2 + |z4|2 Next, the last digit of 1322 is 2. The remainder when 1594
is divided by 4 is 2. Then, press switch number 2 and we
= 36 + 4 + 36 + 4 = 80 which is divisible by 8. get 4.
88 Textbook of Algebra

1 + Zj + z2+ z3
Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of(1322)1594 is 4. =>
3
p =4
Zj+ z2 + z3 _ 1
Hence, A. + p= 6+ 4 = 10, which is divisible by 2 and 5. =>
3 3
(C) Here, the last digit of 136 is 6. Therefore, the unit’s place
.................... ( 1
of(136)786 is 6. A Centroid of the triangle is —, 0 .
k 3 /
A. =6
So, the circumcentre and centroid of the triangle coincide.
Next, the last digit of 7138 is 8. The remainder when
Hence, required triangle is an equilateral triangle.
13491 is divided by 4 is 3. Then, press switch number 3
and we get 2. Hence, unit’s place of(7138)13'’91 is 2. Therefore, Statement-1 is true. Also, zp z2 and z3 represent
vertices of an equilateral triangle, if
p=2 Z]2 + Z2 + Z3 - (ZjZ2 + z2z3 + z3z,) = 0.
Hence, X+p=6+2=8
Therefore, Statement-2 is false.
which is divisible by 2 and 4.
75. We have,
71. (A)^(r);(B)-*(p,s);(C)->(q,t)
|z -1| + |z -8| =5 (0
If z — — = b, where a > 0 and b > 0, then Here, Z] = 1, z2 = 8 and 2a = 5
z Now, lzi — zzl = b “8| = |-7| =7
- b + ylb2 + 4a b + -\b2 + 4a 2a=5<7
<|z|<
2 2 Therefore, locus of Eq. (i) does not represent an ellipse. Hence,
— b + Jb2 + 4<a Statement-1 is false. Statement-2 is true by the property of
b+ yjb2 + 4a
A,= and p =-------- —-------- ellipse.
2 76. Since, zn z2 and z3 are in AP.
(A) Here, a = 6 and b = 5
A 2z2 = Zj + z3
A. = 6 and p = 1
z, + z,
A? + px =6’ + l6=7 z2 =--------- -
2
and -pX =6* -I6 =5 It is clear that, z2 is the mid-point of zt and z3.
(B) Here, a = 7 and b = 6 A Zp z2 and z3 are collinear.
A A. = 7 and p = 1 Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a
A?+pX =7* + I7 =8 correct explanation of Statement-1.
and A?-pX =7*-17=6 77. Principal argument of a complex number depend upon
quadrant and principal argument lies in(— K, k].
(C) Here, a = 8 and b = 7 Hence, Statement-1 is always not true and Statement-2 is
A. = 8 and p = 1 obviously true.
=> A? + p x =8* + I8 =9 , . kTt
78. We have, C]: arg (z) = —
A? -px =8* -I8 =7 ’ 4
and
72. Statement-1 is false because 3 + 7i > 2 + 4i is meaningless in => tan [ let z = x + iy]
\xj 4
the set of complex number as set of complex number does not
hold ordering. But Statement-2 is true. 7t
y = tan —
=> =1
73. Statement-1 is false as X 4
y=x
(cos 0 + i sin 0)" # cos n0 + i sin n<J>
Ci-.y = x
KT ( It .. It 2 it . . it
Now, cos — + i sin — = cos — + i sin — r i \ 371
I 4 4, 2 2 C2:arg(z) = —
4
[by De-Moivre’s theorem]
A Statement-2 is true.
=> tan r1 W
xj
= —4 [ let z = x + iy]

74. We have, 3k
y = tan — = -1
|3zj + l|=|3z2 + l|=|3z3 + l| X 4
.'. Zp z2 and z3 are equidistant from j, oj and circumcentre y=-x
C2:y = -x ■(ii)
and C3: arg (z - 5 - 5i) = 7t
of triangle is | - Oj.
tan
fy-5>
- ---- = n [ let z = x + iy]
Also, 1 + z, + z2 + z3 = 0 ' \X -5,
=

■ Chap 01 Complex Numbers 89

y-5 On putting x = CD in Eq. (i), we get

- ---- = tan % = 0 => y = 5
■ x-5 co5 -1
= (co - a,) (cd - a2) (cd - a3) (co - a4)

I C3:y=5
We get the following figure.
y
...(iii) CD-I
CD2 -1
CD-I
= (co-a1)(cD-a2)(cD-a3)(co-a4)

and putting x = co2 in Eq. (i), we get

...(ii)

oy
8 C3: y=y CD1O-1
= (co2 - a,) (co2 - a2) (co2 - a3)(co2 - a4)
(-5, 5R~ /4(5,5) co2-1
C2:y=-x CD-I
X = (cd2 -a,)(co2 -a2)(co2 -a3)(co2 -a4) ...(iii)
0(0, 0) CD2 -1
On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (iii), we get
co—CX] co-a2 co-a3 co-a 4 .JCO2-!)2
2 * 2 * 2 2
.'. Area of the region bounded by Cp C2 and C3 co -cq cd -a2 co -a3 r ~ 4 (®-I)2
co4 -a
_ CD4 +1 - 2CO2 _ co +1 -2co.2:
— _1 IIIl 5-0 5 - 0|| = ;25
2||-5-0 5-0| CD2 + 1 - 2C0 CD2 + 1 - 2CD

:. Statement-1 is false. -CD2 -2C02 _ — 3CD2

---------- = CD
Now, OA = 572, OB = 5^2 and AB = 10 -C0-2C0 -3C0

(OA)2 + (OB)2 = (AB)2 and OA = OB z+z

82. Let z = x + iy, then ------ = X
2
Therefore, the boundary of Cp C2 and C3 constitutes right
:. From given relation, we get
isosceles triangle.
=> x = |x+iy-l|
Hence, Statement-2 is true.
=> x = |(x-l) + iy |
Since, Im(z2z3) = t*2*3-- = ^2Z3 ~z2z3l x2=(x-l)2 + y2 =>2x = l + y2
If Zj = Xj + iy} and z2 = x2 + iy2
Zi Im(z2Z3) = ^{z^Zj -Z^Zj}
Then, 2x, = 1 + y2 -(i)
2
and 2x2 = 1 + y2 ..(ii)
Similarly, z2 Im(z3Zj) = — {z2z3Zj ~z2z1z3} •••(ii)
2i On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
and z3 Im(z1z2) = ~{z3ZjZ2 —z3ZjZ2} ...(iii) 2(x1-x2) = y12-y22
2i
2(x! -x2)=(yj +y2)(y,-y2) (iii)
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
But, given that arg (z, - z2) = n 14
zt Im(z2z3) + z2Im(z3z1) + z3Im(z1z2) = 0
Therefore, this is proved. Then, tan-’ yi-y2|=* => Xi -X2 =i
<X, -x2 4 X, -x2
80. Since, zv z2 and z3 are the roots of
yJ-y2 = xi-x2 (iv)
x3 + 3ax2 + 3bx + c = 0,
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
we get Zj + z2 + z3 = - 3a [••■71 -72*0]
yi + y2=2
Zi + z2 + z3 =_a Im(Zj + z2) = 2
3 Hence, the imaginary part (zx + z2) is 2.
and ZjZ2 + z2z3 + z3z, =3b
83. (i) LHS = (a2 + b2 + c2 - be - ca - ab)
Hence, the centroid of the AABC is the point of affix (- a).
(x2 + y2 + z2 - yz - zx - xy)
Now, the triangle will be equilateral, if
= (a + bco + cco2) (a + bco2 + cco)
z2 + z2 + z3 = ZjZ2 + z2z3 + Z3Z1
(x + yco + zco2) (x + yco2 + zco)
=> (Zj + z2 + z3)2 = 3(zjZ2 + z2z3 + z3zj = {(a + bco + cco2) (x + yco + zco2)}
=> (-3a)2 =3(3b) {(a + hco2 + cco) (x + yco2 + zco)}
Therefore, the condition is a2 = b. = {ax + cy + bz + CD (bx + ay + cz)
81. v x5 -1 =0 has roots 1, otp a2, a3, a4. + co2 (ex + by + az)} x{ax + cy + bz + cd2
(bx + ay + cz) + co (ex + by + az)}
(x5 -l)=(x-l)(x-ai)(x-a2)(x-a3)(x-a4) = (X + coZ + co2 Y) (X + cd2Z + co Y)
x5-l = RHS
=>------- = (x-a,)(x-a2)(x-a3)(x-a4) •••(i)
x-1
90 Textbook of Algebra

(ii) LHS = (a’+ b3 4- c3 - 3abc) (x3+ y3 4- z3 - 3xyz) Using Eqs. (i) and (ii), then equations of lines are
= (a 4- b+ c)(a2 + b2 + c2 -ab -bc-ca)x z + z 3 (z - z)
------- + _1------ <-11 = 0
(x + y + z)(x2+ y2 + z2 - xy -yz -zx) 2 2i
= (a + b 4- c) (x + y + z ) 3 (z + z) _ (z~z) + 7 = Q
(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - be - ca)x and
2 2i
(x2 4- y2 + z2 - xy - yz-zx) [using (i) part] i.e., . (1 - 3i) z + (1 + 3i) z - 22 = 0
= (ax + ay + az + bx + by + bz + ex + cy + cz) and (3 + i) z + (3 - i) z + 14 = 0
(X2 + Y2 + Z2 - YZ - ZX - XY)
86. Putting = x in LHS, we get
= {(ax + cy + bz) + (ex + by + az) 4- (bx + ay + cz)}
(X2 + Y2 + Z2-YZ-ZX-XY) LHS = (l + x)(l + x2)(l + x22)...(l + x2fl)
= (X 4- Y 4- Z) (X2 + Y2 + Z2 - YZ - ZX - XY) Jl-x) (1 + x) (1 + x2) (1 + x2 2)... (1 + x2”)
= X5 + Y’ + Z3-3XYZ = RHS (1-x)
84. Let z = x + iy _ (1 - x2) (1 4- X2) (1 + X2 2 )...(! + x2")
|z|2 = x2 + y2 (1-x)
x2 + y2 - 2i (x + iy) + 2c (1 + i) = 0 2 2
) (1 4-X2 )...(! 4-X2 )
n
(1-x2
(x2 + y2 + 2y + 2c) + i (- 2x + 2c) = 0 (1-x)
On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get .2"
(1-Z )(1 + Z) i-(xV
x2 + y2 + 2y + 2c = 0 —(i)
(1-x) (l-x)
and - 2x + 2c = 0 ...(ii) 2"
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get i
1-
2 1+i
y2 + 2y + c2 + 2c = 0 x =-----
2
1-
-2± J4 - 4(c2 + 2c) r------ 7----- -
< 2 >
=> y =----- 2 - = -1 ± J(1 - c2 - 2c)
v x and y are real. f
= —2__ (1 + i) = (l + i) 1- —11 '
1 - c2 - 2c £ 0 or c2 4- 2c 4-1 < 2 on =RHS
(1 + 0 \ 22
(c + I)2 <(>/2)2 => ^2 — 1 < c 5/2 -1 I 2 J
• 0 < c £ -Ji - 1 [*.■ given c > 0] 87. Since, arg (z - 3i) = 3ti / 4 is a ray which is start from 3i and
Hence, the solution is z = x + iy = c + i (-1 ± -Jl - c2 - 2c) makes an angle 3n / 4 with positive real axis as shown in the
figure.
for 0 < c < Ji - 1 x+y=3 y
and z = x 4- iy = no solution for c > Ji -1
85. Let z = x + iy (0.3)
z 4- z yy=x+-
2
Re (z) = x = -.(i) ■■ 2
2
z -z 3/2
and Im (z) = y = ,(ii)
2i ■■ 1

The equation (2 - i) z + (2 + i) z + 3 = 0 can be written as • X'+ >X

1/2 0
2(z + z)-i(z-z) + 3 = 0
or 4x 4- 2y 4- 3 = 0 Y'
Slope of the given line, m = - 2 Equation of ray in cartesian form is
Let slope of the required line be n\, then y - 3 = tan(3n/4)(x- 0)
n\ - m m, + 2 =,±1=^ or y - 3 = - x or x + y =3
tan 45° = => 1 =
1 + rr\m 1 -2rrjj 1 -2n\ and arg (2z + 1 - 2i) = n/4
arg ^2 (z + | - i
■■■ 3 = n/4

:. Equation of straight lines through (-1, 4) and having slopes arg(2) + arg I z + - - i I = K14
or
- - and 3 are y - 4 = — (x + 1) and y - 4 = 3 (x 4- 1) \ 2 /
3 3 0 + arg (z + | - ij = n/4
=> x + 3y -11 = 0 and 3x - y + 7 = 0 or
 ■ Chap 01 Complex Numbers 91

-*+1 On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get

or arg = n/4
2 z (c~2 - a~lb~l) = 2c”1 - a”1 - b~l
which is a ray that start from point - - + i and makes an angle 2c -a 1 - b
Hence, z=—
c”2 - a~lb~'
it 14 with positive real axis as shown in the figure.
/.Equation of ray in cartesian form is which is a required point.
y-1 =1 [x —(—1/2)] =>y = x + 3/2 90. vADlBC
From the figure, it is clear that the system of equations has no AP is also perpendicular to BC.
solution. A(zt)
••■(*)
88. Let a = r cos a and 0 = r sin a
So that, a2_, =r'2
6 + a0'2_
r = |a|
Then, a =|a | cos a [from Eq. (i)]
(?2)B CIZ3)
cos a = ± 1
Then, cos a = 1 or - 1 according as a is + ve or - ve and
sin a = 0. P(Z)
Hence, a = 0 or it according as a is + ve and - ve. it
Then, arg I zi ~ z I
Again, let 0 = cos 0 or b = rj sin P -(ii) \z3—Z2/ 2
( X
So that, 02 + b2 = r2 I zi - z
Re =0
rj=|&| \Z3 “ z2>

From Eq. (ii), we get b = | b | sin P zi ~z

sin p = ± 1 z3 ~ z2 Z3 ~Z2
=0
Then, sin P = 1 or -1 according as b is + ve or - ve and cosP=0. 2
Zj - z Z\ - Z
Hence, P = — or according as b is +ve or -ve. => + -—— = 0 (i)
2 2 Z3“Z2 Z3 -Z2

89. Let two non-parallel straight lines PQ, RS meet the circle But O is the circumcentre of AABC, then
|z | = r in the points a, b and c. OP = OA = OB = OC
----- lz I = IZ1 I ~ lZ2 I ~ lZ3 I
b S On squaring the above relation, we get
0 z IZ|2=IZ1|2=IZ2|2=IZ3|2
Q
=> zz =Z^ =Z^2 =z^3
c z z
From first two relations £ = — •••(ii)
R^ z zt
Then, [a | =r,\b | = r and|c| = r or |a |2 =| b|2 =|c| 2 = r2 z z
From first and third relation — = —
a a = b b = c c = r2, z z2
2 2 2 z, z
then a=-, b=-andc=- and from first and fourth relation — = — -(iv)
a b c z z3

z z 1
Z. — Z
Points a, b andz are collinear, then a a 1 =0 From Eq. (i), we get —------ + -X----- = 0 ..•(v)
Z3“Z2 £3 _Z2
b b 1 Z Z
(a - b) - z (a - b) + ab - a b = 0
Z From Eqs. (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v), we get
( 2 2\
r rr2^ _ . r2a r2b 1-1
z ~z(a-b) + —-------- = 0
b ba zi~z , zi
—=0
Z3~Z2 £ z
On dividing both sides by r2 (b - a), we get
z3 z2
z z / \
—+ ~-a + b zi-.2_ 1 + ££. . = o
: z, — z
ab r V —------- * 0
<z3—Z2/ . ZZj . Z3~Z2
For RS, replace a = b = c in Eq. (i), then
Z,Z, ^2^3
z z „ 1 + —= 0 => Z =
— + — = 2c (ii)
c2 r2 ZZ1 Z1
92 Textbook of Algebra

91. From the figure, 92. Given, OA = 1 and \z | = 1

a =(arg (z)-arg (co))
Y
2 PqM
and for every a, sin2 (ii)

A(z)
P(z)
s A(1)
ro 1*1 |z-col 0
*-X
c
CT
05
E B(co)
a Q(zzo)
|co|
-------------------►
0 Real axis OP = |z-0|=|z| = l
OP = OA
In AOAB, from cosine rule OPq = |z0 — 0 | = |z0 |
(AB)2 = (OA)2 + (OB)2 - 2OA • OB cos a and OQ = | zz0 - 0| = |zz0| = |z 11z0| = 11z0| = |z0|
=> |z - co I2 = |z I2 + |co I2 - 2 |z I |co I cos a OP0=OQ
=> |z — cd|2 =(|z | — |cd|)2 + 2|z | |co| (1 - cos a) fz0 - 0^1 Z Zp
Also, ZP0OP = arg
l^z-0 J zz
=> |z-co|2 =(|z |-|co|)2 + 4)z | |co|sin2 — (- \
2 Z Zo Z Zo j =
= arg arg - arg (z z0)
=> |z-u|!s(|z|-I®I)2 + “|z|I“I?
2
[from Eq. (ii)]
hl2 J . 1 J
2 . -X 1
= - arg (z z0) = arg —
|z-co |2 <(|z | -1 co |)2 + a2 [*•• |z | <l,|co|<l]
|z - co |2 < (|z |-|co |)2+(arg (z) - arg (co))2 [from Eq. (i)] ( 1-0
= arg = ZAOQ
I. Aliter
Let z = r (cos9 + i sin 9) and CO = /j (cos 9, + i sin 9]), Thus, the triangles POP0 and AOQ are congruent.
then|z| = rand|co| = r. PP0 = AQ
Also, arg (z) = 9 and arg (co) = 9] |z-z0|=|zz0-l|
and r<land /j<l [v given|z | < 1,|CO| < 1] 93. Let the equation of line passing through the origin be
We have, z - co = (r cos 9 - r} cos 9j) + i (r sin 9 - q sin 9]) az + az = 0 •0)
|z — co|2 =(r cos 9 - rt cos9])2 + (r sin 9 -r, sin 9J2 According to the question, Zj, z2..... zn all lie on one side of
=> |z - co |2 = r2 + r2 - 2/7] cos (9 - 9J line (i)
= (r - Tj)2 + 2/7] - 2/7] cos (9 - 9j) az/ + aZf > 0 or < 0 for all i = 1,2,3..... n •(ii)
n n
= (r - q)2 + 2/7] (1 - cos (9 - 9])) aEz( + a£zj>0or<0 ...(iii)
i=i i=i

= (r - T])2 + 4/7] sin2

9-9, n

2 => If X zt = 0, then £ z( = 0,
i=i i=i i=i
2
9-9, n n
<(r-r1)2 + 4rr1 [v|sin9|<|9|]
2 i=i i=i
= (r-r1)2 + rr1(9-91)2 From Eq. (ii), we get
<(r-r1)2+(9-91)2 a z( + az, > 0 or < 0 for all i = 1,2,3..... n
|z -(012 £ (|z I - |co I)2 + (arg z - arg co)2 ^ + ^>0or<0
=>
IL Aliter z( z,

Let z = r cos 9 a a
=> kJ2 — + — > > 0 or < 0
Z] Z]
and co = 5 cos 9j
.-. r2 + r2 - 2/7] cos (9 - 9J £ r2 + r2 - 2rr} + (9 - 9J2 a a
=> — + — > 0 or < 0 for all i = 1,2,3,..., n
2 z( zf
9 -e, r, rj < 1
=> nj sin2 1
and sin2 x £ x2 => .... — lie on one side of the line az + az =0
Z]’z2
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 93

"1 "1
or a Z — + a Z — > 0 or < 0
/ = 1 z( i = 1 zf

"1 £"1—
Therefore, Z — * 0 If £ £"1—
1 = 0, then Z 1 =0
1 = 1 z( 1 = 1 zi ( = 1 z(

n 1 n 1
=> a I i + a Z 1 = 0-
i = l zf ( = 1 z,
From the given condition,

i 94. Given, |a | |t| =>lab2c ;|a | =|c|; az2 + bz + c = 0, then we

have to prove that |z | = 1
ri r2
r2 r3 n = 0
5

i
S
On squaring, we get
|a |2 |b |2 =a b2c and|a |2 =|c |2
=>
r3 q r2
q.33 + r2,33 + r3.33 -3rjr2r3 = 0
=> a a b b = a b2c and aa =cc
=> 01 + r2 + r3) Krl ~r2)2 + (r2 -5)2 + (r3 ~ri)2} = 0
i => a b=b c and a a = c c (i)
If Zj andz2 are the roots of az2 + bz + c = 0 Since, /j + r2 + r3 * 0,
Then, and z2 are the roots of a (z )2 + bz + c = 0 •••(A) then (r, - r2)2 + (r2 - r3)2 + (r3 - r,)2 = 0
b c It is possible only when
zi + z2 = - -, Zfr = -
a a •■■(ii) ri -r2=r2-r3 = r3-ri =°
- - b c
and Zi + z2 = --,z1z2=- r1=r2=r3
a a
1 1 _ zi + z2 _~b Ia _ b b - - and |2il=|z2l=lz3l=r [say]
—+— -~=zl+z2 Hence, zp z2,z3 lie on a circle with the centre at the origin.
zi z2 Z] z2 c/a c a
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] .
. 1 1 -b/a (ii) Again, in Aoz2z3 by Coni method
and — + —
Z1 z2
b
v*
c/a
a be b
arg
z3 - 0
= Zz2oz3 => arg Zz2oz3 (i)
=---- ----- ~ - - = z, + z2 Z2~°
c ca a a In A z^zz by Coni method
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] z —z 1
arg -—---- - = Zz2 Zj z3 = - Zz2oz3 [property of circle]
Now, it is clear that z}= — and z2 = 1 <Z2 ” Zl> 2
zi z2 f \
1 £3 [from Eq. (i)]
Then, |z3 |2 = 1 and |z212 = 1 = -arg
<zi>
/
Hence, |z | = 1
arg £3 = 2 arg
Z3 ~ Z1
Conversely For az2 + bz + c = 0, we have to prove ,zi. <Z2 “Zl>

|z| = l=>|a||b|=7oT^ \2
Z3 II = arg | z3 ----
Hence, arg II — ~ z\ J-
and |al=|c| \Z1/ \Z2 Z\)
, 1
. (z I = 1 =>|z|2=l => z z = 1 =>z = —
z 96. We know that,
From Eq. (A), we get Re(z1z2)<|z1z2|
A |z,|2 + |z2|2 + 2Re (z,z2) <|zj2 + |z2|2 + 2\z.z2\
a
1. -rn
2 + i>-+c
1 2--
= 0orcz+hz + a=0
z z => |z> + Z2 I2 kl I2 + lz2 I2 + 2 lZI I lZ2 I ...(i)
Also, az2 + bz + c = 0, on comparing Also, AM > GM
2
c b a
a b 1C
if' |z,|)! + [i|z,| 1/2
W > ► [vc>0]
a a = c c and a b = b cs 2
=> |a | =|c | and|a | | = -Ja b2c
=> c|z1|2 + -|z2|2>2|zi||z2|
95. (i) Let Z] = q (cos a + i sin a), c
z2 = r2 (cos [J + i sin P) and z3 = r3 (cos y + i sin y) |z, I2 + |z212 + 2 |z, I |z21 < |z, I2 + |z212 + c |z, I2 + 1 |z212
c
IZ11 = n. Iz21 = r2. |z31 = r3
=> |zj2 + |z212 + 2 |z, I |z21 < (1 + c) |zt I2 + (1 + c’1) (|z212)
and arg (zj = a, arg (z2) = p, arg (z3) = y
■••(ii)
94 Textbook of Algebra

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 98. Let z be the complex number corresponding to the orthocentre
|Zj + z212 < (1 + c) (z, |2 + (1 + c '*) |z212 0, since AD 1BC, we get
A(Z1)
Aliter
Here, (1 +c)|z, |2 + (1 4-c-1) |z2 |2-|z, + z212 F
\E
= (1 + c) z1Z1 + 11 + - | z2z2 - (zx + z2) (z, + z2)
k cj
= (1 + c) ZjZx + I 1 + — I Z2Z2 ~ Z]Z] — ZjZ2 — z2zx — z2z2
\ C/
8(z2) D C(z3)
— CZjZ] ^2^1
C

1 , 2 ~Z1 it
= - {c izi ■2-czlz2-cz2zl} arg
c Z2"Z3 2

= - {cz, (cfj - z2) - z2 (cfj - z2)} i.e. ——— is purely imaginary.

c Z2“Z3

= — (tZ| — Z2) (cZj — Z2) = — (.CZ\ ~ z2) (CZ, — z2) z - z, z - z.

z-Zi
c c i.e. Re = 0 or ------ L + ~—r- = 0 ...(i)
1 ■> Z2 ~ Z3 z2 - Z3 Z2 — z3
= - |czj -z21 > 0 as c > 0
c z -z2 z -z2 „
Similarly, ------ - + -—_ = 0 [v BE1CA] ...(ii)
(1 + c) |zj2 + fl + -1 |z2 I2 - |Z| + z2 |2 > 0 Z3-ZI Z3“Z1
\ Cj
From Eq. (i), we get
Hence, |z, + z212 < (1 + c) |zj2 + f1 + - I |z21 2
(z - z2) (z2 - z3)
\ cj z =z, - „.(iii)
(z2“z3)
97. If z be the complex number corresponding to the circumcentre
0, then we have From Eq. (ii), we get
OA = OB — OC (z -z2)(z3-z,)
z =z2 - ...(iv)
A(z,) (z3~2i)

e(?2)
V C(Z3)
Eliminating z from Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get

zt-z2
= (z ~Z1)
(z2-z3)
- x _ (z-z2)(z3-Zi)
(z22-z33)-

= (z, -z2)(z2-z3)(z3-z1)
(Zj-Zj)

or(z -z1)(z2-z3)(z3-z1)-(z-z2)(z3-z1)(z2 -z3)

|z-Zj|=|z-Z2|=|z-Z3|
or z {(z2 - z3) (z3 - zj - (z3 - z,) (z2 - z3)}
= (Z! - Z2) (z2 - z3) (z3 - z,) + Z] (z2 - z3) (z3 - Zj)
|Z-Z, |2=|z-z2|2=|z-z3 I2
~ Z2 (z3 — Zj) (z2 — z3)
=> (z -Zj)(z-Zj)=(z -z2)(z-z2)
=> Z [z2z3 - Z2Zj - Z3Z3 + Z3Zj - Z3Z2 + z3z3 + ZjZ2 - Zj z3]
= (z-z3)(z-z3)
= (Zj -Z2){z2Z3-Z2Zj -Z32 + Z3Zj}
From first two members of Eq. (i), we get
z (z2 ~ zi) = 2i (z “ zi) “ z2 (2 “ z2> + (z2 — Z3) (z3Zj — Zj ) + (z3 — Zj) (z2z3 — z2)
(ii)
and from last two members of Eq. (i), we get = - {z2 (z2 -Z3) + z22 (z3 - Zj) + z32 (Zj - z2)}
z (z3-z2) = z2(z-z2)-z3(z -z3) ...(iii) + {ZjZ2Z3 -Z2ZjZj + Z3ZjZj + Z2ZjZ3
Eliminating z from Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get - W3 + Z2Z3Z3 - ZjZ^j} - z z (ZjZ2 - Z2Zj)
(z2-zj)[z2(z-z2)-z3(z -z3)] = (z3-z2) = - Z Z]2 (z2 - z3) -E ZjZj (z2 - z3)
[z, (z -z,)-z2(z -z2)] ZZj2(z2-z3) + Z|Zj|2(z2-z3)
Hence, z =----------—— ----- ---------------
or z [z2 (z2 -zx)-z3 (z2 - zx)- z, (z3 - z2) + z2 (z3 -z2)J Z (ZjZ2 - Z2Zj)

= z2z2 (z2 -z,)- z3z3 (z2 - Zj)- zxzt(z3 -z2) + z2z2 (z3 -z2) 99. Let 6 = - (2n + 1) it, where n = 0,1,2,3,..., 6
7
or z Z z. (z, - z,) = Z z.z. (z2 - z3)
70=(2n + l)n or 40 =(2n + 1) it-30
Z = Z|Zj |2(z2-z3)
or or cos 40 = - cos30
or 2 cos2 20 -1 = - (4 cos3 0-3 cos 0)
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 95

or 2(2cos2 0 -1)2 - 1 = -( 4cos3 0-3 cos0) (z7 + 1)

= (z -a)(z -a)(z -a3)(z -a3)(z -a5)(z - a5)
or 8 cos4 0 + 4 cos3 0-8 cos2 0 - 3 cos 0 + 1 = 0 (z + 1)
Now, if cos 0 = x, then we have => zb-z5 + z4-z33 + z2— z + 1
8x4 + 4x3-8x2 -3x + 1 = 0 = I z2 + 1 - 2z cos— 2 , „ 3k)
z + 1 - 2z cos —
or(x + l)(8x3 - 4xz -4x + l) = 0 k 7. 7 )
5K I ...(A)
I z2 + 1 - 2z cos—
x+ 1 * 0 [v 0 * K]
7
8x3-4x2— 4x + 1 = 0 •••(i) Dividing by z3 on both sides, we get
Hence, the roots of this equation are
K 3k 5k
cos—, cos—, cos—-.
7 7 7 I 1 „ K 1 3k 11 5k
r . 9K 11k 5k = I z +---- 2 cos — z +----2 cos— z +---- 2 cos —
[ since cos— = cos—, cos---- I z 7. z 7 . . z 7 ,
7 7 7
« • 1 „
3k 13k K j tv t‘\ * i . i On putting z + - = 2x, we get
= cos—, cos---- = cos— and Eq. (i) is cubic] z
7 7 7
1 1 (8x3-6x)-(4x2-2) + 2x —1
(i) On putting — = y or x = -j= in Eq. (i), then Eq. (i) becomes
x y/y 3k 5k
= 8 x- cos— x - cos— x - cos—
=>
8 4 4
--- J=----------- T= + 1 = 0 I 7. 7 . 7 .
yjy y jy 3 2 a n | 71
or 8x-4x-4x+l=8x- cos—
4 2 k 7,
1 -- 3k 5k 'I
k y) 'y y. x - cos— x - cos—
7 .
—(0
7 J
16 8 16 4 4
or ! + —-- 1 + —-- So, 8x3 - 4x2 - 4x + 1 = 0 and this equation has roots
y y y y y
n 3k 5k
or y3-24y2 + 80y-64 = 0 ...(ii) cos—, cos—, cos—
7 7 7
1 1
where = sec20 K 3k 5k Constant term
x2 cos20 cos—cos—cos— =
7 7 7 Coefficient of x3
Thus, the roots of x3 - 24x2 + 80x -61 =0
2K 2 3K 2 3k K 3k 5k 1
are sec —,sec —,sec — cos—cos—cos— = [ proved (i) part]
7 7 7 7 7 7 8
(ii) Again, putting y = l + zi.e. z=y-l On putting x = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
„( K 3k 5k
= sec20 -1 = tan20, Eq. (ii) reduces to 1=81- cos— 1 - cos— 1 - cos—
k 7. 7 . 7 .
(1 + z)3 - 24 (1 + z)2 + 80 (1 + z) - 64 = 0
or 1 = 8 [ 8 sin2 — sin2 — sin2 —
or z3-21zz + 35z-7 = 0 ...(in) I 14 14 14.
tv 2 It 7 3K 2 SK , - Since, sin0 > 0 for 0 < 0 < K /2, we get
Hence, tan —, tan —, tan — are the roots of
7 7 7 . K . 3k . 5k 1
x3-21x2 + 35x-7 = 0 .'. sm— sm—sin— = - ...(ii) [ proved (iii) part]
14 14 14 8
(iii) Putting x = - in Eq. (i), then Eq. (i) reduces to Again, putting x = - 1 in Eq. (i), we get
u
u3 - 4u2 - 4u + 8 = 0 whose roots are -7 = -8 f 1 + cos— 3k 5k
1 + cos— 1 + cos—
K 3k 5k k 7. 7 . 7 .
sec —, sec —, sec —.
7 7"7 ( 2K 2 3k 25k
7=8 8cos—cos —cos —
Therefore, sum of the roots is t 14 14 14
K
k 3k 5n
sec — + sec — + sec — = 4 Since. cos0 > 0 for 0 < 0 < K /2, we get
7.7 7
100. Let roots of z7 + 1 = 0 are -1, a, a3, a5, a, a3, a5, K 3k 5k 7
cos—cos—cos— = ...(iii) [ proved (ii) part]
14 14 14 8
where a = cos— + i sin —
7 7 On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (iii), we get
(z7 + l)=(z + 1)(z-a)(z-a)(z-a3) k 3k 5k 1
tan—tan—tan— = [ proved (iv) part]
(z -a3)(z -a5)(z -a5) 1414 14 7
96 Textbook of Algebra

(1 + y). c ... Again, circles (i) and (iii) should not cut or touch, then distance
On putting z =------ — in Eq. (A), we get
(1 - y) between their centres > sum of their radii
2 It 2 5 71 ■J(- 2a - 0)z + (a + 1 - 0)z > 3 + 3
„ v7 26 cos2 — cos2 — cos'
(1 + y) + (l-y) = 14 14 14
2(1-y)6 (1-y)6 or ■Jsa2 + 2a + 1 >6

I 2 2 It 11 2 2 3tt 2 2 => 5a2 + 2a + 1 > 36

y“ + tan — y y2 + tan'
tan — y + tan —
V 14 A 14. 14. 5a2 + 2a - 35 > 0
or
(1 + y)7 + (1 -y)7 =27 -~(y2 + tan2^l 2 2a _ _
=> a +- 7 > 0
64 k 147 5
( 2 2 3^t /
yz +tan —
2 2 5n
yz + tan —
-i -4 Vii -1 + 4 V1T
1 14. or a- a-
------- >0 >0
Using result (ii), we get v 14. 5 5 J
/
(1 + y)7 + (l - y)7 = 14 | y2 + tan2 — -i -4 ViT -i + 4 ViT
V 147 ae
( 2 2 5
22 2 5tt
y2 + tan2 — y + tan —
V 14. 14. Hence, the common values of a satisfying Eqs. (iv) and (v) are
Equating the coefficient ofy4 on both sides, we get "1-771 -1 -4 V1T -i + 4 ViT 1 +V71
ae
7 7— 2 7t 2 2 2 ’ 5 5 2
7C. + C. = 14 tan — + tan2— + tan2 — \ & J 7
[14 14 14.
102. (i) From De-moivre’s theorem, we know that
. /• 2 It 23TC 25jl
Therefore, tan — + tan — + tan — =5 sin(2n + l)a = 2n + lC] (1-sin2a)"
14 14 14 sina - Zn + 1C3 (1-sin2a)n-11 sin3 a
101. Equation | z | = 3 represents boundary of a circle and equation
+ ... + (— l)n sin'2n+,a
| z - {a (1 + i) - i) | < 3 represents the interior and the
It follows that the numbers
boundary of a circle and equation | z + 2a - (a + 1) i | > 3
it 2it nit
represents the exterior of a circle. Then, any point which sin-------- , sin-------- , ,, sin--------
satisfies all the three conditions will lie on first circle, on or 2n + 1 2n + 1 2n + 1
inside the second circle and outside the third circle. are the roots of the equation.
2n + *Q(1 - x2)"x -2n +' C3(l - x2)n-1 x3 + ... + (- l)"x2"+1
= 0 of the (2n + 1) th degree
Consequently, the numbers
. 2 K . 2 2n , 2 i r.i
sm -------- , sin ------- -, ..., sin ------ — are the roots of the
2n +1 2n +1 2n + l
equation
2n+,q (l-x)n - 2n+,'C
i 3 (1 - x)"-,x + + (-l)V=0of
For the existence of such a point first two circles must cut or
atleast touch each other and first and third circles must not the nth degree
intersect each other. The aicABC of first circle lying inside the (ii) From De-moivre’s theorem, we know that
second but outside the third circle, represents all such possible sin(2n + l)a=2n + 1C1(cosa)2nsina
points.
-2" + 1C3(cosa)a,-2sin3a + + (-l)nsin'Zn+1a
Let z = x + iy, then equation of circles are
x2 + y2=9 ...(i) or sin(2n + 1) a ^sin2"41 a
(x - a)2 + (y - a + l)2 =9 ...(ii) 2n-2a+
cot2na-ZB + 1 C3 cot2n-z a + 2n+1C5 cot 2,1-4 a - ...}
and (x + 2a)2 + (y - a -1)2 = 9 ...(iii) it 2it 3it rm
It follows that a =
Circles (i) and (ii) should cut or touch, then distance between 2n + 1’ 2n + 1’ 2n + 1’ ’ 2n + l
their centres $ sum of their radii
Therefore, equality holds
=> 7(a - 0)2 + fa -1 - 0)2 <3 + 3 Cj cot a - c3 cot a+2n+1 C5 cot 20 “4 a-... = 0
=> a2 + (a -I)2 <36 It follows that the numbers
=> 2a2 - 2a - 35 < 0 it .2 2n 2 nit
cot2—-—, cot , cot are the roots of the
I—\ 2n +1 . 2n + l* 2n + l
35 n (
35 1 + > 71
a2 -a------< 0 or a---------- a---------
i - TTP <0
equation
2 I7 2 2 7
2n + i 2" + 1C3x" -1 + 2n + 1C5x/’ -2 ... = 0
1 - V71 i + Vn
<a< -(iv)
2 2 of the nth degree.
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 97

103. Let y = |a + boo + cco2|. For y to be minimum, y2 must be

minimum. __________ z i
108. =1 |z| = z —
y2 =|a + boo + cco2|2 = (a + boo + cco2)(a + bw + cm2) z -- 3
3
= (a + boo + coo2) (a + boo + cco2)
Clearly, locus of z is perpendicular bisector of line joining
y2 = (a + boo + cco2) (a + boo2 + cco)3
points having complex number 0 + i 0 and 0 + -.
= (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - be - ca) 3
Hence, z lies on a straight line.
= | [(a-t)z + (&-c)2+(c-a)2] f co - coz
109. Given, is purely real => z 1
\ 1 "Z
Since, a, b and c are not equal at a time, so minimum value of
fco-coz CO-COZ^ co - coz
y2 occurs when any two are same and third is differ by 1.
=> Minimum of y = 1 (as a, b, c are integers) I 1 -z 1 -z
(co — coz) (1 -z) = (l -z)(co - coz)
104. Equation of ray PQ is arg (z + 1) = —
4 => (zz -1) (co - co) = 0
K => (|z|:-l)(2ip) = 0 [v oo = a + 10]
Equation of ray PR is arg (z + 1) =----
4 |z|2-l = 0
Shaded region is - — < arg (z + 1) < — => | arg (z + 1 )| < — => |z| = 1 andz * 1
4 4 4 10

|PQ| = 7(s/2)! + (^)!=2 s," -J + .c°s -

K —1
So, arc QAR is of a circle of radius 2 units with centre at -2k K i
■v “
P (- 1, 0). All the points in the shaded region are exterior to
this circle |z + 1| =2. lLe
i=i
71 f -2tici A
i.e. |z + 1| > 2 and |arg (z + 1)| < —.
4
105. In AAOB from Coni method, ——- = em/2 = i
=i
2?
k=0
-1 = i(0-l) [ v sum of 11,11 th roots of unity = 0]

ZA~1
= -i
\A(2+<3i)=zA 111. v z2+ z + 1 = 0
B(zb)
2
Z = CO, 00

z + -11 2
= co + — = co + co= -1
z co
(Zc)C D(zd) 2 1 2 1 2
=> z+ — = 00 + — = 00 + co = -1
Z co
3 1 3 1
ZB -l=(zx-l)i z 3 + — = co3 + — = 1 + 1= 2
zB = 1 + (2 + & -1) i = 1 + (1 + iJl) i z co
4 1 4 1 1
z+ —= CO+—=00 + —= -l
zc=2-za = 2-(2 + 73i) = -^/3 i z oo co
5 1 . 5 1 2
and zD = 2-zB = 2 — (1-^3 + i) = l + ^3-i z+ — = CO + — = 00+ co = -1
z co
Hence, other vertices are (1 - Ti) + i, - Vsi, (1 + 73) - i. z6 + ^7 = C06 + ^t = 2
and
z6 co6
106. Let z, = fj (cos 0! + i sin 0J and z2 = r2 (cos 02 + i sin 02)
Required sum = (-1)2+ (-1)2 + (2)2 + (-1)2 + (-1)2 + (2)2 = 12
.•.|zj + z2| = [Oj cos 0t + r2 cos 02)2 + Oi sin 0i + r2 sin 02)2]1/2
112. Let OA =3, so that the complex number associated with A is
= [ki2 + r2 + 2rtr2 cos (0! - 02)]1/2 = [fa + r2)2]l/2
3eK/4. Ifz is the complex number associated with P, then
••• IZ1 + Z2I=|Z1I + |Z2|
• N (North)
Therefore, cos (0j - 02) = 1
z
=> 0j -02 = 0
4
=> ©I = ©2
Thus, arg (zt) - arg (z2) = 0 n/2 A3eix/4
W7.(x-l)3=-8 => x-l=(-8)1/3 3/
=> x — 1 = — 2, — 2oo, - 2co2 n/4
W -------- <
0 (East)
=> x = -l, 1 -2co, l-2co2
98 Textbook of Algebra

z-3eaM 4 e~n/2 _ _ 4i 120. ’.’ zz(z2 + z2) = 350

0 -3ettM 3 3 Put z = x + iy
=> 3z -9ea/4 =12iett'4 => z =(3+ 4i)ea/4 => (x2 + y2)-2(x2-y2) =350

113. Let z = cos 0 + i sin 8 => (x2 + y2) (x2-y2) = 175 =25 x7

z cos 0 + i sin 0 x2 + y2=25, x2-y2=l

77 1 - (cos 20 + i sin 20) => x2 = 16,y2=9
cos 0 + i sin 0 x = ± 4, y = ± 3; x, y e 1
2 sin2 0 - 2 i sin 0 cos 0 Area of rectangle = 8 x 6 = 48 sq units
15 15 15
cos 0 + i sin 0 _ i 121. £ Im(z2m-1) = £ Im [e(2m-1)*]= £ sin(2m-l)0
-2 i sin0 (cos0 + i sin 0) 2sin0 m=1 m=1 m=1

z Y 2 sin (2m -1)0 sin 0

Hence, lies on the imaginary axis Le. x = 0 or on Y-axis.
iT2 ” ~
m=1
2sin0
Aliter
z z 1 1 1 _ y cos (2m -2)3 - cos 2m0
Let E =
1 -z2 zz -z2 z-z z-z z-z ,
m =l
2 sin 0
2i
2i _ cos 0° - cos 300 1 - cos 60°
which is imaginary. (-.•6=2°)
2Im|z| 2sin0 2 sin 2°

114.\z + 4\<3 1-1

=2 = 1
=>z lies inside or on the circle of radius 3 and centre at (- 4, 0). 2 sin 2° 4 sin 2°
Maximum value of |z + 1] is 6.
4 44
122. z-- > IzJ- — => 2> |z|- —
z kl
Izl kl
4 Q -

O__ => -2<|z|----- <2 => -2|z| <|z|2-4<2[z|

X+
LA (0.0)
>X lzl
(-4.0)
(-1.0) => |z|2 + 2 |z| - 4 > 0
and 12-2|z|-4<0
'Y'
=> (|z| + 1)2£5 and (|z|-l)2<5
115. LetA= set of points on and above the line y = 1 in the argand -V5<|z|-l^V5 and |z| + 1 75
plane.
^-l^|z|^V5+ 1
B = set of points on the circle (x - 2)2 + (y -1)2 = 32
123. As z = (1 -1) Zj + tz2
C = Re (1 - i) z = Re [(1 - i) (x + iy)] = x + y
2
=> . x + y = V2
t 1 -t ?2
Hence, (A n B n C) has only one point of intersection.
=£ zp z and z2 are collinear.
116. The points (- 1 + i) and (5 + i) are the extremities of diameter
Thus, options (a) and (d) are correct.
of the given circle.
Hence, |z + 1 - i|z + |z-5-i|2 =36 Also, ^- = ^4
z2 Z] z2 Zj
117. ’.’ \z - w| £||z|-|w||
Hence, option (c) is correct.
and |z - w| = distance between z and w 2n 2n 1 .
124.<a = cos — + i sin — = — + i —
z is fixed, hence distance between z and w would be maximum 3 3 2 2
for diametrically opposite points. Ci) is one of the cube root of unity.
=> |z-w|<6 => ||z| —|w|| <6 z+1 Cl) Cl)2
=> -6<|z|-|w|<6 => -3 <|z| -|w| + 3 <9 z + cd2
Cl) 1 =0
118..’ z0 = l + 2i CD2 1 Z + Cl)
Zj = 6 + 5i => z2 = - 6 + 7i
Applying R, R t + R 2 + R 3, we get
119. Put (- i) in place of i. z z z
-1 (0 zZ + CO
(D2 1 =0 [V 1 + CD + CO2 = 0]
Hence,
co2 1 z + co
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 99

Now, applying C2 -» C2 - Cp C3 -> C3 - Cv we get (D) Let w = cos 0 + i sin 0, then

z 0 0 1
z = x+iy = w + —
2 w
co Zz + co2-co
+ (0 - (0 1 — co = o
x + iy = 2 cos 0
co2 1-w2 z + co-co2
x = 2 cos 0 and y = 0
=> z[(z + co2 - co) (z + co - co2) - (1 - co) (1 - co2)] = 0
126. v x2 - x + 1 = 0
=> z[z2 — (co2 — co)2 — (1 — co2 — co + co3)] = 0
=> z[z2 - (co4 + co2 —2co3) -1 + co2 + co - co3] = 0 _ 1 ± 7(1 - 4) 1 ± i>/3
=> z3 = 0 2 2
z=0 _1+
and
2 2
tt5.|z-i|z||=|z + i|z|| 2
X = - (D , - CO
(A) Putting z = x + iy, we get yyx2 + y 2 =0
a = - co2, P = - co
i.e. Im(z) = 0 a2009 + p2OO9___ ,.,4018 _ ,.,2009
4 => = -co’u*° -CO'
(B) 2ae = 8,2a = 10 => 10e=8=>e = -
5 = - co - co2 = - (co + co2)
(0.3) = — (— 1) = 1
127. \z -1| = |z + 1| =|z -i|
(0.0) => |z-1|2 =|z + 1|2 =|z-x|2
(-5.0) (5. 0)
=> (z-l)(z-l)=(z + l)(z + l) = (z-i)(z + i)
(0.-3) => zz — z -z+ l = zz + z + z + 1 -zz + iz - iz + 1
=> -z-z=z + z=i(z-z)
b2 =25 f 1 |=9
From first two relations,
\ 25?
2 2
2(z + z) = 0 => Re(z) = 0
=> ^+ ^=1 From last two relations,
25 9 z + z=i(z-z) => 2 Re(z) = -2 Im(z)
(C) z = 2 (cos 0 + i sin 0)---------------------- From Eq. (i), Im(z) = 0
2 (cos 0 + i sin 0)
z = Re(z) + i Im(z) = 0 + i • 0 = 0
= 2 (cos 0 + i sin 0) - - (cos 0 - i sin 0) Hence, number of solutions is one.
2
128. We have, |z -3-2i| <2
3 5
z = - cos 0 + - i sin 0 |2z-6-4i|£4 ...(i)
2 2
Now, \2z -6-4i| = |(2z -6 + 5i)-9i|
>||2z -6 + 5i|-9| •••(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
<^(3 0)
H°) |2z —6 + 5i)-91< 4
=> — 4 < |2z — 6 4- 5z| — 9 < 4
=> 5 <|2z-6 + 5i| < 13
Hence, the minimum value of |2z - 6 + 5i| is 5.
Let z = x + iy, then 129.v|zl = l z=e*
3 - 5 • 5. ,
x = - cos 0 and y = - sin 0
' 2 Re
2iz
= Re
f 2ie* ) = Re / 2i
i-*2, J-e2«J -ee
=> (¥)■•(¥)’■' ( 2i
= Re ^-2i sin0, = Re
sin0?
=> 1 = - cosec 0
9 25 =--------
sin0
x2 + y 2 = 1
----
=> cosec 0 £ -1 => cosec 0 > 1
9/4 25/4
=> - cosec 0 > 1 => - cosec 0^-1
9 25 . 2x => - cosec 0 6 (- °°, -1] [1, °°)
=>
r7(-e) 2iz r, x
16 4 Re ------- e (- «. -1] n [1, ~)
=> e = - l-z2J
25 25 5
100 Textbook of Algebra

130.': |z| = 1. Let z = e 10 134. Given, z2 + z + 1 =a => z2 + z + l-a = 0

z-l=e*-l = e */2-2isin(0/2) -l±7(4a-3)
z=
1 1 ie-*12 2
z -1 2ie 10/2-sin (0/2) 2 sin (0/2) 3
Hence, a#- [for a = 3/4, z will be purely real]
-/fl/2 4
1
1 -Z 2 sin (0/ 2) ar8(r^i]=(f “I) 135. Let z = x + iy, then
z 2 _ (x + iy)2 _ (x2 - y2 + 2ix)
=> arg
1 -z
1 7t
2 II n
z -1 ~ (x + iy - 1) (x -1 + iy)

_(x2-y2 + 2ixy)(x-l-ty)
/. Maximum value of arg I —j =
2 (x-l + iy)(x-l-iy)

131." jx|2 = xx = (a + b + c)(a + b + c) Jx -1) (x2 - y2) + 2xy2 + i [2xy (x -1) - y (x2 - y2)]

= (a + b + c)(a + b + c) (x-i)2 + y2
= | a|2 + | b|2 + |c|2 + ab + ab + be + be + ca + ca (i) z2 )
Now, Im =0
|y |2 = yy = (a + bco + cco2) (a + bco + cco2)
= (a + bco + cco2) (a + bco + cco2) 2xy(x-l)-y(x2-y2) = 0
=> y (2x2 -2x-x2 + y2) = 0
= (a + bco + cco2) (a + bco2 + cco)
y (x2 + y2 -2x) = 0
= |a|2 + |b|2 + |c(2 + abco2 + abco
+ bcco2+ beco + caco2+ caco ...(ii) => y = 0 or x2 + yz -2x = 0
Hence, z lies on the real axis or on a circle passing through the
and|z|2 = zz =(a + bco2 + cco) (a + bco2 + cco)
origin.
= (a + bco2+ cco) (a + bco2 + cco)
136. Given, [z| = 1 and arg (z) = 0 (i)
= (a + bco2 + cco) (a + bco + cco2)
=> |z|2 = 1 => zz = 1
= |a|2 + |b|2 + |c|2 + abco + abco2
=> z =- .(ii)
z
+ bew + bcco + caco + caco '1 + z f 1+z
arg = arg [from Eq. (ii)]
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get kl + 1/z
ixi!+iyr+i2i2=3(iai!+ii,i!+ici!) = arg (z)=0 [from Eq. (i)]
+ 0 + 0 + 0 4- 0 + 0 + o(v 1 + CO + co2 = 0) Aliter I
Given, |z| = land arg(z) = 0
. I*l2 + |yl2 + |z|\ 3 => z =e
|a|2 + |b|2 + |c|2 \ / 1 + e'e>|
arg = arg = arg(e'e) = arg(z)=0
132.': Re(z) = l J t c y
2
Aliter II Given, |z| = 1 and arg (z) = 0
Since, a, |3 e R
Let z = co (cube root of unity)
:. The complex roots are conjugate to each other, ifzp z2 are
1+z (1 + Cp' 1 + CO
two distinct roots, then zx = z2 or zx = z2 arg = arg = arg (-.■©= co2)
:. Product of the roots = zxz2 = p I1 + J + CO2
'-CO^
=> Z]Z1=P (•.• 1 + CO + co2 = 0)
= arg
P=|Zi|2=[Re(zi)]2 + Im|z1|2
= arg (co) = arg (z) =0
= 1 + Im |Zj|2 >1
[•.' roots are distinct:. Im (Zj) 0] 137. z0=2a-4
a
P > 1 or P e (1, oo)
2 |z0|2 =r2 + 2
133.-: (1 + co)7=(-co2)7 = -coH =-co2 = l + co 2 2 2
,22 1 1
Given, (1 + co)7 = A + Bco => 1 + co = A + Bco 2 2a - - = r+2 =>2 2a - — a -— +2
a a a
On comparing, we get A = 1, B = 1 => 7 lai2 + —4;-8 = 0 => |a|2 = 1 or - => |a|= 1 or 4=
(A,B) = (1,1) |a|2 1 1 7 V7
 Chap 01 Complex Numbers 101

138. (B) z, • z = zk is clearly incorrect.

z'°-l
lim-------
«->i z -1
(C) Expression = =1
10
9 2kn
inJ6 (D) 1 + Ezt = 0 => 1 + E cos =0
e-i5nJG fc = i 10
:. Expression = 2
1/2 1/2
Z1 ~2z2
143. v =1
2"Z1Z2
w=— = e irt/6 p =£
2
nt/6 — dt/6 => |Zj -2z2|2=|2-z,z2|2
As Z] e P n => Zj = 1, e
iSn/6 => (zi ~ 2z2) (z, - 2z2) = (2 - ZjZ2) (2 - ZjZ2)
As z2 g P n H2 => z2 = -1, e'5*76,
ZZjOz2 = 27t/3, where zt = e M,z2=e i51t/6 (Zj — 2z2) (Zj — 2z2) = (2 — Z|Z2) (2 — ZjZ2)

Sol. (Q. Nos. 139-140) => z,?! - 2Z]Z2 - 2z,z2 + = 4 - 2zjZ2 - 2zxz2 + zxzxz^2

Let z = x + iy, S{: x2 + y 2 < 16 =* |z,|2 + 4|z2|! + 4 + |z1|2|z!|!

(x-l)+ i(y + \^) => (|z,|2-4)(1-|z!|2) = 0
Now, Im >0
1- | z2 | * 1
=> S2: 4ix + y>0=> S3:x>0 Izi|2 = 4 or |zj=2
=> Point z, lies on circle of radius 2.
V3x +y = 0 (0.4)
144. Let a = 3, b = -3, c = 2, then

S (a + bco + c®2)4"4-3 + (c + aa) + bco2)4n+3 + (b + cto + aco2)4n+3

=0
0 \60° (4.0) =>(a +bco + cw2)4n+3
z , \4n+3
' c + aw + bw2Jn+3\
2)"' 4"+3
b + cw + aor)
1+ =0
a + bw + cw2 a + bco + ao2 J

139. min |1 - 3i - z\ = min |z -1 + 3i| => (a + bw + cw2)4n+3(1 + w4n+3 + (w2)4n+3) = 0

= perpendicular distance of the point (1, - 3) from the straight => 4n + 3 should be an integer other than multiple of 3.
3-^3
line -Jix + y = 0 = :. n = l, 2,4,5
2 145. v at = cos^^-^j + isin(^^ = e*k/7
■k
1 2071
2
140. Area ofS = | n x 42 + 7t X 4 =-----
\4/ 6 3 ••• «k+l -afc = e'K(fc+,)/7-ea'fc/7 = e*k"(e */7-l)
141. Since, | z | > 2 is the region lying on or outside circle centered at
(0, 0) and radius 2. Therefore, |z + (1/ 2)| is the distance of z
from (-1/2,0), which lies inside the circle.
Hence, minimum value of |z + (1/ 2)| => |at+i-at|=2sin^
=e
btkn^bt A4
'2,sinfeJ
= distance of (-1 / 2, 0) from (- 2, 0)

-- + 2
. 2
2
+ |0-0|2 =3/2
12
£|afc+,-afc|= 12X2 sin
k=l

n
fe)=24sin
_a(4k-2)/7_ ot(4k-2)/7^ot/7_1j
Aliter 3110 a4k-l -U4k-2 “ e e ~e
••• |z + (l/2)|S |z|-l 2 2-11 [V|z|>2]
2
|z+(1/2)| 2 3/2
142. Clearly, z£° = 1, V k, where zk 1
(A) zk-zj=e‘(2x/10)(fc + J} = 1, if(fc + j)is multiple of 10
=> |a4i -a 4fc_2|=2sin
fe) "
••• I l«4k-l "«4*-2l = 3 X 2 Sin = 6 Sin
i.e. possible for each k. k=l \ 7 \ /
102 Textbook of Algebra

12 2 2 X „
Xlai+)-aJ or x" + y -- = 0
a
Hence, =4
3
:. Locus of 2 is a circle with centre I —, 0
\2a
-au-2l
1=1
and radius = —, a > 0.
2 + 3i sin 9 2a
146. Let 2 =
1 - 2i sin 9 Also for b = 0, a * 0, we get y = 0.
locus is X-axis and for a = 0, b * 0, we get x = 0
2 is purely imaginary
locus is K-axis.
2=-2

2 4- 3i sin 9 2 + 3i sin 9 1 1 1 1 1 1
=>
1 - 2i sin 9 1 - 2i sin 9 148. Let A = 1 —CO2—1 co2 1 co co2
2 + 3i sin 9
1 co2 co7 1 co2 co
2 - 3i sin 9
=>
1 + 2i sin 9 1 - 21 sin 9 (•.• 1 + co + co2 = 0 and co3 = 1)

(2 - 3i sin 9) (1 - 2i sin 9) + (1 + 2i sin 9) (2 + 3i sin 9) = 0 Applying Q —> C, + C2 + C3, then we get

=> 4-12sin29 = 0 or sin29 = - 3 ••• 1 1

3

:. 9 = sin A= 0 co co2 (V 1 + CO + CO2 = 0)

1
147. ■: x + iy = 0 co2 co
a + ibt
a - ibt = 3 (co2 - co4)
TTbY = 3 (- 1 - CO - CO) (■.• co3 = 1 and 1 + co + co2 = 0)
a bt
X= ■ y=- = - 3 (1 + 2CO)
(a2 + b2t2) (a2 + b2t2)
= - 3z = 3k (given) (v 1 + 2co = z)
1 X
or x2 + y2 =
a2 + b2t2~ a k = -z
 CHAPTER

/
r * )) /
1.1

Theory of Equations
Learning Part
Session 1
• Polynomial in One Variable • Identity
• Linear Equation • Quadratic Equations
• Standard Quadratic Equation
Session 2
• Transformation of Quadratic Equations • Condition for Common Roots
Session 3
• Quadratic Expression
• Wavy Curve Method
• Condition for Resolution into Linear Factors
• Location of Roots (Interval in which Roots Lie)
Session 4
• Equations of Higher Degree
• Rational Algebraic Inequalities
• Roots of Equation with the Help of Graphs
Session 5
• Irrational Equations
• Irrational Inequations
• Exponential Equations
• Exponential Inequations
• Logarithmic Equations
• Logarithmic Inequations

Practice Part
• JEE Type Examples
• Chapter Exercises

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Session 1
Polynomial in One Variable, Identity, Linear Equation,
Quadratic Equations, Standard Quadratic Equation
Polynomial in One Variable Thus, every polynomial is a rational expression but a
An algebraic expression containing many terms of the rational expression may or may not be a polynomial.
For example,
form ex", n being a non-negative integer is called a
2
polynomial, (i) x2 -7x+8 (ii)
x-3
i.e., f(x) = a0 -x" + a, -x"’1 + a2 • x" 2
x3 -6x2 + llx -6 3 or x2 +3
/• x x + —
+ ... +an_! -x + an, (iii) (iv)
(x-4) x x
where x is a variable, a0,a},a2,...,an are constants and
o0 £0.
4. Degree of Polynomial
1. Real Polynomial The highest power of variable (x) present in the
polynomial is called the degree of the polynomial.
Let a0, a!, a2,.... an be real numbers and x is a real variable.
For example, f(x) = a0 • xn +aj • x"-1 +a2 • xn~2
Then,
+... + an _j ■ x + an is a polynomial in x of degree n.
/(x) = a0 • x"n + flj • x"'1 +a+ a2? •■ x"
xn~2 + ... +an-i • x + an
Remark
is called a real polynomial of real variable (x) with real A polynomial of degree one is generally called a linear
coefficients. polynomial. Polynomials of degree 2,3,4 and 5 are known as
For example, 5x3 -3x2 + 7x - 4,x2 -3x +1, etc., are real quadratic, cubic, biquadratic and pentic polynomials,
respectively.
polynomials.
5. Polynomial Equation
2. Complex Polynomial If f(x) is a polynomial, real or complex, then /(x) =0 is
Let a0,aj,a2,...,an are complex numbers and x is a called a polynomial equation.
varying complex number.
(i) A polynomial equation has atleast one root.
Then /(x) = a0- x"+ a, - x”-1 +a2- xn-2+...+ an_] • x+a„
(ii) A polynomial equation of degree n has n roots.
is called a complex polynomial or a polynomial of complex
variable with complex coefficients. Remarks
For example, x3 -7ix2 + (3-2i)x + 13,3x2 -(2+ 3i)x+5i, 1. A polynomial equation of degree one is called a linear
equation i.e. ax + b = 0, where a, b e C, set of all complex
etc. (where i = V-l) are complex polynomials. numbers and a * 0.
2. A polynomial equation of degree two is called a quadratic
equation i.e., ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c e Cand a * 0.
3. Rational Expression 3. A polynomial equation of degree three is called a cubic
or Rational Function equation i.e., ax3 + bx2 + ex + d - 0, where a, b, c, d e Gand
P(x) a*0.
An expression of the form------ , where P(x) and Q(x) 4. A polynomial equation of degree four is called a biquadratic
Q(x) equation i.e., ax4 + bx3 + ex2 + dx + e = 0, where
are polynomials in x, is called a rational expression. As a a, b.c.d.eeCand a * 0.
particular case when Q(x) is a non-zero constant 5. A polynomial equation of degree five is called a pentic
Q(x) equation i.e., ax5 + bxA + ex3 + dx2 + ex + f = 0, where
reduces to a polynomial. a, b,c,d,e,f eC and a * 0.
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 105

6. Roots of an Equation I Example 1. If equation

(X2 -5X + 6)x2 + (X2 -3X + 2)x + (X2 -4) = 0 is
The values of the variable for which an equation is
satisfied are called the roots of the equation. satisfied by more than two values of x, find the
If x = a is a root of the equation /(x) =0, then /(a) =0. parameter X.
Sol. If an equation of degree two is satisfied by more than two
Remark values of unknown, then it must be an identity. Then, we
The real roots of an equation f(x) = 0 are the values of x, where must have
the curve y = f(x) crosses /-axis. X2 - 5X + 6 = 0, X2 - 3X + 2 = 0, X2 - 4 = 0
1 = 2,3 and A, = 2, land X = 2,-2
7. Solution Set Common value of X which satisfies each condition is X = 2.
The set of all roots of an equation in a given domain is
called the solution set of the equation.
I Example 2. Show that
(x + b)(x + c) (x + c)(x + o) + (x + o)(x + b)
For example, The roots of the equation (b - a) (c - a)+ (c - b) (a - b)+ (a - c) (b - c)
x3 -2x2 -5x +6 = 0 are 1, -2,3, the solution set is
{1,-2,3}. is an identity.
Sol. Given relation is
Remark (x + b)(x + c) + (x + c)(x + a) + (x + a)(x + fr) _ 1
Solve or solving an equation means finding its solution set or
obtaining all its roots.
(b-a)(c-a) (c - b)(a- b) (a-c)(b-c)

When x = - a, then LHS of Eq. (i) = ———— = 1

(b - a) (c - a)
Identity = RHS of Eq. (i)
If two expressions are equal for all values of x, then the When x = - b, then LHS of Eq. (i)
statement of equality between the two expressions is = <c ~ =j= rhs of E
called an identity. (c~b)(a-b)
For example, (x +1)2 = x2 + 2x +1 is an identity in x. (a — c)(b — c)
and when x = - c, then LHS of Eq. (i) =--------------- = 1
(a-c)(b-c)
or
= RHS of Eq. (i).
If f(x) =0 is satisfied by every value of x in the domain of
Thus, highest power of x occurring in relation of Eq. (i) is 2
/(x), then it is called an identity.
and this relation is satisfied by three distinct values of
For example, f(x)=(x +1)2 -(x2 + 2x +1) =0 is an x (= - a, - b, - c). Therefore, it cannot be an equation and
identity in the domain C, as it is satisfied by every hence it is an identity.
complex number.
I Example 3. Show that x2 - 3| x| + 2 = 0 is an
or
n equation.
Iff(x) = a,0 • x" +a, ■ x"-1 + a2 • xn~2
Sol. Put x = 0 in x2 - 3 |x | + 2 = 0
+ ... + un_i[ • x + an =0 have more than n distinct roots, it
is an identity, then => 02-3|0| + 2 = 2*0
a0 -<2i =a2 = ...=an_1 =an =0 Since, the relation x2 - 3 |x| + 2 = 0 is not satisfied by x = 0.
For example, If ax2 + bx + c = 0 is satisfied by more than Hence, it is an equation.
two values of x, then a = b = c = 0.
or
In an identity in x coefficients of similar powers of x on
Linear Equation
the two sides are equal. An equation of the form
For example, If ax4 + bx3 + ex2 + dx + e ax + b = 0
= 5x4 -3x3 + 4x2 -7x -9 be an identity in x, then where a, b G R and a *0, is a linear equation.
i b
a = 5,fe = -3,c = 4,d = -7,e = -9. Eq. (i) has an unique root equal to —.
a
Thus, an identity in x satisfied by all values of x, where as
an equation in x is satisfied by some particular values of x.
106 Textbook of Algebra

(3X-1) =1-* A root of the quadratic Eq. (i) is a complex number a, such
I Example 4. Solve the equation - +
6 2 that aa2 + ba + c = 0. Recall that D = b2 - 4ac is the
Sol. We have, - + (3A-—^ = 1-- discriminant of the Eq. (i) and its roots are given by the
2 6 2 following formula.
x
-+-+-=]+-1
X X X ,
- b ± -J~D
or
2 2 2 6 x =------------ [Shridharacharya method]
3x 7 2a
or ------ ZS —

2--- 6
7
or x=-
9
Nature of Roots
1. If a, b, c E R and a 0, then
E Example 5. Solve the equation (a - 3)x + 5 = o+2. (i) If D < 0, then Eq. (i) has non-real complex roots.
Sol. Case I For a * 3 , this equation is linear, then (ii) If D > 0, then Eq. (i) has real and distinct roots,
(a-3)x = (a-3) namely
— b + -J~D — b — y/~D
(a-3) and then
*1 =-------- ------------ ’ X2 =-------------------

Case II For a = 3, 2a 2a
0x+5=3+2 axz+tx+c = a(x-xj(x-x2). -...(ii)
=> 5=5
(iii) If D = 0, then Eq. (i) has real and equal roots, then
Therefore, any real number is its solution.
b
Xi = x2 - ------ and then
2a
Quadratic Equations ax2 +bx +c = a(x -Xj )2.
An equation in which the highest power of the unknown ...(iii)
quantity is 2, is called a quadratic equation. To represent the quadratic ax2 + bx + c in form
Quadratic equations are of two types :
Eqs. (ii) or (iii), is to expand it into linear factors.

1. Purely Quadratic Equation (iv) If D > 0, then Eq. (i) has real roots.

A quadratic equation in which the term containing the (v) If D} and D2 be the discriminants of two
first degree of the unknown quantity is absent, is called a quadratic equations, then
purely quadratic equation. (a) If + D2 >0, then
i.e., ax2+c = 0, • atleast one of and D2 >0.
where a, c G C and a 0. • if Dj <0, then D2 >0 and if >0, then
D2 <0-
2. Adfected Quadratic Equation (b) If £>! + D2 <0, then
A quadratic equation in which it contains the terms of • atleast one of and D2 < 0.
first as well as second degrees of the unknown quantity, is • If <0, then Dz >0 and if >0, then
called an adfected (or complete) quadratic equation. £>2 <0.
i.e., ax + bx + c = 0, 2. If a, b, c G Q and D is a perfect square of a rational
where a, b, c G C and a 0, b £ 0. number, the roots are rational and in case it is not a
perfect square, the roots are irrational.
3. If a, b, c G R and p + iq is one root of Eq. (i) (q * 0),
Standard Quadratic Equation then the other must be the conjugate (p - iq) and
An equation of the form vice-versa (where, p,qE R and i = V~l).
ax2+bx+c=0 ...(i) 4. If a, b, c G Q and p + Jq is one root of Eq. (i), then the

where a,b,cECand a *0, is called a standard quadratic other must be the conjugate p-Jq and vice-versa
equation. (where, p is a rational and Jq is a surd).
The numbers a, b, c are called the coefficients of this
5. If a = 1 and b,cE I and the roots of Eq. (i) are rational
equation.
numbers, these roots must be integers.
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 107

6. Ifa4-b4-c=0 and a, b, c are rational, 1 is a root of the I Example 8. Show that if p,q,rands are real numbers
Eq. (i) and roots of the Eq. (i) are rational. and pr = 2(q+s), then atleast one of the equations
7. a2 4- b2 4- c2 - ab - be - ca = -1
x24-px4-q = 0and x2 4-1X4-S =0 has real roots.
2 Sol. Let Dj and D2 be the discriminants of the given equations
{(a-i>)2+(b-c)2+(c-a)2} x2 4- px 4- q = 0 and x2 4- rx 4- $ = 0, respectively.

= - {(a - b) (b-c) +(b- c) (c - a) 4- (c - a) (a - i)} Now, D{ 4- D2 = p2 - 4q 4- r2 - 4s = p2 4- r2 - 4(q 4- s)

= p2+r2-2pr [given, pr = 2{q 4- s)]
S Example 6. Find all values of the parameter a for
= (p - r)2 > 0 [•.• p and q are real]
which the quadratic equation
or Dj 4- D2 > 0
(O4-1)x2 4-2(04-1)x4-o-2 = 0 Hence, atleast one of the equations x2 4- px 4- q = 0 and
(i) has two distinct roots. x2 4- rx 4- s = 0 has real roots.
(ii) has no roots. I Example 9. If a,0 are the roots of the equation
(iii) has two equal roots.
(x - a) (x - b) = c, c 0. Find the roots of the equation
Sol. By the hypothesis, this equation is quadratic and therefore (x-a)(x-p)+c = 0.
at-l and the discriminant of this equation, Sol. Since, a, 0 are the roots of
D = 4(a4-1)2 - 4(a 4-l)(a-2) (x-a)(x-b) = c
= 4(a 4-1)(a4-l-a4-2) or (x - a)(x - b) - c =0,
= 12(a4-l) Then (x-a)(x- b)-c = (x-a)(x-0)
(i) For a > (-1), then D > 0, this equation has two distinct (x -a)(x - 0) + c = (x - a)(x - b)
roots. Hence, roots of(x -a)(x - 0) + c = Oare a, b.
(ii) For a < (- 1), then D < 0, this equation has no roots.
I Example 10. Find all roots of the equation
(iii) This equation cannot have two equal roots. Since,
D = 0 only for a = -1 and this contradicts the x4 +2x3-16x2 -22x + 7 = 0, if one root is 24- V3.
hypothesis. Sol. All coefficients are real, irrational roots will occur in
conjugate pairs.
I Example 7. Solve for x,
Hence, another root is 2 - ^3.
(54-2V6)*2"3 4-(5-2V6)x 2 “3=10.
Product of these roots = (x - 2 - -Ji) (x - 2 + -Ji)
Sol. v (5 + 2^6) (5 - 2^6) = 1
= (x-2)2-3=x2 -4x4-1.
1___
(5 - 2^6) = On dividing x4 + 2x3 - 16x2 - 22x 4- 7 by x2 - 4x 4-1, then
(5 4- 2^6)
the other quadratic factor is x2 4- 6x 4- 7.
(5 + 2^/6)x2-3 +(5-2>/6)x2"3 = 10
Then, the given equation reduce in the form
xz-3
(x2 — 4x4-l)(x2 + 6x4-7) = 0
reduces to = 10
^5 4- 2V6 ) x2 4- 6x 4- 7 = 0

Put (5 + 2a/6)x2"3 = t, then t + - = 10 Then,

t 2
t2 -1014-1 = 0 Hence, the other roots are 2 - -Ji, - 3 ± -Ji.

or
2 Relation between Roots
=> (5 4-2>/6)x2"3 = (5 ± 2a/6) = (5 + 2>/6)±1 and Coefficients
x 2“ - 3 = ± 1 1. Relation between roots and coefficients of
quadratic equation If roots of the equation
x2-3 = lorx2-3 = -l
ax2 4- bx 4- c = 0 (a * 0) be real and distinct and a < 0,
=> x2 = 4or xz = 2 -b + -J~D a -b-jD
Hence, x = ± 2, ±V2 then a = ------------- ,.3 =
P --
2a---------------- 2a
•
108 Textbook of Algebra

(i) Sum of roots (vii) a5 + p5 =(a2 + p2)(a3 + p3)-a2p2(a + 0)

Coefficient of x
= S = a +P = - —
a Coefficient ofx2
' b2 -2aP '_(P-3abc)y P_ by
a“ 2 a3 a2 a,
(ii) Product of roots k 7 k
„ o c Constant term _ ~(b5 -5ab3c +5a2bc2)
= P =ap = - =-----------------
a Coefficient of x2
(iii) Difference of roots (viii) a5 -p5 =(a2 + p2)(a3 -p3) +a2 p2(a -P)
^Discriminant
= D'=a-P = — ' b2 -2ac <5/D(D+3ac) 2
a Coefficient of x2 c
+
2. Formation of an equation with given roots k a
2
73 a k a 7
A quadratic equation whose roots are a and p, is _jD(b4 -3acb2 + 3a2c2)
given by (x - a) (x -p) =0 or x2 - (a + P)x +aP = 0
a5
i.e. x2 - (Sum of roots) x + Product of roots = 0
I Example 11. If one root of the equation
x2-Sx + P=Q. x2 - ix - (1 + I) = 0, (i = V-1) is 1 + i, find the other root.
3. Symmetric function of roots A function of a and
Sol. All coefficients of the given equation are not real, then
p is said to be symmetric function, if it remains other root £ 1 - i.
unchanged, when a and p are interchanged. Let other root be a, then sum of roots = i
For example, a3 +3a2 P + 3ap2 +p3 is a symmetric i.e. 1 + i + a = i => a = (-1)
function of a and p, whereas a3 ~p3 + 5aPis not a Hence, the other root is (-1).
symmetric function of a and p. In order to find the G Example 12. If one root of the equation
value of a symmetric function in terms of a + P, aP
and a - p and also in terms of a, b and c. x2 - V5 x -19 = 0 is-------- , then find the other root.
2
(i) a2 +P2 =(a + P)2 -2aP Sol. All coefficients of the given equation are not rational,
f 2
b b2 -2ac , i 9-75
-2 then other root ----------.
2
k a a2
Let other root be a, sum of roots = 5/5
(ii) a2-p2 =(a+0)(a-0) 9 + 75 r- -9 + ^5
/ => -------- + a = 5/5 => 01 =------------
( b} ID^
= ——
b^D 2 2
k aJ\ a 7 a2 Hence, other root is
(iii) a3 +p3 =(a+p)3 -3aP(a+p)
7 ,3 , \
b
3 7
c '_b b3 -3abc G Example 13. If the difference between the
-3 corresponding roots of the equations x2 + ox + b = 0
a k« k a < a3
7
and x2 + bx + o = 0(o^b) is the same, find the value
(iv) a3 -p3 =(a-P)3 +3ap(a -p)
of a+b.
r fp'3 + 3 -V lDy y[D(D+3ac) Sol. Let a, p be the roots of x2 + ax + b = 0 and y, 5 be the
a a J a3 roots of x2 + bx + a = 0, then given
k “ 7

(v) a4 +p4 =(a2 +p2)2 -2a2 p2: a-P=y-8

2 Ja2 - 4b _ ^b2 - 4a
b — 2ac b4 +2a2c2 -4acb2 va-p = —
-2 1 1 a
a2
\ M 7 ka a4
=> a2 - 4b = b2 - 4a
(vi) a4 ~P4 =(a2+p2)(a2-p2) => (a2 - b2) + 4(a - b) = 0 => (a - b)(a + b + 4) = 0
feVo (b2 -2ac) a-b*0
a4 a + b + 4= 0ora+h = -4.
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 109

I Example 14.If o + b + c = 0and a,b,c are rational. I Example 16. If a is a root of.4x2 + 2x -1 = 0. Prove
that 4a3 - 3a is the other root.
Prove that the roots of the equation
(b + c-o)x2 + (c + o-b)x+(o+b-c) = 0 Sol. Let other root is p,
, O 2 1 o1 1
are rational. then a + p = — = — - - or P =------ a (0
4 22 2
Sol. Given equation is
and so 4a2 + 2a - 1 = 0, because a is a root of
(b + c - a)x2 + (c + a - b)x + (a + b - c) = 0 •(i)
4x2 + 2x - 1 = 0.
v (b + c - a) + (c + a - b) + (a + b - c) = a + b + c = 0
Now, p = 4a3 -3a = a(4a2 -3)
x = 1 is a root of Eq. (i), let other root of Eq. (i) is a, then
= a(l -2a -3) [•.•4a2 + 2a -1=0]
_ , r a+b-c
Product of roots =----------- = -2a2 - 2a
b+c-a
—c — c = --(4a2)-2a
=> 1 xa =-------- [v a + b + c = 0] 2
-a - a
= --(1 -2a)-2a [•.•4a2 + 2a -1 = 0]
c - 2
a=- [rational]
a
Hence, both roots of Eq. (i) are rational.
.-l-a=P [from Eq. (i)]

Aliter Hence, 4a3 - 3 a is the other root.

Let b + c - a = A,c + a - b = B, a + b-c-C
Then, A +B+C=0 [v a + b + c = 0] ...(ii) I Example 17. If a,p are the roots of the equation
Now, Eq. (i) becomes X(x2 - x)+ x+ 5 = 0. If X] and X2 are two values of X
Ax2 + Bx + C - 0 ...(iii) a B 4
for which the roots a,p are related by — + — = -, find
Discriminant of Eq. (iii),
D = B2 - 4 AC X
the value of 7^ + 7^-.
= (-C - A)2 - 4AC [v A + B + C = 0] XX2 X,
= (C + A)2 -4AC So/. The given equation can be written as
Xx2 - (X - l)x + 5 = 0
= (C- A)2 = (2a - 2c)2
va, P are the roots of this equation.
= 4(a - c)2 = A perfect square
X-l n 5
a+P= and aP = —
Hence, roots of Eq. (i) are rational. X A
a P 4
I Example 15. If the roots of equation But, given —+—=-
p a 5
a(b-c)x2 +b(c-a)x + c(a-b) = 0
a2 +p2 4
be equal, prove that a,b,c are in HP.
aP 5
Sol. Given equation is
(X-l)2 10
a(b - c)x2 + b(c - d)x + c(a-b) = 0 ...(i) (a + p)2 - 2ap _ 4 4
=> =>
X2 X
Here, coefficient of x2 + coefficient of x + constant term = 0 ap " 5 2 5
i.e., a(b - c) + b(c - a) + c(a - b) = 0
x
Then, 1 is a root of Eq. (i). (X - I)2 - IPX _ 4
=> X2 - 12X + 1 = 4X
Since, its roots are equal. 5X 5
Therefore, its other root will be also equal to 1. X2 - 16X + 1 = 0
, c(a-b) It is a quadratic in X, let roots be Xj and X2, then
Then, product of roots = 1x1 =----------
a(b - c) X] + X2 = 16 and XjX2 — 1
=> ab - ac = ca - be X]
X] X22 _ X2 +X2 _ (X, + X2)2 - 2XtX2
X
T± + — =
, 2ac X2 Xj
^-1 XjX2 XjX2
b =-----
a+c (16)2 -2(1)
= 254
Hence, a, b and c are in HP. 1
no Textbook of Algebra

6 Example 18. If a, 0 are the roots of the equation = (a + p)(a-P)2{(a +p)2 -aP}
x2 - px + q = 0, find the quadratic equation the roots = p(p2 -4q)(p2 -q)
of which are (a2 -p2)(a5 -p5) and a°02 + a2 p\
and a3p2+a2p3 = a2p2(a+p)=p<?2
Sol. Since, a, P are the roots of x2 - px + q = 0.
S = Sum of roots = p(p2 - 4g) (p2 - q) + pq2
a + P = p, ap = q
= p(p4 -5pzg +5g2)
=> a - p = 7(P2 -«<7) P = Product of roots = p2q2(p2 - 4g) (p2 - g)
Now, (a2 - p2)(a3 - P3) Required equation is x2 - Sx + P = 0
= (a + P)(a - P)(a - P)(a2 +ap + p2) i.e. x2 - p(p4 - 5p2g + 5g2)x + p2g2(p2 - 4g)(p2 - g) = 0

|5| Exercise for Session 1

1. If (a2 -1)x2 + (a -1)x + a2 -4a + 3 = 0 be an identity inx, then the value of a is/are
(a) —1 (b) 1 (c)3 (d)-1,1,3
2. The roots of the equation x
x 2 + 2V3x + 3 = 0 are
(a) real and unequal (b) rational and equal
(c) irrational and equal (d) irrational and unequal
3. Wa,b,CG Q.then roots of the equation (b + c -2a)x2 + (c + a -2b)x + (a + b -2c) = 0are
(a) rational (b) non-real (c) irrational (d) equal
4. If P(x) = ax2 + bx + cand Q(x) = -ax2 + dx + c, whereac #0,thenP(x)Q(x) = 0has atleast
(a) four real roots (b) two real roots
(c) four imaginary roots (d) None of these
5. If roots of the equation (q -r)x2 + (r -p)x + (p -q) = 0 are equal, then p,q,r are in
(a)AP (b)GP (c)HP (d)AGP
6. If one root of the quadratic equation ix2 - 2 (/ + 1) x + (2 - i) = 0, / = is 2 - /, the other root is
(a)-/ (b)/ (c)2+/ (d 2-i
7. If the difference of the roots of x2 - Ax + 8 = 0 be 2, the value of X is
(a) ±2 (b) ± 4 (c) ± 6 (d)±8
8. If 3p2 = 5p + 2and3q2 =5q + 2 where p*q,pq is equal to
2
(a)^ 2
(&)-■= 3
(c)^ (d)-|
O u z

9. If a, p are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + bx - c = 0, the equation whose roots are b and c, is
(a) x2 + ax - P = 0 (b) x2 - [(a + p) + aP]x - ap (a + P) = 0
(c)x2 + [(a + P)+ aPJx + aP(a+ p) = 0 (d)x2 + [(a + P) + aP]x - ap(a+ P) = 0

10. Let p, q g {12,3,4}. The number of equations of the form px2 + qx + 1 = 0 having real roots, is
(a) 15 (b)9 (c)8 (d) 7
11. If a and Pare the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0(a *0,a,b,c being different), then
(1+ a+ a2)(1 + P + P2)is equal to
(a) zero (b) positive (c) negative (d) None of these

/
Session 2
Transformation of Quadratic Equations, Condition
for Common Roots
Transformation of S Example 19. If a,p be the roots of the equation
Quadratic Equations x2 -px + q = 0, then find the equation whose roots are
Let a, P be the roots of the equation ax2 +bx + c = 0, then —and—5—-
the equation
p-a P-P
(i) whose roots are a + k, P + k, is Sol. Let -q— = x => a = p - q—
p-a x
a(x-fc)2 + b(x-k) + c=0 [replace x by (x -k)]
So, we replacing x by p - — in the given equation, we get
(ii) whose roots are a - k, P - k, is x
/ \2 / \
a(x + k)2 +b(x + k)+c = 0 [replace x by (x + k)] -pp-— +<?=0
I Q )
X k xJ
(iii) whose roots are ak, p/c, is
92 2P<? p2 + M+q = <1
^+l^-iPl-
ax2 + kbx +k2c =0 replace x by f j- X‘
x X x

(iv) whose roots are —, is q-!H + ^o

k k X X
2 2 2
ak2 x2 +bkx + c=0 [replace x by xk] or qx - pqx + q =0 or x - px + q = 0
(v) whose roots are -a, - p, is is the required equation whose roots are —-— and
p-a P”P
ax2 - bx + c =0 [replace x by (-x)]

(vi) whose roots are —, is I Example 20. If a and p are the roots of
ox2 + bx + c = 0, then find the roots of the equation
ex2 +bx +a =0 1
replace x kby 1—
1 ox2 -bx(x-l) + c(x-l)2 =0.
Ix
(vii) whose roots are - Z, - , is Sol. v ax2 - bx(x - 1) + c(x - I)2 = 0 •••(*)
f \2 / \
x X
a -b + c =0
<X-1J kx-l,
ex2 - bx +a =0 i
replace x kby I —1 2
I x I X | X
k k or a I +b +c=0
(viii) whose roots are —, -, is II - X J J-x
Now, a, P are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0.
ex22 + kbx + k2a =0 replace x by —
Then, a = - X - and p = ——-
WJ 1-x 1-x
(ix) whose roots are pa + q, pP + q, is
2 / \ a j P
'x-q ' 'x-q^ x =------ and x = - ----
a + b x-q + c = 0 replace x by a+1 P+1
< p > k P > < P Hence, ———, ■ are the roots of the Eq. (i).
a+1 p+1
(x) whose roots are a", P", n e N, is
a(x1/n)2 +b(xl,n) + c=0 [replace x by (x1/n)] I Example 21. If a,P be the roots of the equation
(xi) whose roots are a1 ln, P1 ln, n e N is
zb-a?3 r1-P
3x2 + 2x +1 = 0, then find value of +
a(x")2 + b(x") + c=0 [replace x by (xn)]
J+a k1+P>
l-a i-x
Sol. Let -------- = X => a =------
1+a 1+x
112 Textbook of Algebra

1—x I Example 22. For what values of m, the equation

So, replacing x by------- in the given equation, we get
1+x x2 +2(m -1)x + m + 5 = 0 has (meR)
2
'l-x^ 1 - x^
3 + 2l + 1=0 => x2 -2x + 3 = 0 (i) roots are equal in magnitude but opposite in
J + X, 1 + Xj
sign?
, . , , 1 -q .1-p
It is clear that------- and------ are the roots of Eq. (i). (ii) roots are reciprocals to each other?
1+q I+P (iii) roots are opposite in sign?
fl-q 5 , fi-PY 2 -(ii) (iv) both roots are positive?
J+q, li + P; (v) both roots are negative?
l-aVl-Pk 3 (vi) atleast one root is positive?
and -(iii)
1 + a J 1^1 + P J (vii) atleast one root is negative?
3 Sol. Here, a = 1, b = 2(m - 1) and c = m + 5
'1 -a
3+(lsPt i-q , i-P
I -3 D = b2 - 4ac = 4(m - I)2 - 4(m + 5)
j + qJ II + pj 1+q 1+P
= 4(m2 - 3m - 4)
1 -a Y1-P
1 +a
f1 ~a
1 + P J^l + a 1 + p>
= 23 - 3-3-2 = 8 - 18= — 10
D = 4(m - 4)(m + l)and here a = 1 > 0
(i) b = 0 and D > 0
=> 2(m - 1) = 0 and 4(m - 4) (m + 1) > 0
Roots Under Special Cases => m = 1 and m e(-«>,-1) u(4, oo)
Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 ...(i)
mG $ [null set]
where a, b, c E R and a 0. Then, the following hold good : (ii) a = c and D > 0
(i) If roots of Eq. (i) are equal in magnitude but opposite in => 1 = m + 5 and 4(m - 4)(m + 1) > 0
sign, then sum of roots is zero as well as D > 0, i.e. b = 0 => m = - 4 and m G (-oo, -1] u [4, oo)
and D > 0.
.’. m=-4
(ii) If roots of Eq. (i) are reciprocal to each other, then product (iii) a > 0, c < 0 and D > 0
of roots is 1 as well as D > 0 i.e., a = c and D > 0.
=> 1 > 0, m + 5 < 0 and 4(m - 4) (m + 1) > 0
(iii) If roots of Eq. (i) are of opposite signs, then product of
=> m < - 5 and m G(-oo, -1) u(4, oo)
roots < 0 as well as D > 0 i.e., a > 0, c < 0 and D > 0 or
me (-00,-5)
a < 0, c > 0 and D > 0.
(iv) If both roots of Eq. (i) are positive, then sum and product of (iv) a>O,b < 0, c >0 and D > 0
roots > 0 as well as D > 0 i.e., a > 0, b <0, c > 0 and D > 0 or => 1 > 0,2(m - 1) < 0, m + 5 > 0
a <0,b >0,c <0 and D >0. and 4(m - 4)(m + 1) > 0
(v) If both roots of Eq. (i) are negative, then sum of roots < 0, m < 1, m > -5 and m G (-°°, -1] u [4, °°)
product of roots > 0 as well as D > 0 i.e., a >0, t >0, c > 0 me (-5,-1]
and D>0ora<0, fc<0, c<0 and D > 0.
(v) a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 and D > 0
(vi) If atleast one root of Eq. (i) is positive, then either one root
=> 1 >0,2(m -l)>0,m + 5>0
is positive or both roots are positive i.e., point (iii) U (iv).
and 4(m - 4)(m + 1) > 0
(vii) If atleast one root of Eq. (i) is negative, then either one root
is negative or both roots are negative i.e., point (iii) u (v). => m > 1, m > - 5 and m G (-oo, -1] u [4,00)
(viii) If greater root in magnitude of Eq. (i) is positive, then m G [4, oo)
sign of b = sign of c sign of a. (vi) Either one root is positive or both roots are
(ix) If greater root in magnitude of Eq. (i) is negative, then positive
sign of a = sign of b * sign of c. i.e., (c) u (d)

(x) If both roots of Eq. (i) are zero, then b = c = 0. => m G (-oo, -5) u(-5, -1]
( b\ (vii) Either one root is negative or both roots are
(xi) If roots of Eq. (i) are 0 and — , then c = 0.
I aj negative
Q i.e., (c)u(e)
(xii) If roots of Eq. (i) are 1 and —, then a + b + c - 0.
a m e (-oo.-S) u [4, oo)
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 113

Condition for Common Roots I Example 23. Find the value of X, so that the
equations x2 - x -12 = 0 and Xx2 + 10x + 3 = 0 may
1. Only One Root is Common have one root in common. Also, find the common root.
Sol. •: x2 -x-12 = 0
Consider two quadratic equations
(x-4)(x + 3) = 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0 anda'x2 + b' x + c' =0
x = 4,-3
[where a, a 0 and ab' -a' b*0] If x = 4 is a common root, then
Let a be a common root, then X(4)2 + 10(4)+ 3 = 0
a a2 +ha + c = 0anda'a2 + b'a + c' =0.
On solving these two equations by cross-multiplication, 16
we have and if x = - 3 is a common root, then
a2 a 1 X(-3)2 + 10(-3) + 3 = 0
bc'-b'c ca'-c'a ab' -a'b X=3
43
From first two relations, we get Hence, for X =-----, common root is x = 4
16
be' -b' c
a =----------- ...(i) and for X = 3, common root is x = - 3.
ca' -c' a
and from last two relations, we get I Example 24. If equations ox2+bx + c = 0, (where
ca' -c a a,b,ceR and o^O) and x2 + 2x +3 = 0 have a common
a =—~-- -(ii)
ab' -a'b root, then show that o: b: c = 1:2:3.
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Sol. Given equations are
'be' -b'c ca' -c' a ax,22 + bx + c = 0 ...(i)
ca -c a ab'-a'b and x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 -(ii)
2
(ab' - a' b) (be' - b' c)=(ca' - c' a) Clearly, roots of Eq. (ii) are imaginary, since Eqs. (i) and (ii)
2 have a common root. Therefore, common root must be
a b b c c a imaginary and hence both roots will be common.
or x [remember]
a' b' b' c c a Therefore, Eqs. (i) and (ii) are identical.
This is the required condition for one root of two a b c
- = - = - or a:b:c = l:2:3
quadratic equations to be common. 1 2 3

2. Both Roots are Common I Example 25. If a,b,c are in GP, show that the
equations ox2 + 2bx + c = 0 and dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 have
Let a, P be the common roots of the equations ra b c
ax2 + bx + c = 0 and a' x2 +b' x +c' = 0, then a common root, if-,-,- are in HP.
def
D b b'
b' aa b Sol. Given equations are
...(iii)
a a
a' a'
a b' ax2 +2bx + c =0 ,.(i)
n c c a c
and ap = - = - -(iv) and dx2 +2ex + f =0 (n)
a a a' c'
Since, a, b, c are in GP.
a _b_ c
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
a' b' c b2 =ac or b = ac
This is the required condition for both roots of two From Eq. (i), ax2 + =0
quadratic equations to be identical. Vc
or (Va x + Vc)2 =0 or X - ---- y=
Remark va
To find the common root between the two equations, make the v Given Eqs. (i) and (ii) have a common root.
same coefficient of x2 in both equations and then subtract of the vC
two equations. Hence, x = —f= also satisfied Eq. (ii), then
va
114 Textbook of Algebra

d -c -2c^ + / = 0 d + f = 2e
-
or
' a ‘ a a c b
def
=>
d -2c + f - on L are in AP.
a b c
a Vac c
a b c
■d 2e f n Hence, — are in HP.
or [v b = Vac ] def
a b c

g Exercise for Session 2

1. If a and p are the roots of the equation 2x2 - 3x + 4 = 0, then the equation whose roots are a2 and p2, is
(a)4x2 + 7x + 16= 0 (b) 4x2 + 7x + 6 = 0 (c) 4x2 + 7x + 1= 0 (d) 4x2 - 7x + 16 = 0

11.
2. If a, p are the roots of x2 - 3x + 1 = 0, then the equation whose roots are ----1 ,------- L is
l<x-2 P-2J
(a)x2 + x - 1=0 (b) x2 + x + 1= 0 (c) x2 - x - 1 = 0 (d) None of these

3. The equation formed by decreasing each root of ax2 + bx + c = 0by 1 is2x2 + 8x + 2 =0, then
(a)a = -b (b)b=-c (c)c = -a (d)b=a + c
x2 — bx m —1
4. If the roots of equation ---------- =-------- are equal but opposite in sign, then the value of m will be
ax - c m +1
(a)^
a+b a+b
(c)i4
a-b
(d)^
b -a

5. If x2 + px + q = 0 is the quadratic equation whose roots are a - 2 and b - 2, where a and b are the roots of
x2 -3x + 1 = 0, then
(a) p = 1 q = 5 (b) p = 1 q = - 5 (c) p = -1 q = 1 (d) None of these
6. If both roots of the equation x2 - (m - 3) x + m = 0 (m e R) are positive, then
(a) m e (3, «>) (b) m g(-*>, 1] (c)n? e [9,«) (d)me(1 3)
7. If the equation (1 + m)x2-2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0, where m e R ~ {-1}, has atleast one root is negative, then
(b)me^,« (d)meR

8. If both the roots of X(6x2 + 3) + rx + 2x2 -1 = 0and6X(2x2 +1)+ px +4x2 -2 = 0 are common, then 2r - pis
equal to
(a)-1 (b)0 ‘ (c)1 (d)2
a3 + b3 + c
9. If ax2 + bx + c = 0 and bx2 + cx + a =0 have a common root a *0,then - is equal to
abc
(a)1 (b)2 (c)3 (d) None of these
70. If a (p + q )2 + 2bpq + c = 0 and a (p + r)2 + 2bpr + c = 0, then qr is equal to

(a)p2 + - (b)p2 + - (c)p2 + £ (d) p2 + -

a c b a
Session 3
Quadratic Expression, Wavy Curve Method, Condition
for Resolution into Linear Factors, Location of Roots

Quadratic Expression 4. Intersection with axes

An expression of the form ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c E R (i) Intersection with X-axis
and a *0 is called a quadratic expression in x. So, in For X-axis, y =0.
general quadratic expression is represented by -b±y/D
ax2 + bx +c =0 => x =-----------
/(x) = ax2 + bx + c or y = ax2 + bx + c. 2a
For D > 0, parabola cuts X-axis in two real and
Graph of a Quadratic Expression distinct points
a < 0, D > 0
We have, y - ax2 +bx + c = fix'), [a ^0]

y=a -T
2a
D
4a2 ------- X-axis
X-axis

a > 0, D > 0
2
D\ b}
or y +— =a x + — For D = 0, parabola touches X-axis in one point
4a J 1 2a)
b
i.e., x - ------ .
Now, let y +—=Y and x + — = X 2a
4a 2a a<0, D = 0
2
Y = aX X-axis

x2^-
a X-axis
1. The shape of the curve y = /(x) is parabolic. a >0, D = 0

2. The axis of parabola isX=0orx + — = 0 For D < 0, parabola does not cut X-axis i.e.,
L imaginary values of x.
or x = - — i.e. parallel to Y-axis. a < 0, D < 0
•X-axis

3. (i) If - > 0 => a > 0, the parabola open upwards.

a
-X-axis
a > 0, 0 < 0

(ii) Intersection with Y-axis

For Y-axis, x = 0.
(ii) If - < 0 => a < 0, the parabola open downwards.
a /. y=c
5. Greatest and least values ofy(x)
2 1
Vertex of the parabola X = - Y is
a
X=0,Y=0
116 Textbook of Algebra

b n D n 3. a > 0 and D = 0. So, /(x) > 0 for all x E R,

x H---- = 0,y -I----- =0
2a 4a i.e. f(x) is positive for all real values of x except at
b D vertex, where /(x) = 0.
or x=~ — ,.V =-----
2a 4a
2 ( b D
Hence, vertex of y = ax + bx + c is----- ,
V 2a 4a
I . I Vertex X-axis

a >0 4. a < 0 and D = 0. So, f(x) < 0 for all x G R,

a <0
i.e. f(x) is negative for all real values of x except at
Vertex vertex, where f(x) = 0.
b_ X-axis
For a > 0, f(x) has least value at x = -
2a
_D_
This least value is given by f | | =-
I 2a J 4a
D
or y least ~ ■
4a 5. a > 0 and D > 0.
( D A
Range of y - ax 2 + bx + c is Let /(x) = 0 have two real roots a and 0 (a < 0), then
I 4a ) /(x) >0 for all x c(-«>,a)u (0, °°) and/(x) <0 for
b_
For a < 0, /(x) has greatest value at x = - all x G (a, 0).
2a
D_
This greatest value is given by f\-----
2a j 4a
D
or y greatest ~ a >0
4a
D X-a
Range of y = ax 2 + bx + c is ------
4a
6. a < 0 and D > 0

Sign of Quadratic Expression Let /(x) = 0 have two real roots a and 0 (a < 0),
then /(x) < 0 for all x G (- oo, a) U (0, °°)
Let /(x) = ax2 + bx + c or y = ax2 + bx + c,
and /(x) > 0 for all x G (a, 0).
where a, b, c G R and a * 0, for some values of x, /(x) may
be positive, negative or zero. This gives the following X-axis
cases :
1. a > 0 and D < 0.
So, /(x) > 0 for all x G R,
i.e. /(x) is positive for all real values of x.
Wavy Curve Method
a >0
(Generalised Method of Intervals)
Wave Curve Method is used for solving inequalities of the
X-axis
form
2. a < 0 and D < 0. So, /(x) < 0 for all x G R, _r(x-a1)kl(x-a2)k2...(x-am)
/(x) — >0
i.e. /(x) is negative for all real values of x. ’ (x-bl)p'(x-b2)p2...(x-bn)Pn
I
------------- - --------- ► X-axis
(<0, >0or<0),'
a <0 where, kitk2,...,km, pi,p2»-->Pn are natural numbers and
I
such that a( b, where i = 1,2 m and j = 1,2,..., n.
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 117

We use the following methods: Important Results

1. Solve(x -ax )fcl(x -a2)k2 ... (x - a m ) = 0 and 1. The point where denominator is zero or function approaches
infinity, will never be included in the answer.
(x - bi)pl(x - a2)P2 ...(x - bn)Pn =0, then we get. 2. Forx2 <a2or|x| <a « -a<x <a
x = alta2..... am, bu b2,..., bn [critical points] i.e., xe(-aa)
2. AssumeOj <a2 <...<am <b} <b2 <...<bn 3. ForO < x22 < a2 orO <|x| < a

Plot them on the real line. Arrange inked (black) « -a<x<a~{0}

i.e., xe(-aa)~{0]
circles (•) and un-inked (white) circles (O), such
4. Forx2 > a2 or|x| > a <=> x <-aorx>a
that
i.e., x e(-oo,-a] u[a,«>)
al a2 ••• am bi b2 ... bn
5. Forx2 >a2or|x| >a <=> x<-aorx>a
If/(x)>0 O O... O O O... O
i.e., x e(- oo, - a) u(a ~)
M<q O O... O O O... O
6. Fora2 < x2 < b2 ora <|x| < b
f(x)>0 O O... O
<=> a<x <bor-b<x <-a
M<q O O... O i.e., x e [- b, - a] u [a b]
3. Obviously, bn is the greatest root. If in all brackets 7. Fora2 <x2 < b2ora<|x| < b
before x positive sign and expression has also <=> a<x <bor-b<x <-a
positive sign, then wave start from right to left, i.e., x e [- b, - a) u (a b]
beginning above the number line, i.e. 8. For a2 < x2 < b2 or a < |x| < b
, (x-a,)t|(x-a2)t;...(x-a,)* m
—,then <=> a<x <b or - b<x a
(x-(,1)f(x-(,2r...(x-6„)'’" i.e.. xe(-b,-a]u[ab)
9. For a2 < x2 < b2 or a < | x| < b

« a<x <bor-b<x <-a

+
i.e., x e(-b, - a) u(a b)

bn 10. For (x - a)(x - b) < 0 and a < b, then a < x < b

i.e., xe(ab)
and if in all brackets before x positive sign and 11. If (x - a) (x - b) <0 anda< b,
expression has negative sign, then wave start from then a < x < b, x e[a b]
right to left, beginning below the number line, i.e. 12. If (x - a)(x - b) >0 and a < b, then x < aorx > b
(x-q,)t'(x-a2)t‘...(x-a„)t“ i.e., xe(-=»a)u(b,°°)
, then
(x-h1f‘(x-l>2)'’!...(x-l>,)f'" 13. If (x — a) (x — b) >0 anda< b,
then x < aorx > b
t>»
i.e., x g (- °°, a] u [b, °o)

I Example 26. Solve the inequality

(x + 3)(3x-2)5(7 -x)3(5x + 8)2 >0.
4. If roots occur even times, then sign remain same Sol. We have, (x + 3)(3x - 2)5(7 - x)3(5x + 8)2 > 0
from right to left side of the roots and if roots => - (x + 3)(3x - 2)5(x - 7)3(5x + 8)2 > 0
occur odd times, then sign will change from right to (x + 3) (3x - 2)s (x - 7)3(5x + 8)2 < 0
left through the roots of [take before x, + ve sign in all brackets]
x = a{,a2,...,am,b1,b2,...,bn.
-3 4- j f 4-
5. The solution of /(x) > 0 or /(x) > 0 is the union
__8 2 7
of all intervals in which we have put the plus sign 5 3
and the solution of /(x) <0 or f(x) <0 is the
union of all intervals in which we have put the 8 2
The critical points are (- 3), - - , 7.
minus sign. 5/3
2 8
Hence, x e (-«>,-3] U -,7 u
5
118 Textbook of Algebra

+\ < +
I Example 27. Solve the inequality “T T“
971 "3 2
( 1
(X - 2)10000 (x + 1)253 (x + 8)4 1 1 2
I__ 2 >0
Hence, x G (— 2, — 1) kJ — —
V 3 2
x 500(x — 3)75 (x + 2)93
1
97! G Example 30. For xgR, prove that the given
(x- 2)10000 (x +1)253 x — | U + 8)4
____2 x2 + 34 x - 71
Sol. We have, >0 expression —r----------- cannot lie between 5 and 9.
x 500(x - 3)75(x + 2)93 x2 + 2x-7
^2z +34X-71
x
The critical points are (- 8), (- 2), (- 1), 0, 2,3. Sol. Let — --------- =y
x +2x-7
[vx*-2,0,3]

4 + v +N 2 { 4“

-8 0 1 3 x2 (y - 1) + (2y - 34 )x + 71 - 7y = 0
2
For real values of x, discriminant > 0
( 11
Hence, x G (- «>,',-8] kJ [-8,-2) kJ [-1,0) kJ 0,- kj(3, °°) (2y - 34)2 - 4(y - 1)(71 - 7y) > 0
I 2J
1 => 8y2 - 112y + 360 > 0
or xg(-°o -2) kJ [-1,0) kJ 0, — kJ (3, oo)
2 => y2 - 14y + 45 > 0

(x — 3)(x + 2)(x + 6) (y-9)(y-5)>0

S Example 28. Let f(x) =
(x + 1)(x —5) => yG(- °°, 5] kJ [9, °o)
Find intervals, where /(x) is positive or negative. Hence, y can never lie between 5 and 9.

Sol. We have, f(x)~--------- -------- ------- -

(x + l)(x-5)
G Example 31. For what va ues of the parameter k in
x2 + kx + 1
The critical points are (- 6), (- 2), (- 1), 3,5 the inequality < 3, satisfied for all real
x2 + x + 1
values of x ?
x2 + kx + 1
Sol. We have, <3
x2 + x + 1
For f(x) > 0, V x e (- 6, - 2) kJ (- 1,3) kJ (5, ■»)
„ x2 + kx + 1 „
For /(x) < 0, V x G (- °°, - 6) kJ (- 2, - 1) kJ (3,5) - 3 < —----------- < 3
x +x+1
I Example 29. Find the set of all x for which 1
2x __ i Since, x2 + x + 1 = x + — |+3>o
2 1 4
(2x2 + 5x + 2) (x + 1)'
- 3(x2 + x + 1) < x2 + kx + 1 < 3(x2 + x + 1)
2x 1
Sol. We have, 4x2 + (k + 3)x + 4 > 0 ...(0
(2x2 + 5x + 2) (x + 1)
and 2x2 - (k - 3)x + 2 > 0 ...(ii)
2x 1
=> __________ >0 4 > 0 and 2 > 0
(x+2)(2x + l) (x + 1)
The inequality (i) will be valid, if
(2x2 +2x)-(2x2 +5x + 2) (k + 3)2 -4-4-4 <0=> (k + 3)2 <64
=> >0
(x + 2)(x + l)(2x + 1) or -8<k+3<8
or - 11 < k < 5 •(iii)
______________ ______ >0
(x + 2)(x + l)(2x + l) and the inequality (ii) will be valid, if
(k-3)2 -4-2-2<0 or (k-3)2 <16
______<3* + 2>. ...-<0
or or -4 <k-3<4
(x+2)(x + l)(2x+l)
or - 1 <k <7 „.(iv)
( 21 I 1 The conditions (iii) and (iv) will hold simultaneously, if
The critical points are (- 2), (-1), I - - LI
2
—1<k <5
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 119

Condition for Resolution I Example 34. Find the linear factors of

x2 - 5xy+ 4y2 + x + 2y -2
into Linear Factors Sol. Given expression is
The quadratic function x2 - Sxy + 4y2 + x + 2y - 2
f(x, y) = ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy +c Its corresponding equation is
may be resolved into two linear factors, iff x2 - 5xy + 4y2 + x + 2y - 2 = 0
A = abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2 -ch2 =0 or x2 - x(5y - 1) + 4y2 + 2y - 2 = 0
_ (5y - 1) ±-J(5y - I)2 - 4-1-(4y2 + 2y - 2)
ahg
______ 2
i.e., h b f =0 _(5y-l)±7(9y2-18y + 9)
S f c 2____
_(5y-l)±V(3y-3)2
I Example 32. Find the value of m for which the 2
expression 12x2 -10xy + 2y2 + 1lx-5y + m can be
J.^(fr-.?) = 4y-2.y+l
resolved into two rational linear factors.
Sol. Comparing the given expression with :. The required linear factors are(x - 4y + 2) and(x - y - 1).
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c , we have
a = 12,h = -5,b = 2,g=^,f = \- -53L c = m
2)
Location of Roots
The given expression will have two linear factors, if and [Interval in which Roots Lie]
only if
Let f(x) = ax2 +bx +c, a,b,ce R,a*0 and a, p be the
abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2 - ch2 = 0
2
roots of f(x) =0. Suppose k, klt k2 e R and kx <k2. Then,
5
or (12)(2)(m) + 2[ - - lT|(-5)-(12)f- the following hold good :
I 2 <2J 2
2
I -(m)(-5)2 =0 1. Conditions for Number k
275 121 (If both the roots of /(x) =0 are less than k)
=> 24 m +------ 75 ---- 25 m = 0 or m = 2
2 2
I i a><> ; I 4a.
8 Example 33. If the expression
ax2 + by2 + cz2 + 2ayz + 2bzx + 2cxy can be resolved
into two rational factors, prove that
a3+b3 + c3 = 3abc.
\Wr X-axis
♦■X-axis

/ b_ _ D_\
Sol. Given expression is \ 2a ’ 4a/

ax2 + by2 + cz2 + 2ayz + 2bzx + 2cxy (0

' / \2 / 2 (i) D > 0 (roots may be equal)
x + by- I y i , i Xx i n x y
= z2 a + c + 2a - | + 2t| - | + 2c| - (ii) fl/(fc)>0
z lZ z z z
= z2 [aX2 +bY2 +c+2aY + 2bX + 2cXY] (iii) k > - —, where a < |3.
2a
where, — = X and — = Y
z z I Example 35. Find the values of m, for which both
Expression (i) will have two rational linear factors in x, y roots of equation x2 - mx +1 = 0 are less than unity.
and z, if expression
Sol. Let f(x) = x2 - mx + 1, as both roots of f(x) = 0 are less
aX2 + bY2 4- 2cXY + 2bX +2aY + c will have two linear
than 1, we can take D > 0, qf(l) > 0 and----- <1.
factors, if 2a
abc + 2abc - aa2 - bb2 - cc2 = 0

or a3 + b2 +c3 = 3abc
120 Textbook of Algebra

(i) Consider D > 0 (- m)2 - 4 • 1 • 1 > 0 11Y A

=> m----- (m - 1) > 0
=> (m + 2)(m-2)>0 9 J
=> m G (-00, - 2] 0(2, 00)
=> mG(- x I—
/ “, l)ul 11 , 00 (ii)
(ii) Consider af (1) > 0 1(1 - m + 1) > 0 9
(iii) Consider f- — > 3
=> m-2<0=^m<2
I 2a
=> me (- «,2) (ii)
(iii) Consider f- — < 11 6m n
— >3
I 2a J 2
=> m>1
— < 1 => m < 2 m e (1, oo) ...(iii)
2
Hence, the values of m satisfying Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii)
=> m G (- oo, 2) -(iii)
Hence, the values of m satisfying Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) at the same time are m G | —, °° |.
I 9 J
at the same time are m G (— °°, — 2].

2. Conditions for a Number k 3. Conditions for a Number k

If k lies between the roots of /(x) = 0
If both the roots of /(x) = 0 are greater than k

II 'I a>0 ''I

/ I \ 2a 4a/ I
\ 8>0 /I U-&) ,

\ / X-axis / \ X-axis
/ a<0 \
* \ l . .x^s '(*);/ / 23 \ \
( 2a ’ 4a) I I
'a<0'
\ 2a 4a/ I ! J I
(i)D>0 (ii) af(k) < 0, where a < P
(i) D >0 (roots may be equal)
(ii) a/(k)>0 6 Example 37. Find all values of p, so that 6 lies
(iii) k < - —, where a < 0. between roots of the equation x2 + 2(p - 3)x + 9 = 0.
2a
Sol. Let f(x)= x2 + 2(p - 3)x + 9, as 6 lies between the roots
I Example 36. For what values of m eR, both roots of of /(x) = 0, we can take D > 0 and qf(6) < 0

the equation x2 -6mx+9m2 - 2m - 2 = 0 exceed 3? (i) Consider D > 0

Sol. Let f(x) = x2 - 6mx + 9m2 - 2m + 2

As both roots of f(x) = 0 are greater than 3, we can take
{2(p -3)}2 -4-1-9 >0
D > 0, af(3) > 0 and- — > 3.
2a (p - 3)2 - 9 > 0
(i) Consider D > 0
=> p(p-6)>0
(-6m)2 - 4-l(9m2 -2m + 2) > 0 => 8m-8>0
=> p e (- co, o) u (6, °°) .(i)
m > 1 or me [1,~) -(i) (ii) Consider a /(6)<0
1-{36 + 12(p - 3) + 9} < 0
(ii) Consider a/(3) > 0 3
=> 12p + 9 < 0 => p + — < 0
' l-(9 - 18m + 9m2 -2m + 2)>0
3^
+ > <+ - °°. ~ - ■(ii)
1 7i/9 47
Hence, the values of p satisfying Eqs. (i) and (ii) at the
=> 9m2 -20m + 11 >0
3
same time are p G — oo,
(9m - ll)(m - 1) >0 4
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 121

4. Conditions for Numbers and k2 I Example 39. Find all values of a for which the
equation 4x2 -2x + a = 0 has two roots lie in the
If exactly one root of /(x) = 0 lies in the interval (/q, k2)
interval (-1,1).

.1 - I
i M . 7-\
X-axis
Sol. Let f(x) = 4x2 - 2x + a as both roots of the equation,
f(x) = 0 are lie between (- 1,1), we can take D > 0,
af(- 1) > 0> a/(J) > 0 and - 1 < — < 1.
4
/q a \ k2 /pX-axis I j
(i) Consider D > 0

(i) D >0 (-2)2 - 4-4-a > 0 => a<-

4
—(0
(ii) fUi) f(k2) < 0, where a < P-
(ii) Consider a f(- 1) > 0
I Example 38. Find the values of m, for which exactly 4(4 + 2 + a)>0
one root of the equation x2 - 2mx + m2 -1 = 0 lies in => a > - 6 => a G (- 6, °°) -(ii)
the interval (-2,4). (iii) Consider a J(l) > 0
Sol. Let f(x) = x2 - 2mx + m2 - 1, as exactly one root of 4(4-2 + a)>0 => a>-2
f(x) = 0 lies in the interval (-2, 4), we can take D > 0 and => ae(-2,co) ...(iii)
/(-2)/(4)<0.
Hence, the values of a satisfying Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) at
(i) Consider D > 0
the same time are ae 1-2,- .
(-2 m)2 - 4 1(m2 -1)>.O => 4>0 I 4
me R —(i)
(ii) Consider f (- 2) f (4) < 0 6. Conditions for Numbers fq and k2
(4 + 4m + m2 - 1) (16 - 8m + m2 - 1) < 0
(If k{ and k2 lie between the roots of/(x) = 0)
(m2 + 4m + 3) (m2 - 8m + 15) < 0

[rj
(m + l)(m + 3)(m - 3)(m - 5) < 0
(m + 3)(m + l)(m - 3)(m - 5) < 0

-X-axis X-axis

m G (-3, - 1) u(3,5) -(ii)

Hence, the values of m satisfying Eqs. (i) and (ii) at the
same time are m 6 (- 3, - 1) u (3,5).
(i) D>0

5. Conditions for Numbers k, and k2 (ii) #(^i)<0

(iii) af (k2) < 0, where a < P.
(If both roots /(x) =0 are confmed between and k2)

I •» I I I Example 40. Find the values of a for which one root

‘ a>° ! j \ 2a 4a/ of equation (a - 5)x2 - 2ax + o - 4 = 0 is smaller than 1
f(k,)' l\ \ / 7 t2 and the other greater than 2.
X-axis

777' ^.> v' "7

\ 2a 4a/
;a<0 1
I ! {I
f(k2)
Sol. The given equation can be written as

x2
2a 'I f a - 4 = 0, a
----- x + 5.
a - 5j (a -5
(i) D > 0 (roots may be equal) , ( 2a i a-4
Now, let f(x) = x2 - ----- x +
(ii) a/(fc1)>0
(iii) af<M>0 As 1 and 2 lie between the roots of /(x) = 0, we can take
(iv) fcj <----- < k2, where a < P and k{ <k2. D > 0,17(1) <0 and 1 J(2)<0.
2a
122 Textbook of Algebra

(i) Consider D > 0 i.e.,(m - l)(m - 9) > 0

/ \2 m G (- 1] U [9, oo) >••(■)
2a i -4-1. a - 4
>o /(2) > 0
a-5 7 a-5
„ i 20 i.e., 4 - 2(m - 3) + m > 0
36 a-----
V 9 >0 [va*5]
=> m < 10
(a-5)2 m G (- o°, 10) (ii)
20 and x-coordinate of vertex < 2
or a>— —(i)
9 (m-3)
i.e., <2 => m <7
(ii) Consider 1/(1) < 0 2

2a 'a-4 m G (- oo, 7) -(iii)

i2 + > 0 or a > 5 ...(ii) On combining Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
a-5 ^a - 5, (O-5)
m G (- «>, 1]
(iii) Consider 1/(2) < 0
fa - 4 (ii) Both the roots are greater than 2
. 4a
4----------- + <0 D> 0
(a-5) ka -5?

4k
(4a-20-4a + a-4)
M<0
(^5) (0-5)

or 5<a<24 ...(iii)
-X-axis
Hence, the values of a satisfying Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) at the
same time are a G (5,24).

I Example 41. Let x2-(m-3)x+m = 0(meR) be a i.e. (m-1)(m - 9)>0

quadratic equation. Find the value of m for which mG(- oo, l]e[9, °o) (i)
(i) both the roots are smaller than 2. /(2) > 0
(ii) both the roots are greater than 2. i.e. 4 - 2(m - 3) + m > 0

(iii) one root is smaller than 2 and the other root is => m < 10
greater than 2. rn G (- oo, 10) (ii)
and x-coordinate of vertex > 2
(iv) exactly one root lies in the interval (1, 2).
(m-3)
(v) both the roots lie in the interval (1, 2). i.e., >2 => m > 7
2
(vi) one root is greater than 2 and the other root is
m G (7, °o) •(iii)
smaller than 1.
On combining Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
(vii) atleast one root lie in the interval (1, 2).
m G [9,10)
(viii) atleast one root is greater than 2.
(iii) One root is smaller than 2 and the other root is
So/. Let /(x) = x2 - (m - 3)x + m
greater than 2
Here, a = l,b = - (m - 3), c = m
D > 0

w
and D~ b2 - 4ac = (m - 3)2 - 4 m
= m2 - 10m + 9 = (m - l)(m - 9)
b _ (m - 3)
and x-coordinate of vertex = - X-axis
2a" 2
(i) Both the roots are smaller than 2
D>0
i.e., (m - l)(m - 9) > 0

V\
m G (— °°, 1) u(9, °°) .(i)
/(2) < 0

i.e. 4 -2(m -3) + m < 0

m > 10
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 123

m G (10, oo) -(ii) 1 < x-coordinate of vertex < 2

On combining Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 1<<^
i.e., <2
m G (10, <»). 2
2 < m - 3 < 4 or 5 < m < 7
(iv) Exactly one root lies in the interval (1, 2)
me (5,7) ...(iv)
D> 0

"I . I
On combining Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get
m G (j)
(vi) One root is greater than 2 and the other root is

Q
X-axis smaller than 1D > 0

i.e., (zn - l)(zn - 9) > 0

m G (- 1) u(9, °°) -(i)
■X-axis
/(l)/(2)<0

(1 - (m - 3) + m) (4 - 2(m - 3) + m) < 0
4(- zn + 10) < 0 i.e., (m - l)(zzi - 9) > 0
m - 10 >0 => m > 10 m G (- °°, 1) u(9, °o) ...(i)
•(ii) /(l)<0
zn G (10, °°)
On combining Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get i.e., 4 < 0, which is not possible.
m e (10, <») Thus, no such ‘m exists.
(v) Both the roots lie in the interval (1, 2) (vii) At least one root lie in the interval (1, 2)
D> 0 Case I Exactly one root lies in (1, 2)

h d
Hi):\ \ / \f(2)
me
me (10, “) [from (iv) part]
Case II Both roots lie in the interval (1, 2).
[from (v) part]

i.e.,
AjA2">Xads
(zzi - l)(m - 9) > 0
Hence, at least one root lie in the interval (1, 2)
m e (10, °o) u 6 or m g (10, «>)
(viii) Atleast one root is greater than 2
Case I One root is smaller than 2 and the other root
fflG (- «, 1] U [9, °°) •(i)
is greater than 2.
/(l)>0
i.e., (1 - (zn - 3) + zn) > 0 => 4 > 0 Then, mG(10, <») [from (iii) part]
mG R -(ii) Case II Both the roots are greater than 2, then
m e [9,10).
7(2) > 0
Hence, atleast one root is greater than 2.
i.e., 4 - 2(m - 3) + m > 0 => m < 10
m e (10, oo) u [9,10) or m e [9,10) u (10, «>)
m G (- oo 10) -(iii)
124 Textbook of Algebra

g Exercise for Session 3

x2 + 14x + 9 ....
1. If x is real, the maximum and minimum values of expression —=------------ will be
xz + 2x + 3
(a) 4,-5 (b)6-4 (c)-4,5 (d)-4,-5
x +2
2. If x is real, the expression takes all values in the interval
(2x2 + 3x + 6)
. , 1 1
a) —. -
\13 3
(b)[--iJ
L 13 3j
(c) -
1 1
3' 13.
(d) None of these

3. If x be real, then the minimum value of x2 -8x + 17, is

(a)-1 (b)0 (c)1 (d)2
r n
4. If the expression n?x -1 + — is non-negative for all positive real x, the minimum value of m must be .
x
<a)-; (b)0
(C)J

5. If the inequality mx + 3x -h 4 < 5 js satjsfiecj for a|| x G p then

xz + 2x + 2
(a) 1<m < 5 (b) - 1 < m < 5
(c) 1<m < 6 (d)n? < —
24
(X2 -1)
6. The largest negative integer which satisfies >0, is
(x-2)(x-3)
. (a)-4 (b) — 3
(c)-2 (d)-1
7. If the expression 2x2 + mxy + 3y2 -5y - 2 can be resolved into two rational factors, the value of |m | is
(a) 3 (b)5
(c)7 (d)9
8. If c > 0 and 4a + c < 2b, then ax2 - bx + c = 0 has a root in the interval
(a) (0,2) (b) (2,4)
(c)(0.1) (d)(- 2, 0)
9. If the roots of the equation x2 - 2ax + a22 + a - 3 = 0 are less than 3 then
(a)a<2 (b)2<a<3
(c) 3 < a < 4 (d) a > 4
10. The set of values of a for which the inequation x2 + ax + a2 + 6a < 0 is satisfied for all x e (1,2) lies in the
interval
(a) (12) (b)[1,2J
(c)[- 7,4] (d) None of these
Session 4
Equations of Higher Degree, Rational Algebraic
Inequalities, Roots of Equation with the Help of Graphs,

Equations of Higher Degree and

a a
x -1 + a2 xn~2
The equation a0 xn 4-a,i x"
or ax 3 +bx2 +cx +d = a(x -a)(x -0)(x -y)
+ ...+ an_] x +a„ =0,
where a0,a},a2,...,an_l,an are constants buta0 5*0, is a = a(x3 -Za • x2 + Za0• x -a0y)]
polynomial equation of degree n. It has n and only n roots.
(ii) For n = 4, if a, 0, y, 8 are the roots of the equation
Leta1(a2,a3,..., benroots, then
ax4 +bx3 +cx2 + dx + e = 0, where a, b, c, d, e are
• Zc*! + a2 + a 3 +...+an_1 + an=(-l)1 — constants and a * 0, then
ao
b
[sum of all roots] Za = a + 0 + y + 8=(-i)1 - = >
• Za2 a2 =a1a2 +a1a3 +...+a1an + a2 a3 + a a
+ ... +a n_1an
...+a2a„ +...+a Za0 = (a+0)(y + 8)+a0 + y8 =(-l)2 - =
a a
= (-1)2 — [sum of products taken two at a time]
Za0Y = a0(Y + 8)+Y5(a+0) =(-l)3 — = - —
a a
• Zajaaaj =(-l)3 ~ and a0y8 = (-l)4- = -
«o a a
[sum of products taken three at a time]
or ax4 + bx3 +cx2 +dx + e = a(x - a)
• «!a2a3 ...a „ = (- 1)” — [ product of all roots] (x-0)(x-y)(x-8)
«o
aD = a(x4 - Za- x3 + Za0- x 2 - Z a0y • x + a0y8)
In general, Ztti a2 a3 ...ap=(-l)p —
ao ? Example 42. Find the conditions, if roots of the
Remark equation x * - px2 + qx - r = 0 are in
1. A polynomial equation of degree n has n roots (real or
imaginary). (i) AP (ii) GP
2. If all the coefficients, i.e., a,, <% are real, then the
imaginary roots occur in pairs, i.e. number of imaginary roots (iii) HP
is always even. Sol. (i) Let roots of the given equation are
3. If the degree of a polynomial equation is odd, then atleast one A - D, A, A + D, then
of the roots will be real.
4. (x - a,)(x - ot2)(x - 03) ...(x - an) A - D + A + A + D = p =$ A =£
3
= xn + (- 1)'Za1-xn_1 + (-1)2Za,a2-x n-2
Now, A is the roots of the given equation, then it must
+... + (-1)na1a2a3...an
be satisfy
In Particular A3 - pAz + qA - r = 0
(i) For n = 3, if a, 0, y are the roots of the equation 3 / I +q(- r=0
ax3 +bx2 + ex + d = 0, where a, b, c, d are constants
P
3 I -fte P
3 3)
b b => p3 -3p3 + 9qp -27r =0
and a t 0, then Za = a + 0 + y = (~ 1)1 - = —.
a a
or 2p3 — 9pq + 27r = 0,
Za0=a0 + 0y + ya=(-l)2 - = - which is the required condition.
a a
126 Textbook of Algebra

Product of roots = (a - P)a-(a + P) = 6

(ii) Let roots of the given equation are —, A, AR, then => (2 - P)2(2 + p) = 6 => 4-p2 =3
R
P=±1
=r .'. Roots of Eqs. (i) are 1,2,3 or 3,2,1.
R
tt r , • 1111,
=> A’=r Hence, roots of the given equation are 1, - or -, -, 1.
2 3 3 2
i
A = r3 I Example 44. If cc, 0, y are the roots of the equation
Now, A is the roots of the given equation, then x3 -px2 + qx-r = 0, find
A3 - pA2 + qA - r = 0
(i) Sa2 . (ii) Sa2P- (iii) Sa3-
r-p(r)2/3=9(r),/3-r=0
Sol. Since, a, P, y are the roots of x3 - px2 + qx - r = 0.
or P(r)2,3=q(r)1/3
Sa = p,SaP = q and aPy = r
or p3r2 = q3r
(i) v Sa-Sa = p-p
or p 3r = q 3 => (a + P + Y)(a + p + Y) = P2
which is the required condition. =>a2 + P2 +Y2 +2(ap + Py + ya) = p2
(iii) Given equation is
or Sa2 +2SaP = p2
x3 - px2 + qx - r = 0 ...(i)
or Sa2 = p2 -2q
On replacing x by — in Eq. (i), then
x (ii) •/ Sa-Zap = p-q
2 /. \ => (a + P + y)-(ap + Py + Ya) - P<?
-r =0
=> a23 + a0Y + a2Y + P2a + P2Y + «Py
=> rx 3 - qx2 + px -1 = 0 (ii) + y2P + y2(x = m
Now, roots of Eq. (ii) are in AP. (a2p + a2a + p2y + p2y + y2a + y2p)
Let roots of Eq. (ii) are A - P, A, A + P, then + 3apy = pg
or Sa2P + 3r = pq
A-PA A+ A + P = — or A= —
r 3r or Sa2p = pg-3r
A is a root of Eq. (ii), then (iii) v Sa2 • Sa =(p2 -2q)-p [from result(i)]
rA3 - qA2 + pA -1 = 0
2 / v
=> (a2 + p2 + y2)(a + P + y) = p3 - 2pq
r => a3+P3+y3+(a2P + a2y+ p2a+P2y

q3 -3q3 + 9pqr -27r2 =0 + y2a + y2P) = p3 -2pg

=> 2q3 - 9pqr + 27 r2 = 0, Sa3 + Sa2p = p3 -2pq
which is the required condition. Sa3 + pq - 3r = p3 - 2pq [from result (ii)]
or Sa3 =p3 -3pq +3r
I Example 43. Solve 6x3 -11x2 + 6x-1 = 0, if roots of
the equation are in HP. I Example 45. If cc, 0, y are the roots of the cubic
Sol. Put x = — in the given equation, then equation x3+qx + r = 0, then find the equation whose
y roots are (a - P)2, (P - y)2, (y - a)2.
6 11 6 , n
—---- +_-i=o Sol. •/ a, P, y are the roots of the cubic equation
y y y
x3 + qx + r = 0 ••(■>)
=> y3 - 6y2 + lly - 6 = 0 (i)
Then, Sa = 0, SaP = q, aPy = - r •(ii)
Now, roots of Eq. (i) are in AP.
If y is a root of the required equation, then
Let the roots be a - P, a, a + p.
y = (a -p)2 =(a +p)2 -4aP
Then, sum of roots =a~P+a+a+P=6
=> 3a — 6 / o \2 4otBy
• = (a + p + y - Y)------ —
a =2 Y
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 127

= (0-Y)2 + — [from Eq. (ii)] or

Y If X is a root of the equation /(x) = 0, then /(x) is
2 4r
=> y=Y +— exactly divisible by (x - X) and conversely, if /(x) is
Y exactly divisible by (x - X), then X is a root of the
[replacing y by x which is a root of Eq. (i)]
equation /(x) = 0 and the remainder obtained is /(X).
2 4r
y = x +—
x I Example 47. If x2 + ox + 1 is a factor of ax5 +bx + c,
or x - yx + 4r = 0 ...(iii) find the conditions.
The required equation is obtained by eliminating x between Sol. v ax3 + bx + c = (x2 + ax + l)Q(x)
Eqs. (i) and (iii). Let Q(x) = Ax + B,
Now, subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (i), we get then 3
ax3 + bx + c = (x2 + ax + l)(Ax + B)
(q + y) x - 3r = 0
3r On comparing coefficients of x3, x2, x and constant on
or x =------ both sides, we get
q+y
a = A, •••(*)
On substituting the value of x in Eq. (i), we get
/ . \3
0 = B + aA, -(ii)
3r 3r ' b = aB + A, ...(iii)
+ ?|
q+y ? + y, and c=B •••(iv)
Thus, y3 + 6qy2 + 9q2y + (4q3 + 27r2) = 0 From Eqs. (i) and (iv), we get
A = a and B = c
which is the required equation.
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), a2 + c = 0 and b = ac + a are the
Remark required conditions.
Ka-P)2 = -6q, fl(a-P)2 = -(4q3 + 27r2)
I Example 48. A certain polynomial f(x),xeR, when
divided by x - a, x - b and x - c leaves remainders o, b
Some Results on Roots of a and c, respectively. Then, find the remainder when f(x)
Polynomial Equation is divided by (x-o)(x-b)(x-c), where a,b,c are
1. Remainder Theorem If a polynomial /(x) is
distinct.
divided by a linear function x - X, then the remainder Sol. By Remainder theorem f(a) = a, f(b) = b and /(c) = c
is/(X), Let the quotient be Q(x) and remainder is R(x).
i.e. Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder /(x) = (x - a)(x - b)(x - c)Q(x) + R(x)
.'. f(a) = 0 + R(a)=$ R(a) = a
Let Q (x) be the quotient and R be the remainder, thus
f(b) = 0 + R(b) => R(b) = b and /(c) = 0 + R(c)
/(x)=(x-X) Q(x) + R => R(c) = c
/(X)=(X-X)Q(X) + R = 0 + R = R So, the equation R(x) - x = 0 has three roots a, b andc. But
its degree is atmost two. So, R(x) - x must be zero
I Example 46. If the expression 2x3 + 5px2 - 4x + p polynomial (or identity).
has a remainder of 5 when divided by x + 2, find the Hence, R(x) = x.
value of p. 3. Every equation of an odd degree has atleast one real
Sol. Let /(x) = 2x3 + 3px2 - 4x + p root, whose sign is opposite to that of its last term,
/(x) = (x + 2)Q(x) + 5 provided that the coefficient of the first term is
=» /(-2) = 5 positive.
=> 2(- 2)3 + 3p (- 2)2 - 4(- 2)i + p = 5 or 13p = 13 4. Every equation of an even degree has atleast two real
p=1 roots, one positive and one negative, whose last term
is negative, provided that the coefficient of the first
2. Factor Theorem Factor theorem is a special case of
term is positive.
Remainder theorem.
5. If an equation has no odd powers of x, then all roots
Let /(x) = (x - X) Q(x) + R = (x - X) Q(x) + /(X)
of the equation are complex provided all the
If /(X) = 0, f(x) = (x - X) Q (x), therefore f(x) is coefficients of the equation have positive sign.
exactly divisible by x - X.
128 Textbook of Algebra

A (MW)
6. If x - a is root repeated m times in /(x) = 0
I \
I \
(/(*) =0 is an nth degree equation in x), then
:I + > B (PJ(P))
f(x)=(x-a)mg(x) Zi

where, g( x) is a polynomial of degree(n - m) and the root

!/w
I
/ + /+\f (p)
I LP«x.O)/p,O) \(Y.O) /SO) in
x =aisrepeated(ni - 1) time in/'(x) = 0,(m -2) times 41— X-axis
WO) \ - /Q rS (P.O)
bi f "(x) = 0,...,(m -(m -1)) times in/m-1(x) = 0.

7. Let /(x) = 0 be a polynomial equation and X, p are (v)

two real numbers.
Then, f(x) = 0 will have atleast one real root or an (AO)/
/A \(p,0) /
/A
(&0)\ (P.O)
:7(a0) \ /(Y.0) \-p' X-axis
odd number of roots between X and p, if /(X) and
/(p) are of opposite signs. wy <7 y(P)
But if /(X) and /(p) are of same signs, then either A (MW) fi(p.Hp))
(vi)
f(x) =0 has no real roots or an even number of roots
between X and p. (a) In figure (i), (ii) and (iii), /(X) and /(p) have
opposite signs and equation/(x) =0, has one,
three, five roots between X and p, respectively.
Illustration by Graphs (b) In figure (iv), (v) and (vi), /(X) and /(p) have
Since, f(x) be a polynomial in x, then graph of y = f(x) same signs and equation /(x) =0, has no, four
will be continuous in every interval. and four roots between X and p, respectively.
A(A/(A))
2 Example 49. If a,b,c are real numbers, o^O. If a is
I
root of a2x2+bx + c = 0, p is a root of
(w: + o2x2 -bx - c = 0 and 0 < a < 0, show that the
I
I equation a2x2 + 2bx + 2c = 0 has a root y that always
I (P.O)
----- a— X-axis
W.0) P\(a.O) satisfies a <y <p.
I
I
Sol. Since, a is a root of aizx2 + bx + c = 0.
p(p)
I Then, a2a2 + ba + c =0 (i)
I
I
and P is a root of a2x2 - bx - c = 0,
B (U./(H))
(0 then a2p2 - bp - c = 0 •(ii)
Let fM = a2 x2 + 2bx + 2c
I \
I \
f(a) = ai2a2 +2ba + 2c = a2a2 - 2fl2a2
'w: +\I 1 [from Eq. (i)J
I I
I 1
I 1 +\ (P.O) = - a2a2
-O----- 1----- b\(Y0) X-axis
(A.0) P\&p) rQ T —* => /(a) < 0 and /(p) = a2p2 + 2bP + 2c
(P.O) ■HP)
I
“ I = a2p2+2a2p2 [from Eq. (ii)J
B [p. '(P)] = 3a2p2
(•i)

+ 8(PJW) => /(P)>0

(x.o) / + q\ Since, /(a) and/(P) are of opposite signs, then it is clear
R/ S\ X-axis
/Wi/Ha.0) (P.O) c7(Y.0) (6.0) /(P.O) that a root y of the equation f(x) = 0 lies between a and p.
(v.O) Hence, a<y<p [vcKp]
A (MW) (iii)
B(p,f(p))
E Example 50. If a <b < c < d, then show that
f(X)<A [MW] JHp) (x-o)(x-c)+ 3(x-b)(x-d) = 0 has real and distinct
X-axis roots.
(XO) Tuo)
(M Sol. Let f(x) = (x - a)(x - c) + 3(x - b)(x - d)
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 129

Then, /(a) = 0 + 3(a - b)(a - d) > 0 [v a - b<0, a- d <0] 9. Rolle’s Theorem If /(x) is continuous function in
and f(b) = (b- a)(b ~ c) + 0<0 [v b - a > 0, b - c < 0] the interval [a, h] and differentiable in interval (a, b)
Thus, one root will lie between a and b. and /(a) = f(b), then equation /'(x) =0 will have
and f(c) = 0 + 3(c - b)(c - d) < 0 [vc - b > 0, c - d < 0] atleast one root between a and b. Since, every
and f(d) = (d - a)(d - c) + 0 > 0 d-a>0, d-c>0] polynomial /(x) is always continuous and
Thus, one root will lie between c and d. Hence, roots of differentiable in every interval. Therefore, Rolle’s
equation are real and distinct. theorem is always applicable to polynomial function
8. Let f(x) = 0 be a polynomial equation then in every interval [a, b] if f(a) = f(b).
(a) the number of positive roots of a polynomial I Example 51. If 2a+ 3b + 6c = 0 ; a,b,ceR, then show
equation /(x) =0 (arranged in decreasing order
of the degree) cannot exceed the number of
that the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has atleast one root
changes of signs in /(x) =0 as we move from left between 0 and 1.
to right. Sol. Given, 2a + 3b + 6c = 0
For example, Consider the equation a b
2x3 -x2 -x + l=0. -+-+c=0 (i)
3 2
The number of changes of signs from left to right Let f'(x) = ax2 + bx +c,
is 2 (+ to then - to +). Then, number of positive . ax3 bx2 .
roots cannot exceed 2. Then, f(x) = —- +----- + ex + d
3 2
(b) The number of negative roots of a polynomial .............. a b .
equation /(x) =0 cannot exceed the number of Now, /(0) = d and /(I) = - + - +■ c +' dI
'.3 2
changes of signs in /(-x). =0+d [from Eq. (i)J
For example, Consider the equation Since, /(x) is a polynomial of three degree, then /(x) is
• 5x4 + 3x3 -2x2 + 5x-8 = 0 continuous and differentiable everywhere and /(0) = /(I),
Let /(x) = 4x4+3x3-2x2+5x-8 then by Rolle’s theorem /'(*) - 0 i-e->Qx2 + bx + c = 0 has
/(-x)=5x4 -3x3-2x2 -5x-8 atleast one real root between 0 and 1.

The number of changes of signs from left to right

is (+ to -). Then number of negative roots cannot Reciprocal Equation of the Standard
exceed 1.
Form can be Reduced to an Equation
(c) If equation f(x) =0 have atmost r positive roots
and atmost t negative roots, then equation of Half Its Dimensions
/(x) = 0 will have atmost (r +1) real roots, i.e. it Let the equation be
will have atleast n -(r +1) imaginary roots, ax2m +bx2m~1 + cx 2m 2 + ...+kxm + ... + cx2+bx + a=0
where n is the degree of polynomial.
On dividing by x m, then
For example, Consider the equation
c
5x6 -8x3 + 3x5 + 5x2 +8=0 axm +bxm~1 +cxm~2 + ...+£ + ...+ —
m -2
x
The given equation can be written as b a
5x6 + 3xs -8x3 + 5x2 +8=0 +------- +---- =0
x"”1 xm
On rearranging the terms, we have
Let /(x) =5x6+3x5-8x3+5x2+8
Here, /(x) has two changes in signs. f i) ,r
a xm +----- | + b x
m -1 1
+------- +c
So, /(x) has atmost two positive real roots xm ,xm-
and /(-x) = 5x6-3x5+8x3+5x2+8 X^i -2 1
+------ + ... + k-Q
Here, /(- x) has two changes in signs. xm~2
So, J(x) has atmost two negative real roots, 1
Now, xp + 1 -I--------
1
xp H-----
n
and x = 0 cannot be root of /(x) = 0. xp + 1 xp x)
Hence, /(x) =0 has atmost four real roots,
therefore atleast two imaginary roots.
-P"1 +_L x<’-/
130 Textbook of Algebra

Hence, writing z for x + — and given to p succession the I Example 53. Solve the equation
x (12x -l)(6x - 1)(4x - 1)(3x -1) = 5.
values 1,2,3......we obtain Sol. The given equation can be written as
( 1 1 1) 5
x 2+ —= z2-2 x----- x — X------i Y x — ...ft
x2 I 12. 6 4A 3. I 12-6-4-3
x3 + —= z(z2 -2)-z=z3 -3z 11 1 x1 x1 , X 1 £
■1 1

Since, — <-< — <- and — = — —-

12 6 4 3
‘ 6 ' “ 6 12 3 4
We can introduced a new variable,
x4 + — = z(z3 -3z)-(z2 -2)=z4 -4z2 + 2
X4 1 1 1 1 f 1
y=t x---- + X — + x---- + x--
12. 6 4 l 3
and so on and generally xm + is of m dimensions in
xm 5
y = x-----
z and therefore the equation in z is of m dimensions. 24
On substituting x = y + — in Eq. (i), we get
I Example 52. Solve the equation 24
2x4 + x3 — 11x2 + x + 2 = 0. 3 1 V 1 .. 3 I 5
y + — y + — y----- y--------
24 A 24 A 24 A 24
24 J 12-6-4-3
Sol. Since, x = 0 is not a solution of the given equation. 2 2
1 3 5
On dividing by x2 in both sides of the given equation, we y2
get 24 24 12-6-4-3
2 ( x2 + -M + £ Hence, we find that
-11 = 0 •••ft)
I x2) x .2
y 24! -
Put x + — = y in Eq. (i), then Eq. (i) reduce in the form
x 7 , 7
2(y2 -2) + y-ll = 0 i.e. y. = — and y? =-----
24 24
2y2 + y- 15 = 0 Hence, the corresponding roots of the original equation are
o j 5 1,1
yi = -3andy2 = - ----- and —.
Ct 12 2
Consequently, the original equation is equivalent to the Type II An equation of the form
collection of equations
(x - d)(x - b)(x - c)(x - d) = Ax2
x+-=-3
.x where, ab = cd. can be reduced to a collection of two
£_ quadratic equations by a change of variable y = x + —.
X x
-3-75 1
we find that, Xj = —^•X2= . x3 = -, x4 = 2 I Example 54. Solve the equation
2
(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 8)(x + 12) = 4x2.
Equations which can be Reduced Sol. Since, (- 2)(- 12) = (- 3)(- 8), so we can write given equa­
tion as
to Linear, Quadratic and Biquadratic (x + 2)(x + 12)(x + 3)(x + 8) = 4x2
Equations => (x2+14x + 24)(x2+llx + 24) = 4x2
Type I An equation of the form
Now, x = 0 is not a root of given equation.
(x - a)(x - b)(x - c)(x - d) = A
On dividing by x2 in both sides of Eq. (i), we get
where, a <b <c <d, b ~a-d ~c, can be solved by a ( 24 , ' 24 A
change of variable. x + —+ 14 x + —+ 11 =4 (ii)
I x x J
_ (x - a) + (x - 6) + (x - c) + (x - d) 24
i.e. y~ 4 Put x + — = y, then Eq. (ii) can be reduced in the form
x
(a + b + c + d) (y + 14)(y + 11) = 4 or y2+25y + 150 = 0
y = x - -------------------
4 yj = -15 and y2 = -10
=a

Chap 02 Theory of Equations 131

Thus, the original equation is equivalent to the collection of P(x)>0, Q(x)>0

equations ^|l>0=>{P(x)Q(x)>0=>
(1) or
x + —= -15,
X P(x) <0, Q(x) <0

X + —= -10, P(x)>0, Q(x)<0

X
(2) ^<0=>{P(x)Q(x)<0=> or
x2 + 15x4-24 =0
i.e. P(x) <0, Q(x) >0
x2 + lOx + 24 = 0
P(x)>0, Q(x)>0
On solving these collection, we get P(x)Q(x)>0
-15- "129 -15 + V129 (3) ^>o=J or
---- ,. x.2 =
*i =------------ x3 = - 6, x4 = - 4 £>(x) 1. Q(x)*0 P(x)<0, Q(x)<0
2 2
Type III An equation of the form (x -a)4 +(x-b)4 =A
P(x) >0, Q(x) <0
P(x)Q(x)<0
can also be solved by a change of variable, i.e. making a (4) or
substitution y = ——+^X——. Q(x)*0
P(x)<0, Q(x)>0
2

i Ii Example 55. Solve the equation I Example 56. Find all values of a for which the set of
(6-xr + (8-x)4 =16. all solutions of the system
Sol. After a change of variable,
x2 + ox-2
—------------ <2
(6-x) + (8-x) x -x + 1
y 2
x2 + ox-2
y = 7 - x or x =7 - y _ >—5
X -x + 1
Now, put x = 7 - y in given equation, we get
(y-i)4+(y + l)4=16
is the entire number line.
Sol. The system is equivalent to
y4 + 6y2 - 7 = 0
x2 - (a + 2)x + 4
(y2 + 7)(y2 - 1) = 0 >0
x2 - x + 1
y2 + 7 *0 4x2 +(a-3)x + 1 > o
[y gives imaginary values] x2 - x + 1
y22 - 1 = 0 1 2 3
Since, x2 - x + 1 = x — | + — > 0, this system is
Then, yi = - 1 and y2 = 1 2
Thus, x, = 8 and x2 = 6 are the roots of the given equation. x2 - (a + 2)x + 4 > 0
equivalent to
4x2 +(a - 3)x + 1 > 0

Rational Algebraic Inequalities Hence, the discriminants of the both equations of this
system are negative.
Consider the following types of rational algebraic (a + 2)2 - 16 < 0
i.e., => (a + 6)(a - 2) < 0
inequalities (a-3)2 - 16 <0

P(x) A P(X) n +__\ +

—— <0,
Q(X) QM -6 2

i.e., xe(-6,2) ...(i)

>0, => (a + l)(a-7)<0
e(x) 1 «x)
If P(x) and Q(x) can be resolved in linear factors, then use
Wavy curve method, otherwise we use the following
i.e. xg(-1, 7) (ii)
statements for solving inequalities of this kind.
Hence, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
x e (-1,2)
132 Textbook of Algebra

The first system of collection Eq. (i) is equivalent to the

Equations Containing system of collection
Absolute Values 2x - 4 - 2x = 4, if 2x > 4
By definition, | x | = x, if x > 01 x | = - x, if x < 0 - 2x + 4 - 2x = 4, if 2x < 4
- 4 = 4, if x > 2
I Example 57. Solve the equation x2 - 5|x| + 6 = 0.
- 4x = 0, if x < 2
Sol. The given equation is equivalent to the collection of
The first system is failed and second system gives x = 0.
systems
(x - 2)(x - 3) = 0, if x > 0 Hence, x = 0 is unique solution of the given equation.
x2 - 5x + 6 = 0, if x > 0
x2 + 5x + 6 = 0, if x < 0 (x + 2)(x + 3) = 0, if x < 0
Hence, the solutions of the given equation are
Important Forms Containing
x ] = 2, x 2 = 3, x j — — 2, x 4 = — 3 Absolute Values
Form 1 The equation of the form
I Example 58. Solve the equation
|/(x) + g(x)| = |f(x)| + |g(x)|
x2 -8x + 12 x2 -8x + 12
is equivalent of the system
x2 -10x + 21 x2 -10x + 21
f(x)g(x)>Q.
Sol. This equation has the form |/(x)| = - /(x)
x2 -8x +12
I Example 60. Solve the equation
when, f(x) = x X2
x2 - lOx + 21 + |X| =
such an equation is equivalent to the collection of systems
x-1 ix-ir
f(x) = -/(x),if/(x)>0 Sol. Letf(x)-
X
and g(x) = x,
f(x) = /(x), if/(x)<0 x-1

The first system is equivalent to /(x) = 0 and the second X +x- x2

Then, f(x) + g(x) =
system is equivalent to f(x) < 0 the combining both x-1 x-1
systems, we get
.•. The given equation can be reduced in the form
x22 -8x + 12 l/WI + |gWI = l/W + gWI
—-------------- <0 Hence, f(xH(x)>0
x2 - lOx + 21
(x-2)(x-6) J^>0
(x-3)(x-7) x-1

+
+ + +
'0 1
2 3 6 7

From Wavy curve method, x G (1, <») U {0}.

Hence, by Wavy curve method,
xG [2,3) U[6,7)
Form 2 The equation of the form
I Example 59. Solve the equation 1/1 (x)l + 1/2 (x)l + ...+!/„ (x)l = gW •••(»
|x-|4 - x||-2x = 4.
where, f\ (x), f2(x),..., fn (x), g(x) are functions of x and
Sol. This equation is equivalent to the collection of systems
g(x) may be constant.
|x - (4 - x)| - 2x = 4, if 4 - x > 0
Equations of this form solved by the method of
|x + (4 - x)| - 2x = 4, if 4 - x < 0
intervals. We first find all critical points of
|2x-4|-2x = 4, if x < 4 fi(*)> ..... fn(*)> coefficient of x is positive, then
=>
4 ~2x = 4, if x > 4 graph start with positive sign (+) and if coefficient of x is
The second system of this collection negative, then graph start with negative sign (-). Then,
gives x=0 using the definition of the absolute value, we pass from
but x>4 Eq. (i) to a collection of systems which do not contain the
Hence, second system has no solution. absolute value symbols.
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 133

I Example 61. Solve the equation For —-<0, ifx>0

x+1
|x-1| + |7-x| + 2|x-2| = 4.
Sol. Here, critical points are 1, 2, 7 using the method of inter­
vals, we find intervals when the expressions x - 1,7 - x
and x - 2 are of constant signs.
0<x<l ...(i)
i.e. x<l, l<x<2,2<x<7, x>7
For — <0, ifx<0
+ + + x-1
(x-1) 1
-- (7-x) + + +>
7
I - 1 < x <0 -(ii)
(x-2) ' 4- Hence, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), the solution of the given
2
equation is x e [- 1,1}
Thus, the given equation is equivalent to the collection of Alite r
four systems, 1
1-_LL >- => >1
x<1 x<1 1 + 1*1 2 l + |x| 2
[-(x - 1) + (7 - x) — 2(x - 2) = 4 x=2 1
[l<x<2 >- => or |x| £ 1
l<x<2 2
|(x - 1) + (7 - x) - 2(x - 2) = 4
1 + 1*1
x=3 - 1 < x < 1 or x => [-1,1]
|2<x<7 2<x<7
[(x - 1) + (7 - x) + 2(x - 2) = 4
Jx>7
x=l
x>7
Equations Involving Greatest Integer,
[(x - 1) - (7 - x) + 2(x - 2) = 4 x=4
Least Integer and Fractional Part
From the collection of four systems, the given equation has 1. Greatest Integer
no solution.
[x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x i.e.,
[x] < x. It is also known as floor of x.
Inequations Containing Thus, [3.5779] = 3, [0.89] = 0,[3] = 3
Absolute Values [- 8.7285] = -9
By definition, |x|<a=>-a<x<a(a>0)
[-0.6] = - 1
|x|<a =>-a<x <a
[-7] = -7
|x|>a=>x<-a and x > a
In general, if n is an integer and x is any real number
and |x|>a=>x<-a and x > a.
between n and n +1
|X|
I Example 62. Solve the inequation 1 -
1 + |x|
>12 i.e. n<x <n + l, then[x] = n

Sol. The given inequation is equivalent to the collection of Properties of Greatest Integer
systems (i) [x ±n] = [x]±n,ne I
i—L_ > -, if x>0 ,1 (ii) [-x] = -[x],xe/
>-,if x>0
i+X 2 , . I1 + xl 2
(iii) [—x] = — 1 — [x], x £ I
i+— > -, if x < 0 > —, if x < 0 (iv) [x]-[-x] = 2n» if x = n,ne I
l-x 2 |l-x| 2
(v) [x] -[- x] = 2n +1, if x = n + {x}, n G I and 0 < {x} < 1
1 1-x
>-, if x>0 > 0, if x > 0
1+x 2 1+x
=> =>
1 (vii) [x] > n => x >n +1, n G I
> -, if x < 0 — > 0, if x < 0
1-x 2 1-x (viii)[x] <n=>x<n + l,nGl
L < 0, if x > 0 (ix) [x] < n => x < n, n e I
x+1
=> (x) n2 <[x]<n, =>n2 <x<n} + l,nI,n2el
x+1
— <0. if x<0
x -1 (xi) [x + y]>[x]+[y]
134 Textbook of Algebra

2. Least Integer
(x) or x"| denotes the least integer greater than or equal
n+l n +2 n+4 n +8
(xiii) + + + +... = n, n G N to x i.e., (x) > x or |~x"| > x. It is also known as ceilling
2 4 8 16
of x.
1 2 n-1
(xivXx] + + + ... + = [nx], Thus, (3.578) = 4 , (0.87) = 1,
n n n
ne N (4) = 4
Graph of y = [x] 8.239~|=— 8, [*—0.7~|= 0
y
3 In general, if n is an integer and x is any real number
I
between n and n + l
2
i.e., n <x <n + 1, then(x) =n + 1
1
till
iiii
X [x] = n x=[x] = n+1
I I
? 2 3 4

-2 o-
n x
M- H
-3
Relation between Greatest Integer and Least Integer
Remark [x], XGl
(X) =
Domain and Range of [x] are Rand /. respectively. [x] + l, X<£l

I Example 63. If [x] denotes the integral part of x for i.e. If x G/, then x =[x] = (x). [remember]
real x, then find the value of Remark
[>r+ '1........... _L + 1 JL■’ If (x) = n, then (n-1) < x < n
[4j |_4 200 4 100 .4 200
’1 199” Graph of y = (x) = pc"]
+... + —I------
.4 200. y
Sol. The given expression can be written as sin (-1)
1 1 2 1 3 3
+ - + — + - +---- I
I
i
i
200 4 200 4 200 2 — I i
i
I i
1 199 I i
+ ...+ - +---- 1
I
I
i
i
4 200 I i
-2 -1 I i

1 X' -i—<?— ■X
= 200— =[50] =50 [from property (xiv)] I
I
• I
I
2 3
4

+y
I Example 64. Let [a] denotes the larger integer not
exceeding the real number a If x and y satisfy the
equations y = 2[x] + 3 and y = 3[x - 2] simulaneously, Remark
determine [x + y]. Domain and Range of (x) are R and [x] + 1, respectively.

Sol. We have, y = 2[x] + 3 = 3[x-2] ...(i)

2[x] + 3 = 3( [x] - 2) [from property (i)]
I Example 65. If [x] and (x) are the integral part of x
2[x] + 3 = 3[x] — 6 and nearest integer to x, then solve (x)[x] = 1.
[x] = 9 Sol. Case I If x G I, then x = [x] = (x)
From Eq. (i),y = 2x9 + 3 = 21 Given equation convert in x2 =1.
[x + y] = [x + 21] = [x] + 21 = 9 + 21 = 30. x = (± 1)
Hence, the value of [x + y] is 30. Case II If x G I, then(x) = [x] + 1
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 135

/.Given equation convert in I Example 67. If {x} and [x] represent fractional and
([x] + l)[x] = l => [x]2+[x]-l=0 integral part of x respectively, find the value of
or [x] =
-i±7s [impossible] . . 2S° {x + r}
2 x 2000'
Then, final answer is x = ± 1.

I Example 66. Find the solution set of So/. [x]+2f 2000

=w+ . 2000
[from property (i)]
(x)2 + (x +1)2 = 25, where (x) is the least integer r — I r = i

greater than or equal to x. = [x] + — 71 = [x] + X 2000 = [x] + {x} = x

Sol. Case I If x e I, then x = (x) = [x] 2000 r — i 2000

Then, (x)2 + (x + l)2 = 25 reduces to

....... 2 I Example 68. If {x} and [x] represent fractional and
x2 + x + 1 = 25 => 2x2 + 2x - 24 = 0 integral part of x respectively, then solve the equation
=> x2 + x-12 = 0 => (x +4)(x-3) = 0
x-1 = (x-[x])(x-{x}).
x = -4,3 ...(i)
Case II If x g I, then (x) = [x] + 1 Sol. X = [x] + {x}, 0 < {x} < 1
Then, (x)2 + (x + I)2 = 25 reduces to Thus, given equation reduces to
{[x] + I}2 + {[x + 1] + I}2 = 25 [x] + {x}-l = {x}[x]
=> (M+1)! + {[x] + 2}2=25 => {x}[x]-[x]-{x} + l=0
=> 2[x]2 + 6[x]-20 = 0 ([x]-l)({x}-l) = 0
=> [x]2 + 3[x]- 10 = 0 Now, {x} - 1 * 0 [■■•0< {*}<!]
{[x] + 5H[x]-2} = 0 [x]-l = 0
[x] = - 5 and [x] = 2 [x]= 1
=> xe[-5,-4)u[2,3) xe[l,2)
x 11,
xg(-5,-4)u(2,3)
Problem Solving Cycle
(ii)
If a problem has x, | x |,[x], (x), {x}, then first solve |x|,
On combining Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
x 6 (-5, - 4] u(2,3] then problem convert in x,[x],(x), {x}.

3. Fractional Part X. I X I. [x]. (X). {X

{x} denotes the fractional part of x, i.e.O < {x} < L X = [X] + {X} X, [x], (X), {x}
Thus, {2 • 7} = 0.7, {5} = 0, {- 3.72} = 0.28
If x is a real number, then x = [x] + {x}
i.e., x = n + f, where n G I and 0 < f < 1
Properties of Fractional Part of x
[X]. {X}
(i) {x ±n} = {x}, ne I (ii) IfO < x <1, then {x} = x X. [X], {X}
Graph of y = {x}

[x], XGl
Secondly, solve (x) =
[x] +1, X € I
X' ■X Then, problem convert in x,[x], {x}.
-3 -2 01T 1 2 3 4
Now, put x=[x] + {x}
Remark Then, problem convert in[x] and {x}.
1. For proper fraction 0 < {x } < 1. Since, 0 < {x} < 1, then we get [x]
2. Domain and range of {x} are R and [0,1), respectively.
From Eq. (i), we get {x}
3. {-5.238} = {-5-0238} = {-5-1 + 1 -0.238}
= {- 6+ 0.762}= {6.762} = 0.762 Hence, final solution is x = [ x ] + {x}.
136 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 69. Let {x} and [x] denotes the fractional I Example 71. Solve the equation ?
and integral parts of a real number x, respectively. (x)2=[x]2 + 2x /
Solve4{x} = x + [x]. where, [x] and (x) are integers just less than or equal
Sol. v x = [x] + {x} •■•(0 to x and just greater than or equal to x, respectively.
Then, given equation reduces to Sol. Case I If x G I then
4{x} = [x]+{x} + [x] x = [x] = (x)
2
W=^[x] -(ii) The given equation reduces to
x2 = x2 + 2x
2 r , 3
0 < {x} < 1 =>0 < —[x] < 1 or 0 < x < - => 2x = 0 or x = 0 ...0)
2
Case II If x £ I, then (x) = [x] + 1
[x] = 0,1
2 The given equation reduces to
From Eq. (ii), {x} = 0, -
([x] + I)2 = [x]2 + 2x
2 5 1 = 2(x — [x]) or {x} = |
From Eq. (i), x = 0,1 + - i.e., x = 0, -
r -i 1 1
x = [x] + -=n + -,nGl .(ii)
I Example 70. Let {x} and [x] denotes the fractional 2 2
1
Hence, the solution of the original equation is x = 0, n +
and integral part of a real number (x), respectively. n G I. 2
Solve |2x-1| = 3[x] + 2{x}.
Sol. Case I 2x - 1 > 0 or x > -
I Example 72. Solve the system of equations in x,y
2 and z satisfying the following equations:
Then, given equation convert to
x+[y] + {z} = 3-1
2x - 1 = 3 [x] + 2{x} ...(i)
x = [x] + {x} •••(ii) {x}+ y + [z] = 4 • 3
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get [x] + {y}+z = 5-4
2([x] + {x}) - 1 = 3[x] + 2{x} where, [■] and {•} denotes the greatest integer and frac­
[x] = -l tional parts, respectively.
-l<x<0 Sol. v [x] + {x} = X, [y] + {y} = y and [z] + {z} = z,
No solution V X>-
2 On adding all the three equations, we get
Case II 2x-l<0orx<- 2(x + y + z) = 12.8
2
Then, given equation reduces to => x + y + z =6.4 ■CO
1 - 2x = 3[x] + 2{x} Now, adding first two equations, we get
-(iii)
x = [x] + {x} -(iv) x + y+ z + [y] + {x}=7.4
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get => 6.4 + [y] + {x} = 7.4 [from Eq. (i)]
l-2([x] + {x}) = 3[x] + 2{x} [y] + {x}=i
l-5[x] = 4{x} [y] = 1 and {x} = 0 .(ii)
On adding last two equations, we get
x + y + z + {y} + [z] = 9.7
4
Now, {y} + [z] =3.3 [from Eq. (ii.)]
l-5[x] :. [z] = 3 and {y} = 0.3 -.(iii)
0<
4 On adding first and last equations, we get
0<l-5[x]<4 x + y + z + [x] + {z} = 8.5
0>-l + 5[x]> -4 [x] + {z} = 2.1 [from Eq. (i)|
3 r
1 > 5[x] > - 3 or [x] = 2, {z} = 0.1 ...(iv)

[x] = 0 From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

x = [x] + {x} = 2 + 0 = 2
From Eq. (v), {x} = —
4 y = [y] + {y) = i+0.3= 1.3
n 1 1 and z = [z] + {z} = 3 + 0.1= 3.1
x=0+-=-
4 4
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 137

Roots of Equation with 1 < x<2

We have, f(x) = x 3- 3 and g(x) = 1
the Help of Graphs or x3-3=l => x3= 4
Here, we will discuss some examples to find the roots of x = (4),/3
equations with the help of graphs. Hence, x = 41 '3 is the solution of the equation x3 - [x] = 3.

Important Graphs Aliter

x = [x] + f,Q< f <1,
1. y = ax3 + bx2 + ex + d
Then, given equation reduces to
x3~(x-f) = 3 => x’-x = 3-/
Hence, it follows that
2<x33-x<3
=> 2 < x(x + 1) (x - 1) < 3
Further for x > 2, we have x(x + 1) (x - 1) > 6 > 3
2. x = ay3 + by2 + cy + d For x < - 1, we have x(x + l)(x - 1) <0 < 2
For x = -1, we have x(x + l)(x - 1) = 0 < 2
For-1 < x < 0, we have x(x + l)(x - 1) < - x < 1
and forO < x < 1,we have x(x + l)(x - 1) < x < x3 < 1
Therefore, x must be 1 < x < 2
[x] = l
Now, the original equation can be written as

n
3. y = ax4 + bx 3 + c x2 + dx + e x3-1 = 3 => x3=4
Hence, x = 41 z 3 is the solution of the given equation.

I Example 74. Solve the equation x5 - 3x - a = 0 for

different values ofo.
Sol. We have, x3-3x-a = 0 => x3-3x = a
a >0 a <0
Let/(x)= x3-3x and g(x) = a

I Example 73. Solve the equation x33-[x] = 3, where f'(x) = Q

[x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal tox. 3x2 - 3 = 0

Sol. We have, x3 - [x] = 3 => x = -1,1

f"(x)='6x
=> x3-3 = [x]
Y .
Let /(x)= x3-3andg(x) = [x} —2 /
It is clear from the graphs, the point of intersection of
two curves y =■ f(x) and y = g(x) lies between (1,0) and y=a
(2,0).
Y y = f(x)
■X
2 -J3) 0
y = gW
1 ---- 3

X' X
1 2 3
y = x3 - 3x
Y
-2,
... /"(-i) = -6<0 and /z'(l) = 6>0
-3
.’./(x) local maximum at x = (-1) and local minimum at
x = land /(-I) = 2 and /(I) = -2 andy = g(x) = a is a
Y' straight line parallel to X-axis.
138 Textbook of Algebra

Following cases arise I Example 76. Find all values of the parameter k for
Case I When a > 2, which all the roots of the equation
In this case y = /(x) and y = g(x) intersects at only one x° + 4x3 -8x2 + k = 0are real.
point, so x3 - 3x - a = 0 has only one real root.
Sol. We have, x4+ 4x3-8x2+ k = 0
Case II When a = 2,

a
i fy
In this case y = /(x) and y = g(x) intersects at two points,
sox3-3x-a = 0has three real roots, two are equal and x- -X
one different. I
T

Case III When -2 < a < 2,

I
I
y = g(x)
I

In this case y = /(x) and y = g(x) intersects at three points,

I
I
-a
I
sox3-3x-a = 0 has three distinct real roots. I
I
I
I
Case IV When a = - 2, I
I
In this case y = f(x) and y = g(x) touch at one point and I
I 'y = fix)
I
intersect at other point, so x3- 3x - a = 0 has three real I
I
I
roots, two are equal and one different. I
128
Case V When a < - 2,
In this case y = f(x) and y = g(x) intersects at only one ir
point, sox3-3x-a = 0 has only one real root. => x4+4x3-8x2=-fc
Let _f(x) = x4 + 4x3-8x2 and g(x) = -t
I Example 75. Show that the equation
P(x) = 0
x3+ 2x2+ x+ 5 = 0 has only one real root, such that 3
4x3 + 12x2 - 16x = 0 =>x = -4,0,l
[a] = - 3, where [x] denotes the integral point of x .
and /zz(x) = 12x2+24x - 16
Sol. We have, x3 + 2x2 + x + 5 = 0
/zz(-4) = 80, fzz(0) = -16,/zz(l) = 20
x3+2x2 + x = -5 .-./(x) has local minimum at x = - 4 and x = 1 and local
Let /(x) = x3 +2x2 + x and g(x) = -5 maximum at x = 0
f'(x) = 0 => 3x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 and /(-4) = -128, /(0) = 0, /(l) = -3.

=> . x = -l,-i and /zz(x) = 6x + 4 Following cases arise

Case I When - k > 0 i.e., k < 0
.*. /zz(-l) = —2<0 and f -2+ 4 = 2>0 In this case y = x4 + 4x3 - 8x2and y = (-k) intersect at
two points, so x4 + 4x3-8x2+fc = 0has two real roots.
.’./(x) local maximum at x = -1 and local minimum at
1 Case II When -k = 0 and -k = - 3, i.e. k = 0,3
x=— In this case y = x4 + 4x 3-8x2 and y = - k intersect at four
and 3 r n
1
.f(-l) = 0,f -- =
4 points, sox4+4x3-8x2 + fc=0 has two distinct real roots
3 27 and two equal roots.
Y Case III When -3 < - k < 0, i.e. 0 < k < 3
In this case y = x4 + 4x3-8x2 and y = -k intersect at four
1_ y = /(x)=x3 + 2x2+x distinct points, so x4 + 4x3 - 8x2 + k = 0 has four distinct
"3
X' ----------------------- ►X real roots.
0
Case IV When -128 <-k < -3, i.e. 3 < k <128
In this casey = x4 + 4x3 - 8x 2andy = -k intersect at two
distinct points, sox4 + 4x3~8x2+fc=0 has two distinct
real roots.
Case V When -k = -128 i.e., k = 128
y =g(x)=-5 In this casey = x4 + 4x3 - 8x 2andy = -k touch at one
point, sox4 + 4x3-8x2+fc = 0 has two real and equal roots.
and /(-2) = -2 and /(-3) = -12 Case VI When -k < -128, i.e. Ac > 128
Therefore, x must lie between (-3) and (-2). In this casey = x4+4x3-8x2 andy = -k do not
i.e. -3 <a <-2 => [a] =-3 intersect, so there is no real root.
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 139

I Example 77. Let -1 < p < 1, show that the equation We observe that, the line y = g(x) = p, where -1 < p < 1
intersect the curve y = f(x) exactly at point ct G -, 1 .
4x3 - 3x -p = 0 has a unique root in the interval 1 |_2
Hence, 4x3- 3x - p = 0has exactly one root in the interval
and identify it.
Sol. We have, 4x3 - 3x - p = 0 [ill
2
=> 4x3-3x = p Now, we have to find the value of root a.
Let /(x) = 4x3-3x andg(x) = p Let a = cos0, then 4 cos3 0 - 3cos0 - p = 0
1
f'(x) = 0 => cos30 = p => 30 = cos-1(p) or 0 = -cos”’(p)
12x2 - 3 = 0
fl i 1 33
a = cos0 = cosl-cos (pYf
1 3
x= -- and /"(*)= 24x
2 2 Aliter
Is! . Let 0(x) = 4x3 - 3x - p
j = -12 < Oand f = 12 > 0
2J 1
0'(x) = 12x2 - 3= 12 x + - x—
1
1
.’./(x) has local maximum at x = - - and local minimum
2
at | x = - I
Al 1"! 44 3,.
3 /l^
1 4 1
Also, f -- = — + - = 1 and f - = ’=-1 Clearly, 0'(x) > 0 for x G 1 .
I 2 J 88 22 <2j
2 8 2 2

y Hence, 0(x) can have atmost one root in -, 1

2
1 y = 4*) Also, 0| - j = -1 - p and 0(1) = 1 - p
k 2J
y = gW ••• 4; «D = -(1-P2)=(P!-DSO [V-1<P<1]
\ z

■x Since, 0(x) being a polynomial, continuous on r‘1-l and,

J3 2'
0^- j 0( 1) < 0. Therefore, by intermediate value theorem
0l - 10(1) < 0. Therefore, by intermediate value theorem

0(x) has atleast one root in -, 1 .

Hence, 0(x) has exactly one root in 1 .

y'
140 Textbook of Algebra

g Exercise for Session 4

1+ a
1. If a, p, y are the roots of x 3 - x 2 -1 = 0, the value of £ , is equal to
1-a !
(a)-7 (b)-6
(c)-5 (d)-4
2. If r, s, t are the roots of the equation 8x 3+ 1001x + 2008 = 0. The value of
(r + s)3+ (s + f)3+ (t + r)3is
(a)751 (b) 752
(c) 753 (d) 754
3. If a,p,Y. 8 are the roots of equation x4 + 4x 3-6x2 + 7x - 9 = O,the value of 11(1+ a2) is
(a) 9 (b)11
(013 (d) 15
4. \fa,b,c,d are four consecutive terms of an increasing AP, the roots of the equation
(x -a)(x — c) + 2(x -b)(x ~d) = 0 are
(a) non-real complex (b) real and equal
(c) integers (d) real and distinct
5. If x2 + px + 1 is a factor of the expression ax 3+ bx + c then
(a)a2-c2=ab (b)a2+c2=-ab
(c)a2-c2=-ab (d) None of these

6. The number of real roots of the equation x2 - 3| x | + 2 = 0 is

(a) 1 (b)2
(c)3 (d)4
7. Let a / 0 and p (x) be a polynomial of degree greater than 2, if p (x) leaves remainder a and (-a) when divided
respectively by x + a and x - a, the remainder when p (x) is divided by x2 - a2, is
(a) 2x (b) -2x
(0 * (d) —x
8. The product of all the solutions of the equation (x - 2)2 - 31 x - 21 + 2 = 0 is
(a) 2 (b) —4
(c) 0 (d) None of these
9. IfO < x < 1000 and = |^x,where [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.the

number of possible values of x is

(a) 32 (b) 33
(c) 34 (d) None of these
10. If [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal tox and (x)be the least integer greater than or equal to x and
[x]2 + (x)2 > 25 then x belongs to
(a) [3 4] (b)
(c)[4,«) (d) (-«,-4]u [4, oo)
Session 5
Irrational Equations, Irrational Inequations, Exponential
Equations, Exponential Inequations, Logarithmic Equations,
Logarithmic Inequations

Irrational Equations This equation is defined for 2x + 7 > 0

Here, we consider equations of the type which contain the x>-’
and x + 4 > 0 => 2
unknown under the radical sign and the value under the
x>-4
radical sign is known as radicand. x>-’
• If roots are all even (i.e. Vx, Vx, Vx,.., etc) of an equation 2
7
are arithmetic. In other words, if the radicand is negative For x > the left hand side of the original equation
(i.e.x<0), then the root is imaginary, if the radicand is
is positive, but right hand side is zero. Therefore, the
zero, then the root is also zero and if the radicand is equation has no roots.
positive, then the value of the root is also positive.
(ii) We have, ^(x - 4) = -5
• If roots are all odd (i.e. Vx, Vx, Vx,... etc) of an equation,
The equation is defined for x - 4 > 0
then it is defined for all real values of the radicand. If the
radicand is negative, then the root is negative, if the x>4
radicand is zero, then the root is zero and if the radicand For x > 4, the left hand side of the original equation is
is positive, then the root is positive. positive, but right hand side is negative.
Therefore, the equation has no roots.
(iii) We have, ^/(6 - x) - -Jx - 8 = 2
Some Standard Formulae to The equation is defined for
Solve Irrational Equations 6 - x > 0 and x - 8 > 0
If f and g be functions of x, k E N. Then, x<6
x>8
1- 2V72Vg =2li/fi,f>0,g>0
Consequently, there is no x for which both expressions
2.2k4f /a4g=2k/f^.f^g>0 would have sense. Therefore, the equation has no roots.
(iv) We have, - x) = ^/(x - 7)
3-l/l2Vi=W:g).«20 This equation is defined for

2vw=2Vm / 2vnnjg a o, s * o -2-x>0 => x<-2

For x < - 2 the left hand side is positive, but right
hand side is negative.
^g=2k/f\2k4gJs^
Therefore, the equation has no roots.
S Example 78. Prove that the following equations has (v) We have, -Jx + ^(x + 16) = 3
no solutions. The equation is defined for
(i) ^(2x + 7) + ^(x + 4) = 0 (ii) ^/(x - 4) = -5 x>0
x > 0 and x + 16 > 0 =>
c2^x=>/(x^7) x>-16

(vi) 7jx+B-Fx+^=9S Hence, x>0

x5 For x > 0 the left hand side > 4, but right hand side is
3. Therefore, the equation has no roots.
(vii) J(x-3) -^/x+9 = 7(x-1)
(vi) We have, 7>/x + 8v-x + — = 98
Sol. (i) We have, ^(2x + 7) + -J(x + 4) = 0 x
142 Textbook of Algebra

For x < 0, the expression 7>/x is meaningless, Sol. We have, 3^(x + 3) - -Jx - 2 = 7
For x > 0, the expression sj-x is meaningless => 37(x + 3) =7 + 7(^-2)
and for x = 0, the expression is meaningless. On squaring both sides of the equation, we obtain
x 9x 4- 27 = 49 4- x - 2 + 14^/x - 2
Consequently, the left hand side of the original => 8x - 20 = 14^/(x — 2)
equation is meaningless for any x e R. Therefore, the
equation has no roots. (4x - 10) = 7y]x-2
Again, squaring both sides, we obtain
(vii) We have, ^(x - 3) - y](x 4- 9) = ^/x - 1
16x2 4- 100 - 80x = 49x - 98
This equation is defined for
16x2 - 129x 4- 198 = 0
x-3>0 x >3
( 33^
• x + 9 >0 => x>-9 (x-6) x-— =0
I 16)
x-1>0 x>1 33
X[ = 6 and x2 = —
x.
Hence, x>3 16
33
For x >3,y/x-3 < Jx+ 9 i.e. J(x-3) - 7(* + 9) < 0 Hence, X] = 6 satisfies the original equation, but x2 = —
16
Hence, for x > 3, the left hand side of the original does not satisfy the original equation.
equation is negative and right hand side is positive. 33
/. x2 = — is the extraneous root.
Therefore, the equation has no roots. 16
Form 2 An equation in the form
Some Standard Forms to 2n4fM=gW,neN
Solve Irrational Equations is equivalent to the system
#(x)>0
Form 1 An equation of the form f(x)=g2n(x)
f2n(x) = g2n(x), ne N is equivalent to J(x) =g(x).
I Example 81. Solve the equation
Then, fmd the roots of this equation. If root of this
equation satisfies the original equation, then its root of the
7(6-4x-x2) = x + 4.
original equation, otherwise, we say that this root is its Sol. We have, J(6 - 4x - x2) = x + 4
extraneous root.
This equation is equivalent to the system
x + 4>0
Remark
Squaring an Equation May Give Extraneous Roots > 6 - 4x - x2 = (x + 4)2
Squaring should be avoided as for as possible. If squaring is x>-4
necessary, then the roots found after squaring must be checked
x 4- 6x + 5 = 0
whether they satisfy the original equation or not. If some values
of x which do not satisfy the original equation. These values of x On solving the equation x2 4- 6x 4- 5 = 0
are called extraneous roots and are rejected.
We find that, xt = (-1) and x2 = (-5) only xt = (-1) satisfies
8 Example 79. Solve the equation V7 = x - 2. the condition x > - 4.
Consequently, the number -1 is the only solution of the
Sol. We have, Vx = x - 2 given equation.
On squaring both sides, we obtain
Form 3 An equation in the form
x = (x - 2)2
(i)
x2-5x4-4=0 => (x-l)(x-4) = 0
where f(x), g(x) are the functions of x, but h(x) is a
Xj = 1 and x2 = 4
function of x or constant, can be solved as follows cubing
Hence, Xj = 4 satisfies the original equation, but x2 = 1 does
both sides of the equation, we obtain
not satisfy the original equation.
x2 = 1 is the extraneous root. /(x) + g(x) +3 7/(x) g(x) (V7(x) + Vg(x)) = h3(x)

I Example 80. Solve the equation => /(x) + g(x) +3 7/(x) g(x) (/i(x)) =/i3(x)

37(7+3) - 7(7^2) = 7. [from Eq. (i)]

 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 143

We find its roots and then substituting, then into the We get. u = 4, v = 3
original equation, we choose those which are the roots of y/2x2 + 5x - 2 = 4
the original equation. 2x2 +5x-18 = 0
Xj = 2 and x2 = - 9 / 2
I Example 82. Solve the equation
Both roots satisfies the original equation.
Vp7^i) + V(^i) = i. Hence, xt =2 and x2 = - 9 / 2 are the roots of the original
SoL We have, ^/(2x - 1) + ^(x - 1) = 1 —(i) equation.
Cubing both sides of Eq. (i), we obtain
2x - 1 + x - 1 + 3 • ^/(2x -l)(x -1) Irrational Inequations
(V(2T<) + V(x-1)) = 1 We consider, here inequations which contain the
3x - 2 + 3-^(2x2 -3x + l) (1) = 1 [from Eq. (i)] unknown under the radical sign.
3-^(2x2-3x + 1) = 3 - 3x
=> ^/(2x2 - 3x + 1) = (1 - x)
Some Standard Forms
Again cubing both sides, we obtain
to Solve Irrational Inequations
2x2 - 3x + 1 = (1 - x),3: Form 1 An inequation of the form

(2x - l)(x - 1) = (1 - x)3 2V/{*) < 2ylg(x)> nE N

=> (2x - l)(x - 1) =-(x - l)3 /W>0
is equivalent to the system
=> (x -1) {2x - 1 + (x - I)2} = 0 g(x)>f(x)
=> (x-l)(x2) = 0 and inequation of the form 2n+^Jf(x) <2n^g(x), nE N
X] = 0 and x2 = 1 is equivalent to the inequation/(x) <g(x).
X] = 0 is not satisfies the Eq. (i), then X! = 0 is an
extraneous root of the Eq. (i), thus x2 = 1 is the only root of I Example 84. Solve the inequation
the original equation.
3 7 6
Form 4 An equation of the form 5, -------- F-------
x+ 1 x+2 X-1
tfa-f(x) + y/b+f(x) = #(x).
Sol. The given inequation is equivalent to
Let u = yja-f(x),v = ^Jb + f(x) 3 +-----
7 <-----
6
----
Then, the given equation reduces to the solution of the x+1 x+2 x-1
system of algebraic equations. 4x2 - 15x - 25
=> (x + l)(x + 2)(x - 1) <
u + v = g(x)
un + v" = a + b (x + 5 / 4)(x - 5) <Q
=>
(x + l)(x + 2)(x - 1)
i I Example 83. Solve the equation
i From Wavy Curve Method :
I
l 7(2x2 + 5x-2) - 72x2 + 5x-9 =1.
■ Sol. Let u = 7(2x2 + 5x - 2)

and v = 7(2x2 + 5x - 9)
,-2)ul —,1 o(l,5)
u2 =2x2 +5x -2 k 4 /
and v2 =2x2 +5X-9 Form 2 An inequation of the form
Then, the given equation reduces to the solution of the 2!ffM <gM,n£ N.
system of algebraic equations.
u-v=1 fW>0
u2-v2=7 is equivalent to the system gW>o
(u + v)(u - v) = 7
fW<g2nM,
u+v=7 [vu-v = l]
144 Textbook of Algebra

and inequation of the form 2n+7/(x) < g(x), n G N

Exponential Equations
is equivalent to the inequation /(x) < g2r,+1(x). If we have an equation of the form a x =b(a>0), then

i Example 85. Solve the inequation ,J(x + 14) < (x + 2). (i) x G 0, if b < 0
(ii) x = logfl b, if b > 0, a * 1
Sol. We have, -J(x + 14) < (x + 2)
(iii) xG(J),ifa = l, 6*1
This inequation is equivalent to the system
(iv) x 6 R, if a = 1, b = 1 (since, lx = 1 => 1 = 1, x G R)
x + 14 > 0 x £ -14
x +2>0 x > -2 I Example 87. Solve the equation
,2
■ 14 < (.v + 2) x2 + 3x - 10 >0 7(6 - x) (3x2-7-2x+3-9 -973) = o.
x > -14 x>-14 Sol. We have,
x>—2 => x > -2 7(6 - x) (3x2~7‘2x + 3'9 - 9^3) = 0
(x + 5)(x-2)>0 x < - 5 and x > 2
This equation is defined for
On combining all three inequation of the system, we get 6 - x > 0 i.e., x < 6 ...(i)
x > 2, i.e. x G (2, co) This equation is equivalent to the collection of equations
76 - x = 0 and 3x2-72x+3-9 - 9^ = 0
Form 3 An inequation of the form
24fM>g(x),neN x,=6 and 3x2_7-2x + 3-9 = 32.5

is equivalent to the collection of two systems of then x2 - 7.2X + 3.9 =2.5

inequations x2-7.2x + 1.4 = 0
g(x)>0 . g(x)<Q
i.e. and < We find that, x2 = -1 and x3 = 7
f(x)>g2n(x) l/(x)>0
Hence, solution of the original equation are
and inequation of the form 2n +^f(x) > g(x),ne N
[which satisfies Eq. (i)J
is equivalent to the inequation /(x) >g2n+1(x). , 1
Xj = 6, x2 =

I Example 86. Solve the inequation

a/(-x2 + 4x - 3) > 6 - 2x.
Some Standard Forms to
Solve Exponential Equations
Sol. We have, yj(-x22 + 4x - 3) > 6 - 2x
Form 1 An equation in the form = 1, a > 0, a t1
This inequation is equivalent to the collection of two is equivalent to the equation /(x) =0
systems, of inequations
6 - 2x > 0 6-2x <0 B Example 88. Solve the equation 5x2+3x+2 =1.
i.e. and
-x2 + 4x - 3>(6-2x)z -x2 + 4x-3>0
Sol. This equation is equivalent to
x<3 x>3 x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
and
(x - 3) (5x - 13) < 0 (x-l)(x-3)<0 => (x + l)(x + 2) = 0
x<3 x>3 :. X] = -1, x2 = - 2 consequently, this equation has two
13 and roots X! = -1 and x2 = - 2.
— < x <3 1 < x<3
5 Form 2 An equation in the form
The second system has no solution and the first system has
fl3 A /(ax)=0
solution in the interval — < x < 3 .
k5 J is equivalent to the equation/(t) =0, where t = ax.
(13 )
Hence, x gI —, 3 I is the set of solution of the original
If tk are the roots of/(f) =0, then
inequation.
ax -tx1»,ax ~t?2»,ax =t3,...,ax = tk
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 145

I Example 89. Solve the equation 52x-24-5x -25 = 0. Let t = 2X,

Then, 30t2 - 135t + 60 = 0
Sol. Let 5X = t, then the given equation can reduce in the form
6t2 -27t + 12 = 0
t2 -24t -25 = 0
6t2 -24t -3t + 12 = 0
=> (t-25)(t + l) = 0 => t*-l,
(t-4)(6t-3) = 0
t =25,
then 5X = 25 = 52, then x = 2 Then, t1 = 4 and t2 = -
Hence, X] = 2 is only one root of the original equation. Thus, given equation is equivalent to
Form 3 An equation of the form
2X = 4 and 2X = -
aafM + p^(x) + yc/(x) =0, 2
Then, x}=2 and x2 = -1
where a, 0, y G R and a, 0, y / 0 and the bases satisfy the
Hence, roots of the original equation are Xj = 2 and
condition b2 = ac is equivalent to the equation
x2 = -1.
at2 + pt + y = 0, where t = (a / b) ^(x> Form 5 An equation of the form =c,
If roots of this equation are t, and t2, then where a,b,cE R and a, b,c satisfies the condition
(a / b)^x^ = tj and (a / b)-^(x) = t2 a2 + b2 = c, then solution of this equation is /(x) = 2 and
no other solution of this equation.
I Example 90. Solve the equation
64-9x -84-12* + 27-16* =0. 3 Example 92. Solve the equation 3x-4
X"4 + 5X-Z| = 34.
Sol. Here, 32 + 52 = 34, then given equation has a solution
Sol. Here, 9x16 = (12)2.
x-4=2.
Then, we divide its both sides by 12x and obtain x1 = 6 is a root of the original equation.
X X
3 4
=> 64-
4
I -84 + 27-
3
I =o (i) Form 6 An equation of the form {/(*)}* ^ is
X equivalent to the equation
3
Let = t, then Eq. (i) reduce in the form =101<x)log/,x’,
4
64t2 -84t + 27 =0 where f(x) >0.

3 and□ t2 = —
9 1 Example 93. Solve the equation 5X Vi
t, = — = 500.
4 16
X X 2 Sol. We have, 5X^8X-1 = 53-22
3 3 i1 f33 3
then, and —
4 4 4 4
5X -8k x ' = 53-22
X] = 1 and x2 = 2 3x-3
Hence, roots of the original equation are Xj = 1 and x2 = 2. => 5x-2 x = 53-22
Form 4 An equation in the form
a-a/(x) + P- bf^ +c = Q, 5x-3-2 1
=> (521/x)(x-3) = 1
where a, 0, c G R and a, 0, c * 0 and ab = 1 (a and b are
inverse positive numbers) is equivalent to the equation is equivalent to the equation
.(x-3)log(5-2
1Q1X- jpogp-i 1/jt ) _ j
at2 + ct + p = 0, where t = .

If roots of this equation are tj and t2, then = tj and => (x - 3) log (5-2Vx) = 0
</(x)=t2. Thus, original equation is equivalent to the collection of
equations
I Example 91. Solve the equation x-3 = 0, log(5-2,/x) = 0
1
15-2X+1+15-22-x =135. Xi =3,5-21/x = 1 => 2,1/x
1
5
Sol. This equation rewrite in the form x2 = - logs 2
Hence, roots of the original equation are Xj = 3 and
30.2X + — = 135
2X x2 = — log5 2.
146 Textbook of Algebra

Exponential Inequations where a, P, y G .R and a, P, y * 0 and the bases satisfy the

condition b2 = ac is equivalent to the inequation
When we solve exponential inequation
at2+Pt + y>0 or at2+pt + y<0,
> b (a > 0), we have
where t =(a/b)^x\
(i) XG Dj, if b <0
(ii) If b > 0, then we have /(x) > loga b, if a > 1 Form 3 An inequation of the form
and /(x) < loga b, ifO <a < 1 for a = 1, then b < 1. a</(x) + pi7(x) +y>0

or a/(x) +pf/(x) +y<0

Remark
1 < b has no solution for b < 0, a > 0, a * 1.
The inequation ar/(x) where a, P, y G R and a, P, y / 0 and ab = l(a and b are
inverse (+ve) numbers) is equivalent to the inequation
8 Example 94. Solve the inequation 3X + 2
2 1/X
at2+pt + y>0 orat2+pt + y<0
9
>3-2,x
where t=
Sol. We have, 3X + 2 > (3-2)1 /x 3X + Z
Form 4 If an inequation of the exponential form reduces
to the solution of homogeneous algebraic inequation, i.e.
aj" (x) +«,/”■'« g(x) + a2/"-2(x)g2(x) + ...

Here, base 3 > 1 +a -JWg"-'(x} + anS,'W>0,

x2 + 2x + 2
x+2>-— => >0 where a0,a1)a2, are constants (a0 ^0) and /(x)
x x and g(x) are functions of x .
(X + l)2 + 1
=> >0 => x > 0
X I Example 96. Solve the inequation
X 6 (0, oo) 22x2-10x+3 ^gx2-5x+1 > 32x2-10x + 3

Sol. The given inequation is equivalent to

Some Standard Forms to Solve g 22(x2-5x) +6-2x2-5x .3x2"5x _ 27 3,2: (x2-5x)>0

Exponential Inequations Let 2x2’5x=f(x) and 3x2"5x=g(x),

Form 1 An inequation of the form
then 8-f2(x) + 6/(x)-g(x)-27g2(x)>0
/(ax)>0 or/(ax)<0
On dividing in each by g2(x) [••' g(x)>0]
is equivalent to the system of collection
t > 0, where t = a x
Then, 8 2 + 6 [W -27 >0
sM)
f(t)>0 or /(t)<0 and let
fw_t [vf>0]
g(x)
I Example 95. Solve the inequation then 8t2 + 6t -27 >0
4X+1-16X <2logz;8. 3^
t -- (t + 9/4) >0
Sol. Let 4X = t, then given inequation reduce in the form 2/
f >3/2 and t <-9/4
4t - t2 >2- [vt>0]
2 The second inequation has no root.
=> tz-4t+3<0 => (t-l)(t-3)<0 From the first inequation, t > 3 / 2
x2-5x
1 < t <3 [vt>0] 2
> •;?<1
1 < 4X <3 3 3J 3
0 < x < log4 3 => x2 -5x<-l => x2 - 5x + l<0
x G (0, log4 3)
5 - V21 5 + 721
Form 2 An inequation of the form <x<
2 2
aa^x) +pb-^(x) +yc-^(x) >0
5-' 51 5 + 751
Hence, xg
aa^x) +p/>-f(x) +yc^(x) <0 2 ’ 2
or
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 147

Logarithmic Equations § Example 99. Solve the equation log(|Og5 x) 5 = 2.

If we have an equation of the form Sol. We have, log0og5 x)5 = 2

logo f(x) = b,(a>0),a*l Base of logarithm > 0 and 1.

is equivalent to the equation log5 * > 0 and logs* * 1

/(x) = ? (/(x)>0). => x > 1 andx *5

I Example 97. Solve the equation The original equation is equivalent to

log3(5+4log3(x-l)) = 2. log5x = 51/2 = 75
Sol. We have, log3(5 + 4 log3(x - 1)) = 2
x -5^
is equivalent to the equation (here, base # 1, > 0).
5 + 4log3(x - 1) = 32 Hence, 5^ is the only root of the original equation.

=> log3(x-l) = l => x - 1 = 3* Form 2 Equations of the form

x=4 (i) /(loga x) =0, a >0,a ^land
Hence, Xj = 4 is the solution of the original equation.
(ii) g(logx A)=0,A>0
Then, Eq. (i) is equivalent to
Some Standard Formulae to Solve f(t) =0, where t - loga x
Logarithmic Equations If *k 316 the roots of/(t) =0, then
f and g are some functions and a > 0, a 1, then, if
loga x = ti,loga x = t2,...,loga x = tk
f > 0, g > 0, we have
and Eq. (ii) is equivalent to /(y) =0, where y = logx A.
W loga(/g) = loga / + loga g
Ify1.y2.T3>---> yk are the roots of f(y) =0, then
(ii) loga(/7g) = loga /-loga g
logx A = yj,logx A = y2,-.,logx A = yfc
(iii) loga /2a = 2aloga \f\ (iv) logap f0' =
t10g“z I Example 100. Solve the equation
(v)/log^ =gloga^ (vi) a10ga/ =f l-2(logx2)2_
= 1.
log X-2 (log X) 2
H Example 98. Solve the equation
2xlog4 + 3|084 x =27. Sol. The given equation can rewrite in the form
1-2(2 log x)2 = i
Sol. The domain of the admissible values of the equation is
logx-2 (logx)2
x > 0. The given equation is equivalent to
2 3i°g4 x + 3l°g i *' = 27 [from above result (v)] 1 -8(logx)2
-1 = 0
=> 3.3log,x -27 logx -2(logx)2
3>°g4 x = 9 Let logx = t,
=> 3log4 X = 32 1 —8r2 , n 1 - 8t2 - t + 2t 2
then 2 - 0 => —=0
=> log4 x = 2 t -2t2 t -2t2
=> X] = 42 = 16 is its only root. l-t-6t2 (1 4-20(1 - 3t) _
=> = 0 => 0
(t-2t2) 01-20
Some Standard Forms to
Solve Logarithmic Equations 1
t = --
,
logx = --
1
Xj = 10-1/2
=> 2 z =>
Form 1 An equation of the form logx a = b, a > 0 has 1 , 1 x2 = 101/3
t=- logx = -
(i) Only root x = a1 ,b, if a * 1 and b = 0. 3
(ii) Any positive root different from unity, if a = 1 and b = 0. Hence, x1 = ~^= and x2 = V10 are the roots of the original
(iii) No roots, if a = 1, b 0. 10
equation.
(iv) No roots, if a * 1, b = 0.
148 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 101. Solve the equation x<1

X X

log * 10 — 6 log * 10 +11 log x 10-6 = 0. 1

I -3 I +1 = o
2 l2>
Sol. Put logx 10 = t in the given equation, we get
t3 -6t2 + lit -6 = 0 => (t-l)(t-2)(t-3) = 0, X<1
i T =>
t=1 = 3,1- + 1*0 x = (— log23)
2 <2
then t =2
Hence, Xj = - log2 3 is the root of the original equation.
t =3
It follows that Example 103. Solve the equation logr2 + x> 7 = 10g(_J_]7,
I io J (x + lj
logx 10 = 1 X= 10 x = 10
■ logx 10 = 2 => x2 = 10 => x = 710 [v x >0and* 1] Sol. The given equation is equivalent to
logx 10 = 3 x3=10 x = 7io
[v x > Oand * 1] ?7>0 x + 1 >0
/. X] = 10, x2 = 710 and x3 = 710 are the roots of the
original equation.
■ St*1 x*1
x = -6,3
2+x _ 2
Form 3 Equations of the form
10 x+1
(i) loga f(x) = loga g (x), a > 0, a * 1 is equivalent to
X! = 3 is root of the original equation.
two ways.
Form 4 Equations of the form
g(x)>0
Method I (i) logy(x) g(x) = logy(x) h(x) is equivalent to two
f(x) = g(x)
ways.
/(x)>0 g(x)>0 h(x) >0
Method II ■
/(x)=g(x) /(x)>0 /(x)>0
Method I Method II
(ii) logy(x) A = logg(x) A, A > 0 is equivalent to two /(x)^l
ways. g(x) = /i(x) g(x)=/i(x)
g(x)>0
(ii) l°gs (x) /(*) ~ l°g/i(x) /(*)is equivalent to two
Methodi- g(x)*l
ways.
/(x)=g(x)
/(x)>0
/(x)>0 g(x)>0
Methodi ■
Method II - g(x)*l
/(x)=g(x) g(x) = /i(x)
' /(x)>0
I Example 102. Solve the equation
h(x)>0

Vu.2 x
2 X
Method II
-1 -4 h(x)*l
4
,g(x) = h(x)
Sol. The given equation is equivalent to
I Example 104. Solve the equation
-l>0 |OS(X2 -II(x’ + 6) = log(x2 -1)(2*2 + 5X>'
12,
21 I -1 = 2
X

-4 Sol. This equation is equivalent to the system

(2 4 5 ,
2x2 + 5x > 0 x < — and x > 0
1 |X>1 2
x2-l>0 x < -1 and x > 1
2 ' 2 x2-1*1
2x X
x * ± 72
T 3
x3 +6 = 2x2 +5x x = -2,l,3
-2| - I -3 = 0
2 12
Hence, xt = 3 is only root of the original equation.
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 149

I Example 105. Solve the equation I Example 107. Solve the equation
lo8|x!+6| <x2-1> = I°8(2xWx2-1)- 2log2x = log (7x-2-2x2).
Sol. This equation is equivalent to Sol. This equation is equivalent to the system
x2-1>0 2x > 0
2x2 + 5x > 0 (2x)2 = 7x - 2 - 2x2
2x2 + 5x * 1 x >0
x 3 + 6 = 2x2 + 5x 6x2 -7x + 2 = 0
x < -1 and x > 1 x >0
x < —5 and. x > 0 (x - 1 / 2)(x - 2/ 3) = 0
=> 2
-5 ±733 x = l/2
X # =>
4 x = 2/3
* = -2,1,3
Hence, x, = 1 / 2 and x2 = 2 / 3 are the roots of the original
Hence, Xj = 3 is only root of the original equation. equation.
Form 5 An equation of the form
Form 7 An equation of the form
l°g/i(x) (l°g^(x) f(x)) = 0 is equivalent to the system
(2m +1) loga f (x) = loga g (x), a>0,a*l, mzN
h(x) >0
g(x)>0
h(x)*l is equivalent to the system y 2m+ 1
(x) = g(x)’
■ g(x)>0
g(x)*l I Example 108. Solve the equation
f(x)=g(x) log (3x2 + x - 2) = 3log (3x - 2).

I Example 106. Solve the equation Sol. This equation is equivalent to the system
lo8?-6x+8Oo82x’-2x+s(x2 + 5x» = 0- 3x2 + x-2>0
3x 2 + x - 2 = (3x - 2)3
Sol. This equation is equivalent to the system
(x — 2 / 3) (x — 2) > 0
x2 - 6x + 8 > 0
(x -2/3) (9x2 -13x + 3) = 0
x 2 - 6x + 8 * 1
2x2 - 2x - 8 > 0 x < 2 / 3 and x > 2
2x2 - 2x - 8 * 1 2 13 ±761
x = -, x =----------
2
x2 + 5x = 2x2 - 2x - 8 3 18
Solve the equations of this system 13-V61
Original equation has the only root X] =
18
x < 2 and x > 4
x*3± 72 Form 8 An equation of the form

1- 717 , 1 + 717 loga f (x) + loga g(x) = loga m(x), a > 0, a * 1

and xx>
x < — ------and >
2------------------ 2 is equivalent to the system
x* f(x)>0
2
x = -1,8 g(x)>0
x = -1, does not satisfy the third relation of this system. f(x) g(x)=m(x)
Hence, Xj = 8 is only root of the original equation.
Form 6 An equation of the form I Example 109. Solve the equation
2m l°ga f(x) = loga g(x), a > 0, a * 1, m e N is 2log3 x + log3(x2 - 3) = log3 0.5+ 5l08s(l°83 8)
equivalent to the system Sol. This equation can be written as
/(x)>0 log3 x2 + log3(x2 - 3) = log3 0.5 + log38
\f2mM=g(x)
log3 x2 + log3(x2 - 3) = log3(4)
150 Textbook of Algebra

This is equivalent to the system

x2 > 0
Logarithmic Inequations
x < 0 and x > 0
When we solve logarithmic inequations
’ • x2-3>0 x < - -73 and x> y/3
loga /(x)>loga g(x)
x2(x2 -3)= 4 (x2 -4)(x2+ l) = 0
(0 a>1
x2 - 4 = 0 x = ± 2, but x > 0
g(x)>0
Consequently, X] = 2 is only root of the original equation. > • a>1
Form 9 An equation of the form f(x)>g(x)
log a/(x) -loga g(x) = loga h(x) - loga t(x), a > 0, a * 1
log0 fU)>loga g(x)
is equivalent to the equation (ii)
0 <a <1
logfl f(x) + loga t(x) = loga g(x) + loga /i(x),
which is equivalent to the system /(x)>0

/(x)>0 0 <a <1

t(x) > 0 /(x)<g(x)

g(x)>0
I Example 111. Solve the inequation
/i(x)>0 log2K+jX2 <log2x+3(2x+ 3).
/(x)-t(x)=g(x)-h(x)
Sol. This inequation is equivalent to the collection of the
systems
I Example 110. Solve the equation
2x + 3> 1 x> -1
sin — x2 <2x + 3 (x-3)(x + l)<0
log2(3 - x) - log2 __ 4_ = l + log2(x + 7). => 3
5-x 0<2x + 3<l — < x < -1
2
\ / x2 >2x +3
(x -3)(x + l)>0
Sol. This equation is equivalent to x > -1
( . 3tt A => — 1 < x < 3
sin — -l<x<3
log2(3 - x) = log2 4 + ^log22 + log2(x + 7) 3
5-x — < x < -1 3
2 => -- < x < -1
\ > x < -1 and x > 3 2
/
=> log2(3 - x) = log2
1 ] + log2 y[2 + log2(x + 7) Hence, the solution of the original inequation is
vV2(5-x)J c 3 'i
xG —,-1 U(-1,3).
which is equivalent to the system I 2 J

3-x>0 Canonical Logarithmic Inequalities

1 1 flogax>0 x >1
>0
• V2(5-x)
a>1 a>1
x +7 >0
V2(x + 7) loga x >0 0<x<l
(3 - x) = 2. <
V2(5-x) 0 <a < 1 0 <a <1

loga x <0 0 <x <1

3.
x<5
a>1 a>1
x>-7
(x-l)(x-8) = 0 logfl x <0 x >1
4J
0<a <1 0<a<l
Hence, x} = 1 is only root of the original equation.
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 151

Some Standard Forms to Solve <=>

x < 6 - V6 and x > 6 + V6 and 2 < x < 10
0< x <5
Logarithmic Inequations
Therefore, the system has solution 2 < x < 6 - ^6
Form 1 Inequations of the form
combining both systems, then solution of the original
Forms Collection of systems inequations is
(a) logg(x)> 0 [/(*)> 1,|0 < /(x)< 1 xe(2,6- V6)u(10, °o).
[g(x)> l,[0<g(x)<l
Form 2 Inequations of the form
(b) 1Qg«(x)/W^o f/(x)>l,|0</(x)<l
|g(x)> 1,10<g(x) < 1 Forms Collection of systems
(a) logo(x) /(x) > log9(x) g(x) /(x)>g(x),
(c) logg(x)/(x)<0 /(x)>l, |o</(x)<l
- g(x)>0,
0<g(x)<l,[ g(x)>l

(d) logg(x) f(x)<Q ' /(x)>l, [0</(x)<l f(x)<g(x)

0<g(x)<l,[ g(x)>l
■ jW>0
1 Example 112. Solve the inequation 0 < 0(x) <1
2x^
Jlog2— >0. (b) log^/fxj^log^gfx) '/(x)>g(x),
x2-12x4-30
10 ■ g(x)>0,

So/. This inequation is equivalent to the collection of two <Xx)>l,

systems /(x)<g(x)
x2 - 12x 4-30 ■ Z(x)>0
>1,
10 0<<f)(x)<l
logal y I > 1.
(c) log(>(x)/(x)<log(;,(x)g(x) f(x)<g(x),
x2 - 12x 4-30 < • /’(x)>0,
0<
10 <Xx)>l,
n 1 (2x^1 ,
0 < log2l — J < 1 /(x)>g(x)
• g(x)>0
On solving the first system, we have
0 < (Xx) < 1
x2 —12x + 20 >0
=> 2x (d) log«(x)/(*)^log«(x)$(*) <=> f(x)<g(x),
— >2
5 - f(x)>0,
(x - 10)(x - 2) > 0 <X*)>1.
<=>
x>5
f(x)>g(x)
x < 2 and x > 10 ’ g(x)>0
<=>
x>5 0 < <p(x) <1
Therefore, the system has solution x > 10.
On solving the second system, we have I Example 113. Solve the inequation
0 < x2 - 12x 4-30 < 10 log(X-3)(2 (x2 - lOx + 24)) > log(x_3)(x2 - 9).
=>
1 < — <2 Sol. This inequation is equivalent to the collection of systems
5
x2 - 12x 4- 30 > 0 and x2 - 12x 4- 20 < 0 2(x2 - lOx 4-24) > x2 - 9,
<=>
5/2<x<5 x2 - 9 > 0,
x - 3 > 1,
152 Textbook of Algebra

2(x2 - lOx + 24) < x2 -9 On solving the second system, we have

o o
2(x2 - lOx+ 24)>0
-o
0< x-3<1
On solving the first system, we have
x2 - 20x + 57 > 0, 3 10-743 4 6 10 +fi3
• (x + 3)(x - 3) > 0, x2 -20x + 57 <0,
(x - 6)(x - 4) > 0,
x e (-«>, 10 - V43] u [10 + V43,00) 3 < x < 4,
<=> xe (-00,-3) 0(3, 00) x G [10 - V43,10 + V43]
XG(4,oo) <=> x G (-00, 4) U (6, 00)

Therefore, the system has solution X G (3, 4)

o--------------
Therefore, the system has solution
■o o
10 - V43 < x < 4,
-3 3! 10-^43 4 10 + 743 i.e., x G [10 - V43,4)

x >10 + 5/43 On combining the both systems, the solution of the original
inequation is
i.e. X G [10 + V43, «) x G [10 - V43, 4) u [10 + V43, «>).

g Exercise for Session 5

1. The equation ^(x + 1) ~ ~ 1) = V<4x "1) has
(a) no solution (b) one solution (c) two solutions (d) more than two solutions
2. The number of real solutions of 7(x 2-4x + 3) + 7(x 2 - 9) = ^(4x2 - 14x + 6) is
(a) one (b) two (c) three (d) None of these
3. The number of real solutions of -J(3x2 -7x -30) - 7[2x7z - 7x - 5) = x - 5 is

(a) one (b) two (c) three (d) None of these

4. The number of integral values of x satisfying ^(-x2 + 10x -16) < x -2 is
(a)0 (b)1 (c)2 (d)3

5. The number of real solutions of the equation

O’
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c)0 (d) None of these
6. The set of all x satisfying 32x - 3X - 6 > 0 is given by
(a) 0 < x < 1 (b) x > 1 (c) x > 3"2 (d) None of these

7. The number of real solutions of the equation 2!x/2 + (>/2 + 1)x =(3 + 2V2)x/2 is
(a) one (b) two (c) four (d) infinite
8. The sum of the values of x satisfying the equation (31 + 8Vl5)xJ 2-3 + 1 = (32 + 8Vi5)x2'3 is
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) None of these
9. The number of real solutions of the equation log0 5 x = | x | is
(a)0 (b)1 (c)2 (d) None of these
10. The inequality (x -1)In(2 - x) <0 holds, if x satisfies
(a)1<x<2 (b)x>0 (c)0<x<1 (d) None of these
 Shortcuts and Important Results to Remember
1 'O' is neither positive nor negative even integer, ‘2’ is the 2a2c = ab2 + be2, i.e. ab2, be2,ca2 are in AP
only even prime number and all other prime numbers are 2a b c . c a b .
or — = - + - i.e.-are in AP.
odd, '1' (i.e. unity) is neither a composite nor a prime b c a a b c
number and 1, -1 are two units in the set of integers.
73 Given, y = ax2 + bx + c
2 (i) If a > 0, b > 0 and a < b => a2 < b2
4ac -b>2‘
(ii) If a < 0, b < 0 and a < b => a2 >b2 (i) If a > 0, ymin =
4a
(iii) If a,, a2, a3..... a^ g R 4ac - b2
(ii) If a < 0, /max =
and af + a2 + a2 + ... + a^ = 0 4a
—— ^2 = ^3 = • • • = =0 14 If a, 0 are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and Sn = an + 0n,
3 (i) Max(a,b) = ^(|a + b| + |a-b|) then aSni.i + bSn + c = 0.
75 If D] and O2 are discriminants of two quadratics P(x) = 0
(ii) Min (a, b) = ^(|a +b|-|a-b|) and O(x) = 0, then
(i) If D}D2 < 0, then the equation P(x)-0(x) = 0 will have
4 If the equation f(x) = 0 has two real roots a and 0, then two real roots.
f'(x) = 0 will have a real root lying between a and 0.
(ii) If DJD2 > 0. then the equation P(x)-Q(x) = 0 has either
5 If two quadratic equations P(x) = 0 and Q (x) = 0 have an four real roots or no real root.
irrational common root, both roots will be common.
(iii) If DyD2 - 0, then the equation P(x)-Q(x) = 0 will have
6 In the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 [a, b, c g /?], if (a) two equal roots and two distinct roots such that
Q
a + b + c = 0, the roots are 1, - and if a - b + c = 0, the D, > 0 and O2 = 0 or D, = 0 and O2 > 0.
a (b) only one real solution such that
c
roots are -1 and -. D, < 0 and O2 = 0 or D, = 0 and D2 < 0.
a
76 If a > 0 and x=^a +^/a + ^/a + ...+ «>, then x+V0a + 1)
7 The condition that the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 may be in then x
the ratio p:q, is
pqb2 =ac (p + q)2 (here, a:0 = p:q) 17 If at, a2, a3..... 3, are positive real numbers, then least

i.e.,
/bf .
value of (a, + a2 + a3 +
71 1
—+—+—+
1
—
1
vac k3, a2 a3 an,
(i) If one root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is n times that of the is n2.
other, then nb2 =ac (n + 1)2, here a: 0 = n: 1. (i) Least value of(a + b + c)[- + - + -j = 32 = 9
ka b c J
(ii) If one root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is double of the other
(ii) Least value of
here n = 2, then 2b2 = 9ac.
(a + b + c+d)f- + - + - + —^ = 42=16
8 If one root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is nth power of the other, \a b c d J
1 1

then (anc)n+1 + (acn)n+1 = -b. ..a c e

= ...,then each of
18 Law of Proportions If - =
b d f
9 If one root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is square of the other, then these ratios is also equal to
a2c + ac2 + b3 = 3abc. a + c +e +...
(•)
10 If the ratio of the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is b + d + f + ...
1/n
equal to the ratio of the roots of Ax2 + Bx + C = 0 and ' pan +qcn + ren + ...
(ii) (where, p.q.r..... neR)
b2 B2 kpbn + qdn + rfn + ...
a*Q,A*0, then — = —.
ac AC
..... Vac
(m)
V(ace •••)
-===V ■■■■■
11 If sum of the roots is equal to sum of their squares then
>fbd "](bdf ~)
2ac = ab + b2.
12 If sum of roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to the sum of 79 Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem Let f(x) be a function
defined on [a, b] such that
their reciprocals, then

contd...
 (i) f(x) is continuous on [a, b]and Let g(x) = (x - a) be a linear monic polynomial a e R.
(ii) f(x) is derivable on (a, b), then c e (a, b) such that When g(x) | f(x); we can find quotient and remainder as
f{b)-f(a) follows:
f'(p) =
b-a
a ao ai a2 an
20 Lagrange's Identity If a!, a2,a3, th, t^.bg eR.then 0 «a0 b,a abn.y
(ai + a2 + a|) (bi + bf + bf) - {ayb\ + a21^ + a^)2 ai a2 an + abn-y = 0
= (ate - a2 th)2 + (a2 63 - ast^)2 + (a3b| - afe)2 ao + aa0 + bya

or (a,2 + a| + a|)(bi + bf + bf)- faby + a2 + a3bj,2 = bg ■ = by - b2

_ _ 2 2 2
3| a2 a2 a3 33 8i
+ bj ba f(x) = (x - a) {bo xn-1 + by x n~2 + t^ x n~3 + ... + bn_y}
by ^2 tb bi
e.g. Find all roots of x3- 6x2 + 11x - 6 = 0.
Remark
If (ai + a2 + a3) (bi + bf + b%) (3]/^ + a2b2 + a3b3)2, v (x -1) is a factor of x3 - 6x 2 + 11x - § then

^2 _ a3 X=1 1 -6 11 -6
then
bj t>2 bj
0 1 -5 6
21 Homer's Method of Synthetic, Division When, we
divide a polynomial of degree > 1 by a linear monic 1 -5 6 0
polynomial, the quotient and remainder can be found by
this method. Consider .*. x3 -6x2 + 11x-6 = (x- 1)(x2 - 5x + 6)
f(x) = ao xn + aixn-1 + a2 xn“2 + ... + a,, = (x - 1)(x-2)(x - 3)
whereao *Oandao,ai,a2,...1an eR. Hence, roots of x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6 = 0 are 1,2 and 3
JEE Type Solved Examples:
Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 multiple choice examples. • Ex. 3 Let f(x) = ^ -J(2 ~f2) dt, realroots of the
Each example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of
which ONLY ONE is correct. equation x2 - f'(x) =0 are

• Ex. 11fa and 3 (a < P), are the roots of the equation (a)±1 (b)±-L
V2
x2 + bx + c = 0, wherec<Q<b, then
(c)±- (d)Oand 1
(a) 0 < a < P (b)a <0<P <|a| 2
(c) a < p < 0 (d)a <0<|a| <p Sol. (a) We have, /(x) = J -J(2 - t2)dt
Sol. (b) v a + p = - b, aP = c (i)
c < 0 => aP < 0 => f(x)=^7)
Let a < 0, P > 0 x2-f'(x) = Q
|a| = -a and a <0<P [•/ a <p] ...(ii) => x2 -7(2-x2)=0 => x4 + x2-2 = 0
From Eq. (i), we get -|a | + P < 0
x2 =1,-2
=> p<|a| —(iii)
=> x = ±l [only for real value ofx]
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
a <0<P <|a| • Ex. 4 Ifx2 +3x +5 =0 and ax2 +bx + c = 0 have a

• Ex. 2 Let a, 3 be the roots of the equation x2 - x + p = 0 common root and a, b,ce N, the minimum value ofa +b + c
is
andy, 8 be the roots of the equation x2 - 4x + q = 0. If
(a) 3 (b)9
a, 3, y and 8 are in GP, the integral values ofp and q respec­
(c)6 (d)12
tively, are
Sol. (b) v Roots of the equation x2+3x + 5 = 0are non-real.
(a)-2,-32 (b) —2,3
Thus, given equations will have two common roots.
(c)-6,3 (d)-6, -32 a b c y
Sol. (a) Let r be the common ratio of the GP, then
=> -=-=-=X [say]
1 3 5
3 = ar, Y = <xr2 and 8 = ar3 /. a + b + c = 9 A.
a + P = 1 => a + ar = 1 Thus, minimum value ofa + b + c = 9 [•/ a, b, c G N]
or a(l + r) = 1 (i)
and ap = p => a(ar) = p • Ex. 5 If xb x2,x3,...,xn are the roots of the equation
or a2r = p -(ii) xn +ax + b=0, the value of
and y + 8 = 4 => ar2 + ar3 = 4 (x, -x2)(x, -x3)(x! -x4)...(x1 -xn)
t «

or ar2(l + r)= 4 (iii) (a) nxy + b

and y8 = <? (b) n(x1)n-1

=> (ar2)(ar3) = q (c) n(xy)n~' + a

or a2r5 = q (d) n(xy)n~} + b

On dividing Eq. (iii) by Eq. (i), we get Sol. (c)v xn + ax + b = (x-x1)(x-x2)(x-x3>..(x-x„)
r2 =4 => r = -2,2 xn + ax+ b
=> (x - x2)(x — x3\..{x- x„) =
If we take r = 2, then a is not integer, so we take r = - 2. x - x1
On substituting r = - 2 in Eq. (i), we get a = - 1 On taking lim both sides, we get
x + ax + b 0.
Now, from Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get (xi-x2)(x1-x3}..(x1-x„)= lim -------------- - form
X -»X1 x - Xi 0
p = a2r = (—1)2(—2) = -2
and q=a2r5 =(-l)2(-2)5 = -32 nx"~1 + a = n(X])n * + a
= lim
Hence, (p, q) = (-2,-32) 1
156 Textbook of Algebra

• Ex. 6 Ifa, P are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 1

Sol. (d) Let — = u and = v, then
x 7(1 - *2>
and An = an +3", then aAn + 2 + bAn +, + cAn is equal to
35 , 2 2
u + v = — and u + v = u2. “v,2‘
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) a + b + c (d) abc 12
2
b c \2 = f —
z +, vf 35
Sol. (a) v a + p = — and ap = - (u
a a 12.
2
An + 2 =a
= ann+*z2 + p" + 2 35
=> u2 + v2 + 2uv =
= (a +p)(an + 1 + P" + 1 )-apn + l-Pan + I 12
2
+ pn + l 35
= (a +P)(an + 1 )-aP(an +p") => u2v2 +2uv = [v u2 + V2 = uzv2]
b c ,
12
2
- An+i An 35]
a a => u2v2 + 2uv-
12j
I =o
aAn + 2 + bAn + x+cAn =0
49
uv + — uv-—1 = 0
12 12 J
• Ex. 7 Ifx andy are positive integers such that 49 25
uv =----- , uv = —
xy + x + y =71, x2y + xy2 =880, then x2 +y2 is equal to 12 12
(a) 125 (b) 137 (c) 146 (d) 152 49
Case I If uv =-----•, then
So/, (c) xy + x + y = 71 => xy + (x + y) = 71 12
and x2y + xy2 = 880 => xy(x + y) = 880 2 1 49
[here x <0]
x7(1-x2)’ 12
=> xy and (x + y) are the roots of the quadratic equation.
t2 — 71f +880 = 0 x“-x2 + M
(49)2
=o
=> (f — 55)(t — 16) = 0
=> t = 55,16 (5 + V73)
x=-
x + y = 16 and xy = 55 25 14
So, x2+y2 = (x+ y)z-2xy = (16)2 -110 = 146 Case II If uv = —, then
12
_1_ 1 25
[herex>0]
• Ex. 8 Ifa, P are the roots of the equation x2 -3x+5=0 x 12
7(i-^)
and Y, 8 are the roots of the equation x2 + 5x-3=0, then
<1^ = 0
the equation whose roots are a y + P 8 and oc8 + Py, is
x4-x2 +
(25)2
(a)x2-15x-158=0 (b) x2 + 15x - 158 = 0
9 V 2 16 I n
X2 3 4
— x x2 ----- =0= 0=>=> x = —
(c)x2 - 15x+ 158 =0 (d) x2 + 15x + 158 =0 V 25 A 25 J 5 5
Sol. (d) •/ a + p = 3, aP = 5, y + 8 = (- 5), y 8 = (- 3) On combining both cases,
Sum of roots = (ay + P8) + (a8 + Py) _ (5 + 773) 3 4
= (a + P)( y + 8) = 3 x(-5) = (-15) 14 ’5’5
Product of roots =(ay + P8) (aS + Py) Hence, number of roots = 3
= a2y8 + aPy2 + pa32 + p2y8
= y8(a2 + p2) + ap(yz + 82) • Ex. 10 The sum of the roots of the equation
233x-2 + 21!x + 2 _222* + i 4.-] j5
= -3(a2 + p2) + 5(y2 + 82)
= -3[(a + p)2 - 2ap] + 5[(y + 8)2 - 2y8] (a) l
<a)zT (b)l (C)l (d)l
= -3[9-10] + 5[25 + 6] = 158
Required equation is x2 + 15x + 158 = 0. Sol. (b) Let 211X = t, given equation reduces to
t3 2
— + 4t = 2t2 + 1
• Ex. 9 The number of roots of the equation 4
1 1 35 . => t’-8t2 +16/-4=0 ti' t2 ‘ tj — 4
= — is
x 7a-*2) 12 => 211*’ .211** .2Uxj =4 => 211(X! + X2 + Xj) _ 22

(a)0 (b)1 => ll(x1 + x2 + x3) = 2

(c)2 (d)3 2
Xi + x2 + x3 = —
11
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 157

JEE Type Solved Examples:

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
■ This section contains 5 multiple choice examples. Each • Ex. 14 Ifcos4 0 + p, sin4 0 + p are the roots of the equa­
example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which tion x2 +a(2x + 1) =0 and cos2 0 +q, sin2 0 + q are the
more than one may be correct.
roots of the equation x2 + 4x + 2 = 0 then a is equal to
• Ex. 11 For the equation 2x2 - 6^2x -1=0
(a)-2 (b)-l (c)1 (d)2
(a) roots are rational
Sol.(b.d)
(b) roots are irrational
cos40 - sin40 = cos20
(c) if one root is (p + Jq), the other is (-p + y[q)
cos40 -sin40 = cos20 -sin20
(d) if one root is (p + -Jq), the other is (p - -Jq)
=> (cos40 + p)-(sin40 + p) = (cos20 +q)-(sin20 + q)
Sol. (b,c) As the coefficients are not rational, irrational roots
need not appear in conjugate pair. v4a2 - la
-4a 5/16-8
=> va-0 = —
Here, a + 0 = 3^2 and a0 = - ^ 1 1 a
=> a
4a .
-4a = 8 ora 2 -a-2=0
Let a = p + ^q, then prove that other root 0 = - p + y[q.
or (a-2)(a + l) = 0 or a = 2,-1

• Ex. 12 Given that a, y are roots of the equation

• Ex. 15 Ifa,ft,Y are the roots ofx,33 - x21 +ax + b = 0 and
Ax - 4x +1 = 0 and 0,8 the roots of the equation •
Bx2 - 6x +1 = 0, such that Ct, 0, y and 8 are in HP then 0,Y, 8 are the roots of x3 - 4x2 + mx + n = 0. l/a,0, y and8
are in AP with common difference d then
(a) A = 3 (b) A = 4 (c) B = 2 (d) B = 8
(a) a = m (b) a = m -5
Sol. (a,d) Since, a, 0, y and 8 are in HP, hence —, —, — and (c) n = b - a - 2 (d) b = m + n -3
a 0 y 8
Sol. (b,c,d)
are in AP and they may be taken as a - 3d, a - d, a + d
v a,0,y,8 are in AP with common difference d, then
and a + 3d. Replacing x by —, we get the equation whose
x 0 = a + d, y = a + 2d and 8 = a +3d (i)
roots are a - 3d, a + d is x2 - 4x + A = 0 and equation Given, a,0,y are the roots of x3 - x 2 + ax + b = 0, then
whose roots are a - d, a + 3d is x2 - 6x + B = 0,then a + 0 + y =1 ••(ii)
(a - 3d) + (a + d) = 4 => 2(a - d) = 4 ap+Py + Ya =a (iii)
and (a - d) + (a + 3d) = 6 => 2(a + d) = 6 a0y = ~b ■(iv)
5 , , 1 Also, P,Y,8 are the roots of x3 - 4x2 + mx + n = 0, then
a = - and d = -
2 2 0+y+8=4
.. (5 3 5 1) ,
Now, A = (a - 3d)(a + d) = - - + - =3 0Y + Y$ + 80 = m -(vi)
2 2 2)
0y8 = -n -(vii)
1 5 3A o
and B = (a-d)(a + 3d) = f^ From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 2 2J 3a+3d = l (viii)
• Ex. 13 lf\ax2 +bx + c | <lfor all x in [0, 1], then and from Eqs. (i) and (v), we get
3a +6d = 4 -(ix)
(a)|a|<8 (b)|b|>8 From Eqs. (viii) and (ix), we get
(c)|c | < 1 (d)|a| + \b | + |c | < 17 , 2
d = l.a = —
Sol. (a,c,d) On putting x = 0,1 and -, we get 3
Now, from Eq. (i), we get
|c|<l —(i) 1 4 7
0 = -, y = - and 8 = -
|a + b + c | < 1 ..(ii) 3 3 3
and |a + 2b + 4c | < 4 .-(iii) From Eqs. (iii), (iv), (vi) and (vii), we get
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get 2,8 13 28
a = —, b = —, m = —, n =-----
3 27 3 27
|b| <8 and |a| <8
.’. a = m- 5, n = b- a — 2 and b — m + n — 3
|a| + |b| + |c| < 17
158 Textbook of Algebra

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 2 solved passages based upon each 19. (b-c)2 +(c -a)2 + (d - b)2 is equal to
of the passage 3 multiple choice examples have to be
(a)a-d (b)(a-d)2 (c)a2-d2 (d)(a + d)2
answered. Each of these examples has four choices (a), (b),
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. Sol. (b) Let b = ar, c = ar2 and d = ar3
Passage I Now, (b - c)2 4- (c - a)2 + (d- b)2
(Ex. Nos. 16 to 18) = (ar - ar2)2 + (ar2 - a)2 + (ar3 - ar)2
IfG and L are the greatest and least values of the expression = a2r2(l - r)2 4- a2(r2 - I)2 + a2r2(r2 - l)2
x2 — V 4- 1
----------- ,.\G R respectively, then = a2(l - r)2 {r2 + (r + I)2 + r2(r + l)2}
x24-x4-l
= a2(l - r)2(r4 4- 2r3 4- 3r2 4- 2r 4-1)
16. The least value of G5 +L5 is
= a2(l - r)2(l + r + r2)2 = a2(l - r3)2
(a)o (b) 2 (c) 16 (d) 32 = (a - ar3)2 =(a - d)2
x2 - x + 1
Sol. (b) Let y = —--------- 20. (u + v + w) is equal to
x +x+1
x y + xy + y = x -x + 1 (a) 2 (c)20 (d)-L
20
(y - l)x2 4- (y 4- l)x + y - 1 = 0 [v x G 7?]
Sol. (a) Now, u + 2v 4- 3w = 6
(y 4-1)2 — 4-(y — 1) (y — 1) > 0 [•.* b2 - 4ac > 0] 4u + 5v 4- 6w = 12 ••(ii)
=> (y + l)2 - (2y - 2)2 > 0 and 6u 4- 9v = 4 •(iii)
=> (3y-l)(y-3)<0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
- < y < 3 => G = 3 and L = - :. GL = 1 2u + v = 0 •••(iv)
3 3 Solving Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
G5 +-->(GL)1/5=(1)1/5 =1
>(GL)I/5=(1),/5 1 2
2 u = —, v = -
G5 + L5! 3 3
- > 1 or G5 4- L5 > 2
2 Now, from Eq. (i), we get w = -
Minimum value of G5 4- L5 is 2. 3
1 2 5 n
17. G and L are the roots of the equation v4-u4-w = -- 4--4-- = 2
3 3 3
(a) 3x2-10x4-3 = 0 (b)4x2 -17x4-4=0
21. If roots of /(x) = 0 be a, P, the roots of g(x) = 0 will be
(c)x2-7x4-10 = 0 (d)x2 -5x4-6 =0
Sol. (a) Equation whose roots are G and L, is (a)a,P (b)-a,-0 (c)-2 (d)--
a p a P
x2 -(G4-L)x4-GL = 0
o 10 2 Sol. (c) Now, y(x) = |- + - + — x2 +[(b-c)2
=> X -—x4-l=0 or 3x 2 -10x4-3 = 0 v w
3
+ (c - a)2 + (d - b)2]x + u + v + w =0
18. If L < A<GandXe A/,the sum of all values of Xis
0

(a) 2 (b)3 (c)4 (d)5 _f(x) =---- X2 4-(a - d)2x 4-2 = 0

So/, (b) •/L < X < G => ^ < A <3 /.A = 1,2 10
=> /(x) = -9x2 + 10(a — d)2x + 20 = 0 (v)
Sum of values ofA = 14-2 = 3 Given, roots of /(x) = 0 are a and p.
Passage II Now, replace x by — in Eq. (v), then
(Ex. Nos. 19 to 21) x
-9 10(a - d)2 A
Let a, b, cand d are real numbers in GP. Suppose u, v,wsatisfy + _1- L. + 20 = 0
x2 x
the system of equations u 4- 2v 4- 3vv = 6, 4 m 4- 5v 4- 6w = 12 and => 20xz 4-10(a - d)2x - 9 = 0
6m 4- 9v = 4. Further, consider the expressions
g(x) = 0
n . f1 1 1
/(*) = - + - + - x2 +[(b-c)2 +(c-a)2 +(d-b)2] Roots of g(x) = 0 are —, -.
Vm v w a p
x+u + v+w= Oandg(x) = 20x2 4-10(a-<7)2x-9=Q
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 159

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. The answer to each • Ex. 23 If a root of the equation
example is a single digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9 n2 sin2 x-2sinx-(2n + 1) =0 lies in[0,/2], the
(both inclusive). minimum positive integer value of n is
Sol. (3) v nzsin2 x - 2sinx-(2n + 1) = 0
• EX. 22 If the roots of the equationlOx3 - ex 2
2 ± J4 + 4n2(2n + 1)
-54x - 27 = 0 are in harmonic progression, the value ofc is => sin x =----- ---------------------
2n2
Sol. (9) Given, roots of the equation
[by Shridharacharya method]
10x3 —ex2 - 54x - 27 = 0 are in HP. (i) _ 1 ± 7(2n3 + n2 + 1)
Now, replacing x by — in Eq. (i), we get n2
x
0 < sin x < 1 (v X g [0, n/2]]
27x3 + 54xz + ex - 10 = 0 -(ii)
1 + yjl^n3 + n2 + 1)
Hence, the roots of Eq. (ii) are in AP. 0< S1
Let a-d,a and a + d are the roots of Eq. (ii).
! 0< 1 + 7(2n3 + n 2 +1) <n2
Then, a-d + a + a + d = - —
I 27 => -J(2n3 + n2 + 1) (n2 - 1) [vn>l]
i
I
I 2
a = -- ...(iii) On squaring both sides, we get
3
Since, a is a root of Eq. (ii), then 2n3 + n2 + 1 < n4 -2n22 + 1
27a3 + 54a2 +ca- 10 = 0 n4 -2n3 -3n2 >0
I 8 ] 4
(41 2 => n2 - 2n - 3 > 0 => (n-3)(n + l)>0
=> 27 ----- + 54 - +c -10 = 0 [from Eq. (iii)]
I 27 9 3 => n>3
2c n = 3, 4,5,...
6------ = 0 or c = 9
3 Hence, the minimum positive integer value of n is 3.

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. Examples 24 and 25 So/. (A) (p); (B) -> (p, q, r, s); (C) -> (p, q, s)
have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and xz-2x + 9 2
four statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any given (A) y = —2----------- => x2y + 2xy + 9y _ = x2 - 2x + 9
x +2x + 9
statement in Column I can have correct matching with
one or more statement(s) given in Column II. (y - l)x2 + 2x(y + 1) + 9(y - 1) = 0
XG R
• Ex. 24 Column I contains rational algebraic expressions
4(y + l)2 -4-9-(y~l)2 >0
and Column II contains possible integers which lie in their
range. Match the entries of Column I with one or more (y + l)z-(3y-3)z>0
entries of the elements of Column II. (4y-2)(-2y + 4)>0
(2y-l)(y-2)<0
______ Column I Column I!
^<y<2 => y = 1,2(p)
x2 - 2x + 9 (P) 1
(A) y = -r----------- , x G R
x + 2x + 9 x2-3x-2
(B) v => 2xy-3y = x2-3x-2
x2 - 3x - 2 (q) 3 ‘ y=~^r
(B) y=——7“ ,XE R
2x - 3 => x2 - x(3 + 2y) + 3y - 2 = 0 v xeR
2x2 - 2v + 4 (r) -4 (3 + 2y)2 -4-l-(3y-2)>0
(C) y = -r------------ , x g R
x2 - 4x + 3 4y2 + 17 > 0
(s) -9 y e R (p, q, r, s)
160 Textbook of Algebra

2x2 - 2x + 4 Sol. (A) (r,s, t); (B) -»(p,q, r); (C) -> (r,s, t)
(C)v y = —5-----------
x2 - 4x + 3 (A) Let /(x) = ax2 + bx + c
x2y - 4xy + 3y = 2x2 - 2x + 4 Then, /(I) = a + b + c = -c [’.’ a + b + 2c = 0]
and f(0) = c
x2(y - 2) + 2x(l - 2y) + 3y - 4 = 0
xG R
fmfm=-c2<o [vc*0]
4(1 - 2y)2 - 4(y - 2) (3y - 4) > 0 .’.Equation J(x) = 0 has a root in(0,1).
(4y2 - 4y + 1) - (3y2 - lOy + 8) > 0 /(x) has a root in (0,2) as well as in (-1,1) (r)
y2 + 6y - 7 > 0 (B) Let f'(x) = ax2 +bx + c
(y + 7)(y-l)>0 . ax3 bx2 ,
y <-7 or y. > l(p,q,s) f(x) =---- +----- + cx + d
3 2
/(0) = d
• Ex. 25 Entries of Column I are to be matched with one
and f(-l) = -- + - + c + d = -| 2a - 3b + 6c + d
or more entries of Column II. 3 2 1 6
Column I Column II = 0+d = d ' [v 2a-3b + 6c=0]
(A) 1 If a + b + 2c = Obut c* O.then atleast one root in Hence, /(0)= /(-l)
i ax2 + bx + c = 0 has (P) (-2,0) Hence, f'(x) = 0 has atleast one root in (-1,0) (q)
1---- /(x) = 0 has a root in (-2,0) (p) as well as (-1,1) (r)
(B) If a, b, c e R such that atleast one root in
2a - 3 b + 6c = 0, then equation has (q)-. (-1,0) (C) Let /(x) = j(l + cos8 x)(ax2 + bx + c)dx
1-------------------------------------------------------
(C) Let a. b, c be non-zero real numbers atleast one root in
i such that Given, /(l)-/(0) = /(2)-/(0)
(r) (-1,1)
/(l) = /(2)
Jq(1 + cos8 x) (ax2 + bx + c)dx (s) atleast one root in
f'(x) = 0 has atleast one root in (0,1).
(0,1)
= £(1 + cos8x) (ax2 + bx + c)dx, => (1 + cos8 x)(ax2 + bx + c) = 0 has atleast one root in (0,1).
the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has => ax2 + bx + c = 0 has atleast one root in (0,1) (s)
(0 atleast one root in .’. ax2 + bx + c = 0 has a root in (0, 2) (t) as well as in
(0. 2) (-1, D(r)

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Statement I and II Type Questions
■ Directions Example numbers 26 and 27 are If D > 0 and is a perfect square, then roots are real, distinct
Assertion-Reason type examples. Each of these examples and rational.
contains two statements: But, here 2V3 e Q
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason)
Each of these examples also has four alternative choices, Roots are not rational.
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select 2a^± 7(12 + 184)
the correct choice as given below. Here, roots are
2
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 i.e. fl ±7. [irrational]
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 But D = 12 + 184 = 196 = (14)2
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true.
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
• Ex. 27 Statement 1 The equation a x+bx+cx-dx=0
• Ex. 26 Statement 1 Roots of x2 - 2^3 x - 46 = 0 are has only one real root, ifa>b>c>d.
rational. Statement 2 lff(x) is either strictly increasing or decreas­
Statement 2 Discriminant of x2 - 2 V3x - 46 = 0 is a ingfunction, then /(x) = 0 has only one real root.
perfect square. Sol. (c) v ax + bx + cx - dx = 0
Sol. (d) In ax2 + bx + c = 0, a, b, c G Q ax + bx + cx = dx
[here Q is the set of rational number]
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 161

X
b
X
C :. /(x) is increasing function and lim f(x) = -l
Let /(x) = U + I + -1 X —>-oo

d d => /(x) has only one real root.

/ \X / \ But Statement-2 is false.
I I a
a I
In — + — In — + — In — > 0 For example, f(x) = e x is increasing but /(x) = 0 has no
\d d UJ W W W
and /(0) = 2 solution.

Subjective Type Examples

■ In this section, there are 24 subjective solved examples. On substituting p = 18 in the given equation, we obtain
• x2 + 18x + 45 = 0
• Ex. 28 Ifa, P are roots of the equation
=> (x + 3)(x + 15) = 0
x2 - p(x + 1) -c=0, show that (a +1) (P + 1) =l-c. Hence,
=> x = - 3,5
a2 +2a +1 p2 + 2p +1 , and substituting p = - 18 in the given equation, we obtain
prove that---------------- + -------- -— = 1.
a2+2a + c p2+2P + c x2 -18x + 45 = 0
(x - 3)(x - 15) = 0
Sol. Since, a and P are the roots of the equation,
2 => x = 3,15 .
x -px-p-c = 0 Hence, the roots of the given equation are (-3), (-15), 3
a +P=p and 15.
and «P = - p - c
Now, (a + l)(p + l) = ap+a+p+ 1 • Ex. 30 If the roots of the equation ax 2+ bx + c = 0 (a * 0)

= -p-c +p + 1 = 1-c be a and P and those of the equation Ax2 + Bx + C = 0

Hence, (a + l)(p + l) = l-c (A * 0) be a + k and P + k. Prove that

(i) 2
b2 - 4ac aA
c Imo a2+2a + l p2+2p + l
B2 -4AC A,
a +2a+c p +2P + c
(a + 1)2 | (p + l),2; Sol. v a - P = (a + k) - (P + k)
+ 4ac _ J(B2 - 4AC)
(a + l)2-(l-c) (P + l)2-(l-c) => va-p = ^
(a +1)2 a A a
(a + 1)2 -(a + l)(P + l) ' b2 - 4ac ' a
^B2 -4ACf A
+--------- ------------------ [from Eq. (i)]
(P +1)2-(a + 1)(P +1) On squaring both sides, then we get
2
_ a +1P + 1-5SzP = i = Rhs b2 - 4ac a
a -P p-a a-p B2 - 4AC A
Hence, RHS = LHS
• Ex. 31 Let a, b andc be real numbers such that
• Ex. 29 Solve the equation x 2 + px + 45 = 0. It is given
a + 2b + c = 4. Find the maximum value of(ab + bc + ca).
that the squared difference of its roots is equal to 144.
Sol. Given, a + 2b + c = 4
Sol. Let a, P be the roots of the equation x2 + px + 45 = 0 and
=> a = 4 — 2b - c
given that
Let y = ab + be + ca= a(b + c) + be
(a - p)2 = 144
= (4 -2b - c)(b + c) + be
=> p2 -4-1-45=144 va-P = —- = -2b2 + 4b- 2bc + 4c - c2
a 2b2 + 2(c -2)b - 4c + c2 + y = 0
p2 =324 Since, b e R, so
p=(±18) 4(c - 2)2 - 4 x 2 x (-4c + c2 + y) > 0
162 Textbook of Algebra

=> (c - 2)2 + 8c - 2c2 - 2y 2 0 Sol. Given equations are

c2 - 4c + 2y - 4 0 x2 + ax + b = 0 ...Ci)
Since, c e R, so 16 - 4(2y - 4) > 0=>y < 4 x2 + ex + d = 0 ...(ii)
Hence, maximum value of ab + be + ca is 4. x2 + ex + f = 0 ...(iii)
Aliter Let a, P be the roots of Eq. (i), P, y be the roots of Eq. (ii)
AM >GM and y, 8 be the roots of Eq. (iii), then
(‘, + l,) + (i, + C^ > J(a'+(•)((,+c) a+P = -a,ap = b .(iv)
2
P + y = -c,Py = d ..(v)
2 > yj(ab + be + ca + b2) [v a + 2b + c = 4]
y + a = -e,ya = / .(vi)
ab + be + ca < 4 - b2 .*• LHS = (a + c + e)2= (-a - P - P - y - y - a)2
Maximum value of (ab + be + ca) is 4. [from Eqs. (iv), (v) and (vi)]
• Ex. 32 Find a quadratic equation whose roots x , and x 2 = 4(a+P + y)2 ...(vii)
satisfy the condition RHS = 4(ac + ce + ea - b - d — f)
x2 + x2 = 5,3(x15 + x/) =11(xl3 + x3) (assume thatxy, x2 = 4{(a + P)(P + Y) + (P + Y)(y + a) + (Y+a)
(a + p) - ap - py - ya)}
are real).
[from Eqs. (iv), (v) and (vi)]
Sol. We have, 3(Xj5 +x25) = ll(x13 +x23)
= 4(a2 + P2 + y2 + 2aP + 2Py + 2ya)
Xi5 + x25 _ 11
= 4(a + P + y)2 .(viii)
+ X23 3
From Eqs. (vii) and (viii), then we get
(x,2 + x2)(x? + x23)- X2X2(Xi + x2) 4 11
=> (a + c + e)2 = 4(ac + ce + ea - b - d - f)
(x^ + x/) 3
x2x2(xx
+ x2) _11 • Ex. 34 If Ct, P are the roots of the equation
(x/ + x22)-
(x1 + x2)(x12 +x22 -X1X2) 3 x2 + px + q=0 and y, 8 are the roots of the equation

[vx12+x22=5] x2 + rx + s=0, evaluate (a -y) (a - 8) (p - y) (P - 8)/n

2 2 terms of p, q, r and s . Deduce the condition that the equa­
11
5- X1 X2 tions have a common root.
5 - XjX2 3
2 2 Sol. v a, P are the roots of the equation
4 *1*2
x2 + px + q = 0
3 5 “ XjX2
a+p = -p,ap = g (i)
3x2x2 + 4XjX2 - 20 = 0
and y, 8 are the roots of the equation x2 + rx + s = 0
=> 3x2x2 + 10XjX2 - 6XjX2 - 20 = 0
y + 8 = -r, y8 = s •(“)
(xxx2 - 2) (3XjX2 + 10) = 0
Now, (a - y)(a - 8)(P - y)(P - 6)
A ( 10>l
X1X2 =2,1 -y I = [a2 -a(y + 8) + y 5] [p2 -P(y + 8) + y8]

We have,, (Xj + x2)z = x2 + x2 + 2xxx2 = 5 + 2X)X2 = (a2+ra+s)(p2+rP + $) [from Eq. (ii)]

(xj + x2)2 =5 + 4 = 9 [ifxjX2=2] = a2p2 + raP(a + P) + r2aP + s(a2 + P2)

Xi + x2 = ± 3 + sr (a + p) + ?
I \2 nT 10
10 5 ■[ 10
and (Xi + X2) =5 + 2l-yl=-- lfXjX2=- = a2p2 +raP(a + p) +r2aP + $[(a + p)2 -2aP]
3 ) 3 + sr (a + P) + ?
which is not possible, since xb x2 are real.
= q2 - pqr + r2q + s(p2 - 2q) + sr (-p) + s2
Thus, required quadratic equations are x2 ± 3x + 2 = 0.
= (q - s)2 - rpq + r2q + sp2 - prs
• Ex. 33 If each pair of the three equations = (q - s)2 - rq(p - r) +sp(p - r)
x2 +ax + b=0, x2 +cx + d =0andx2 +ex = 0 has = (q-s)2 + (p - r)(sp - rq) .(iii)
exactly one root in common, then show that For a common root (let a = y or P = 8),
(a + c + e)2 = 4{ac+ ce + ea-b-d - /). then (a - y)(a - 8)(P - y)(p - 8) = 0 •(iv)
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 163

From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get • Ex. 37 Solve for ‘x ’

(q-s)2 +(p-r)(sp-rq) = 0 11 + 21 + 3! + ...+(x-1)! + x! = k2 and ke I.
=> (<? - s)2 = (p - r) (rq - sp), which is the required Sol. For x < 4 , the given equation has the only solutions
condition. x = 1, k = ± 1 and x = 3, k = ± 3. Now, let us prove that
there are no solutions for x > 4. The expressions
• Ex. 35 Find all integral values of a for which the 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! = 33
quadratic Expresion (x - a) (x -10) +1 can be factored as a
1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5! = 153
product (x + a) (x + 3) of two factors and a, 0 G I. ends with the digit
1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5! + 6! = 873
Sol. We have, (x - a)(x - 10) + 1 = (x + a)(x + p) 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5! + 6! + 7! = 5913
On putting x = - a in both sides, we get 3.
(-a - a) (-a - 10) +1 = 0 Now, for x > 4 the last digit of the sum 1! + 2! +... + x! is
equal to 3 and therefore, this sum cannot be equal to a
(a + a) (a + 10) = -1
square of a whole number k (because a square of a whole
a + a and a + 10 are integers. number cannot end with 3).
a + a = -1 and a + 10 = 1
or a + a = 1 and a + 10 = -1
• Ex. 38 Find the real roots of the equation
(i) If a + 10 = 1
a = - 9, then a = 8 x + 2 Jx + 2 Jx + ... + 2 x x =x
Similarly, P = - 9
n radical signs
Here, (x - 8) (x - 10) + 1 = (x - 9)2
Sol. Rewrite the given equation
(ii) If a + 10 = -1
a = -11, then a = 12 x + 2A x + 2 =x (0
Similarly, p = 12 On replacing the last letter x on the LHS of Eq. (i) by the
Here, (x - 12) (x - 10) + 1 = (x - ll)2 value of x expressed by Eq. (i), we get

Hence, a = 8,12 X=
x + 2 ^x + 2 a/x +. ..+ x + 2x
2n radical signs
• Ex. 36 Solve the equation Further, let us replace the last letter x by the same
expression again and again yields.
-Jx + 3-4a/(x-1) + ^x+S-b^x-l) = 1.

Sol. Let ^(x - 1) = t

X= x + 2, x + 2 •Jx +...+
3n radical signs
We have, x = t2 +1, f >0
The given equation reduce in the form x+2 Jx + 2 +... + 2 x + 2x = ...
- 41) + 7(<2 + 9-6t) = 1 4n radical signs

=> |f-2| + |t-3| = l We can write,

+
3
= lim x+2
+ + N
2 N radical signs
If follows that
2<t <3 ^x + 2 J x + 7-
X=
=> 4<t2 <9
= ^x + 2(^x + 2 X + ...) = y](x + 2x)
=> 4<x-l<9
Hence, x2 = x + 2x
5<x<10
=> x2 - 3x = 0
.’. Solution of the original equation is x G [5,10].
x = 0,3
164 Textbook of Algebra

• Ex. 39 Solve the inequation, (x 2 + x +1) * <1. 1 2

x = 1 + — => x - x - 1 = 0
X
Sol. Taking logarithm both sides on base 10,
X = ■■ ~ —
then x log (x2 + x + 1) < 0
2
which is equivalent to the collection of systems hV5 1-75
x >0, x > 0, Xi = ---- , x2 =
2------------- 2
2
log(x2+ x + 1) < 0, X + X + 1 < 1, satisfy the given equation and this equation has no other
x <0, x <0, roots.

log(x 2+ x + 1) > 0, X 2 + X + 1 > 1, • Ex. 41 Solve the system of equations

x >0, x >0, |x-i| + |y-2|=i
kx(x + 1) < 0, -1< x <0 y = 2-|x-i|
x <0, x < 0, Sol. On substituting | x - 11 = 2 - y from second equation in
x(x + l)>0 x > 0 and x < (- 1) first equation of this system, we get
XG 0, 2-y+ |y-2| = l
Now, consider the following cases
If y>2,
Consequently, the interval x e (-<»,- 1) is the set of all then 2 - y + y - 2 = 1 => 0 = 1
solutions of the original inequation.
No value of y for y > 2.
? Remark If y<2,
3
When the inequation is in power, then it is better to take log. then 2-y + 2-y = 1 <=> y = “> which is true.
• Ex'. 40 Solve the equation From the second equation of this system,
1+----- ------ =x | = 2-|x-l|
1 + —i— Li

i+—. |x -1| = -=> x - 1 = ± -

1+ 2 2
13
1+1 x = 1 ± -=> x =
X 2 2 2
Consequently, the set of all solutions of the original system
When in expression on left hand side the sign of a fraction is
13 3
repeated n times. is the set of pairs (x, y), where x = - and y = -.
2 2 2
Sol. Given equation is
1 • Ex. 42 Let a, b, c be real and ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two real
* 1+— -X
1 roots a and ft, where a < -1 and fl >1, then show that
1+
i+— b
1+-+ <0.
1+ a a
1
1+- Sol. Since, a < - 1 and P > 1
X
Let us replace x on the LHS of the given equation by the a + X = - 1 and p = 1 + g [X,|i > 0
expression ofx. This result in an equation of the same c b
Now, 1 + - + - = i + ap +1 a + p |
form, which however involves 2n fraction lines. Continuing a a
this process on the basis of this transformation, we can
= l + (-l-X)(l + g) + |- i- X + l + g|
write
= 1 — 1 — g — X — Xg +1 g — X |
1
x = 1 + lim 1 + — =-g-X-Xg+g-X
1
1+ and =-g-X-Xg+X-g
1
1 +---- b
1 + •. 1 + — + — — — 2X — Xg or - 2g - Xg
a a
l+i [n fractions] c b
X On both cases, 1 + - + <0 [••• X,H>0
a a
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 165

Aliter It follows that

7 ax2 + fex + c = 0, a^0 85
=-2and X E (3,= 3
2 b c n i=1 1S i < j S 85
x +-x+-=0 2
a a 85 ' 85

Let /(x) = x2 + - x + -
Then,
1 = 1
Sp.
v=» ;
-2
1 S i < j s 85
a a
/(-I) < Oand /(l) <0 = 4-6=-2<0
, b c n , b Thus, the P.’s is not all real and then a(’s are not all real.
=> 1 — + - < 0 and 1 + - + - <0
a a a a
bec • Ex. 45 Solve the equation
Then, 1 + - + - < 0
a a 2|x+1|-2x=|2x-1| + 1.
(3-xy 3-x^ Sol. Find the critical points :
• Ex. 43 Solve the equation x x +------ = 2.
<x+b x+1
Sol. Hence, x + 1 0
3-x 3-x
and let x = u and x + ------ = v
x +1 X+1 -1 0
uv = 2 (i) x + l = 0,2X — 1 = 0
/3-x' 3-x x = -1, x = 0
and u+v=x
x + 1, kx +1 Now, consider the following cases :
\ x< -1
3-x 2-(x + i) _2x _ _^2x _ +J
= (x + l) +x=3-x+x=3
2-(x + 1) =2
u + v = 3 and uv = 2
—(x + 1) = 1
Then, u = 2, v = 1 or u = 1, v = 2
Given equation is equivalent to the collection
x = -2 W
-1 < x < 0
3-x 2 X+1 -2X = -(2x -1) + 1
x x + lj = 2 x —1=1 =1
X + 1) 2X+1=2
or
t 3-x 3-x x+l=l
=1 X +■ -------- = 2
x+1 x+1 • x=0
x*0 [v - 1 < X < 0]
x2 - x + 2 = 0 x2 -2x + 1 = 0
or ■ x> 0
x2 - x + 2 = 0 x2 -2x + 1 = 0 2x+i
-2X =2X-1+1
2x + !
( 1 => = 2-2x
x2 — x + 2 = 0 x—
=> 2X + 1 = 2X+1
x2 — 2x + 1 = 0 I 2- 4
(x-l)2=0 which is true for x > 0. „.(ii)
(x-l)2=0 Now, combining all cases, we have the final solution as
x e [0, «>) u {-2}
=> x = 1 is a unique solution of the original equation. *

• Ex. 44 Show that for any real numbersa3taA,a5,...,ai5, • Ex. 46 Solve the inequation
-|y| + x-7(x2 + y2 -1) >1.
the roots of the equation
ai5 *85 +fl84 X84 + ...+a3x3 +3x2 + 2x +1 =0 are not real. Sol. We have, -|y| + x - -J(x2 + y2 — 1) > 1

Sol. Let P(x) = a85 x85 + a84 x84 => x - |y| > 1 + 7(x2+y2-l)
+... + a3x3 + 3x22 +2x + l = 0 ...(i) if x > |y|,
Since, P(0) = 1, then 0 is not a root of Eq. (i). then squaring both sides,
Let ct], a2,a3,...,a85 be the complex roots of Eq. (i). x2 + y2 - 2x|y| > 1 + x2 + y,22 - 1 + 2-J(x2 +y2 -1)
( 1 A
Then, the 0, let— the complex roots of the polynomial
-x|y| >7(x2+y2Zl)
••(i)
Q(y) = y85+2y84+3y83+a3y82+... + a8S
Since, x>|y|>0 (u)
166 Textbook of Algebra

Then, LHS of Eq. (i) is non-positive and RHS of Eq. (ii) is and -a2 <t<Q
non-negative. Therefore, the system is satisfied only, when
both sides are zero. But t >0 [from Eq. (ii)]
The inequality Eq. (i) is equivalent to the system. t>^

x|y| = 0 2
X2 +y2 - 1 =0 —a,2‘ + 7(g4 + 8)
ax >
The Eq.(i) gives x = 0 or y = 0. If x = 0, then we find y = ± 1 2
from Eq. (ii) but x > |y | which is impossible.
For 0 < a < 1,
If y = 0, then from Eq. (ii), we find
'-a,22 + 7(^+8)'
x2=l X < Iogfl
2
x = 1, -1
Taking x=l [vx>|y|]
XG -°°> Iogfl
(-a2 + +8) "I
The pair (1,0) satisfies the given inequation. Hence, (1,0) 2
is the solution of the original inequation. \
( 2
-(T + 7(^+8)'
• Ex. 47 lfa} ,a2,a3,...tan(n - 2) are rea^an<^ and for a > 1, x > logfl
2
(n -1) a2 - 2na2 <0, prove that atleast two roots of the
equation x n +ayx n-1 +a2 xn~2 + ... + an =0 are -a,22 + + 8)
XG logfl oo
2
imaginary. \ 7
Sol. Let a1,a2,a3,...,an are the roots of the given equation.
• Ex. 49 Solve the inequation
Then, Ectj =a,+a2+a3+... + (*„=-a(
logixiG^9-*2)-*-1)^1
and Edia2 =aia2+aia3+--- + an-lan = «2
Now, (n - Ijaf - 2na2 =(n - l)(£a()2 - 2n£a1a2 Sol. We rewrite the given inequation in the form,

= n{(Sa!)2 -2^a1a2}-(Sa1)2 log|x|(7(9 - x2) - x - !) log|x|(l*1)

= nEa2 -(Xai)2 This inequation is equivalent to the collection of systems.

= E ^-aj2 (9 - x72) - x - 1 > |x|, if |x| > 1

^(9 - x2) - x - 1 < |x|f 0<|x|<l
But given that (n - l)a2 - 2na2 < 0
For x > 1 For x > 1
£• £(a,-a.)2<o 7(9-x2) - x - 1 > x (9^7)>2x +
1SK JSn
For x < -1 For x < -1
which is true only, when atleast two roots are imaginary. f(9-x2) - x -1 > - x
and
For 0 < x < 1 For 0 < x < 1
• Ex. 48 Solve the inequation |a2* + ax+2 -11 > 1 for all
7(9 - x2) - x - 1 < x (TV)<2x +
values ofa(a>0,a* 1).
For -1 < x < 0 For -1 < x < 0
Sol. Using ax = t, ^(9-x2) - x - 1 < - x J(9^7)<1
the given inequation can be written in the form
For x > 1
|lz + a2t - 1|> 1 (i)
--(Tii+ i)<x<|(Tii-1)
a > 0 and a 1, then ax > 0 5
For x < -1
t>0 (ii) -2yli < x < 2^2
=>
Inequation (i) write in the forms, For 0 < x < 1
n __ n
t2 + a2t - 1 > 1 and t2 + a2t - 1 < -1 x < - -(Til +1) and x > -(Tii - 1)

-a
t< —
:2-J778 -a,22 + + 8) For -1 < x < 0
x < - 2T2 and x > 2^2
2 2
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 167

XG 0 Sol. Putting t = 3X in the original equation, then we obtain

-2V2 < X < -1
=> n ___
-(ViT -i)< x <1 Taxis
T-axis 0
XG 0 0

Hence, the original inequation consists of the intervals

(i) (ii)
-2V2 < x < -1 and -(Vll - 1) < x < 1.
5
2 A
Hence, x G [—2-72, — 1) u -(TrF-1), 11 0
T-axis Taxis
0

• Ex. 50 Find all values of ‘a’for which the equation

(iii) (iv)
- a2x - a+ 3 = 0 has atleast one solution.
at2 + 4(a- l)t + a> 1
Sol. Putting 2X = t > 0, then the original equation reduced in
=> at2 + 4(a - l)t + (a - 1) > 0 [t > 0, v 3X > 0]
the form
This is possible in two cases. First the parabola
t2-at-a + 3 = 0 ...(i)
f(t) = at2 + 4(a - l)t + (a -1) opens upwards, with its
I that the quadratic Eq. (i) should have atleast one positive vertex (turning point) lying in the non-positive part of the
root(t > 0), then T-axis, as shown in the following four figures.
I
Discriminant, D = (-a)2 - 4-1-(-a + 3) > 0 :. a > 0 and sum of roots < 0
=> a2 + 4a - 12 > 0 4(a-i)
<0and /(0)>0
(a + 6) (a - 2) > 0 2a
a>0,a-l>0 and a - 1 > 0
+ + Hence, a>l
-6 2

aG(-<~,-6]u[2,<~)
If roots of Eq. (i) are ^and t2, then T-axis
0
t] + t2 = a
tit2 — 3 — a
For a G (-oo,-6] Second the parabola f(t) opens upward, with its vertex
tj + t2 < 0 and tyt2 > 0. Therefore, both roots are negative lying in positive direction of t, then
and consequently, the original equation has no solutions.
a > 0, —— > 0 and D < 0
For a G [2, °°) 2a
tj + t2 > 0 and t}t2 0, consequently, atleast one of the => a>0,(a-l)<0
roots q or t2, is greater than zero. and 16(a-l)2 - 4(a-l)a < 0
Thus, for a g [2, the given equation has atleast one a > 0,a < 1
solution. and 4(a-l)(3a-4)<0
4
a > 0,a < 1 and 1 < a < — ’
• Ex. 51 Find all the values of the parameter a for which 3
the inequality a9* + 4 (a -1) 3X + a > 1, is satisfiedfor all These inequalities cannot have simultaneously.
real values ofx. Hence, a > 1 from Eq. (i).
g Theory of Equations Exercise 1:
Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 30 multiple,choice questions. 8. If the roots of the quadratic equation
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of (4p - pz -5)x2 -(2p - l)x + 3p = 0 lie on either side of
which ONLY ONE is correct
unity, the number of integral values of p is
1. If a, b,c are real and a * b, the roots of the equation (a) I (b)2 (c) 3 (d)4
2(a - b)x2 -11 (a + b + c)x -3(a - b) = Oare 9. Solution set of the equation
(a) real and equal (b) real and unequal 32x2 _2-3x2+x + 6 +32(x+6) _ois
(c) purely imaginary (d) None of these
(a){-3,2} (b){6,-l) (c) {-2,3} (d) {1,-6}
2. The graph of a quadratic polynomial y = ax 2
10. Consider two quadratic expressions /(x) = ax2 + bx + c
+ bx + c; a, b, c E R is as shown.
and g(x) = ax2 + px + q (a, b, c, p, q E R, b * p) such that
their discriminants are equal. If /(x) = g(x) has a root
X
0 x = a, then
(a) a will be AM of the roots of f(x) = 0 and g(x) = 0
(b) a will be AM of the roots of /(x) = 0
(c) a will be AM of the roots of /(x) ~ 0 or g(x) = 0
(d) a will be AM of the roots of g(x) = 0
Which one of the following is not correct? 11. If Xi and x2 are the arithmetic and harmonic means of
(a) b2 - 4ac <0 (b) - < 0 the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, the quadratic
a
(c) c is negative equation whose roots are Xj and x2, is
b (a) abx2 + (b2 + ac)x + bc = 0
(d) Abscissa corresponding to the vertex is----
2a (b) 2abx2 + (b2 + 4ac)x + 2bc = 0
3. There is only one real value of a' for which the (c) 2abx2 +(b2 + ac)x + bc = 0
quadratic equation ax2 + (a + 3)x + a- 3 = 0has two (d) None of the above
positive integral solutions. The product of these two 12. f(x) is a cubic polynomial x33 + ax2 + bx + c such that
solutions is
/(x) = 0 has three distinct integral roots and f(g(x))=0
(a) 9 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) 12
does not have real roots, where g(x) = xz + 2x - 5, the
4. If for all real values of a one root of the equation minimum value of a + b + c is
x2 — 3ax + f(a) = 0 is double of the other, f(x) is equal to (a) 504 (b) 532 " (c) 719 (d) 764
(a)2x (b) x2 (c)2x2 (d)2^
13. The value of the positive integer n for which the
n
5. A quadratic equation the product of whose roots x} and
quadratic equation ^(x + k - l)(x + k) = lOn has
x2 is equal to 4 and satisfying the relation fc = i
solutions a and a +1 for some a, is
Xj - 1 x2 -1 (a) 7 (b) 11 (c) 17 (d) 25
(a) x2 - 2x + 4 = 0 (b) x2 - 4x + 4 = 0
14. If one root of the equation x2 -Xx+ 12 = 0 is even
(c) x2 + 2x + 4 = 0 (d) x2 + 4x + 4 = 0
. prime, while x2 + Xx + p. = 0has equal roots, thenpis
6. If both roots of the quadratic equation (a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 24 (d) 32
x2 -2ax + a2 - 1 = 0 lie in (-2,2), which one of the
15. Number of real roots of the equation
following can be [a] ? (where [•] denotes the greatest
Vx + Jx - -J(l-^0 = 1 is
integer function)
(a)-l (b)l (c)2 (d)3 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d)3

7. If (-2,7) is the highest point on the graph of 16. The value of ^7 + J? 00 is

y = -2x2 - 4ax + X, then X equals (a) 5 (b)4
(d)-l (c)3 (d) 2
(a) 31 (b) 11 (c) — 1
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 169

17. For any real x, the expression 2(A: - x) [x + -Jx 2 +k2] 24. The roots of the equation
cannot exceed (a + Vb)l2“15 +(a-4b) ’!-»=2a
(a) A:2 (b) 2fc2
* where a2 - b= 1, are
(c)3fc2 (d) None of these
(a) ± 2, ± 73 (b) ± 4, ± 714
= x 2" -2x + 4
18. Given that, for all x G R, the expression ---------------- lies (c) ± 3, ± 75 (d) ± 6, ± 720
x 2 + 2x + 4
■ 25. The number of pairs (x, y) which will satisfy the
! between - and 3, the values between which the
3 equation
9-32x + 6-3x + 4 .. x -xy + y = 4(x + y-4), is
expression ------------------ lies, are
9-3 2x - 6-3x + 4 (a) 1 (b) 2
3 (c) 4 (d) None of these
(a) -3 and 1 (b) - and 2
2 26. The number of positive integral solutions of
(c) -1 and 1 (d) 0 and 2
x4 — y4 =3789108 is
19. Let a, P, y be the roots of the equation (a)0 (b)l (c)2 (d) 4
(x - a) (x - b) (x - c) = d, d * 0, the roots of the equation 27. The value of a’ for which the equation x 3 + ax + 1 = 0
(x - a) (x - p) (x - y) + d - 0 are
and x4 + ax 2 + 1 = 0, have a common root, is
i (a) a, b, d (b) b, c, d
(c) a, b, c (d) a + d, b + d, c + d (a) a = 2 (b) a = - 2
(c) a = 0 (d) None of these
20. If one root of the equation ix2 - 2(1 + i) x + 2 - i = 0 is
28. The necessary and sufficient condition for the equation
(3 - i), where i = 7-1, the other root is
(1 - a2) x2 + 2ax - 1 = 0 to have roots lying in the
(a) 3 + i (b) 3 + 7-1
interval (0,1), is
(c) -1 + i (d) -1 - i
(a) a > 0 (b) a < 0
21. The number of solutions of | [x] - 2x | = 4, where [x] (c) a > 2 (d) None of these
denotes the greatest integer < x is 29. Solution set of x - ^/l -|x| < 0, is
(a) infinite (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
’ -1 + 75^
22. If x 2 + x + 1 is a factor of ax 3 + bx 2 + ex + d, the real (a) (b)[-l, 1]
2 j
root of ax 3 + bx 2 + ex + d = 0 is /
-1 + 7s’
(c) (d) -1,
(a)-- (b)- (c)£ (d) None of these \ 2
a a d
23. The value of x which satisfy the equation 30. If the quadratic equations ax 22 + 2cx + b = 0 and
ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0(b* c) have a common root, a + 4b + 4c,
7(5x2 -8x+3) -7(5x2 -9x + 4) = 7(2x2 -2x)
is equal to
- 7(2x2 -3x + l), is (a)-2 (b)-l
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c)0 (d)l
(c)l (d)0

g Theory of Equations Exercise 2:

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
■ This section contains 15 multiple choice questions. 32. If A, G and H are the arithmetic mean, geometric mean
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of
and harmonic mean between unequal positive integers.
which MORE THAN ONE may be correct.
Then, the equation Ax2-|G|x-H = 0 has
31. If 0 < a < b < c and the roots a, P of the equation
(a) both roots are fractions
ax2 + bx + c = 0 are non-real complex numbers, then (b) atleast one root which is negative fraction
(a)|a|=|p| (b)|a|>l (c) exactly one positive root
(c) | p | < 1 (d) None of these (d) atleast one root which is an integer
 170 Textbook of Algebra

33. The adjoining graph of y = ax 2 + bx + c shows that 40. For which of the following graphs of the quadratic
expression f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, the product ofabc is
Y
negative
Y Y

(a) (b)
X'*- >X
y/(a,0)
0 (P.0) 0 Vx
(a) a < 0 ♦Y
Y
(b) b2 < 4ac
X
(c) c > 0 0
(d) a and b are of opposite signs (c) (d)
>X
34. If the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a > 0) has two roots a 0
and fl such that a <-2 and 0 > 2, then
(a) b2 - 4ac > 0 (b) c < 0 41. If a, be R and ax2 + bx + 6 = 0, a * 0 does not have two
(c)a + |b| + c < 0 (d) 4a + 2|b| + c < 0 distinct real roots, the
35. If b2 > 4ac for the equation ax4 + bx2 + c = 0, then all (a) minimum possible value of 3a + b is -2
(b) minimum possible value of 3a + b is 2
the roots of the equation will be real, if (c) minimum possible value of 6a + b is -1
(a) b > 0, a < 0, c > 0 (b) b < 0, a > 0, c > 0
(d) minimum possible value of 6a + b is 1
(c) b > 0, a > 0, c > 0 (d) b > 0, a < 0, c < 0
42. Ifx 3 + 3x2 -9x + Xis of the form (x-a)z(x-0), then
36. If roots of the equation x 3 + bx 2 + ex -1 = 0 from an
A, is equal to
increasing GP, then (a) 27 (b) -27
(a) b + c = 0 (c)5 (d)-5
(b) b g(—°°, -3)
43. If ax 2 + (b - c) x + a - b - c = 0 has unequal real roots
"l (c) one of the roots is 1
"l (d) one root is smaller than one and one root is more than one for all c e R, then
(a) b < 0 < a (b) a < 0 < b
37. Let /(x) = ax 2 + bx + c, where a, b, c 6 R, a * 0. Suppose
(c) b < a < 0 (d) b > a > 0
|f(x)|<l,VxG[0,l],then
44. If the equation whose roots are the squares of the roots
(a)|a|<8 (b)|b|<8
of the cubic x3-ax2 + bx-l = 0is identical with the
(c)|c|<l (d) |a| + |b| + |c| < 17
38. cos a is a root of the equation 25x2 + 5x -12 = 0, given cubic equation, then
(a) a = b = 0
-1 < x < 0, the value of sin 2a is (b) a = 0, b = 3
(c) a = b = 3
(d) a, b are roots of x2 + x + 2 = 0

(C)-S (d)s 45. If the equation ax2 4- bx + c = 0 (a > 0) has two real roots
39. If a, b, c G R(a * 0) and a + 2b + 4c = 0, then equation a and (3 such that a < -2 and 0 > 2, which of the
following statements is/are true?
ax2 + bx + c=0 has
(a) 4a -2|t>| + c < 0
(a) atleast one positive root
(b) 9a-3|h| + c < 0
(b) atleast one non-integral root
(c) both integral roots (c) a -|b| + c < 0
(d) no irrational root (d) c < 0, b2 - 4ac > 0
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 171

g Theory of Equations Exercise 3:

Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 6 passages. Based upon each of 52. y = f(x) is given by
the passage 3 multiple choice questions have to be x2
answered. Each of these questions has four choices (a), (a)y = x2-8 (h)y = ^ -2V2
(b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. r2
(c) y = x2 - 4 (d)y = Y~^
Passage I
(Q. Nos. 46 to 48) 53. Minimum value of y = /(x)is
IfG and L are the greatest and least values of the (a) -4^2 (b) -2f2
. 2x2-3x4-2 d . , (c)0 (d)272
expression-------------- ,xeR respectively.
2x2+3x + 2 54. Number of integral value of X for which — lies between
46. The least value of G100 + L100 is the roots of f(x) = 0, is
(a) 9 (b) 10 (c)ll (d) 12
(a)2J00
100 (b)3ol00
100 (c)7n100
100 (d) None of these
47. G and L are the roots of the equation Passage III
(a)5x2-26x + 5 = 0 (b) 7xz - 50x + 7 = 0 (Q. Nos. 55 to 57)
(c)9x2 -82x + 9 = 0 (d)llx2 -122x+ 11 = 0 Let f(x)=x2 + bx + c and g(x) = x2 + b]x + q.
48. If L2 < X < G2, X e N, the sum of all values of X is Let the real roots off(x) = 0 be a, P and real roots of
(a) 1035 (b) 1081 (c) 1225 (d) 1176 g(x) =0bea. + k, p + £ for same constant k. The least value
1 7
Passage II off (x) is — and least value ofg(x) occurs at x = -.
4 2
(Q. Nos. 49 to 51)
Ifroots of the equation x4 -12x3 4- ex2 + dx + 81 = 0 are 55. The value of b} is

positive. (a)-8 (b)-7 (c)-6 (d)5

49. The value of c is 56. The least value of g(x) is

(a) -27 (b) 27 (c)-54 (d) 54
(a)-l (b)-j (0-1 (d)-l
50. The value of d is
(a) -27 (b) -54 (c) -81 (d) -108
57. The roots of f(x) = 0 are
51. Root of the equation 2cx + d = 0, is (a) 3, 4 (b)-3, 4
(a)-l (b)-| (c)l (c)-3, -4 (d)3, -4

Passage IV
Passage II (Q. Nos. 58 to 60)
(Q. Nos. 52 to 54) If ax2 - bx 4- c = 0 have two distinct roots lying in the
In the given figure vertices of tsABC lie on interval (0,1); a, b, cE N.
y=f(f) = ax2+bx+c. The MBC is right angled isosceles
triangle whose hypotenuse AC = 4a/2 units. 58. The least value of a is
(a) 3 (b)4
(c)5 • (d)6
y= = ax2 + bx + c
59. The least value of b is
(a) 5 (b)6
(c)7 (d)8
X
60. The least value of log 5 abc is
(a) 1 (b)2
(c) 3 (d) 4
 172 Textbook of Algebra

Passage V Passage VI
(Q. Nos. 61 to 63) (Q. Nos. 64 to 66)
If2x' +ax ‘ + bx + 4 = 0 (a and b are positive real Ifa, 0, y, 8 are the roots of the equation
x4 + Ax3 + Bx2 +Cx + D =0such that a0 = y8 = k and
numbers) has three real roots.
A, B,C, D are the roots ofx4 -2x3 +4x2 +6x -21 =0
61. The minimum value of a3 is such that A +B =0.
(a) 108 (b) 216
(c) 432 (d) 864 64. The value of — is
A
62. The minimum value of b3 is k k
(a)-- (b)-fc
(b)-b (c)- (d)b
(a) 432 (b) 864 2 2
(c) 1728 (d) None of these 65. The value of (a + 0) (y + 8) in terms of B and k is
(a)B-2k Q>)B-k (c) B + k (d)B + 2k
63. The minimum value of (a + b)3 is
(a) 1728 (b) 3456 66. The correct statement is
(c) 6912 (d) 864 (a) C2 = AD (b) C2 = A2D (c) C2 - AD2 (d) C2 = (AD)2

g Theory of Equations Exercise 4:

w Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 questions. The answer to 2
X -3x + c
each question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0 72. If the maximum and minimum values of y =
to 9 (both inclusive). x 2 +3x + c

67. The sum of all the real roots of the equation are 7 and y respectively, the value of c is

"I |x-2|2 + |x-2|-2 = 0is

68. The harmonic mean of the roots of the equation 73. Number of solutions of the equation
(5 + V2)x2 -(4 + V5)x + 8 + 2-^ = 0is V? - «J(x -1)2 + 7(x-2)2 = V5 is
69. If product of the real roots of the equation,
74. If a and 0 are the complex roots of the equation
x2 - ax + 30 = 2^/(x2 -ax + 45), a > 0,
(1 + i) x 2 + (1 - i) x - 2i = 0, where i = V-l, the value of
is X and minimum value of sum of roots of the equation |a -0|2 is
is p. The value of (p) (where (•) denotes the least integer
function) is 6 75. If a, 0 be the roots of the equation
x+—
1
-fx‘+±)-2 4x 2- 16x + c =0,ce l?such that 1 <a <2and2<0 <3,
70. The minimum value of -
X I x"J is then the number of integral values of c, are
( 1 3 3 1
x+— + x3 +---
(for x > 0) l X x3 76. Let r, s and t be the roots of the equation
71. Let a, b,c,d are distinct real numbers and a, b are the 8x3 +1001x4-2008 = 0 and if
roots of the quadratic equation x2 - 2cx - 5d = 0. If c and 99X = (r + s)3 +($ +1)3 +(t + r)3, the value of [X]is
d are the roots of the quadratic equation (where [•] denotes the greatest integer function)
x2 - 2ax - 5b = 0, the sum of the digits of numerical
values of a + b + c + d is
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 173

g Theory of Equations Exercise 5:

Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 4 questions. Questions 78 and 80 have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and
four statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II and questions 77 and 79 have three statements (A, B and C) given in
Column I and five statements (p, q, r, s and t) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct
matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column II.

77. Column I contains rational algebraic expressions and 79. Column I contains rational algebraic expressions and
Column II contains possible integers which lie in their Column II contains possible integers of a.
range. Match the entries of Column I with one or more
entries of the elements of Column II. Column I Column II

Column I Column II (A) ax1 + 3x - 4 (P) 0

y=-—— , x G R and ye R
3x - 4x‘ + a
X2 - 2x + 4
(A) y= ----------- ,xeR -2
x* + 2x + 4 (P)
(B) ax2 + x - 2 , 1
y =------------ r, x G R and y G R (q)
2x2 + 4x + 1 a + x - 2x2
(B) y = -3------------ ,x G R (q) -i
x2 + 4x + 2
(C) x2 + 2r + a n , „ 3
y- ------------- ,x e R and ve R (r)
x2 - 3x + 4 x + 4x + 3a
(C) ,X G R (r) 2
(s) 5
(s) 3
(0 7
(t) 8
80.
78.
Column I Column II
Column I Column II
(A) The equation x3 - 6x2 + 9x + X = 0 have (P) 0
(A) If a, b, c, d are four non-zero real (p)a+b+c=0
numbers such that exactly one root is (1,3), then |[X + 1 ]| is
(d + a - b)2 + (d + b - c)2 = 0 and (where [• ] denotes the greatest integer
function)
the roots of the equation
a(b - c)x2 + b(c-a)x + c(a-b)=0 (B) x2 - Xr - 2 „ ., „ , i
(q)
are real and equal, then If-3 < —---------- < 2, V x e R, then
x* + x + 1
(B) If the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (q) a, b, care in AP |[X]| is (where [•]denotes the greatest
and x3 - 3x2 + 3x -1 = 0 have a integer function)
common real root, then
(C) If x2 + Xv + 1 = 0 and (r) 2
(C) Let a, b, cbe positive real numbers (r) a, b, care in GP (b - c)x2 + (c - a)x + (o - b) = 0 have
such that the expression both the roots common, then |[X - 1 ]|,
bx2 + (^(« + c)2 + 4 b2 )x + (a + c) (where [• ] denotes the greatest integer
function)
is non-negative, Vx e /?, then

(s) a, b, c are in HP (s) 3

 174 Textbook of Algebra

g Theory of Equations Exercise 6:

Statement I and II Type Questions
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 81 to 87) are Assertion-Reason type 83. Statement-1 In the equation ax22 + 3x + 5 = 0, if one
questions. Each of these questions contains two root is reciprocal of the other, then a is equal to 5.
statements:
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) Statement-2 Product of the roots is 1.
Each of these questions also has four alternative 84. Statement-1 If one root of Ax3 + Bx 2 + Cx + D = 0,
choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You
have to select the correct choice as given below. A £ 0, is the arithmetic mean of the other two roots, then
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 the relation 2B3 + k} ABC + k 2 A2 D = 0 holds good and
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 then (k2 - k}) is a perfect square.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 Statement-2 If a, b, c are in AP, then b is the arithmetic
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 mean of a and c.
(c) Statementl is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true 85. Statement-1 If x, y, z be real variables satisfying

81. Statement-1 If the equation (4p -3) x 2 x + y + z - 6 and xy + yz + zx = 8, the range of variables
x, y and z are identical.
+ (4q - 3) x + r = 0 is satisfied by x = a, x = b and x = c
3 Statement-2 x + y + z = 6 and xy + yz + zx =■ 8 remains
(where a, b, c are distinct), then p = q = - and r = 0.
4 same, if x, y, z interchange their positions.
Statement-2 If the quadratic equation 86. Statement-1 ax 3 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c G R cannot
ax2 + bx + c = 0 has three distinct roots, then a, b and c have 3 non-negative real roots.
are must be zero.
Statement-2 Sum of roots is equal to zero.
82. Statement-1 The equation
87. Statement-1 The quadratic polynomial
x2 + (2m + l)x + (2n +1) = 0, where m, n G I,cannot have
. y = ax2 + bx + c(a * 0 and a, b, c G R) is symmetric about
"I any rational roots.
Statement-2 The quantity (2m + I)2 - 4 (2n +1), where
the line 2ax + b = 0.
Statement-2 Parabola is symmetric about its axis of
m, n G I, can never be perfect square. symmetry.

g Theory of Equations Exercise 7:

Subjective Type Questions
■ In this section, there are 24 subjective questions. 89. For what values of m, then equation
88. For what values of m, the equation 2x2 -2(2m + l)x + m(m + l) = Ohas(mG R)
(1 + m)x2 -2(1 + 3m)x + (l + 8m) = 0has(mG R) (i) both roots are smaller tha 2?
(i) both roots are imaginary? (ii) both roots are greater than 2?
(iii) both roots lie in the interval (2,3)?
(ii) both roots are equal?
(iv) exactly one root lie in the interval (2,3)?
(iii) both roots are real and distinct?
(v) one root is smaller than 1 and the other root is
(iv) both roots are positive? greater than 1?
(v) both roots are negative? (vi) one root is greater than 3 and the other root is
(vi) roots are opposite in sign? smaller than 2?
(vii) roots are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign? (vii) atleast one root lies in the interval (2,3)?
(viii) atleast one root is positive? (viii) atleast one root is greater than 2?
(ix) atleast one root is negative? (ix) atleast one root is smaller than 2?
(x) roots are in the ratio 2:3? (x) roots a and 0, such that both 2 and 3 lie between a
and 0?
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 175

90. If r is the ratio of the roots of the equation 101. Find all values of a for which the inequation
2 , n , , (r + 1)2 b2
ax + bx + c = 0, show that--------- = — 4X +2(2a + l)2x + 4a2-3>0is satisfied for any x.
r ac
1 1 <lx + 4|~|xp
91. If the roots of the equation —-— + —-— = - are equal 102. Solve the inequation log*2 + x _ >0.
x+p x+q r < >
in magnitude but opposite in sign, show that p + q = 2r
103. Solve the system |x2 - 2x| + y = 1, x2 +|y| = 1.
and that the product of the roots is equal to - - ■
< 2 > 104. If a, P, y are the roots of the cubic x3- px2 + qx - r = 0.
Find the equations whose roots are
92. If one root of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c' = 0 is
(i) pY + -,ya + |,aP + i
equal to the nth power of the other, then show that
i i a P y
(acn)n+1 + (anc)"+1 +b = 0. (ii) (P + y-a),(Y+a-P),(a + P-y)
93. If a, P are the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and Also, find the value of (P + y - a) (y + a - P) (a + P - y).
Y, 8 those of equation lx2 + mx + n = 0, then find the 105. If Ai, A2, A3,..., An, ab a2,a3,...,a„, a, b, c 6 R, show
equation whose roots are ay + P§ and «8 + Py. that the roots of the equation
94. Show that the roots of the equation A2 +! A2 +...+-A-
4 | -A_
(a2 -bc)x2 + 2(b2 -ac)x + c2 -ab = Q x - at x-a2 x-a3 x-a„
are equal, if either b = 0 or a3 +b3 + c3 - 3abc = 0. = ab2 + c 22x + ac are real.

95. If the equation x2 - px + q = 0 and x2 - ax + b = Q have 106. For what values of the parameter a the equation
a common root and the other root of the second x4 + 2ax 3 + x 2 + 2ax + 1 = 0 has atleast two distinct
equation is the reciprocal of the other root of the first, negative roots?
then prove that(q-b)2 = bq(p - a)2. 107. If [x] is the integral part of a real number x. Then solve
96. If the equation x2 - 2px + q = 0 has two equal roots, [2x] - [x + 1] = 2x.
then the equation (1 + y)x2 - 2(p + y)x + (q + y) = 0 108. Prove that for any value of a, the inequation (a2 +3)
will have its roots real and distinct only, when y is x2 +(a + 2)x-6<0is true for atleast one negative x.
negative and p is not unity.
109. How many real solutions of the equation
97. Solve the equation x loEx(x + 3) =15. 6x2 - 77 [x] +147 = 0, where [x] is the integral part of x ?
98. Solve the equation 110. If a, P are the roots of the equation x2 -2x-a2 +1 = 0
(2 + >/3)x2-2x+1 +(2-73)x2"2x’1 =---- 1^-.
and y, 8 are the roots of the equation
10(2-V3)
( x A2 x2 - 2(a + l)x + a(a - 1) = 0, such thata,Pe(y, 8), find
99. Solve the equation x2 + =& the value of‘a’.
^x-l,
100. Solve the equation 111. If the equation x44 + px3 + qx2 + rx + 5 = 0 has four
-J(x + 8) + 2^/(x + 7) + ^(x + 1)~7(x+7) = 4. positive real roots, find the minimum value of pr.

H Theory of Equations Exercise 8 •

CXI A -• . I I • », I M

Questions Asked in Previous 13 Years' Exam

■This section contains questions asked in IIT-JEE, 1)3. If Sis a set of P(x) is polynomial of degree < 2 such that
AIEEE, JEE Main & JEE Advanced from year 2005 P(0) = 0, P(l) = l. P/(x)>0,Vxg(0, 1), then [IIT-JEE 2005, 3M]
to year 2017.
(a) S = 0
112. If a, P are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and a + P , (b) S = ax + (1 - a) x2, V a e (0, ~)
a2 +p2,a3 +P3 are in GP, where A = b2 - 4ac, then (c) S = ax + (1 - a) x2, V a e R
[IIT-JEE 2005, 3M] (d) S = ax + (1 - a) x2, V a e (0, 2)
(a) A * 0 (b) bA = 0 (c) cb *0 (d) cA = 0
176 Textbook of Algebra

114. If the roots of x2 - bx + c = 0are two consecutive 122. If the difference between the roots of the equation
integers, then b2 - 4c is x2 + ax + 1 = 0 is less than V5, the set of possible values
[AIEEE 2005, 3M]
(a) 1 (b) 2 of a, is [AIEEE 2007, 3M]
(c) 3 (d) 4 (a) (-3.3) (b)(-3,~)
(c)(3,~) (d) (—,- 3)
115. If the equation an xn + an-\ xn ' +... + a} x = 0,a} £ 0,
123. Let a, b, c, p, q be real numbers. Suppose a, P are roots of
n > 2, has a positive root x = a, then the equation
nanxn~l + (n-l)an~lxn~2 +...+ ax = 0has a positive the equation x2 + 2px + g = 0 and a, are the roots of

root, which is [AIEEE 2005, 3M] the equation ax2 + 2bx + c = 0, where p2 £ {-1,0,1}.
(a) greater than or equal to a
(b) equal to a Statement-1 (p2 -q)(b2 -ac)>0and
(c) greater than a
Statement-2 b * pa or c*qa [IIT-JEE 2008,3M]
(d) smaller than a
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2, is true; Statement-2 is a
116. If both the roots of the quadratic equation correct explanation for Statement-1
x2 ~2kx + k2 + A'-5 = 0 (b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is
are less than 5, k lies in the interval [AIEEE 2005, 3M] not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(a) (- °°, 4) (b) [4,5] (c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(c)(5,6) (d)(6, oo) (d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
117. Let a and b be the roots of equation x2 - lOcx - lid = 0 124. The quadratic equation x2 - 6x + a = 0 and
and those of x2 - 10ax - 1 lb = 0 are c and d, the value of x2 - cx + 6 = 0 have one root in common. The other
a + b + c + d, when a #= b c * d, is IIT-JEE 2006, 6M] roots of the first and second equations are integers in
the ratio 4 : 3. The common root is [AIEEE 2008,3M]
118. Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle. No two of them are
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d)l
equal and A G R. If the roots of the equation
125. How many real solutions does the equation
x2 + 2(a + b + c) x + 3X (ub +be+ ca) = 0 are real, then
x7 + 14x5 + 16x3 + 30x - 560 = 0 have? [AIEEE 2008,3M>]
[IIT-JEE 2006, 3M]
(b)X<^ (a)l (b) 3 (c)5 (d) 7
(a)X<i
3 126. Suppose the cubic x3 - px + g = 0 has three distinct real
, . , fl 5
(c) A e -
k3 3. (d)XefM k3 3
roots, where p > 0 and g < 0. Which one of the following
holds? [AIEEE 2008, 3M]
113. All the values of m for which both roots of the equation
x 2 - 2mx + m2 -1 = 0 are greater than - 2 but less than
4, lie in the interval [AIEEE 2006, 3M]
(a) The cubic has minima at

(b) The cubic has minima at both

and maxima at

and j
JI
(a) - 2 < m < 0 (b) m > 3
(c) - 1 < m < 3 (d) 1 < m < 4
120. If the roots of the quadratic equation x2+px + g= 0are (c) The cubic has maxima at both and

tan 30° and tan 15°, respectively, the value of 2 + g - p is

(a) 2 (b) 3 [AIEEE 2006,3M] (d) The cubic has minima at and maxima at
(c)0 (d)l
121. 2
Let a, p be the roots of the equation x2 - px + r = 0 and 127. The smallest value of k, for which both roots of the
equation x2 -8kx + 16 (A:2 - k + 1) = 0 are real, distinct
CX o
—, 2p be the roots of the equation x" - gx + r = 0. The
2 ’ and have value at least 4 , is [IIT-JEE 2009,4M]
value of r is [IIT-JEE 2007, 3M] (a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 0
2 2 128. If the roots of the equation bx2 + ex + a = 0 be
(a) -(p - q) (2g - p) (b) - (<? - p) (2p - q)
imaginary, then for all real values of x, the expression
2 2
(c) - (g - 2p) (2g - p) (d)-(2p-g) (2g - p) 3b x 2 +, 6bcx +i 2c
□ 1,2 o 2 •
, is ____________
[AIEEE 2009,4M]
....

(a) less than (- 4ab) (b) greater than 4ab

(c) less than 4ab (d) greater than (- 4ab)

I
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 177

129. Let p and q be real numbers such that p * 0, p3 * - q. If 137. The equation esinx
sinx -e’,inx -4=0has [AIEEE 2012, 4M]
a and P are non-zero complex numbers satisfying (a) exactly one real root
a + P = - p and a3 + p3 =q, a quadratic equation (b) exactly four real roots
(c) infinite number of real roots
having — and — as its roots, is [IIT-JEE 2010, 3M] (d) no real roots
P a
138. If the equations x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0,
(a) (p3 + q) x.22 - (p3 + 2q) x + (p3 + q) = 0
(b) (p3 + q) x2 ~{pi-2q} x + (p3 + 9) = 0 a, b, c G R have a common root, then a: b: c is
[JEE Main 2013, 4M]
(c) (P3 " <?) x2 - (5p3 - 2q) x + (p3 - q) = 0 (a) 3 : 2 :1 (b) 1:3 :2 (c) 3 :1: 2 (d) 1:2:3
(d) (p3 - q) xz-(5p3 + 2g) x + (p3 - q) = 0 139. If a G R and the equation
130. Consider the polynomial f(x) = 1 + 2x + 3x 22 + 4x3. Let -3(x-[x])2 +2(x-[x]) + a 2 = 0 (where [ • ] denotes

s be the sum of all distinct real roots of f(x) and let the greatest integer function) has no integral solution,
t = | s |, real number s lies in the interval [IIT-JEE 2010, 3M] then all possible values of a lie in the interval
[JEE Main 2014, 4M]
( 3 1
(a)f-i 0 (b) -n’T (c) H’4(d) o,4 (a) (-2,-1)
k 4 k 4. k 4 2J k 44. (b) (-«, - 2) kJ (2, oo)
131. Let a and P be the roots of x2 - 6x - 2 = 0, with a > p. If (c) (-l, 0)0 (0,1)
(d) (l,2)
aio “ 2^8
an =an - P" for n > 1, the value of is 140. Let a, P be the roots of the equation px2 + qx + r = 0,
2a9
[IIT-JEE 2011, 3 and JEE Main 2015,4M] p * 0. If p, q, r are in AP and — + — = 4, the value of
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 a p
132. A value of b for which the equations |a-P|. is [JEE Main 2014, 4M]
, .734 (b)^i
x2+bx-l=0 x2+x + h = 0
have one root in common, is [IIT-JEE 2011, 3M]
<a)v 9
,, -Jii
(a)-72
(c) i75,i = 7-1
(b) - i73,i = T^l
(d) 72
(c)v 9
141. Let a G R and let f: R —» R be given by
133. The number of distinct real roots of /(x) = x5 - 5x + a. Then, [JEE Advanced 2014, 3M]
x4 - 4x 3 + 12x2 + x-l=0is [IIT-JEE 2011, 4M] (a) f(x) has three real roots, if a > 4
(b) /(x) has only one real root, if a > 4
134. Let for a*cii *0, f(x) = ax2 +bx + c,
(c) f(x) has three real roots, if a < - 4
g(x) = alx 2+bxx + Ci and p(x) = /(x) - g(x). Ifp(x) = 0 (d) /(x) has three real roots, if -4 < a < 4
only for x = (-1) and p (- 2) = 2, the value of p (2) is 142. The quadratic equation p(x) = 0 with real coefficients
[AIEEE 2011, 4M]
(a) 18 . (b) 3 (c) 9 (d) 6 has purely imaginary roots. Then, p (p(x)) = 0 has
[JEE Advanced 2014, 3M]
135. Sachin and Rahul attempted to solve a quadratic
(a) only purely imaginary roots
equation. Sachin made a mistake in writing down the
(b) all real roots
constant term and ended up in roots (4,3). Rahul made a (c) two real and two purely imaginary roots
mistake in writing down coefficient of x to get roots (d) neither real nor purely imaginary roots
(3,2). The correct roots of equation are [AIEEE 2011,4M]
(a)-4,-3 (b)6,1 (c) 4,3 (d)-6,-l 143. Let S be the set of all non-zero real numbers a such that
the quadratic equation ax2 - x + a = 0 has two distinct
136. Let a(a) and P(a) be the roots of the equation
real roots Xj and x2 satisfying the inequality
(V(l + a)-l)x2 + (7(17^j’-l)x + (‘/(l+ □)-!) = ft |xi-x2|<L
where a > -1, then lim a(a) and lim P(a), are Which of the following intervals is (are) a subset(s) of S ?
[JEE Advanced 2015, 4M]
[IIT-JEE 2012, 3M]
1
wH)( 7s!
and 1
1
(b)|--] and(-l)

I 9)
2
(c)fo,-k
A
(d)^,-']
(c) — and 2 (d) — and 3 AV5 2J
k 2) I 2J
178 Textbook of Algebra

144. The sum of all real values of x satisfying the equation (a) 2 (sec 0 - tan 0) (b) 2 sec 0
(c) - 2 tan 0 (d) 0
(x2-5x + 5)x + 4x-60=lis [JEE Main 2016, 4M]
146. If for a positive integer n, the quadratic equation
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) -4
x(x + l) + (x + l)(x + 2)... + (x + n - l)(x + n) = lOn has
145. Let- — <9 < - — .Suppose a j and Pi are the roots of two consecutive integral solutions, then n is equal to
6 12
equation x 2 - 2x sec 0+1=0 and a 2 and P 2 are the roots [JEE Main 2017, 4M]
of the equation x2 + 2x tan 0-1 = 0. If a j > Pi and (a) 11 (b)12
a 2 > P 2, then a i + P2 equals [JEE Advanced 2016, 3M] (c)9 (d) 10

Answers
Exercise for Session 1 o 7-733
(ii) m G
7+733
------------- oo
(iii) in G <|>
89. (i) m G
l.(b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) 2 2
7.(c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10.(d) 11. (b) 7-733 11-773 <7+733 11 + 773)
(iv) m G
Exercise for Session 2 2’2 I 2 ’ 2 J
l.(a) 2. (c) 3.(b) 4. (a) 5.(d) 6.(c) 7-733 7+ 733)
7. (c) 8. (b) 9.(c) 10. (a) (v) m G (0, 3) (vi) m G
2 ’ 2 J
Exercise for Session 3 < 7-733 11-773] ' r7+ 733 11 + 773)

l.(a) 2. (b) 3.(c) 4. (c) 5.(d) 6.(c)

(vii) m G
2 ’ 2 J u <2’2 7
7.(c) 8. (a) 9.(a) 10. (d) 7-733 7+ 733) <7+733
--------- oo
)
(viii) m G
Exercise for Session 4 2 ’2 7 2 J
l.(c) 2. (c) 3.(c) 4. (d) 5.(a) 6. (d) 7 - 733). . 7-733 7+ 733^
(ix) m G 17
7.(d) 8. (c) 9.(b) 10. (d) V ’ 2 2 ’ 2 7
Exercise for Session 5 "11-773 7 + 733
(x) m G
. 2 ’ 2
l.(a) 2.2. (a) 3.(b) 4. (c) 5.(c) 6. (b)
7.(a) 8.8. (b) 9.(b) 10. (d) 93. a2l2x2 - ablmx + (b2 - 2ac)ln + (m2 - 2ln)ac = 0
Chapter Exercises 97. x G 0
i.(b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4.(c) 5. (a) 6. (a) 98. xj = I + ^1+ log2+v-310, x2 = 1 - ^1 + log2+V3 10
7.(c) 8.(b) 9. (c) 10. (a) 11.(b) 12. (c)
13.(b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (b) 99. Xj = 2, x2 = -1 + 73 and x3 = -1 - 73
19.(c) 20.(d) 21.(b) 22. (a) ?3.(c) 24. (b)
100. X! = 2
25.(a) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (c)
I V3
31.(a,b) 32.(b,c) 33.(a,d) 34.(a,b,c,d) 35. (b,d) 36. (a,b,c,d) 101. a g (-oo, -1) , oo
37.(a, b,c,d) 38. (a,c) 39. (a,b) 40. (a,b,c,d) 41. (a,c) 42. (b,c) k 2 ?
43.(c,d) 44.(a,c,d) 45.(a,c,d) 102. xG(—1 — ^,-3)u(75-l, 5)
46.(d) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49.(d) 50.(d) 51. (c)
57. (a) 1-75 1-75
52.(b) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (b) 56. (d) 103. The pairs (0,1), (1,0), are solutions of the
58.(c) 59. (a) 60. (b) 61. (c) 62. (b) 63. (c) 2 2
64.(d) 65. (a) 66. (b) 67. (4) 68. (4) 69. (9) original system of equations.
70. (6) 71.(3) 72. (4) 73.(2) 74. (5) 75.(3) 104. (i) - q(r + Py2 + p(r + l)2y- (r + I)3 = 0
76.(7) 77. (A) —>(r,s), (B) -»(p.q.r.s.t), (C) -+(p,q,t) (ii) y3 - py2 + (4q- p2)y + (8r - 4pq + p3) = Oand
78. (A) -+ (q.r,s), (B) -> (p), (C) -> (q)
4pg - p3 - 8r
79. (A) —»(q,r,s,t), (B) -+ (q.r), (C) -»(p,q)
106. a — 00
3 I 107. x, = - l,x2 = -1/2 109. Four
80. (A) —>(p,q,r,s), (B) ->(p,q), (C) ->(s) 81.(d) 82. (a) g
4 J
83. (a) 84. (a) 85. (a) 86. (d) 87.(a)
110. a g|-1,11 111.80 112.(d) 113.(d) 114. (a)
88. (i)/n G (0,3) (ii) m = 0,3 I 4 J
115. (d) 116. (a) 117.1210 118.(a) 119. (c) 120. (b)
(iii) m G (• 0) <7 (3, °°) (iv) m G (-o°, - 1) <7 [3, o°)
121. (d) 122. (a) 123. (b) 124. (c) 125.(a) 126.(d)
(v) m G . (vi) mG (-1,-178)
127. (c) 128. (d) 129. (b) 130. (c) 131. (c) 132. (b)
(vii) zn = -1/3 (viii) m G (-oo, -1) <7 (-1, -1/ 8) V7 [3, °°) 133.(2) 134. (a) 135. (b) 136. (b) 137. (d) 138.(d)
81± V6625 139. (c) 140. (b) 141.(b,d) 142. (d) 143. (a, d)
(ix)m G (-1, -1/8) (x)zn =
32 144. (c) 145. (c) 146. (a)
 5. v x(x2 = 4 —(i)

Solutions and

=>
=>
or
-^ + -^-=2
Xi -1 x2 -1
2XjX2 - x, - x2 = 2 (XjX2 - X] - x2 + 1)
8 - x, - x2 = 2 (4 - Xj - x2 + 1)
Xj + x2 = 2
[from Eq. (i)]
•••(ii)
1. We have, From Eqs. (i) and (ii), required equation is
2 (a - b) x2 - 11 (a + b + c) x - 3 (a - b) = 0 x2 -(X] + x2) x + x,x2 = 0
D = {-11 (a + b + c)}2 - 4 • 2 (a - b) • (-3) (a - b) or x2 — 2x + 4 = 0
= 121 (a + b + c)2 + 24 (a - b)2 > 0 6. Let /(x) = x2 - 2ax + a2 - 1
Therefore, the roots are real and unequal. Now, four cases arise:

u
2. Here, a < 0 Case I D > 0
Cut-off Y-axis, x = 0
=> y =c<0 [from graph]
c<0
x -coordinate of vertex > 0
X
-A>0
2a
=> (—2a)2 - 41 (a2 — 1) > 0
*<0
a => 4>0
But a<0 aeR
b>0 Case II /(- 2) > 0
and y-coordinate of vertex < 0 => 4 + 4a + a2 - 1 > 0
D D A

=> ----- < 0 => — >0 => a2 + 4a + 3 > 0

4a 4a
=> (a + 1) (a + 3) > 0
D<0 [••• a < 0]
i.e. b2 - 4ac < 0 a e (- oo, - 3) u (- 1, °°)
Case III/(2)>0
->0 [vc< 0,a< 0] => 4-4a + a2-l>0
a
(fl + 3) => a2 - 4a + 3 > 0
3. Sum of the roots = - [let]
a => (a-l)(a-3)>0
3 a e(-=», l)u(3, °°)
a= (i)
r + i, Case IV - 2 < x-coordinate of vertex < 2
=> - 2 < 2a < 2
Product of the roots = ap = -—- = I+ + 2 •••(ii)
a ae(-l.l)
and D = (a + 3)2-4a (a + 3) Combining all cases, we get a e (- 1,1)
9 Hence, [a] = -1, 0
{(J+ -2)2 -12} [from Eq. (i)]
"(I+ + l)2 - 4a
7. We have, - = -2
D must be perfect square, then /+ = 6 2^2)
From Eq. (ii), => a=2
Product of the roots = I + +2=6+2=8 y = -2x2-8x + X —(i)
4. Let a be one root of Since, Eq. (i) passes through points (- 2,7)
x2 - 3ax + /(a) = 0 7 = -2(-2)2 -8(-2) + X

a + 2a =3a => 3a =3a 7 = —8 + 16 + X

=> a =a —(i) X=-l
and a-2a =/(a) 8. Since, the coefficient of n2 = (4p - p2 - 5) < 0
=> y(a) = 2a=2a2 [using Eq. (i)] Therefore, the graph is open downward.
/(x) = 2x2 According to the question, 1 must lie between the roots.
180 Textbook of Algebra

Hence, _f(l)>0 g(x)=(x+ I)2 -6 £-6

=> 4p - p2 - 5 - 2p + 1 + 3p > 0 a3 <-7,a2 <-8,ttj <-9
=> - p2 + 5p - 4 > 0 a + b + c >719
=> p2 -5p + 4 < 0 Minimum value of a + b + c is 719.
(Xj + a2 + a3 =- a
(p-4)(p-l)<0
=> -a <-24
1 <p < 4
=> a >24
p=2,3
Hence, number of integral values of p is 2. a}a2 + a2a3 + =b
b > 191
9. We have, 32x’ -2-3*Z + x+ 6 + 32(x+ 6) = 0
and aia2a3 = ~C
(3X’ -3x+6)2 = 0 => -c<-504
3? -3X+6 => c>504
=> =o
a + b + c >719
3’1 = 3x+6
=> x2 = x + 6
=> Hence, minimum value of a + b + c is 719.
x2 - x - 6 = 0 n
13. v y (x + k -1) (x + k) = lOn
=> (x-3)(x + 2) = 0 *=i
x = {-2,3} n
10. Given, b2 - 4ac = p2 - 4aq ...(i) => £x2 + x(2k - 1) + (k - l)k = lOn
Jt = i
and f(x) = g(x)
nx2 + x(1 + 3 + 5+...+(2n -1))
=> ax2 + bx+ c = ax2 + px + q
=> (b-p)x = q-c + (0 + 1 • 2 + 2 • 3 + 3 • 4 +...+(/! — l)n) = lOn
q-c
x = --- =a [given] ...(ii) => nx2 + x-^(l + 2n-l)
b-p
From Eq. (i), we get f n (a + 1) (2n + 1) n(n+l)
= lOn
(b + p)(b - p) + 4a (q - c) = 0 I 6 2
=> (b + p)(b- p) + 4aa (b - p) = 0 [from Eq. (ii)] n(n2 -1)
nx2 + n2x + = 10n
or „ (fe + p) [••’ b * p] 3
4a
2 (n2~31)
=> x + nx + =0 [dividing by n]
3

4 /
(a + l)-a = —
Vd
[Sum of the roots of (f (x) = 0)
_ [+ Sum of the roots of (g(x) = 0) i = Vd
4 => D=1
= AM of the roots of f(x) = 0 (n2-31)
=> n2 —41- =1
and g(x) = 0 3
11. Let a and P be the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0. => 3n2 - 4n2 + 124 = 3
a + P_ b n2 = 121
1 2 2a n = ll
14. Since, 2 is only even prime.
and
.zap 2-
2 a . 2c
Therefore, we have
2 a+p b
22 + X-2 + 12 = 0
a
.'.The required equation is => X=8
2c 2bc n x2 + Xx +11 = 0
x2 x +---- = 0
V 2a b 2a b => x2 + 8x +11 = 0 ...(i)
i.e. 2abx2 + (b2 + 4ac) x + 2bc = 0 But Eq. (i) has equal roots.
12. Let ap a2 and a3 be the roots of /(x) = 0, such that D=0
a, <a2 <a3 => 82-4-l-|l = 0
and g(x) can take all values from [- 6, «>)■ => p =16
i
1
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 181

15. We have, 7x + ^X“7(l - x) =1 9 32x+6 3x + 4 (3 x+')2 + 2-3x + 1 + 4

Let y =
9-32x-6-3x + 4 (3lx+l
x+i)2 -2-3x + 1 + 4
=$ -Jx - -y/l^X = 1 - 7x
t2 + 2t + 4 , oJr+1
—---------- , where t = 3
On squaring both sides, we get t2 -2t + 4
x - (1 - x = 1 + x - 27x => (y - 1) t2 - 2(y + l)t+4(y- 1) = 0
=5 '1 -x = 1 - 27x By the given condition, for every t e R,
Again, squaring on both sides, we get - <y <3 —(0
3
1 - x = 1 + 4x - 47x
But t=3x+1>0
4Vx = 5x
We have, product of the roots = 4 > 0, which is true.
r~ 4 And sum of the roots = 2 + — ■ > 0
=> x -— [on squaring both sides]
5 (y-D
16 y +! A
x =— => ------ > 0
25 y-1
Hence, the number of real solutions is 1. y e (- ~, -1) u (1,00) -(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
16. Let x = -1/7 + 7 — y 7 + 77-
1 <y <3
=> x = ^7 + 7? - x [on squaring both sides] 19. Since a, P and y are the roots of
.2 (x-a)(x-i>)(x-c) = d
=> x‘-7 = 7?-x
=> (x - a) (x - b) (x - c) - d = (x - a) (x - 0) (x - y)
=> (x2 - 7)2 = 7 - x [again, squaring on both sides] => (x - a) (x - p) (x - y) + d = (x - a) (x - b) (x - c)
=> x4 -14x2+ x + 42 = 0 => a, b and c are the roots of
(x - a) (x - 0) (x - y) + d = 0
=> (x-3)(x3 + 3xz - 5x - 14) = 0
20. Since, all the coefficients of given equation are not real.
=> (x-3) (x + 2)(xz + x-7) = 0 Therefore, other root 3 + i.
-1 + ^29 Let other root be a.
=> x = 3,-2,
2 2(1 + 0
[•••x>77] Then, sum of the roots =
x=3 i
17. Lety=2(fc-x)(x +-J(x2 + It2) 2(1 + 0
a +3-i=
i
=> y - 2 (k - x)x = 2 (k - x) ^(x2 + k2)
a + 3-i=2-2i
On squaring both sides, we get a =-1 -i
=*> y2 + 4(fc - x)2x2 - 4xy (k - x)= 4(fc - x)2 (x2 + k2) 21. We have, |[x]-2x| = 4
=> y2 - 4xy (k - x) = 4(k - x)2k2 => |[x]-2([x] + {x})| = 4
=> |[x] + 2{x}| = 4
■ => 4(k2-y)x2-4(2k3-ky)x-y2 + 4ki =0
which is possible.only when
Since, x is real. 2 {x} = 0,1
D>0 1
If {x} = 0, then [x] = + 4 and then x = - 4, 4 and if {x} = -,
16 (2/c3 - fcy)2 - 4-4 (fc2-y) (4fc4 -y2)>0 2
[using, b2 - 4ac > 0] then
=> 4fc6 + k2y2 - 4k4 y - (- k2y2 + 4A:6 + y3 - 4yk*) > 0 [x] + 1 = ± 4
=> [x] = 3,-5
=> 2k2y2 - y3 > 0
x = 3 + - and - 5 + -
y2(y-2k2)<> 0 2 2
y <2k2 7 9 ,97,
x = -,-- => x = -4,--»-, 4
l<x2 2x+4<3>VyeJ? 2 2 2 2
18. We have, 22. We know that, x2 + x + 1 is a factor of ax3 + bx2 + ex + d.
3 x2+2x + 4
1 x2 + 2x+ 4 o w _ Hence, roots of x2 + x + 1 = 0 are also roots of
- < —----------- < 3, V x e R ax3 + bx2 + ex + d = 0. Since, (0 and co2
3 xz-2x + 4
182 Textbook of Algebra

i 1 3i i
I where co = - - + — I are two complex roots of xz+ x + 1 = 0. 26. Since, 3789108 is an even integer. Therefore, x4 - y4 is also ar
even integer. So, either both x and y are even integers or both
Therefore, co and <o2 are txvo complex roots of of them are odd integers.
ax3 + bx2 + ex + d = 0. Now, x4 -y4 = (x-y)(x + y)(x2 + y2)
We know that, a cubic equation has atleast one real root. Let => x - y, x + y, x2 + y2 must be even integers. •
real root be a. Then, Therefore, (x - y) (x + y) (x2 + y?) must be divisible by 8. But
d d
acoto2 = - — => a = — 3789108 is not divisible by 8. Hence, the given equation has no
a a solution.
23. We have, -J(5x.22 - 8x + 3) - -J(5x2 - 9x + 4) :. Number of solutions = 0
= 7(2x2 - 2x) - -J(2x - 3x + 1) 27. We have, x3 + ax + 1 = 0
or x4 + ax2 + x = 0 •••(I
=> y/(5x - 3) (x - 1) - 7(5x - 4) (x - 1)
and x4 + ax2 + 1 = 0 ..Xii;
= y]2x (x-1) - 7(2x -1) (x - 1) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Jx-1 (^5x-3 - ^5x - 4) = ^x-l (V2x - ^2x-l) x-1 = 0
=> x=l
-1=0 which is a common root.
=> x=l 1 +a+ 1 =0
24. We have, (a + >[b)(a - Jb) -a2 -b = 1 [given] => a = -2
(a +Vb)’2“15 + (a-VF)x2“15 =2a 28. ‘.‘(l-a2)x2 + 2ax-l = 0

1 1 -a2 * 0
— = 2a X
-15 2a 1
x2 + x- =0
Let y=(a + Vb/"15 T^2j
1 2 2a 1
=> y + — =2a => y -2ay + 1 = 0 Let _f(x) = x2 + x-
y 1-a2 (i-A
=>
2a ±
y =—

=> (a + Vb)x2-15=(a + Vt)*’

x2 -15 = ± 1
7^7 ----
2
-4
= a± ^7

y = a ± -Jb =(a + Vb)±1 [va2-fe = l]

LJ
The following cases arise:
X

=> x2 = 15 ±1 => x2 = 16,14 Case I D > 0

2
x = ± 4, ± V14 2a -1
-4-1- >0
25. We have, x2 - xy + y2 = 4 (x + y - 4) 1^7 Vl-a2
.2
=> x“ - x (y + 4) + y2 - 4y + 16 = 0 4a2 4
=> >0
xe R (1-a2)
(- (y + 4))2 - 4 • 1 -(y2 - 4y + 16) 5 0 4a2 + 4 - 4a 2
~’(1 ~a2)2 ->0
[using, b2 - 4ac > 0 ]
=> y2 + 8y + 16 - 4y2 + 16y - 64 > 0
=> (1-a2)2"0 [always true]
3y2 — 24y + 48 <0
=> y2—8y + 16<0 => (y — 4)2 < 0 Case II /(0) > 0
-1
(y - 4)2 = 0 =>
(1-a2)
> 0 => A<0
1-a2
y=4
=> 1 - a2 <0
Then, x2-4x+16 = 4(x+4-4)
a e(-~,-1) u(l, o°)
x2—8x+16 = 0
Case III /(I) >0
(x-4)2 = 0 2a 1
=> 1 +------- 5----------- 7- >0
X=4 (1-a2) (1-a2)
Number of pairs is 1 i.e., (4, 4).
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 183

1 - a2 4- 2a - 1 a2 -2a -1 4- 75
> 0 => <o x e 0,
(I-*2) 1 - a2 2
Case II If x < 0, i.e., -1 5 x < 0
x - J(1 + x) <
x< Vl + x [always true]
a (a-2) x 6 [- 1, 0)
—--------— > 0
(a 4- l)(a-l) Combining both cases, we get
a e (- oo, -1) o (0,1) u (2, «)
xe
Case IV 0 < x-coordinate of vertex < 1 2
2a a
=> 0<- <1 => 0 < 30. We have, (a • 2b - 2c • a) (2c • c - b • 2b) = (ba - ca)'2
2(1-a2) a‘-l
=> 2a (b - c)-2(cz - b2) = a2(b -c)2
a
=> 0 <------- -------- and 1 —~— > 0 4a (c - b) (c 4- b) - a2(b - c) [•/ b * c]
(a + l)(a-l) a2-l
=> 4a (c 4- b) = - a2
=> ------- -------- >0
(a 4-1) (a -1) => a 4- 4b 4- 4c = 0

31. 0<a <b <c,a + P and ap = -

a
For non-real complex roots,
b2 - 4ac < 0
=> a e (- 1, 0) u (1,
1 + TP b<2 4c
a----------
1 -TP
a------- 2------ <0
2 J 2 a2 a
and ->0 (a 4- P)2 - 4ap < 0
(a + l)(a-l)
(a-p)2<o
+ f -F < 4-
0 < a < b <c
1-V5 1 1+V5
2 Roots are conjugate, then |a| = |p|
2
But ap = -
fl + Ts ) a
and a e (- <~, -1) ,1 u -, 00
2 2 c
1«PI= -a >1 v a < c,- > 1
\ a
1-^ J fl + Ts
a e -------- , 0 U oo
=>
2 2 |a||p|>l
/
=> |a|2 >1 or |a| > 1
Combining all cases, we get
a >2 32. Given equation is
29. We have, x - ^/1 — | x| < 0 (i) Ax2-|G|x-H = 0

which is defined only when Discriminant = (-1 G| )2 - 4A (- H)

1 -|x|>0 = G2 + 4AH
=> |x|<l = G2 4- 4G2 [v GZ = AH]
=> xe[-l, 1]
= 5G2 >0
Now, from Eq. (i), we get
xc^/l -|x| Roots of Eq. (i) are real and distinct.
a 4- b n f—r 2ab
Case I If x > 0, i.e., 0 < x < 1 v A = ------ > 0, G = -Jab >0,H =------ - >0
2 a 4- b
x-7(1 "Ix|) < 0 [v a and b are two unequal positive integers]
=3 X < 7(1 - x) Let a and P be the roots of Eq. (i). Then,
On squaring both sides, we get a + p = l3>o
x2 4- x - 1 < 0 A

-1-75 -1 and ap = - — < 0

=>
— ------ < x< — A
2 2
_ 7d gTs a
But x>0 and a-p = — =---- >o
A A
184 Textbook of Algebra

|G| + Ga/5 The given equation will have four real roots, i.e. Eq. (i) has two
a= >o non-negative roots.
2A
-*>0
and pJGl-^<0 Then,
a
2A
Exactly one positive root and atleast one root which is a/(0) > 0
negative fraction. and b2 - 4ac > 0 [given]
33. It is clear from graph that the equation y = ax2 + bx + c - 0 ‘<0
=>
has two real and distinct roots. Therefore, a
b2 - 4ac > 0 —(i) ac > 0
v Parabola open downwards. a > 0, b<0, c > 0
a <0 or a <0, b > 0, c < 0
a
andy = ax2 + bx + c cuts-off Y-axis at, x = 0. 36. Let the roots be - , a and ar, where a > 0, r > 1
r
y =c<0
Product of the roots = 1
=> c<0 a
and x-coordinate of vertex > 0 => -■a ar = 1
r
b „ b n a3=l
----- >0 => - < 0 =>
2a a
a=1 [one root is 1]
=> b>0 ['•’ a < 0] 1
It is clear that a and b are of opposite signs. Now, roots are -, 1 andr. Then,
r
34. Let y = ax2 + bx + c 1
+ 1 + r = -b
r
=> - + r = -b-1 •••(>)
r

r + - >2
r
-b-l>2
Consider the following cases: => b<-3 [from Eq. (i)]
Case I D > 0 or b e (-«>,-3)
=> b2 — 4ac > 0 1 1
Also, — l + l-r + r--=c
CaseU. af(-2) < 0 r r
=> a (4a - 2b + c) < 0 1
-+r+l=c=-& [from Eq. (i)] i
=> 4a - 2b + c < 0 r
Case III af(2) > 0 b+c=0
=> a (4a ■+ 2b + c) > 0 1
=$ 4a + 2b + c > 0 Now, first root = - < 1 [v one root is smaller than one]
r
Combining Case II and Case IH, we get
Second root = 1
4a + 2|b| + c < 0
Third root = r > 1 [•.• one root is greater than one]
Also, atx = 0, y < 0 => c < 0
37. We have, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
Also, since for - 2 < x < 2,
a,b,c e R [va#0]
y<0
On putting x = 0,1, -, we get
ax2 + bx + c < 0 2
For x = 1, a+b+c<0 ...(i) |c|<l
and for x = -1, a-b + c<G |a + b' + c| < 1
Combining Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get and -a 1, + c < 1
1 + -b
4 2
a + |h| + c<0
=> -1 < c < 1,
35. Putx2=y.
-l£a+b+c£l
Then, the given equation can be written as
and -4<,a + 2b + 4c£4 i
f(y)= ay2 + by + c = Q
- 4 < 4a + 4b + 4c < 4
and -4<>-a~2b-4c<>4
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 185

On adding, we get - b
Option (d) a < 0, c < 0,----- <0
- 8 £ 3a + 2b £ 8 2a
Also, -8£a + 2b£8 or a<0,c<Q,b<0
- 16 £ 2a £16 abc < 0
|a| £8 41. Here, D £ 0
-1 <-c<l,-8<-a <8 and f(x) > 0, V x 6 R
We get, - 16 £ 2b £16 f(3)>0
=> |b|<8 => 9a + 3b + 6 > 0
or 3a + b > - 2
|a|4-|b| + |c|^17
=> Minimum value of 3a + b is - 2.
_ -5 ± ^25 + 1200 _ -5 ± 35 30 -40
38. and /(6) > 0
50 “ 50 50 ’ 50 => 36a + 6b + 6 > 0
3 -4 => 6a + b — 1
or cos a = -, —
5 5 => Minimum value of 6a + b is -1.
But -1 <x<0 42. Since, f(x) = x3 + 3x2 - 9x + X = (x - a)2(x - 0)
4 - .*. a is a double root.
cos a = — [ lies in II and HI quadrants]
5 ‘
:.f'(x) = 0 has also one root a.
3 i.e. 3x2 + 6x - 9 = 0 has one root a.
sin a = - [ lies in II quadrant]
5 x2 + 2x-3 = 0 or (x + 3)(x-l) = 0
3
sin a = — [lies in in quadrant] has the root a which can either -3 or 1.
5
If a = 1, then /(I) = 0 gives X-5 = 0=>X=5.
24
sin 2a = 2 • sina • cos a =----- If a = - 3, then /(- 3) = 0 gives
25
- 27 + 27 + 27 + X = 0
[lies in II quadrant] => X=-27
. „ n . 24 43. We have, D = (b - c)2 - 4a (a - b - c) > 0
.. sin 2a = 2 • sina • cosa = — [lies in III quadrant]
25
=> b2 + c2 - 2bc - 4a2 + 4ab + 4ac > 0
39. v a + 2b + 4c = 0 *
=> c2 + (4a -2b) c - 4a2 + 4ab + b2 > 0, Vc 6 R
a
1 2 rn 1
+ bI - + c = 0 Since, c e R, so we have
2 2 (4a -2b)2 - 4 (- 4a2 + 4ab + b2) < 0
It is clear that one root is -. => 4a2 — 4ab + b2 + 4a2 — 4ab — b2 < 0
2
a (a - b) < 0
b
Let other root be a. Then, a + - = - If a > 0, then a - b < 0
2 a
i.e. 0<a<b
1 b
a =-- or b>a>Q
2 a
If a < 0, then a - b > 0
which depends upon a and b.
i.e. 0>a>b
40. 7 Cut-off Y-axis, put x = 0, i.e. /(0) = c
or b <a <0
- - b 1 44. We have, x33 - ax.22 + bx -1 = 0 ...(i)
Option (a) a < 0, c < 0, - — < 0
2a
Then, a2 + 02 + y2 =(a + 0 + y)2-2 (a0 + 0y + ya)
or a<0,c<0,b<0
abc < 0 = a2 -2b
b a202 + 02y2 + /a2 =(a0 + 0y + ya)2
Option (b) a < 0, c> 0,----- >0
2a -2a0y(a + 0 + y) = b2 -2a
or a <0, c > 0, b > 0 and a202y2 = l
abc < 0
Therefore, the equation whose roots are a2,02 and y2, is
- - b-->
Option (c) a > 0, c > 0,----- > 0 x3-(a2-2b)x2 + (b2-2a)x-l = 0 ...(ii)
■ 2a
or a > 0, c > 0, b < 0 Since, Eqs. (i) and (ii) are indentical, therefore
a2— 2b = a and b2-2a = b
abc <0
186 Textbook of Algebra

Eliminating b, we have (7y -l)(y-7) < 0

(a2 - a)~!2 ~2 - a
a'
-------- — - 2a ==-------
-~2a
4 2
=> a {a (a -1)2 - 8 - 2 (a -1)} = 0 G = 7 and L = -
7
a (a3 -2a2 -a -6) = 0
GL = 1
a (a - 3) (a2 + a + 2) = 0 G100 + L100 G100 + L10t>
Now, £(GL)100 => ----- >1
=> a = 0 or a = 3 or a + a + 2 = 0 2 2
=> G100 + £100 > 2
b = 0 or b = 3
or b2 + b + 2 = 0 46. Least value of G;,0
1 ° + L,00is 2.
a=b-0 47. The quadratic equation having roots G and L, is
or a =b=3 x2-(G + L)x + GL = Q
or a and b are roots of x2 + x + 2 = 0. 2 50
x----- x + 1 = 0
45. Here, D > 0 7

w
=> 7x2 - 50x + 7 = 0
48. We have, L2 < X < G2
X \2
1
=6 • <X<72
7j

b2 - 4ac > 0 => — < X < 49

49
or b2 > 4ac ...(i) => X = l, 2,3,..., 48 asX eN
and /(0)<0 48X49
Sum of all values of X = 1 + 2 + 3 +...+ 48 = = 1176
=> c<0 ,(ii) 2
/(l)<0 Solutions (Q. Nos. 49 to 51)
=> a+b+c<0 ...(iii) Let roots be a, 0, y, 8 > 0.
/(-i)<o a + 0 + y + 8 = 12
a-b+c<0 ,..(iv) (a + 0) (y + 6) + a0 + y8 = c
/(2)<0 a0 (y + 8) + y8 (a + 0) = - d
=> 4a + 2b + c < 0 a0y8 =81
/(-2)<0 AM=^.P-+r8=3
4a -2b + c < 0 ...(vi) 4
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get and GM =(a0y8),M =(81),/4 =3
c < 0, b2 - 4ac > 0 AM = GM
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get => a=0 = y = 8=3
a -|b| + c < 0 49. c = (a + 0) (y + 8) + a0 + y8
and from Eqs. (v) and (vi), we get = (3+3) (3+ 3)+ 3-3+ 3-3 = 36 + 18 = 54
4a -2 |b| + c < 0
50. •.• a0 (y + 8) + y8 (a + 0) = - d
Solutions (Q. Nos. 46 to 48) d=-{3 3(3 + 3) + 3-3-(3 + 3)} = -108
_ 2x2 -3x+2 (-108)^
Let y 2xz + 3x + 2 51. Required root = - — =
2X54
=> 2x2y + 3xy + 2y = 2x2 - 3x + 2
Solutions (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
=> 2(y-l)xz + 3(y+l)x + 2(y-l) = 0 Given that, AC = 4-^2 units
As x 6 R AC
:. AB = BC = —?=• = 4 units I
D>0 V2
■

=> 9(y + l)2 — 4-2 (y —1)-2 (y -1) > 0 and OB=7(BC)2-(OC)2

=> 9 (y + I)2 —16 (y - l)z £ 0
(3y+ 3)2-(4y-4)2£0
= V(4)2 -(2V2)2 •.•oc=—
=6 2 Ji
=> (7y-l)(7-y)2>0 = 2V2 units
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 187

:. Vertices are A = (- 2 Ji, 0), Solutions (Q. Nos. 58 to 60)

B = (0, -2 Ji) Let /(x) = ax2 - bx + c has two distinct roots a and p. Then,
/(x) = a (x - a) (x - p). Since, f(0) and /(I) are of same sign.
and iC=(2ji,o)
Therefore, c (a - b + c) > 0
52. Since, y = /(x) = ax'2 + bx + c passes through A, B and C, then => c (a - 5 + c) £ 1
0 = 8a - 2 Jib + c -2 Ji = c a2 aP(l-a)(l-P)>l
and 0 = 8a + 2 Jib + c 1 i
But a(l-a) = - -a
We get, b = 0, a = —and c = - 2 Ji 2 ' 4
2j2 2
a2ap (l-a)(l-p)< —
y=/(x) =
^=-2ji 16
2j2 a2
2 => — >1 => a>4 [va#0]
16
53. Minimum value of y = -^~i= - 2 Ji is at x = 0.
2j2 => a >5asa g I
(y)min=-2ji Also, 7
b2 - 4ac > 0

54. /(x) = 0 => b2 2 4ac> 20

X2 r- b>5
=> -^-2ji = o => X = ±2ji
Next, a > 5, b > 5, we get c £ 1
2J2
abc> 25
Given, -2Ji <— <2Ji \og5abc > log525 =2
2
or -4ji <X<4ji 58. Least value of a is 5.
.'.Initial values of X are 59. Least value of b is 5.
-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3, 4,5. 60. Least value of logj abc is 2.
.'.Number of integral values is 11. Solutions. (Q. Nos. 61 to 63)
Solutions. (Q. Nos. 55 to 57) Let a, Pandybe the roots of2x3 + ax2 + bx + 4 = 0.
We have, (a-P) = (a + /c)-(P + fc)
a + p+ y=~
yjb2 - 4c _ ^b2 - 4q
=>
1 " 1 ap + Py + ya = - and apy = - 2
=> b2 — 4c = b2 — 4q •(i) 2
1 (b2 - 4c) £ 61. vAM>GM
Given, least value of /(x) = - .'. (-«) + (-P)-K-_Y) > {(_ a) (_ P) (_ 7)}l/3
4 4X1 4
=> b2 - 4c = 1 a
b2 - 4c = 1 = b2 - 4Cj [from Eq. (i)] ...(ii) ,1/3
7 3
Also, given least value of gfx) occurs at x = -.
a > 6 (2)1/3 —(i)
A_ = Z or a3 > 432
2X1 2
Hence, minimum value of a3 is 432.
b^-7
62. vAM>GM
55. b, = - 7
. (-a)(-p)+(-P)(-r) + (-Y)(-a)
56. Least value of g(x) = - =“~ [from Eq. (ii)] 3
>((-a)(-P)(-0)(-T)(-Y)(-a)>''s
57. ••• g(x) = 0 ^2(4)''5
=>
x2 + fyx + q = 0 3
-bi ± Jb2 - 4c. b>6(4),/3 •••(ii)
x =------------------- b2 >864
2 or
* \3 ;<■ 044
= — =3,4 Hence, minimum value of 53 is 864.
2 63. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
.'. Roots of g(x) = 0 are 3, 4. ab >6 (2)1/3-6(4)1/3
188 Textbook of Algebra

=> ab £36x2 68. We have,

a+b (5 + 72) x2 - (4 + 75) x + 8 + 2V5 = 0
=$ ------ £672
2 2
a + b £ 12-72 .■.Sum of the roots = +
5 + 72
or (a + b)3 £ 3456-72
8 + 275
Hence, minimum value of (a + b)3 is 3456-72. and product of the roots =
5+ 72
Solutions (Q. Nos. 64 to 66) .'.The harmonic mean of the roots
a+p+y+8=-A
2 x Product of the roots 2 x (8 + 275)
(a + P) (y+ 8)-+ ap + y8 = B —(ii) =4
Sum of the roots (4+75)
ap (y + 8) + y8 (a +p) = - C ...(in)
and apy6 = D „.(iv) 69. Let x2 - ax + 30 = y
C aP(y + 8) + y8 (a +p) y =27y + 15
64. v ...(•)
A a + p + y+ 8
=> y2 -4y -60 = 0
k (y + 8) + k (a + P)
[•.•ap = y8=k]
a + p+ y+ 8 => (y-10)(y+ 6) = 0
=k y =10, -6
65. From Eq. (ii), we get y = 10, y -6 [vy > 0]
(a + p) (y + 8) = B - (ap + y8) = B - 2k [vap = y6 = fc] Now, x2 - ax + 30 = 10
66. From Eq. (iv), we get
x2 - ax + 20 = 0
aPy8 = D
kk = D [•.•aP = y6=k] Given, ap = X = 20

=>
o’-” [from Eq. (v)] 2

c2 = a2d a + p £ 2V20
or |1 = 4-^5
67. The given equation is |x - 2|2 + |x - 2| —2 = 0.
Minimum value of p is 475.
There are two cases:
Case I If x£ 2, then (x-2)2 + x-2-2 = 0 i.e., p = 475 =8.9 => (p) = 9

=> x2 -3x = 0 1
70. v N'rr = |x+- x6 + 4.6 "2
=> x(x-3) = 0 V x x6)
6 .\
=> x = 0,3 1 ( X333 + —if= 11
.33
Here, 0 is not possible. x +~
X I * ) x')
x=3 .\
Case II If x < 2, then 3 1 I
X +—
(x-2)2 -x+2-2=0 x3J'J
x2 -5x + 4 = 0 = Dr-|3|x + -
(x-l)(x-4) = 0 V\ x.
=> x = 1, 4 1 i6
^=3(x + l'|
Here, 4 is not possible. x
x=1 Nr
.'.The sum of roots = 1 + 3 = 4 Hence, minimum value of— is 6.
ff
71. a + b = 2c -CO
Aliter ab =-5d ...(ii'
Let|x-2|=y. ...Cm
c + d = 2a
Then, we get y2 + y - 2 = 0 cd = -5b...(iv)
=> (y-l)(y + 2) = 0 => y = l,-2 From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
But - 2 is not possible. a + b + c + d= 2(a + c)
Hence, |x-2| = 1 => x = l,3 a+c=b+d .(v
Sum of the roots = 1 + 3 = 4
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 189

From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get 74. v (1 + 0 x2 + (l-i)x-2i = 0

b-d = 3(c-a) ...(vi) 2 (1 " 0 2i
=> x +------ -x--------- = 0
Also, a is a root of x2 - 2cx - 5d = 0 (1 + 0 (1 + i)
a2-2ac-5d = 0 ,(vii) => x2-ix-(l + i) = 0
And c is a root of a + P = i, andaP = - (1 + f)
c2 - 2ac - 5b = 0 ...(viii) a - p = ^(a + P)2 - 4aP = 4(1 + 0=^(3 + 4i)
From Eqs. (vii) and (viii), we get |a-PI = 779+16 =45
a2 - c2 -5 (d - b) = 0
|a-P|2=5
=> (a + c) (a - c) + 5 (b - d) = 0
=> (a + c) (a — c) + 15 (c -a) = 0 |[from Eq. (vi)] 75. v 4x2 - 16x + c = 0
(a -c) (a + c - 15) = 0 2 C
=> x2 - 4x + - = 0
a + c = 15, a-c#O 4
From Eq. (v), we get b + d = 15 Let /(x) = x2 - 4x + ~
a + b + c + d = a + c+ b + d = 15 + 15 =30
Then, the following cases arises:
=3 Sum of digits of a + b + c + d =3 + 0 = 3
x2 -3x + c
72. V y = z
x + 3x+ c
=> x2(y - 1) + 3x (y + 1) + c (y -1) = 0
xe R
9 (y + I)2 — 4c (y — I)2 > 0 Case I D>0
=s> 16-0 0
(2Vcy-2Vc)2-(3y + 3)2 <0
c<16
=> {(2 Vc + 3) y - (24c - 3)} {(24c - 3)y - (24c + 3)} < 0 Case'll /(l)>0
24c -3 => 1-4+->0
or <y<-7=— 4
2vc-3
->3
4
But given, =7
24c -3 0 12
24c + 3 = 14Vc - 21 Caselll f(2)<0

or 124c =24 or 4c = 2 => 4 -8 + - < 0

4
c=4 => -<4
4
73. We have, xJ-t/(x-1)2 + V(x-2)2=Vs
c < 16
|x|-|x-1| + |x-2|=75
Case IV /(3)>0
Case I If x < 0, then
9-12 + - >0
-x + (x-l)-(x-2) = V5 4
x= 1-75 — >3
4
Case II If 0 < x < 1, then
0 12
x + (x-1)-(x-2) = 75

x = 45 -1, which is not possible. Combining all cases, we get

Case III If 1 < x < 2, then 12 <c < 16
x-(x-1)-(x-2) = 75 Thus, integral values ofc are 13,14 and 15.
=> x = 3 - V5, which is not possible. Hence, number of integral values of c is 3.
76. We have, r+s+t=0 (i)
Case IV If x > 2, then
x-(x-l) + (x-2) = V5 1001
rs + st + tr =----- -.(ii)
8
x=1 + 7s 2008
and rst =------- = -251 ...(iii)
Hence, number of solutions is 2. 8
190 Textbook of Algebra

Now, (r + s)3 + ($ + t)3 + (t + r)3 = (-t)3 + (- r)3 + (- s)3 a (b - c) + b (c - a) + c (a - b) = 0

[■.* r + s + t = 0] x = 1 is a root of
= -(t3 + r3 + s’) = -3rst [.• r + s + t = 0] a (b — c)xz + b (c -a)x+ c(a - b) = 0 .(ii
= -3(- 251) = 753 Given, roots [Eq. (ii)] are equal.
Now, 99 X = (r + s)3 + (s + f)3 + (t + r)3 = 753
a (b - c)
753
X=—— =7.6 => a (b - c) = c (a - b)
99
, 2ac
[X] = 7 or b =-------
a+c
77. A -> (r,s); B -> (p, q, r,s, t); C -+ (p, q, t)
/. a, band c are in HP. ...(iif
x2 -2x + 4
(A) We have, y = From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
x2 + 2x + 4
a =b=c
=> x2 (y - 1) + 2 (y + l)x + 4 (y -1) = 0 a,hand c are in AP, GP and HP.
As x e R, we get x3-3x2+ 3x-l = 0
D>0 (x-l)3 = 0
4 (y + I)2 - 16 (y — I)2 > 0
x = 1,1,1
=> 3y2 - lOy + 3 < 0 Common root, x = 1
(y-3)(3y-l)<0 a (I)2 + b (1) + c = 0
l<yS3 => a+b+c=0
(C) Given, bxz + (-J(a + c)2 + 4b2) x + (a + c) > 0
2x2 + 4x + 1
(B) We have, y = D<0
x2 + 4x + 2
=> (a + c)2 + 4b2 - 4b (a + c) < 0
=> x2(y - 2)+ 4(y -1) x + 2y -1 = 0
=> (a + c -2b)2 < 0
As x e R, we get
D2t0 or (a + c -2b)2 = 0
=> 16 (y - l)2 - 4 (y — 2) (2y - 1) > 0 a + c - 2b
4(y-l)z-(y-2)(2y-l)>0 Hence a, band c are in AP.
79. A -> (q,r,s,t); B-+ (q,r); C-+ (p,q)
2yz-3y+ 2>0 2
3 (A) We have, y = 4
y2 2y 3x - 4x2 + a
=> x2 (a + 4y) + 3 (1 - y)x - (ay + 4) = 0
=>
3
y-~4. I f + l>0
16 As x gR, we get
yeR DSO
„2
x' - 3x + 4 => 9 (1 - y)2 + 4 (a + 4y) (ay + 4) > 0
(C) We have, y= —
x-3 => (9 +16a) y2 + (4a2 + 46)y + (9 + 16a) > 0, V y G R
x2 -(3 + y)x + 3y + 4 = 0 => If 9 + 16a > 0, then D < 0
As x G R, we get Now, D<0
D > 0 => (3 + y)2 - 4 (3y + 4) > 0 (4a2 + 46)2 -4(9 + 16a)2 <0

y2-6y-7£0 => (y + 1) (y —7) > 0 => 4 [(2a2 + 23)2 — (9 + 16a)2] < 0

=> y €(-00,-1] u [7, °o) => [(2a2 + 23) + (9 + 16a)] [(2a2 + 23) - (9 + 16a)] < 0

78. A-+ (q,r,s); B-> (p); C-> (q) => (2a2 + 16a + 32) (2a2 - 16a + 14) < 0
(A)v (d + a - b)2 + (d + b - c)2 = 0 4(a + 4)2 (a2-8a + 7)<0
which is possible only when => a2-8a + 7<0
d + a - b = 0, d + b-c = 0 (a -1) (a -7)<0
=> b-a=c-b 1 <a<7
=> 2b = a + c 9 + 16a > 0 and 1 a <7
.‘. a, b and c are in AP. -(i) 1 <7
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 191

_ ax2 + x - 2 7(1) >0

(B) We have,
a + x-2x2 => 1-6 + 9+ X >0
3 => X >-4 -(ii)
x2 (a + 2y) + x (1 - y) - (2 + ay) = 0
and /(3)<0
As x el?, we get
=> 27 - 54 + 27 + X < 0
D>Q
=> X<0 ...(in)
(1 -y)z + 4(2+ay) (a+2y) > 0
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
=> (1 + 8a) y2 + (4a2 + 14) y + (1 + 8a) > 0 —4<X<0
=> If 1 +8a>0, then D < 0 =^> -3 <X + 1 <1
I => (4a2 + 14)z - 4 (1 + 8a)2 < 0 [X + 1] = -3,-2,-1, 0
=> 4 [(2a2 + 7)z -(1 + 8a)2] < 0 |[X + 1]| =3,2,1, 0
=> [(2az + 7) + (1 + 8a)] [(2a2 + 7) - (1 + 8a)] < 0 (B)v x2 + x + l>0, VxeR
x2 - Xx - 2
(2az + 8a + 8)(2a2-8a + 6)<0 Given, -3< ------- <2
xl +x+ 1
4 (a + 2)2 (a2- 4a + 3) < 0
-3x2 - 3x -3 < xz - Xx - 2 < 2xz + 2x + 2
=> a2 - 4a +3 < 0
4x2-(X—3)x+ 1 >0
=> (a-l)(a-3)<0
1 <a <3 and x2 + (X + 2)x + 4 > 0
Thus, 1 +8a > 0 and 1 < a < 3 (X —3)2 — 4-4-1 < 0
=> l<a<3 and (X+ 2)2-4-1-4 <0
x2 + 2x + a
(C) We have, => (X-3)2 - 42 < 0
y x2 + 4x + 3a
and (X + 2)2 - 42 < 0
=> x2(y — 1)+2(2y - l)x + a(3y - 1) = 0
=> —4<X—3<4
AsxeP, weget and —4<X+2<4
D>0 or - 1 < X <7
=> 4 (2y -1)2 - 4 (y - 1) a (3y -1) > 0 and —6<X<2
(4 - 3a)y2 - (4 - 4a )y +(1 - a) > 0 We get, -1<X <2
=> If 4 - 3a > 0, then D < 0 [X] = -l, 0,1
=> (4-4a)2-4 (4-3a) (l-a)<0 => |[X]| = 0,l
=> 4 (2-2a)2-4 (4-3a) (1 -a)<0 (C)v (b - c) + (c - a) + (a - b) = 0
x = 1 is a root of
4+ 4a2-8a-(4-7a + 3a2) <0
(b - c) x2 + (c - a) x + (a - b) = 0
=3 a2 - a < 0
Also, x = l satisfies
=> a (a -1) < 0 x2 + Xx + 1 = 0
0<a <1
=> 1 + X + 1 =0
80. A-> (p,q,r,s);B-» (p,q); C-> (s) X =-2
(A) Let y = f(x) = x3 - 6x2 + 9x + X Now, X-1=-3
[X-l] = -3
_f(x) = 3x2-12x + 9 = 0
=> |[X-1]|=3
x = 1,3 81. If quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c - 0 is satisfied by more than
/*(x)=6x-12 two values of x, then it must be an identity.
/*(1) < 0 and f"(3) > 0 Therefore, a = b = c = 0
Statement-2 is true.
But in Statement-1,

At/
4p-3 = 4q-3 = r = 0
3
0 Then, p = q = -,r = 0
4
x/
which is false.
Since, at one value of p or q or r, all coefficients at a time * 0.
Also, /(0) <0 => X < 0 (0 Statement-1 is false.
192 Textbook of Algebra

82. We have, x2 + (2m + 1) x+(2n + l) = 0 (i) 4 n 4

and z e 2--r,2 + -r
m, n e I V3 V3.
D = b2 - 4ac Since, Eqs. (i) and (ii) remains same, if x, y, z interchange then
positions.
= (2m+ I)2 -4(2n + 1)
Hence, both statements are true and Statement-2 is a correct
is never be a perfect square. explanation of Statement-1.
Therefore, the roots of Eq. (i) can never be integers. Hence, the 86. Let y = ax3 + bx + c
roots of Eq. (i) cannot have any rational root as a = 1, b, c e I.
^--3ax2+b
Hence, both statements are true and Statements -2 is a correct
explanation of Statement-1. dx
83. Let a be one root of equation ax2 + 3x + 5 = 0. Therefore,
dy
For maximum or minimum — = 0, we get
dx
1 5
a —=- b_
a a x=±
3a
5
=> 1=- dv
a Case I If a > 0, b > 0, then — > 0
dx
=> a =5
In this case, function is increasing, so it has exactly one root
Hence, both the statements are true and Statement-2 is the
correct explanation of Statement-1. dv
Case II If a < 0, b < 0, then — < 0
dx
84. Let roots of Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D = 0 —(i)
In this case, function is decreasing, so it has exactly one root
are a - [J, a, a + 0 (in AP).
D Case III a > 0, b < 0 or a < 0, b > 0, then y = ax3 + bx + c is
Then, (a - 0) + a + (a + 0) =----- maximum at one point and minimum at other point.
A
Hence, all roots can never be non-negative.
=> a =------ , which is a root of Eq. (i). .'.Statement-1 is false. But
Then, Aa3 + Ba2 + Ca + D = 0 _ . Coefficient of x2
Sum of roots =----------------------- = 0
3 2 Coefficient of x3
B~ B
=> A I +B I +C I 3—
aJ
I + D=0 i.e., Statement-2 is true.
3A 3A,
87. Statement-2 is obviously true.
B3 B3 BC But y = ax2 + bx + c
+------ + D = 0
21A2 9A2 3A
2 b c
=> 2B3 -9ABC + 27A2D = 0 y -a x +-x + -
a a
Now, comparing with 2B3 + ZqABC + k2 A2D = 0, we get 2
b' D
= a- x+ — [where, D = b2 -
1^ = -9,k2 = 27 2a 4a2
=27-(-9)=36 = 62 |Z 1 i
b
Hence, both statements are true and Statement-2 is a correct => x+— DI
=- y+ —
2a. a I 4a
4a,J
explanation of Statement-1.
b „ . DD
85. •; x,y,zeR Let x + — = X andy 4----- = Y.
2a 4a
x + y + z =6 ...(i)
and xy + yz + zx = 8 ...(ii) x2=ly
a
xy + (x + y){6-(x+y)}=8 [from Eq. (i)]
xy + 6x + 6y - (x2 + 2xy + y2) = 8 Equation of axis, X = 0 i.e. x + ~
—=0

or y2 + (x - 6) y + x2 - 6x + 8 = 0 or 2ax + b = 0
(x - 6)2 - 4 • 1 • (x2 - 6x + 8) > 0, V y e R Hence, y = ax2 + bx + c is symmetric about the line
-3x2 + 12x+4>0 or 3x2 - 12x - 4 S 0 2ax + b = 0.
Both statements are true and Statement-2 is a correct
4 4
or 2--J=£x<2 + -7- explanation of Statement-1.
Ji V3
88. v (1 + m) x2 - 2 (1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0
4 „ 4
or xe 2--t=,24- -7= :. D - 4 (1 + 3m)2 - 4 (1 + m) (1 + 8m) = 4m (m - 3)
V3 V3.
4 „ 4 ' (i) Both roots are imaginary.
Similarly, y e 2--?=,2+ D<0
V3 V3
4m(m -3) < 0
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 193

=> 0 < m <3 Combining all cases, we get

or me(Q3) mel-l, - - |
(ii) Both roots are equal. \ 8/
D=0 (vii) Roots are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, then
=$ 4m(m-3) = 0 Consider the following cases:
=> m = 0,3 Cose I Sum of the roots = 0
(iii) Both roots are real and distinct. 2(l + 3m) Q
=>
D>0 (1 + m)
=> 4m(m-3) > 0 1
=> m = —, m £ 1
=> m < 0 or m > 3 3
m e (- «», 0) kJ (3, oo) Case II D > 0 => 4m(m - 3) > 0
(iv) Both roots are positive. => m 6 (- oo, 0) u (3, oo)
Case I Sum of the roots > 0 Combining all cases, we get
2(l+3m)>0 1
=> m=—
(1 + m) 3
, X I 1
(viii) Atleast one root is positive, then either one root is positive
=> m e (- oo, -1) u I - -, oo or both roots are positive.
i.e. (d)u(/)
Case II Product of the roots > 0
or m e (- oo, -1) a I -1, - - I u [3,«)
=> k 8j
(l + m)
(ix) Atleast one root is negative, then either one root is
m e(-°°, - 1) u j--, M negative or both roots are negative.
\ 8 t ( 1"!
i.e. (e)u(/) or m e -1, —
Case III D>0 I 8/
=> 4m(m-3)>0 (x) Let roots are 2a are 3a. Then,
m G (- oo, o] u [3, oo)
Consider the following cases:
Combining all Cases, we get 2(1 + 3m)
m g (- oo, -1) u [3, oo)
Case I Sum of the roots = 2a + 3a =
(1 + m)
• (v) Both roots are negative. a 2 (1 + 3m)
, Consider the following cases: 5 (1 + m)
„ ,„ , , 2 (1 + 3m) .
Case I Sum of the roots < 0 =>-------—- < 0 . - . (1 + 8m)
(l + m) Case II Product of the roots = 2 a -3a =---------
(l + m)
( r„2-(1 + 8m)
=> m g - 1, — => OU —--------------
k 3j
(1 +m)
Case II Product of the roots > 0 => —-------- > 0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
(1 + rn) 2
, X ( 1 2 (1 + 3m) (1 + 8m)
=> m G (- oo, i) u I —, oo l 6<
k 8 J 5 (1 + m) (1 +
Case III D > 0 24 (1 + 3m)2 = 25 (1 +8m) (1 + m)
4m (m - 3) > 0 => m e (- «, 0] U [3, °°) => 24 (9m2 + 6m + 1) = 25 (8m2 + 9m + 1)
Combining all cases, we get 16m2 -81m -1 = 0
m e <|)
81± J(-81)2 + 64
(vi) Roots are opposite in sign, then or m =------ ---------------
Case I Consider the following cases: 32
Product of the roots < 0 81 ±76625
m =-------------
32
0±M<0
(l + m) 89. 2x2 - 2 (2m + 1) x + m (m + 1) = 0 [v m G fi]
( 1I D = [-2(2m + I)]2 -8m(m+ 1) [D = b2 — 4ac]
m 6 I -1, -'-I
k 8/
= 4 {(2m + I)2-2m(m + 1)}
Case II D > 0 => 4m (m - 3) > 0
=> m G (- oo, o) u (3, oo) = 4 (2m2 + 2m +1) •
194 Textbook of Algebra

(2 1 I 1 2 1 Combining all cases, we get

= 8m+m + -=8 m + - + - >>o
I 2) 2 4
me
^7 + TP )
------ ,°°
2 J
or D > 0, V m e R (i)
2 (2m + 1) (iii) Both roots lie in the interval (2, 3).
( 1
x -coordinate of vertex = - — = m+- (ii) Consider the following cases:
2a 4 I 2.
and let
f(x) = x2 -(2m + l)x + |m(m + 1)

(i) Both roots are smaller than 2.

,(iii)
k I
f(2);\
21
/;f(3)
31 >X

Jj
Consider the following cases:
-X
Case I D > 0

Case II /(2) > 0

me
\
7-733^

L )
u
me R

f7 + ^3
------> 00
2 J
[from Eq. (i)l

[from part (a)]

Case I D > 0 Case III /(3)>0

me R [from Eq. (i)]
=> 9 - 3 (2m + 1) + |m (m + 1) > 0
Case II x -coordinate of vertex < 2.
=> m+ - <2 [from Eq. (ii)] or m2 -11m + 12 > 0
2 / /
11 - 773^
3 me - u oo
or m<- 2 2
2 \ \
Case Ulf(2) >0 Case IV 2 < x -coordinate of vertex < 3
=> 4 -(2m + 1) 2 + ^m(m + 1) > 0 2<m+ -<3
2
=> m2 — 7m+ 4 > 0 3 5
or - <m<- or me
7-^ & 2 2
me -oo,--------u Combining all cases, we get
2 2
m e (|>
Combining all cases, we get (iv) Exactly one root lie in the interval (2,3).
7 - 733^
me Consider the following cases:
2 7 Case I D > 0
meR [from Eq. (i)]
(ii) Both roots are greater than 2.
Consider the following cases:

Case I D > 0
2
J >X
kJ
Case II f(2) /(3) < 0
■>X ■

I 4-2(2m + 1) + -m(m + 1) j
me R [from Eq. (i)] x 2 /
Case II x -coordinate of vertex > 2
19-3 (2m + 1) + -m(m + 1) | < 0
m + - >2 [from Eq. (ii)] I 2 7
2
=> (m2-7m + 4)(m2-llm +12)<0
3
m>-
2 7-^3 / 7 + A 33
=> m------------ m -
Case III f(2) > 0 2 2 7
x
7-x^3A f 733 / /
me
2 7 <
33 OO
U 7 +-7-,
2 /
[from part (a)] m—
11 -TTP
2 7
m-
11+ 7??
2
<J
i
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 195

7 H-a/33 11-773 11 + ^73>

me
+ > + 2 X + 2 ’ 2
7-V33 7-V73 11 +V73 Combining all cases, we get
2 2 2
„ _(7-J13 7+Jy}'
me
7-V33 11-773 7 + 733 11 + 73 2 ’ 2 7
me
2 ’ 2 2 ’ 2 (vii) Atleast one root lies in the interval (2, 3).
i
Combining all cases, we get i.e. (d) kj (c)
i 7-733 11-773' 7 + 5/33 11 + /73> . (7-5/33 11-5/73 7 + 5/33 U + 5/73"
m e --------- ,----------- me kj
I 2 2 ) 2 ’ 2 7 2 ’ 2 2 ’ 2 .
(v) One root is smaller than 1 and the other root is greater (viii) Atleast one root is greater than 2.
than 1.
i.e. (Exactly one root is greater than 2) kj (Both roots are
Consider the following cases: greater than 2)

X ■X

Case ID > 0
me R [from Eq. (i)] or(Exact!y one root is greater than 2) kj(b) (I)
Case II /(I) < 0 Consider the following cases:
=> 1 -(2m + 1) + -m(m + 1) <0 [from Eq. (iii)] Case I D > 0
2 me R [from Eq. (i)]
=> m2 -3m<0 Case II /(2) < 0
m(m-3) < 0 => m2 -7m + 4 < 0
me (0,3)
_ ( 7-733 7 + 733"
Combining both cases, we get me
2 ’ 2
m e (0,3)
(vi) One root is greater than 3 and the other root is smaller Combining both cases, we get
than 2. _ "7 7 + 733
me ■(D)
Consider the following cases: 2 ’ 2

XJ
Case I D > 0
meR
p
■X

[from Eq. (i)]

Finally from Eqs. (I) and (II), we get

me

smaller than 2)
or
_ 7-733 7+5/33"

(h)(B)u(a)
2 ’ 2 7
“
(ix) Atleast one root is smaller than 2.
kj
|7+7^ -----------

2
i.e. (Exactly one root is smaller than 2) kj(Both roots are
00

7-T33X 7 - 733 7 + 733"

Case n/(2)<0 We get, m e I -
2 7 \ 2 2,
=> m2 - 7m + 4 < 0
7-5^3 7 + 5/33 (x) Both 2 and 3 lie between a and p.
--------- < m < Consider the following cases:
2------------ 2
7-5/33 7+5/33") Case I D > 0
me meR [from Eq. (i)]
2 ’ 2
Caselll /(3) <0
=> m2-llm + 12<0
11-773
---------- < m <
2 2 M ■X
196 Textbook of Algebra

1
Case II f(2) < 0
C n+ 1
m2 - 7m + 4 < 0 => a=
a
_ f 7-V33 7 + ^3 A From Eq. (i), we get
me
2 ’ 2 i n
7
Case III /(3)<0 I c n+1 + c b
xa. a a
m2 - 11m + 12 < 0
11 — V73 => (c) + (cn)n + ■a +b=0
me
2 2 7 i n 1 i_

Combining all cases, we get cn + 1 ■an + 1 + (cn)n + I •a"+1 + b = 0

_ 'll - V73 7+^33 1 1
me
\ 2 ' 2 => (anc)n + i + (c"a)n + 1 + b = 0
a 93. We have, a + p = --
90. / —=r
a
0 o c c m . c n
a+P_r+1 aP ~ - => y + 8 =----- and y8 = -
a I I
a-0 r-l
Now, sum of the roots
[using componendo and dividendo method]
= (ay + P8) + (a8 + Py) = (a +P) y + (a + p) 8
— bl a r +1 ,, . . . /—■
=> —7=^- =------ => b (1 -r) = (1 + r)~JD = (a + p)(y + 8)
■JD r-l
■(-;)(-■ mb
a
"aT
On squaring both sides, we get
and product of the roots
=> b2(l-r)2=(l+r)2 (b2-4ac)
= (ay + p8) (a8 + py)
(1 + r)2 = (a2 + p2) y8 + ap (y2 + 82)
or (1 + r)2 ■ 4ac = b2(4r) or
r ac = {(a + p)2 -2ap} y8 + ap {(y + 8)2 - 2y8}
1 1 1
91. We have, -------- +--------= — 2
m
x+ p x+ q r
{x + q) + (x + p) _1 ■1(4)' 2c n c
-+-
a I a I
2n
I
x2+(p + q)x+pq r b2 -2ac n c m2 -2nl (b2 -2ac) In. 4- (m2-2nl) ac
-+-
=> x2 + (p + q -2r)x +pq-(p + q)r = 0 a' / a I2 Ti2
Now, since the roots are equal in magnitudes, but opposite in .’. Required equation is
sign. Therefore, f (b2 - 2ac) In + (m2 - 2nl) ac _
x2
Sum of the roots = 0 + Tl2 ’
=> p + q-2r = Q
a2l2x2 - mbalx + (b2 - 2ac) In + (m2 - 2nl) ac = 0
p + q=2r ...(i)
and product of the roots = pq - (p + q) r 94. Since, the roots are equal.
D=0
= pq-(p + q) [from Eq. (i)] => 4 (b2 - ac)2 -4 (a2- be) (c2 -ab) = 0
=> (b2 - ac)2 - (a2 - be) (c2 - ab) = 0
= 2pq-pZ-q2-2pq
2 => b (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc) = 0
„2 , „2 => b = 0 or a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = 0
P +<?
2 95. Let a and p be the roots of x2 - px + q = 0. Then,
92. Let a be one root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. a + p=p -(
Then, other root be a". ap = q ...Cl
b 1
a + a" = - (i) And a and — be the roots of x2 - ax + b = 0. Then,
a 0
1
and aa" = - ...(ii
a °+r°
=> a"+1 = - («’
a p i
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 197

Now, LHS = (q-b)2 1 = 10,-

2 10
a a
[from Eqs. (ii) and (iv)] (2 + 73)x2-2x=10,10-1
=r’p.
/ \z 2 => x2-2x = log2+7310,-log2+v510
1]
=4pi. = a2 (a + p)- a + -

= a2(p - a)2 [from Eqs. (i) and (iii)]

PJ. (x -1)2 = 1 + log2+7510,1 - logz + yj 10

(x-l)2=l+Iog2+>510

= ap|(p-a)2 [v(x-l)2#l-log2 + 7510]

[from Eqs. (ii) and (iv)] => X=1 ± + Iog2+V510)

-bq{p-d)2
= RHS x! = 1 + J(1 + log2+^10)
96. Since, roots of x2 - 2px + q = 0 are equal.
X2 = 1 -7(1 + log2+7510)
D=0
/ \2
i.e., (-2p)2 - 4q = 0 or p2 = q -(i) x
99. We have, x2 + =8
Now, (1 + y) x2 - 2 (p + y) x + (q + y) = 0 x-1
\2
Discriminant = 4 (p + y)2 - 4 (1 + y) (<? + y) x
-2x— =8
= 4(p2 + 2py + y2-q-y-qy-yz) x-1 (x-1)
= 4[(2p-q-l)y + p2-q] V x2 5
=> ■ -2 -8 = 0 •0)
= 4 [(2p - p2 - 1) y + 0] [from Eq. (i)] x-lj x-1,

= -4(p-l)2y x2
Let y =------ . Then, Eq. (i) reduces to
>0 ['.' y < 0 and p # 1] x-1
Hence, roots of(l + y) x2 - 2 (p + y) x + (q + y) = 0 are real y2 -2y - 8 = 0
and distinct. => (y-4)(y + 2) = 0
97. xl0^(x+3)2 =16 (i) y = 4,-2
Equation is defined, when x2
Ify = 4, then 4 =------
x > 0, x * 1, x # - 3, x-1
Then, (x + 3)z = 42 [by property] or x2 — 4x + 4 = 0
=> x+ 3 =± 4 (x-2)z = 0
or
x = 1 and x = - 7
But x 1, x # - 7 or x =2
i.e. no solution. x, = 2
x e0 -Z-.jL
and if y = - 2, then
98. •.•(2 + 73)?-2xtl + (2-73)x2-2x-1 101 x-1
”10(2-75) .2
x1 + 2x - 2 = 0
or
=> (2 + Ts)x2 -2x •(2 + 75) (2-75) -2 ± 7(4 + 8)
x=
2
+ (2 - -Jiyix2-2x-’-(2-^) = ^-
=> x=-i ± 75
=> (2 + 75)x2 -2x + (2 -75)x2 -2x = 101 x, = - 1 + 75, x3 = - 1 - 75
10
“2x +-------- i-j----- 101 100. We have, -Jx + 8 + 2^J(x + 7) + ^(x + 1) - 7(x + 7) = 4 ...(i)
or
(2 + 73)x ~2x 10
Let 7(x + 7) = 1 ...(ii)
1 x= 12-7
or .
2+^3
Then, Eq. (i) reduces to
Let(2 + 73)x2“2x = 1, then Eq. (i) reduces to 7(12 - 7 + 8 + 21) + y/(X2 -7+1-1) =4
x+±=l°l
1 10
(1 + 1) + 7(l2"k-6) = 4

=» 1012-1011+ 10 = 0 or 7(X2-l-6) =3-1

or (1-10) (101 - 1) = 0
198 Textbook of Algebra

On squaring both sides, we get Case I If 0 < x2 + 2x-3 < 1

X2-X -6=9+ X2 -6X 4<x2 + 2x+1<5
=> 5X =15 => 4<(x+ I)2 <5
X =3
=> - 7i <(x + 1) <-2 or 2<x+l<-7i
=> 7(x + 7)=3 [from Eq. (ii)J
-V5-l<x<-3orl<x<V5-l
or x + 7=9
x e (- Vi - 1, -3) u (1, Vi - 1) •(ii)
x=2
and x = 2 satisfies Eq. (i). |x+ 4|-|x|
Then,
Hence, X] = 2 (x-l)
101. We have, 4*2 +2 (2a + 1)2X" + 4a2 - 3 > 0 — (x + 4) + x
Now, x < - 4, then
(x-l)
Putting t = 2X* in the Eq. (i), we get
t2 + 2 (2a + 1) t + 4a2 -3 > 0 1 + —>0
x-l
Let /(t) = t2 + 2(2a + 1) t + 4a2-3 [v t > 0, :.2xZ >0] (x + 3) A
------- - > 0
(x-l)
X e (- 00, - 3) u (1,00)
x e (- 00, - 4) [vx<-4]...(iii>
x+ 4+ x . „
- 4 < x < 0, then -------------- 1 <0
(x-l) .
(x + 5) A
------- - < 0
7-axis (x-l)
Consider the following cases: xe(-5,1)
Case I Sum of the roots > 0 => xe[-4, 0) [v - 4 < x < 0] ...(iv)
(2a + 1) (x + 4) - x
-2 >0 and x > 0, then
1 (x-l)
1
ae 1 -
2 x-l
Case II Product of the roots > 0 (x - 5)
=> ------- - > 0
4a2-3 (x-l)
>0
1 X e(-oo, 1) u(5, oo)
2 3 => xe[0,l)u(5, oo) (••• x > 0] ...(v)
or a >-
4 From Eqs. (iii), (iv) and (v), we get

or ae ’ 2> u
Ji
----- 1 oo
xe(- oo,i) u(5, oo) ...(vi)
2 Now, common values in Eqs. (ii) and (iv) is
x e (- 75 -1, - 3) ...(vii)
Cased D<0
4(2a + l)2 - 4-1-(4a2 —3) < 0 Case II If x2 + 2x - 3 > 1
4a + 4 < 0 => x2 + 2x+ 1 >5 => (x+ I)2 >5
a <-l x+ 1 <-Vi
or a e(- oo,-i)
or
Combining all cases, we get
xg(-oo,-1-V5)U(V5-i, oo) .(viu)
aG(-°oi —i)o — "I
|x+ 4|-|x|
I2 J Then,
(x-l)
kM-IxiY>0 -4
I
102. We have, l°gx2 + 2x 3 Now, x < - 4, then------
x-l J
The given inequation is valid for
x-l
IS
|x+4|-|x| => 1 + —— <0 =1

>0 x-l
(x-l)
=»
x+3
------ <0
I
and x2 + 2x - 3 > 0, * 1 x-l
Now, consider the following cases: xe(-3,l)

I
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 199

which is false. x2 - x - 1 = 0
2x + 4 x=l
- 4 < x < 0, then----------- 1 > 0
(x-1) 1 ± 75
x =------
(x + 5) 2
=> --------- >. 0
(x-1) 1 ± 75
x =------ fail
X e (- o’, - 5) u (1, oo) 2
1-75
which is false. [’.’-4<x<0] x =--------- [’.’ x < 0]
4 2
and x > 0, then-------> 1
x-1 , 1, then y =
2
=> i-— <0 1-75 1 -75
x-1 :. Solutions are and (1, 0).
2 ’ 2
x -5 „
x-1 1-75 1-75
Hence, all pairs (0,1), (1, 0) and are solutions
xe(l,5) ...(ix) 2 ’2
which is false. [vx>0] of the original system of equations.
Now, common values in Eq. (viii) and (ix) is 104. Given, a, 0 and y are the roots of the cubic equation
x 6 (75 - 1,5) ■a 2
x - px + qx -r = 0 —(i)
Combining Eqs. (viii) and (x), we get :. a + 0 + y = p, a0 + 0y + ya = q, a0y = r
xe(-75-l,-3)u(75-1,5) D 1
(i) Let y=0y+-
103. Let y > 0, then |y | =y a
_ a0y + 1_ r + 1
and then given system reduces to
a a
|x2-2x| + y = 1
a=
and x2 + y = 1 —(ii) y
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get From Eq. (i), we get
a3 - pa2 + qa - r = 0
x2 = |x2 — 2x]
(r+1)3 p(r + I)2 q(r + 1)
=4> x2=|x||x-2| ----- -------------------- -f---------------- r — u
y y y
Now, x<0, 0 < x < 2, x > 2
or ry 3 -q(r + l)y2 + p(r + l)2y -(r + I)3 =0
x2 = x(x-2), x2=-x(x-2)
(ii)Lety = 0 + y-a = (a + 0 + y) -2a = p-2a
x2 = x(x -2)
p-y
a = -—-
x=0 2
=> x(x+ x-2)-0 From Eq. (i), we get
x=0 a3 - pa2 + qa -r = 0
fail :. x = 0,1 fail
(p-y)3 _ p(p-y)2 + ?(p-y) _ r = 0
=> x = 0,1, theny = 1, 0 =>
8 4 2
.’.Solutions are (0,1) and (1, 0).
or y 3 - py2 + (4q - p2)y + (8r - 4pq + p3) = 0
If y < 0 then |y| = - y and then given system reduces to
|x2-2x| + y = l ..-(iii) Also product of roots = - (8r - 4pq + p3)

and x2 - y = 1 -(iv) 105. Assume a + i0 is a complex root of the given equation, then
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get conjugate of this root, i.e. a - i0 is also root of this equation.
|x2-2x| + x2 =2 On putting x = a + 10 and x = a - 10 in the given equation, we
get
=> |x| |x —2| + x2 =2
A2
Now, x < 0, 0 < x < 2, x >2 -+ At
+ ---------------
a + i0 - Oj a + i0 - a2 a + ip - a3 a + i0 - an
x(x-2)+ x2=2
- x (x - 2) + x2 = 2 = ab2 + c2(a + 10) + ac ...(0
x (x -2) + x2 =2 A2 ----- 22 A2------+...+
A2----- +------ Lb
and------ -1------ +
2x2 -2x-2 = 0 => 2x = 2 a -10 - a -10 - a, a -10 - a3 a-/0-an
x2 - x -1 = 0 = ab2 + c2(a - i0) + ac ••■(ii)
200 Textbook of Algebra

On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get (a + 7(a2 + I))2 - 4 > 0
4____ A2 .
2ip + + (a + -J(a2 + 1) + 2) (a + yj(a2 + 1) - 2) > 0
_(a-^)2 + p2 (a-a2)2 + P2 (a-a3)2 + p 2
a + y[(a2 + 1) + 2 > 0
A?___ + c2 =0
(a-a„)2 + p2 a + ^(a2 + 1) - 2 > 0

The expression in bracket * 0 => -J(a2 + 1) > 2 - a

2ip = 0 => p = 0
a 22
Hence, all roots of the given equation are real.
or a2 + 1 > (2 - a)2, if a < 2
106. Given equation is
x4 + 2ax3 + x2 + 2ax + 1 = 0 -(i) a 22
3 ..
On dividing by x2, we get or a > -, if a <2
2 n , 2a 1 n 4
x+2ax+l + — + — = 0
x x a 22
2 1 1 I 11V
I or - < a < 2
=> xz + — +2flx+-+l = o 4
x2 xj
2 3 3
- 2 + 2a I x + — | + l = 0 Hence, - < a < oo or ae — oo
x+ - 4 4’ ,
x. \ xj
107. We have, [2x]-[x+ l] = 2x
or
2 + 2a (I x + -10I -1 = 0
x. xj Since, LHS = Integer
RHS = 2x = Integer
or y2 + 2ay -1 = 0, where y = x + —
x [2x] = 2x
-2a ± J(4a2 Now, -[x+ l] = 0
= - a ± ^(a2 + 1) [x + 1] = 0
---- ~T~ or 0<x+1<1
Taking *+’ sign, we get
or -1 <x<0
y = -a + -J(a2 + 1)
or -2<2x<0
x + — = — a + J(a2 + 1) 2x = - 2, - 1
x
or x = — 1, ——
or x2 + (a - -fia 2 + 1)) x+ 1 = 0 ,(ii) 2
Xj =-l,X2=-|
or
Taking sign, we get y=-a - 7(a2 +1) £•

x + - = -a - J(a2 + 1) 108. We have, (a2 + 3)x2 + (a + 2)x-6 < 0

x
or x2 + (a + J(a2 + 1)) x + 1 = 0 -(iii)
Let a, P be the roots of Eq. (ii) and y, 8 be the roots of Eq. (iii).
Then, a + P = J(a2 + 1) - a
-X
and ap = l
and y + 8 = - 7(a2 + 1) - a Let /(x) = {a2 + 3) x2 +(a + 2) x - 6
and y8 = 1 (a2 + 3) > 0 and /(x) < 0
Clearly, a + p > 0 and aP > 0 D> 0
.’.Either a, P will be imaginary or both real and positive =>(a + 2)2 + 24 (a2 + 3) > 0 is true for all a e R.
according to the Eq. (i) has atleast two distinct negative roots.
Therefore, both y and 8 must be negative. Therefore, 109. We have, 6x2 -77[x] + 147 = 0
(i) y8 > 0, which is true as y8 = 1. 6x2 4-147
y+8 <0
=> = [x]
(ii) 77
2 + l))<0 => (0.078) x2 = [x] —1.9

'(a2 + 1) > 0, which is true for all a. (0.078)x2>0 => x2>0

=>
[x] - 1.9 > 0
aeR
or [x] > 1.9
(iii) D>0
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 201

AJ
[x] = 2,3,4,5,...
If [x] = 2, i.e.2 < x <3
Then, 2 2-1.9
x = -------- = 1.28
0.078 ■X
x= 1.13 [faU]
If [x]=3, i.e.3<x <4
Let f(x) = x2 - 2(a + 1) x + a (a - 1), thus the following
Then, X«=’Z1’=14.1 conditions hold good:
0.078
Consider the foUowing cases:
x=3.75 [true]
Case I D>0
If [x] = 4, i.e. 4 < x < 5
=> 4 (a + I)2 — 4a (a -1) > 0
Then, x^±=l?=26.9 => 3a + 1 > 0
0.078
x = 5.18 [fan] _1
If [x] = 5, i.e.5<x<6 3
Case II /(a)<0
Then,
0.078 => /(I + a) < 0
x= 63 [fan] => (1 + a)2-2 (1 + a) (1 + a) + a (a - 1) < 0
If [x] = 6, i.e.6 <x<7 -(1 + a)2 + a (a - 1) < 0
6-1.9 4.1
Then, x2 ~~~~ ———— __ 52 ■56 => - 3a - 1 < 0
0.078 0.078 1
x = 7.25 [fan] a>—
3
If [x] = 7, i.e.7 < x<8 Caselll /(s) = 0
2 7- 1.9 5.1 zcoo
Then, x =------- =------- = 65.38 => /(I - a) < 0
0.078 0.078 => (1 - a)2 - 2 (a + 1) (1 - a) + a (a - 1) < 0
x =8.08 [fan]
If (4a + 1) (a - 1) < 0
[x] =8, i.e.8 < x<9
2 8-1.9 6.1 --<a <1
Then, x =------- =-------= 78.2 4
0.078 0.078
Combining aU cases we get

x =8.8 [true] a e -1.1

4
If [x] = 9, i.e.9 < x < 10
2 9- 1.9 7.1 111. pr =(~p) (~ r)
Then, x =------- =------- =91.03
0.078 0.078 = (a + p + y + 8)(aPy + ap8 + y8a + ySP)
x=9.5 [true] = a2py + a2p8 + a2y8 + apy6 + p2ya
If [x] = 10, i.e. 10 < x < 11
+ P2a8 + aPyS + p2 y8 + /ap + aPy8
2 10-1.9 8.1
Then, x =--------- =-------= 103.8
0.078 0.078 + + y28p + aPy8 +aP82 + ya62 + yP82
x = 10.2 [true] AM > GM
If [x] = 11, i.e. 11 < x < 12
=> >(a,6p16y^S16)1'6 = apy8 = 5
2 11-1.9 16
Then, x =---------
0.078 ^>5
= -^-= 116.7 16
0.078 or pr >80
x = 10.8 [fan] :. Minimum value of pr is 80.
Other values are fad. 112. (a2 + p2)2 = (a + p)(a3 + p3)
Hence, number of solutions is four.
=> {(a + p)2 - 2ap}2 = (a + P) {(a + P)3 - 3ap (a + p)}
110. Since, the given equation is
x2-2x-a2 + l = 0 =>
fb2 2c 2 ' ? 3^
3
a
=> (x-l)2=a2
x -1 * a or x = 1 ± a b2 -2ac - b3 + 3abc^
=> a = 1 + a and p = 1 - a a3 /
202 Textbook of Algebra

=> 4a 2c2 = acb2 Combining all cases, we get

=> ac (b2 - 4ac) = 0 ke(-~,4)
117. We have, a + b = 10c, ab = - lid
As a*0
cA = 0 and c + d = 10a, cd = - life
113. Let P(x) = bx2 + ax + c a + fe + c+ d = 10 (a + c)
and abed = 121 fed
As P (0) = 0
=> fe + d = 9 (a + c)
=> c=0
and , ac =121
As P(l) = l
Next, a2 - lOac - lid = 0'
=> a+b=1
P (x) = ax + (1 - a) x2 and c2 - lOac - life = 0
I => a2 + c2 — 20 ac — 11 (fe + d) = 0
Now, P' (x) = a + 2 (1 - a) x
As P' (x) > 0 for x G (0,1) => (a + c)2 - 22 X 121 - 99 (a + c) = 0
Only option (d) satisfies above condition. => a + c = 121or —22
114. Let the roots are a and a + 1, where a el. If a + c = -22 =>a = c, rejecting these values, we have
Then, sum of the roots = 2a + 1 = b a + c = 121
Product of the roots = a(a + 1) = c a + fe + c + d = 10 (a + c) = 1210
118. D>0
Now, b2 - 4c = (2a + I)2 - 4a(a + 1) 4 (a + fe + c)2 - 12X (afe + fee + ca) > 0
= 4a2 + 1 + 4a - 4a2 - 4a = 1 (a2 + fe2 + c2) - (31 - 2) (afe + be + ca) > 0
b2 - 4c = 1
115. Let /(x)=anxn + an_]xn“I +...+ CjX, (afe + fee + ca)
/(0) = 0;/(a) = 0 Since, |a - fe| < c
=$ f'(x) = 0 has atleast one root between (0, a), => a22 + fe2 -2afe <c2 (i)
i.e. Equation |fe - c| < a
nanxn~1 + (n - 1) an_]x"-2 +...+ Oj = 0 => fe2 + c2 -2fec <a2 —(ii)
has a positive root smaller than a. | c - a] < fe
116. Let /(x) = x2-2kx + k2 + k -5 => c2 + a2 - 2ca < b2 .(iii)
Consider the following cases: From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

\ I- a„2 +, bl2 +, c.2

--------------- <2
afe + fee + ca
-(iv)

-4^4
\ /if(5)
From Eqs. (i) and (iv), we get
4
X 3X-2<2 => X <-
3
119.-: x2 - 2mx + m2 -1 = 0
Case I D>0 (x-m)2=l
=> 4fcz-4.1(fc2 + Ar—5) 0 x-m=±l or x = m-l, m + 1
=> -4(X-5)>0 According to the question,
=> fc-5<0 m-l>-2, m+l>-2
=> k < 5 or k e (- >-5] => m > -1, m>-3
Case II x-Coordinate of vertex x < 5 Then, m >-l .(0
2fc c and m-l<4, m + l<4
— <5
2 => m < 5, m < 3 and m < 3 ...(ii)
=> k < 5 or k e (-«>,5) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get -Km <3
Casein /(5) > 0 120. x2 + px + q = 0

25-10X +fc2 + fc-5 > 0 Sum of the roots = tan30° + tan 15° = - p
Product of the roots = tan 30°- tan 15° = q
=> fc2-9fc + 20>0
tan 30° + tan 15°
=> (fc-4)(fc-5) > Oork e(-o°,4)u(5,~) tan 45° = tan (30° + 15°) =
1 - tan 30°-tanl5°
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 203

=> 1=^- => — p = 1 — q 125. Let f(x) = x7 + 14xs + 16x3 + 30x - 560
1-9 ... f\x) = 7x6 + 70x4 + 48x2 + 30 > 0, V x e R
=> <?-p = l
2+q-p=3 => /(x) is an increasing function, for all x e R
121. The equation x2 - px + r = 0 has roots (a, 0) and the equation Hence, number of real solutions is 1.
2 . faa 126. Let /(x)= x3 - px + q
x - qx + r has roots —, 20 .
2 f\x)=lS-p
=> r = a0 and a + 0 = p and y + 20 = q => f”(x)=6x

3
2
3 Ji
a|3 = r = - (2q - p)(2p - q)

122. a+0=-a
|a- 0| <75 => (a-0)2<5 For maxima or minima, f (x) = 0
a2 -4 <5 => a e(-3,3)
123. Suppose roots are imaginary, then 0 = a
1 =>
and
ra
=> 0 = -- [not possible] and
0
=> Roots are real =>(p2 - q) (b2 - ac) > 0
Hence, given cubic minima at x =and maxima at
=> Statement -1 is true. V3
2b 1
----- =a + t
a 0
a c _ „ r> 127. Let f(x) = x■2‘ - 8kx + 16 (k2 - k + 1)
and - = -,a + 0 = -2p,a0=q
0 a
If 0 = 1, then a = q
=> c =qa [not possible]
-2b
Also, a + 1 =-----
a X
„ =— ~2b 4
=> -2p
a D>0
b -ap [not possible] => 64k2-4-16(k2-k+l)>0
=> Statement -2 is true but it is not the correct explanation of => k>l ...(i)
Statement-1. 8k
124. Let a,40 be roots of x2 - 6x + a = 0 and a, 30 be the roots of => ■ —>4
2
2a 2
x - ex + 6 = 0. k>1 —(ii)
Then, a + 40 = 6 and 4a0 = a —(i) and f(4)>0
a + 30 = cand3a0 =6 •■■(ii) => 16-32k + 16 (k2 - k + 1) > 0
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get k2 -3k + 2>0
a - 8, a0 = 2 => (k-l)(k-2)>0
Now, first equation becomes => k<lork>2 -(iii)
x2-6x + 8=0 From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
=> x = 2, 4 k^2
^min =2
If a =2, 40 = 4, then30 = 3
3 128. Since, roots of bx2 + ex + a = 0 are imaginary.
If a = 4, 40 = 2, then 30 = - [non-integer]
:. c2- 4ab < 0
.•.Common root is x = 2. => - c2 > - 4ab (i)
204 Textbook of Algebra

Let /(x) = 3b2x2 + 6bcx + 2c2 132. Let a be the common root.
Then, a2 + ba -1 = 0 and a2 + a + b = 0
Since, 3b2 >0
2
1 b b -1 -1 1
and D = (6bc)2 - 4 (3b2)(2c2) = 12bzc2 => x
1 1 1 b b 1
£) 12bzcz
Minimum value of f(x) = - 2 > -4ab (1 -fe)(i.2 +1)=(-1 -b)2
4a 4(3fr2)
b3 + 3b = 0
a p _a2 + p2 _(a + P)2-2ap
7 ~ • — — TT “ b = 0,ij3,~ i^3, where i = ^/-T.
p a aP ap
and given, a3 + p3 = q, a + p = - p 133. Let/(x) = x4 - 4x3 + 12xz + x-1

(a + p)3 - 3 ap (a + P) = q y'(x) = 4x3 — 12x2 + 24x+l

- p3 + 3 pap = q => /*(x) = 12xz -24x + 24

= 12(xz—2x + 2)
or ap=i±pi
3p = 12 [(x — I)2 + 1] > 0
/. From Eq. (i), we get
2(q + p3) i.e. /*(x) has no real roots.
Hence, /(x) has maximum two distinct real roots, where
= P3~2?
/(0) = -l.
P a (9 + P3) (<? + p3)
134. Given, p(x) = /(x) - g(x)
3p
=> p(x)=(a-Oj)x2 + (b-b1)x + (c-c1)
ex B
and product of the roots = — • — = 1 It is clear that p(x) = 0 has both equal roots -1, then
PZ~2qy
Required equation is x2 - (fl-01)
<l + p\
c -c,
and -1X-1 =------- L • ■
or (q + p3)x2-(p3-2q)x + (q + p3) = 0 a -Oj
130. Since, f (x) = 12x2 + 6x + 2 b - b, = 2 (a-a^ and c - q = (a -aj .(i)
Here, D = 62 - 4 12-2 = 36-96 = -60 < 0 Also given, p(-2) = 2
f'(x) > 0, V x e R => 4 (a-aj -2 (b - bt) + (c-q) = 2 •(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
=> Only one real root for f(x) = 0
Also, /(0) = !,/(-!) =-2 4 (a - a,) - 4(a - Oj) + (a - Oj) =2
(a-a,) = 2 ...(iii)
=> Root must lie in (- 1, 0).
1_ => b - b, = 4 and c - q = 2 [from Eq. (i)] ...(iv)
Taking average of 0 and (-1), f Now, p(2) = 4 (a - Oj) + 2 (b - bj) + (c - c,)
4
= 8 + 8 + 2 = 18 [from Eqs. (iii) and (iv)]
=> Root must lie in f -1, - - j.
135. Let the quadratic equation be
2j
ax2 + bx + c = 0
1
Similarly, f Sachin made a mistake in writing down constant term.
2
« • i 3 l'] Sum of the roots is correct.
=> Root must he in —, — . i.e. a + P=7
I 4 2)
Rahul made a mistake in writing down coefficient of x.
131.va2 -6a - 2 = 0=>a2 - 2 = 6a —(i)
:. Product of the roots is correct,
and p2-6p-2 = 0 => pz-2=6p -(ii) i.e. ap = 6
-2ag _ (a10-p10)-2(a8 ~p8) => Correct quadratic equation is
2a9 2(a’-p9) xz - (a + p) x+ ap = 0
_a8(a2-2)-p8(p2-2) => x2 - 7x + 6 = 0
2(a’-p9) =3 (x-6)(x-l) = 0 => x = 6,1
a8 6a -p8-6p Hence, correct roots are 1 and 6.
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
2(a9-p9)
136. Let a + 1 = h6
_6(a9-p9)_
3
2 (a9 -p9) (h2-1) x2 + (h3 -1) x + (h -1) = 0
 Chap 02 Theory of Equations 205

'h3-l _7
=> x2 4-
^-1 J -£ = 4
r
As a -> 0, then h —> 1
P
h2-l (h3-l
lim, x2 4- lim x+l=0
.. . _ _ => q = - 4r ... (i)
h -1 y h-1?
Also, given p, q, r are in AP.
=4 2x2 4- 3x4-1 = 0 2q = p 4- r
=> 2x2 4- 2x4- x4-1 = 0 => p = -9r [from Eq. (i)] ...(ii)
=> (2x4- l)(x4- 1) = 0 Now, |a-P| = ^
, 1 for ax2 4- bx + c = 0, a - P =
x = -1 and x = — a
2
137.lcteanx = t _ 7(?2 ~ 4?r)
Then, the given equation can be written as Ipi
1 2 _ 7(16r2 4- 36r,2: V52 |r|
t------ 4 = 0 => t2 - 4t - 1 = 0 [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
t 9|r| 9|r|
f _ 4 ± 7(16 4- 4) 2713
ss---------
2 9
eiinx =(2 4-75) [vesinx >0, /.taking + ve sign]
141. f(x) = x 5 - 5x and g(x) = -a
=> sin x = log/2 4- 45) -(ii) f\x) = 5x4 — 5
(2 4- 75) > e [v e = 2.71828...]
=> Ioge(2 4- 75) > 1 ...(iii) 4
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
sin x > 1 [which is impossible]
Hence, no real root exists.
138. Given equations are
ax2 + bx + c = 0 ...(i)
and x2 4- 2x 4- 3 = 0 ...(ii) = 5(x2 + l)(x-l)(x+ 1)
Clearly, roots of Eq. (ii) are imaginary, since Eqs. (i) and (ii) Clearly, /(x) = g(x) has one real root, if a > 4 and three real
have a common root, therefore common root must be roots, if |a| < 4.
imaginary and hence both roots will be common. Therefore,
Eqs. (i) and (ii) are identical. 142. Since, b = 0 for p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, as roots are pure
a b c , . n n imaginary.
= - or a:b:c = 1:2:3
1 2 3 [(-ci i'7c)
=>x = ± , which are clearly neither pure real nor
m-.-x-[x] = {x] [fractional part of x] a
pure imaginary, as c * 0.
For no integral solution, {x} * 0
a* 0 —(i) 143. ': ax2 - x + a = 0 has distinct real roots.
The given equation can be written as D> 0
3 {x}2-2{x]-a2 = 0 1 1I
=> l-4a2 >0 => a e
227
2 ± 7(4 + 12a2) 1 + 7(1 4-3a2)
=4> 6 [v 0 < {x} < 1] Also, |X!—X2|<1 => |Xj— X2| <1
3
D l-4a2 ■> 1
1 4- 7a+3q2) <i=>7(i+3a2)<2 < 1 =>or2 > -
=> 0<---- 2 ' a2 5
3
=> a2 <1 => -1 <a <1 •••(ii) => ae •••(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
a e(-l, 0)u(0,1)
1 1 A a4-p ,
140. v — 4- - = 4 => ——— = 4 S= 1 __L
a p ap 2 -Ji
206 Textbook of Algebra

144. (x2-5x +5)x* *4x-6° = 1 v ap P, are roots of x2 - 2x sec G + 1 = 0 and a, > P,

Case I a! = sec G - tan G and P, = sec G + tan G
x2 - 5x + 5 = 1 and x2 + 4x - 60 can be any real number => a2, P2 are roots of x2 + 2x tan G -1 = 0
=> x = 1, 4
Case II
and a2>P2
a2 = - tan G + sec G
x2 - 5x + 5 = -1 and x2 + 4x - 60 has to be an even number
and P2 = - tan G - sec G
=> x = 2,3
For x = 3, x2 + 4x - 60 is odd, x*3 Hence, a, + P2 = - 2 tan G

Hence, x=2 146. v x (x + 1) + (x + 1) (x + 2) + .... + (x + n - 1) (x + n) = lOn

Case III x2 - 5x + 5 can be any real number and
=> nx2 + x(1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n -1)) + (1.2 + 2.3
x2 + 4x —60 =0
+ ...+ (n -1). n) = 10n
=> x = -10,6 1
=> Sum of all values of x = 1 + 4 + 2-10 + 6= 3 or nx2 + n2x + - (n - 1) n (n + 1) = lOn
3 '
145. v x2 - 2x sec G a + 1 = 0 => x = sec 6 ± tan G
or 3x2 + 3nx + (n2-l)=30 (•.• n * 0)
k n
n
and — <G <---- or 3x2 + 3nx + (n2-31) = 0
6 12
n i |a-P| = l
sec > sec G > sec
k 12j or (a-P)2 = l
71
or sec > sec Ga > sec — D
6 or
7t A
and tan < tan G < tan or D = a2
12J
or 9n2 -12.(n2 -31) =9
=> - tan < tan G < - tan | — I
112; or n2 = 121
or tan > - tan 6 > tan I — I n = 11
U2j

i
 CHAPTER

Sequences
and Series
Learning Part
Session 1
• Sequence
• Series
• Progression
Session 2
• Arithmetic Progression
Session 3
• Geometric Sequence or Geometric Progression
Session 4
• Harmonic Sequence or Harmonic Progression
Session 5
• Mean
Session 6
• Arithmetico-Geometric Series (AGS)
• Sigma (S) Notation
• Natural Numbers
Session 7
• Application to Problems of Maxima and Minima
Practice Part
• JEE Type Examples
• Chapter Exercises
1

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208 Textbook of Algebra

The word “Sequence” in Mathematics has same meaning as in ordinary English. A collection of objects listed in a
sequence means it has identified first member, second member, third member and so on. The most common examples
are depreciate values of certain commodity like car, machinery and amount deposits in the bank for a number of years.

Session 1
Sequence, Series, Progression
Sequence Recursive Formula
A succession of numbers arranged in a definite order or A formula to determine the other terms of the sequence in
arrangement according to some well-defined law is called terms of its preceding terms is known as recursive
a sequence. formula.
Or For example,
A sequence is a function of natural numbers (N) with If T, = 1 and Tn + l =6Tn, nG N.
codomain is the set of real numbers (R) [complex numbers Then, ^=6^ =6-1=6
(C)} If range is subset of real numbers (complex numbers), T3= 6T2 =6-6=36
it is called a real sequence (complex sequence).
T4 =6T3 =6-36=216...
Or Then, sequence is 1, 6, 36, 216,...
A mapping f:N—>C, then f(n) = t„, nG N is called a
sequence to be denoted it by
{/(l).f(3), Types of Sequences
The nth term of a sequence is denoted by There are two types of sequences
Tn,tn,an,a(n), un, etc.
1. Finite Sequence
Remark A sequence is said to be finite sequence, if it has finite
The sequence a,, a2, a3,... is generally written as {an}. number of terms. A finite sequence is described by
For example, a1,a2,a3>... ,an ™i\,T2,T3,...,Tn, where ne N.
(i) 1, 3, 5, 7,... is a sequence, because each term (except For example
first) is obtained by adding 2 to the previous term and (i) 3, 5, 7, 9,..., 37
Tn = 2n -1, n e N. (ii) 2, 6,18, 54,..., 4374
Or
IfT, =l,Tn + 1 =Tn+2,n>l 2. Infinite Sequence
(ii) 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,13,... is a sequence, because each term A sequence is said to be an infinite sequence, if it has
(except first two) is obtained by taking the sum of infinite number of terms. An infinite sequence is described
preceding two terms. by a1,a2,a3,...orT1,T2,T3>...
Or For example,
IfT1=l,T2=2,Tn+2=Tn+Tn + 1,n>l
(i) 1,
(iii) 2, 3, 5, 7,11,13,17,19,... is a sequence. 3 9 27
Here, we cannot express Tn, n e N by an algebraic .... 1111
(u) 1,-,-,-,— ....
formula. 2 4 8 16
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 209

Series Or
A sequence is said to be progression, if its terms increases
In a sequence, the sum of the directed terms is called a (respectively decreases) numerically.
series.
For example, The following sequences are progression :
For example, If 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16,... is a sequence, then its .... 1111
sum i.e., 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 +13+ 16 + ...is a series. (i) 1,3,5,7,... (u)
2 6 18 54
In general, if Tx,T2,T3,...,Tn,... denote a sequence, then the
,..., , 1 1
symbolic expression Tj + T2 + T3 +... + Tn +... is called a (U1) 5 • • • (iv)l,8,27,256,...
3 9 27
series associated with the given sequence.
Each member of the series is called its term. (v) 8,-4,2,-1,-,...
2
In a series T\ + T2 + T3 +... + Tr +..., the sum of first n terms
is denoted by Sn. Thus, The sequences (iii) and (v) are progressions, because

$n -^1 + T2 + T3 + ... + Tn =tr=1

r" |1|> -J >
1
9
1
27
>...

If Sn denotes the sum of n terms of a sequence. 1> 1 > 1 >

i.e.
Then, Sn=(Ti+T2+T3+... + ?„) 3 9 27
~(Ti +T2 + ... + Tn_1) =Tn
Thus, and |81 >| — 41 >|21 >| —1| > | >.
Tn = $n ~ $n-l

Types of Series i.e. 8>4>2>l>i>

2
There are two types of series
Remark
1. Finite Series All the definitions and formulae are valid for complex numbers
A series having finite number of terms is called a finite in the theory of progressions but it should be assumed (if not
otherwise stated) that the terms of the progressions are real
series. numbers.
For example,
(i) 3+5+ 7+9+...+ 21
n
I Example 1. If f:N->R, where f(n) = an =
(2n+1)2'
(ii) 2+ 6+ 18+54+... + 4374
write the sequence in ordered pair form.
2. Infinite Series
Sol. Here, a„ = -———
A series having an infinite number of terms is called an (2n + l)2
infinite series. On putting n = 1,2,3, 4,... successively, we get
For example, 1 1 2 2_
= ----------- ==—9 aa22 =
=------------ =
(2-1 +1)2--- 9 (2-2+1)2 25
(i) 1+ - + -+—+...
3 9 27 3 3 4 4
a3 = ---------- r = —, a< —
= - =--
(2-3+I)2 49 (2-4 + I)2 81
(u) 1+ - + -+-+...
2 4 8
„ L • V 12 3 4
Hence, we obtain the sequence -, —, —, —, ...
9 25 49 81
Progression Now, the sequence in ordered pair form is

If the terms of a sequence can be described by an explicit L-V2, -Ifs,— U4A).

\ 9/V 25 J < 49) < 81J
formula, then the sequence is called a progression.
210 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 2. The Fibonacci sequence is defined by I Example 4.

n
0] =1 = a2,on ~an-i + an_2,o>2. Find for (i) Write ^(r2 +2) in expanded form.
On
0 = 12,3,4,5. r=1

Sol. v
n
= 1 = G2 (ii) Write the series- + - + - + - + in sigma
= a2 + = 1 4-1 = 2, 3 4 5 6 n +2
a4 = o3 + a2 = 2 + 1 = 3 form.
a5 = + a3 = 3 + 2 = 5 Sol. (i) On putting r = 1,2,3, 4,..., n in (r2 +2),
and a6 = a5 + a4 = 5 + 3 = 8
we get 3, 6,11, 18,..., (n2 + 2)
^. = l,^. = <2,^- = -A = - and ^ = -
n
at a2 1 a3 2 a4 3 a5 5
Hence, £(r2 + 2) = 3 + 6 + 11 + 18 +... + (n2 + 2)
r=1
I Example 3. If the sum of n terms of a series is
2n2 + 5n for all values of n, find its 7th term. r
(ii) The rth term of series =----- .
r+2
Sol. Given, Sn = 2n2 + 5n
Hence, the given series can be written as
=> $„_! = 2(n- I)2 + 5 (n - 1) = 2n2 + n -3
Tn =Sn -Sn_l=(2n2 + 5n)-(2n2 +n-3)=4n +3 1 2 3 4 "n nn ( _ \
—+—+—+—+
3 4 5 6
+------
n+2
= ry= lv+2/
—
Hence, T7 = 4x7+3 = 31

§ Exercise for Session 1

7 First term of a sequence is 1 and the (n +1) th term is obtained by adding (n + 1) to the nth term for all natural
i numbers n, the 6th term of the sequence is
(a) 7 (b)13
(c)21 (d) 27
2. The first three terms of a sequence are 3, 3, 6 and each term after the second is the sum of two terms
preceding it, the 8th term of the sequence is
(a) 15 (b)24
(c) 39 (d) 63
= sin^|^, the value of y a2 is
3. Ifa„

(a) 2 (b)3
(c)4 (d)7
4. If for a sequence {an}, Sn =2n2 + 9n, where Sn is the sum ofn terms, the value ofa2o is
(a) 65 (b) 75
(c) 87 (d) 97
5
5. Ifa1 =2,a2 =3 + a! anda„ =2a,in_i + 5forn > 1,the value of y ar is
r=2

(a) 130 (b) 160

(c) 190 (d) 220
Session 2
Arithmetic Progression (AP)

Types of Progression Algorithm to determine whether a sequence is

an AP or not
Progressions are various types but in this chapter we will
studying only three special types of progressions which Step I Obtain t„ (the nth term of the sequence).
are following: Step II Replace n by n -1 in tn to get tn t.
1. Arithmetic Progression (AP) Step III Calculate tn -tn_v
2. Geometric Progression (GP) If tn -tn_i is independent of n, the given sequence is an
3. Harmonic Progression (HP) AP otherwise it is not an AP.

I Example 5.
Arithmetic Progression [AP] (i) 1, 3, 5, 7,...
(iii) a,a-b,a-2b,a-3b, ...
(ii) 7t,n +ert,re +2e"....

An arithmetic progression is a sequence in which the

Sol. (i) Here, 2nd term - 1st term = 3rd term - 2nd term = ...
difference between any term and its just preceding term
=> 3-l = 5- 3 = ... = 2, which is a common
(i.e.» term before it) is constant throughout. This constant
difference.
is called the common difference (abbreviated as CD) and is
(ii) Here, 2nd term - 1st term = 3rd term - 2nd term = ...
generally denoted by ‘d’.
Or => (7t + e”) - 7t = (ti + 2e”) - (7t + e”) =...
An arithmetic progression is a sequence whose terms = en, which is a common difference.
increase or decrease by a fixed number. This fixed number (iii) Here, 2nd term - 1st term = 3rd term - 2nd term =...
is called the common difference of the AP. => (a — b) — a = (a — 2b) — (a — b) =...
A finite or infinite sequence {tj, t2, t3,.... tn} = - b, which is a common difference.
or (ti, t2,13,...} is said to be an arithmetic progression I Example 6. Show that the sequence <tn > defined by
(AP), if tk -tk_x =d, a constant independent of k, for
tn = 5n+4 is an AP, also find its common difference.
k = 2,3,4,.,.,n or k = 2,3,4,... as the case may be :
Sol. We have, tn = 5n + 4
The constant d is called the common difference of the AP.
On replacing n by (n - 1), we get
i.e. d = t2 —tj = t3 —t2 = ... = tn “ tn -i
t„_1=5(n-l) + 4
Remarks t„_i=5n-l
1. If a be the first term and d be the common difference, then - tn -1 = (5n + 4) - (5n -1) = 5
APcan be written as Clearly, t„ - tn j is independent of n and is equal to 5. So,
a, a + d, a + 2d,..., a + fn - 1) d,...,V neN. the given sequence is an AP with common difference 5.
2. If we add the common difference to any term of AP, we get
the next following term and if we subtract it from any term, I Example 7. Show that the sequence <tn > defined
we get the preceding term. by tn = 3n2 + 2 is not an AP.
3. The common difference of an AP may be positive, zero,
negative or imaginary.
Sol. We have, tn = 3n2 +2
4. Constant AP common difference of an AP is equal to zero. On replacing n by (n -1), we get
5. Increasing AP common difference of an AP is greater than +2
zero. t„ j = 3n2 - 6n + 5
6. Decreasing AP common difference of an AP is less than tn -tn-i=(3n2 +2)-(3h2 -6n + 5)
zero.
= 6n -3
7. Imaginary AP common difference of an AP is imaginary.
Clearly, tn - tn j is not independent of n and therefore it is
not constant. So, the given sequence is not an AP.
212 Textbook of Algebra

Remark I Example 8. Find first negative term of the sequence

If the nth term of a sequence is an expression of first degree in n. 1 1 3
For example, tn = An + 8, where A 8 are constants, then that 20,19-18-, 17-,...
sequence will be in AP for/n -tn = (An + 8) - [A(n -1) + 8]
4 2 4
= A [n - (n - 1)] = A = constant = Common difference or Sol. The given sequence is an AP in which first term, a = 20
coefficient of n in tn Students are advised to consider the above 3
point as a behaviour of standard result. and common difference, d =---- . Let the nth term of the
4
given AP be the first negative term. Then,
General Term of an AP t„ <0 => o + (n - l)d <0

Let ‘a be the first term, ‘d’ be the common difference and ‘ 20 + (n - 1)| - — ] <0
I ’ be the last term of an AP having ‘ri terms, where n G N. v 4/
80 - 3n + 3 < 0
Then, AP can be written as a, a + d, a + 2d,.... I - 2d, I - d,l
83 2
n > — or n > 27 -
(i) nth Term of an AP from Beginning 3 3
n =28
1st term from beginning = = a = a + (1 -1) d
Thus, 28th term of the given sequence is the first negative
2nd term from beginning = t2 = a+d=a+(2-l)d term.
3rd term from beginning = t3 =a+2d =a +(3-1) d
1
I Example 9. If the mth term of an AP is - and the
n
n th term from beginning = t„ = a + (n -1) d, V n G N
nth term is —, then find mnth term of an AP.
Hence, n th term of an AP from beginning m
= tn = a + (n-l)d = 1 [last term] Sol. If A and 8 are constants, then rth term of AP is
tr = Ar + 8
(ii) 77th Term of an AP from End 1 . o 1
1st term from end = t j = 1 = 1-(1-1) d
Given, tm = — => Am + 8 = — (0
n n
2nd term from end = t'2 = l-d = l-(2-l) d and 1 => An. + 8„ = —
1
tn = — (ii)
3rd term from end = t'3 =l-2d = Z — (3 — 1) d m m
1 , „ „
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get A = — and 8 = 0
mn
nth term from end = t „ = Z - (n -1) d, V n G N
mn th term = tmn = Amn + B = — ■ mn + 0 = 1
Hence, n th term of an AP from end mn
t'n = 1 - (n -1)d = a [first term] Hence, mn th term of the given AP is 1.
Now, it is clear that
I Example 10. If|x-1|,3and|x-3|are first three
tn + t'n =a+(n-l)d + l-(n-l)d = a + l terms of an increasing AP, then find the 6th term of on AP.
or tn + t'n =a + 1 Sol. Case I For x < 1,
i.e. In a finite AP, the sum of the terms equidistant from |x-l| = -(x-l)
the beginning and end is always same and is equal to the and |x-3| = -(x-3)
sum of first and last term. .■.1 - x, 3 and 3 - x are in AP.
=> 6 = 1- x + 3- x
Remark
=> x=-1
1. nth term is also called the general term.
Then, first three terms are 2, 3,4,
2. If last term of AP is/n and common difference be d, then
terms of AP from end are tn, tn -d.tn - 2d,... which is an increasing AP.
3. If in a sequence, the terms an alternatively positive and 6th term is 7. [Vd = l]
negative, then it cannot be an AP. Case II For 1 < x < 3,
/ _ a
4. Common difference of AP =------ , where, a = first term of AP, | x-11 = x-1
n+ 1 and |x-3| = -(x-3) = 3-x
/ = last term of AP and n = number of terms of AP.
.'. x - 1,3 and 3 - x are in AP.
5. If tn,tn +,,tn + 2 are three consecutive terms of an AP. then
2 tn +, = tn + tn + 2. In particular, if a. b and c are in AP, then => 6=x-l+3-x
2b = a + c. => 6=2 [impossible]
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 213

Case III For x > 3, | x - 11 = x - 1 and | x - 31 = x - 3 announced the answer almost at once. The teacher
x - 1,3 and x - 3 are in AP. overawed at this asked Gauss to explain how he got this
=> 6= x - 1 + x-3 => x = 5 answer. Gauss explained that he had added these numbers
Then, first three terms are 4, 3, 2, which is a decreasing AP. in pairs as follows
(1 + 100),(2+99),(3+98),...
I Example 11. In the sequence 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4,
4,..., where n consecutive terms have the value n, find There are = 50 pairs. The answer can be obtained by
the 150th term of the sequence.
Sol. Let the 150th term = n multiplying 101 by 50 to get 5050.

Then, 1 + 2 + 3 +... + (n - 1) < 150 < 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n

(n-l)n
< 150 <
n (n +1) Sum of n Terms ofanAP
2 2 Let ‘a’ be the first term, ‘d’ be the common difference, 7’
=> n (n - I) < 300 < n (n + I) be the last term of an AP having n terms and Sn be the
Taking first two members sum of n terms, then
n (n - I) < 300 => n 2 - n - 300 < 0
Sn = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + ...+(/ — 2d) +(l — d) +1 ...(i)
1
=> n — I <300 + — Reversing the right hand terms
2J 4 Sn = l + (l-d)+(l-2d)+... + (a+2d)+(a + d) + a ...(ii)
1201
0<n<-+ On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 2
0 < n < 17.8 ...(i) 25n = (a +1) + (a +1) + (a +1) +...
and taking last two members, + (a + 0+(a + Z)+(a + Z)
n (n + I) > 300 = (a +1) + (a +1) +... upto n terms = n(a +1)
1
n + - I >300 + — S„=^(a + l) ...(iii)
2 4 2
1 5/ T201
n>--+- Now, if we substitute the value of I viz., I = a + (n -1) d, in
2 2 this formula, we get
=» n>16.8 (ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Sn = -[a + a+(n-l)d] = -[2a+(n-l)d]
16.8 <n <17.8 2 2
=> n = 17 Sn=-[2a + (n-1) d]
2
I Example 12. If a1(a2,a3,a4and a5 are in AP with
5 If we substitute the value of a viz.,
common difference ^0, find the value of ^o(- when l = a+(n-l)d
o3=2. »=i
or a = I ~(n -1) d in Eq. (iii), then
So/, v Qj, a2, a3, a4 and as are in AP, we have
fli + a5 = a2 + a4 = a3 + a3 +t'n = a + Z] S„ = ”[2Z - (n - 1) d]
2
Oj + a5 = a2 + a4 = 4 [’•’ a3 = 2]
Oi + fl24-Q3 + fl4+fl5 = 4 + 2+ 4 = 10 If we substitute the value of a +1 viz.,
5 tn +t'n = a+l in Eq. (iii), then
=>
t =l

Sum of a Stated Number of Corollary I Sum of first n natural numbers

Terms of an Arithmetic Series i.e. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +... + n

Here, a = 1 and d = 1
More than 200 yr ago, a class of German School Children
was asked to find the sum of all integers from 1 to 100 S = -[2 • 1 +(n -1) • 1]
inclusive. One boy in the class, an eight year old named 2
Carl Fredrick Gauss (1777-1855) who later established _ n(n + l)
his reputation as one of the greatest Mathematicians
2
214 Textbook of Algebra

Corollary II Sum of first n odd natural numbers

Sum of first n terms = — [2a + (n -1) d]
i.e., 1 + 3+5+... 2
Here, a=1 dn2
=------+ a n = An22 + Bn,
and d=2 2 2J
2
S = -[2-l+(n-l)-2] =n where, A = -,B = a- —
2 2 2
Corollary III If sum of first n terms is S„, then sum of next Hence, Sn = An + Bn, where A and B are constants
m terms is Sm+n -Sn.
independent of n.
Hence, the converse is true.
Important Results with Proof Corollary v Sc n - A-2 + Bn
-An D“
1. If Sn, tn and d are sum of n terms, nth term
tn = A (2n -1) + B
and common difference of an AP respectively,
then tn = A (replacing n2 by 2n -1) + coefficient of n

d — tn ~ tn~i [n>2] and d=2A

tn ~Sn —Sn_i [n>2] i.e. d =2 [coefficient of n2]
d = Sn —2Sn^i + $n-2
Proof Sn tn d
$n =h +t2 +f3 +-..+tn-l + tn 1. 5n2 + 3n 5 (2« - 1) + 3 = lOn - 2 10
=> $n ~$n-l + tn
2. - In2 + 2n - 7 (2n - 1) + 2 -14
tn ~$n — ^n-l = -14m+ 9
but d — tn — tn _ ]
3. - 9n2 - 4n — 9 (2n — 1) — 4 -18
= (S„ “S„-i )-(Vi ~Sn-2) = -18n+ 5
+ S;n_2
d=Sn —2Sn_i -ro 4.
J
4n - n 4 (2n - I) - 1= 8n - 5 8
2. A sequence is an AP if and only if the sum of
its n terms is of the form An2 + Bn, where A 3. If Sn = an 2 + bn + c, where denotes the sum
and B are constants independent of n. of n terms of a series, then whole series is not
In this case, the nth term and common difference of an AP. It is AP from the second term onwards.
the AP are A (2n -1) + B and 2A, respectively. Proof As Sn = an2 + bn + c for n > 1, we get

Proof As Sn = An2 + Bn Sn _ j = a (n -1)2 + b (n -1) + c for n > 2

Sn _j = A (n -1)2 + B (n -1) Now, tn ~~$n $n-l

tn — Sn —Sn^i tn = a (2n -1) + b, n > 2

= (An2 + Bn)-[A (n-1)2 + B (n -1)] 'n-1 = a [2 (n -1) -1] + b, n >3

= A[n2 -(n-l)2] + B tn-l = a(2n-3) + fc,n>3

t„n -fin _! = 2a = constant, n > 3
tn = A(2n -1) + B
t3 -t2 = t4 -t3 = t5 -t4 =...
tn-l = A[2 (n -1) -1] +B
But t2 —11 = (S2 — Sj) — Sj =S2 — 2Sj
= A (2n — 3) + B
= (4a + 2b + c) - 2 (a + b + c)
Now,tn -tn_j =[A(2n-l) + B]-[A(2n-3) + B]
= (2a-c)
= 2A [a constant]
Hence, the sequence is an AP. ^2 ~~t\ t3 ~t2
Hence, the whole series is not an AP. It is AP from
Conversely, consider an AP with first term a and
the second term onwards.
common difference d.
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 215

Ratio of Sums is Given I Example 14. The sums of n terms of two arithmetic
progressions are in the ratio (7n+l):(4n + 17). Find the
1. If ratio of the sums of m and n terms of an AP
ratio of their nth terms and also common differences.
is given by
Sol. Given, S„:Sn'=(7n + l):(4n + 17)
Am2 + Bm
Here, A = 7, B = 1, C = 4 and D = 17
s,n An2 + Bn
tn _ 7 (2n - 1) + 1 _J4n -6
where A, B are constants and A 0.
t'n 4 (2n - 1) + 17 8n + 13
Sm = (Am2 + Bm) k,
and — — = 7—
d =A
S„ = (An2 + Bn)k d' C 4

=> Hence, tn :tn =(14n -6):(8n + 13) and d :d' = 7

tm =Sm ~Sm_} = [A(2m -+ B]k
G = Sn = [A(2n-l) + B]k 3 Example 15. The sums of n terms of two AP’s are in
tm _ A (2m -1) + B the ratio (3n -13): (5n + 21). Find the ratio of their 24th
tn A (2n — 1) + B terms.
Sol. Given, Sn : S'n = (3n - 13): (5n + 21)
I Example 13. The ratio of sums of m and n terms of Here, A = 3, B = - 13, C = 5 and D = 21
an AP is m2 :n2. The ratio of themth and nth terms is
(2x24-1)-13
t24 = 3 (2 x 24 - 1)- 13 _ 128 1
(a) (2m +1): (2n -1) (b) m: n t'24 (2x24 - 1)+
55(2x24 1) +21 256 2
(c) (2m -1): (2n -1) (d) None of these t24:t24=l:2
_ m2
Sol. (c) Here, [vA = i, B = 0] g Example 16. How many terms of the series
Sn n2
1 2
tm _ (2m ~ 1) 20 +19- +18- +... must be taken to make 300?
tn (2n - 1)
3 3
=> tm:t„=(2m-l):(2n-l)
Explain the double answer.
Sol. Here, given series is an AP with first term a = 20 and the
2. If ratio of the sums of n terms of two AP’s is
2
given by common difference, d = —.
3
An + B Let the sum of n terms of the series be 300.
S'n Cn + D 5„=^{2a + (n-l)d}
Then,
where, A, B, C, D are constants and A, C 0
2
Sn = n (An + B) k, S'n = n (Cn + D) k => 300 = — <2 x 20 + (n - 1)| - - | ■
2 V 3J3
=> tn = [A(2n-l) + B]k, t'n = [C(2n -1) + D]fc
=> 300 = - {60 - n + 1}
d=tn ~[n-l =2A, d' = t'n -tn_j =2C 3
tn A (2n -1) + B , d A n2 -61n + 900 = 0
t'n C(2n-!) + D d' C => (n - 25) (n - 36) = 0
Note If A = 0, C = 0 n = 25 or n = 36
TU Sn B tn B , d 0 . j r- - Sum of 25 terms = Sum of 36 terms = 300
Then, — = — => — = — and — = - = not defined
S' D t'n D d' 0 Explanation of double answer
Here, the common difference is negative, therefore terms
Remark
tn _ an+ b go on diminishing and r31 = 20 + (31 - 1) I — I = 0 i.e., 31st
If
t'n cn + d
term becomes zero. All terms after 31st term are negative.
where, ab.c.d are constants and a, c * 0, then
These negative terms (t32, t33, t35, t^) when added to
(n+ 1A ,
a ------ + b positive terms (t26> * 27» *29- Go). they cancel out each
Sn I 2 J other i.e., sum of terms from 26th to 36th terms is zero.
S'n (n + ,
c ------ + d Hence, the sum of 25 terms as well as that of 36 terms is ‘
I 2 J 300.
216 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 17. Find the arithmetic progression but given

consisting of 10 terms, if the sum of the terms + t5 + f]0 + t15 + t2o + f24 = 225
occupying the even places is equal to 15 and the sum (h + ^) + a5+^o) + (ho + h5) = 225
3(h + f24) = 225
of those occupying the odd places is equal to 12
h + t24 = 75
Sol. Let the successive terms of an AP be tb t2, t3,.... t9, t10. 24
S24 = — (fl + r24)= 12 X75 = 900
By hypothesis,
t2 + t4 + ^6 ■*'^8 + t]o = 15
I Example 20. If (1+3+5 + ...+ p)+(!+3+5 + ...+q)
~ O2 + ho) ~ 15
2
= (1+ 3 + 5+... + r), where each set of parentheses
contains the sum of consecutive odd integers as
t2 + ho = 6
shown, then find the smallest possible value of
(a + d) + (a + 9d) = 6
p + q + r (where, p>6).
2a + lOd = 6 (i)
1 So/. We know that, 1 + 3 + 5 +...+ (2n - 1) = n 2
and h + t3 + t5 + t7 + t9 = 12-
2 Thus, the given equation can be written as
2 2 2
5. .25 fp + 1 r+1
-(h + t9) = - + — =
2 2 I 2 I 2 J 2 >
tj + t9 = 5 => (p + l)2+(q + l)2=(r + l),2:
a + a + 8d = 5
Therefore, (p + 1, q + 1, r + 1) form a Pythagorean triplet as
2a + 8d = 5 ...(ii)
p >6=>p + 1 >7
............... . 1 1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get d = - and a = - The first Pythagorean triplet containing a number > 7 is
2 2 (6,8,10).
Hence, the APis-,1,1-,2,2-,... p + 1— 8, q +1 — 6, r + 1 — 10
2 2 2 p + q + r = 21

I Example 18. If N, the set of natural numbers is

partitioned into groups S] = {1},S2 ={2,3}, Properties of Arithmetic Progression
S3 ={4,5,6},..., find the sum of the numbers in S50. 1. If a j, a2, a 3,... are in AP with common difference d,
Sol. The number of terms in the groups are 1, 2, 3, ... then ± k, a2 ± k, a3 ± k,... are also in AP with
v The number of terms in the 50th group = 50 common difference d.
The last term of 1st group = 1 2. If a j, a2, a 3,... are in AP with common difference d,
The last term of 2nd group = 3 = 1 + 2 then axk,a2k,a3k,...and—..are also in AP
The last term of 3rd group = 6 = l + 2 + 3 k k k

(k 5*0) with common differences kd and p

The last term of 49th group = 1 + 2 + 3 +... + 49
:. First term of 50th group = 1 + (1 + 2 + 3 +... + 49) respectively.
49 3. Ifa1,a2,a3,..and blt b2, b3f... are two AP’s with
= ! + — (! + 49) = 1226
2 common differences d} and d2, respectively. Then,
Sso = — {2X 1226+ (50- 1) Xl} Qi ±blt a2 ± b2, a3 ± b3,... are also in AP with
2 common difference (d] ± d2).
= 25 x2501 = 62525 4. Ifa1,a2,a3,...andfeJ,fe2,&3,...are two AP’swith
common differences d{ and d2 respectively, then
I Example 19. Find the sum of first 24 terms of on AP
tbt2,t3,..., it is known that axbx,a2b2,a3b3,... and —, — , — are notin AP.
tl + t5 + t]0 + t]5 + f 20 + 24 = 225. b2 b3

Sol. We know that, in an AP the sums of the terms equidistant 5. If <2j,<22, a3,...,an are in AP, then
from the beginning and end is always same and is equal ar-k +ar+k
to the sum of first and last term. Q'=------ 2------ ,V/c, 0<k<n-r
Then, tj + t24 = t5 + t20 = t]0 + t 15
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 217

6. If three numbers in AP whose sum is given are to be From Eq. (iii),

taken as a - P, a, a + p and if five numbers in AP — {2 -1 +(n - 1)1}. — {2-2 + (n — 1)-3},
whose sum is given, are to be taken as a - 23, a - 3, 2 2
a,a + p,a+2p, etc. ^{2-3 + (n-l)-5},...,
In general, If (2 r +1) numbers in AP whose sum is
given, are to be taken as (r 6 N). {2p + (n - 1) (2p - 1)} are also in AP
a-rp,a -(r-1) ~p,a,a + 3,...,
a+(r-l)p,a + rp [multiplying — to each term]
2
i.e. Sb S2, S3,..., Sp are in AP.
Remark
1. Sum of three numbers = 3a Sj + S2 + S3 +... + Sp = — {Sj + Sp}
Sum of five numbers = 5a
2 r
= |^[2-l + (n-l)-l] + ^[2P+(n-l)(2p-l)]
Sum of (2r + 1) numbers = (2r + 1) a
2. From given conditions, find two equations in aand p and = !!£■ {2 + (n - l) + 2p +(n - l)(2p -1)}
then solve them. Now, the numbers in AP can be obtained. 4
7. If four numbers in AP whose sum is given, are to be
= — (2np + 2) = -np (np + 1)
taken as
a - 3P, a - p, a + 3, a + 3P and if six numbers in AP, Aliter
whose sum is given are to be taken as a - 53, Ct - 33, n(n +1)
Here, S, = 1 + 2 + 3 +... upto n terms =
a-3>a + 3,« +33,a +53, etc. 2
In general If 2 r numbers in AP whose sum is given, S2 = 2 + 5 + 8 +... upto n terms = — [2-2 + (n - 1)3]
are to be taken as (r 6 N).
a-(2r-l) 3,a-(2r-3) 3,...,a-33,a-3, n (3n +1)
a +3,a +33, .... a + (2 r - 3) 3,a+(2r-l)3 2
n (5n + 1)
Similarly, S3 = 3 + 8 + 13 + ... upto n terms = ----------- , etc.
Remark 2
1. Sum of four numbers = 4 a Now, Sj + S2 + S3 +... + Sp
Sum of six numbers = 6 a n (n + 1) n (3n + 1) * n (5n + 1) +
... upto p terms
2 2 2
Sum of 2r numbers = 2ra
= — [(n + 3n + 5n +... upto p terms)
2. From given conditions, find two conditions in aand p and
then solve them. Now, the numbers in AP can be obtained.
+ (1 + 1 + 1 +... upto p terms)]
n
= “ ^(2n+(p - l)2n)+p
I Example 21. If SbS2,S3,...,Sp are the sums of 2
n terms of p AP’s whose first terms are 1,2,3,...,p and = — [n + n (p - 1) + 1] = -np (np + 1)
common differences are 1,2,3,..., (2p -1) respectively, 2 2
show that $! + S2 + S3 +....+ S p = ^np (np +1). I Example 22. Let a and 3 be roots of the equation
x2 - 2x+ A = 0 and let y and 8 be the roots of the
So/. 1,2,3,.... p are in AP.
equation x2 -18x + B = 0. Ifa<3<y<6are in
Then, 2-1,2-2,2-3,..., 2p are also in AP. ...(i)
[multiplying 2 to each term] arithmetic progression, then find the values of A and B.
and 1,3,5 (2p - 1) are in AP. Sol. •/ a, P, y, 8 are in AP.
Then, (n -1) • 1, (n - 1) -3, (n - l)-5 (n - 1) (2p - 1) are Let 3 = a + d, y = a + 2d, 8 = a + 3d, d > 0
also in AP. ...(ii) [here, sum of a, p, Y> 8 is not given]
[multiplying (n - 1) to each term] Given, a+P = 2,aP = A
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2a+d = 2,aP = A ...(i)
2-1 + (n - 1)1,2-2 + (n -1) -3,2-3 + (n - 1)-5,....
and Y + 8 = 18, yS = B
2p + (n - 1) (2p - 1) are also in AP. ...(iii)
[adding corresponding terms of Eqs. (i) and (ii)] 2a + 5d = 18, y8 = B •••(ii)
218 Textbook of Algebra

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get => b2 -D2 < b2

d = 4, a = - 1
b(b2-D2)<b3 => 4 <b3
P =3,7=7,5 = 11
b>(4)1'3 or fc>(2)2'3
=> A=ap = (-l)(3) = -3
and B = yS = (7)(11) = 77 Hence, the minimum value of & is (2)2 /3.

I Example 23. The digits of a positive integer having

I Example 25. If a,b,c,d are distinct integers form an
three digits are in AP and their sum is 15. The number
obtained by reversing the digits is 594 less than the increasing AP such that d = a2 + b2 + c2, then find the
original number. Find the number. value of a+b + c + d.
Sol. Let the digit in the unit’s place be a - d, digit in the ten’s Sol. Here, sum of numbers i.e., a + b + c + d is not given.
place be a and the digit in the hundred’s place be a + d. Let b = a + D, c = a + 2D, d = a + 3D, V D e N
Sum of digits = a- d + a + a + d = 15 [given] According to hypothesis,
=> 3a = 15 a + 3D = a2 + (a + D)2 + (a + 2D)2
a=5 -(>)
5D2 + 3(2a - 1) D + 3a2 - a = 0 ■(i>
Original number = (a - d) + 10a + 100 (a + d)
= Illa+ 99d = 555+ 99d g - 3 (2a - 1) ± ^9 (2a - I)2 - 20 (3a2 - a)
and number formed by reversing the digits 10
= (a + d) + 10a + 100(a-d) _ - 3 (2a - 1) ± 7(~ 24a2 - 16a + 9)
= Illa-99d = 555-99d 10
Given, (555 + 99d) - (555 - 99d) = 594 => 198d = 594 Now, - 24a2 - 16a + 9 > 0
d=3 => 24a2 + 16a - 9 < 0
Hence, original number = 555 + 99 X 3 = 852
1 V70 , , 1 V70
=> ----------- <a<--+-----
I Example 24. If three positive real numbers are in AP 3 3 3 12
=> a = -l, 0 [vael]
such that abc = 4, then find the minimum value of b.
Sol. a, b, c are in AP. When a = 0 from Eq. (i), D = 0, - (not possible v D G N) and
Let a = A - D, b = A, c = A + D for a = - 1
Then, a = b - D, c = b + D From Eq. (i), D = l, —
Now, abc = 4 5
(b-D)b(b + D) = 4 0=1 [vDgN]
a = -1, b = Q, c = 1, d = 2
=> b(b2-D2)=4
Then, a+b+c +d=-1 +0+1+2=2
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 219

g Exercise for Session 2

1. If nth term of the series 25 + 29 + 33 + 37 + ...and 3 + 4 + 6 + 9+13 + ...are equal, then n equals
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d)14
2. Therth term of the series 2- + 1— + 1- + — + ...is
2 13 9 23
20
(a) (c) 20 (5r + 3)
5r + 3 5r - 3 5rz + 3
3. In a certain AP, 5 times the 5th term is equal to 8 times the 8th term, its 13th term is
(a)0 (b)-1 (c) —12 (d)-13
4. If the 9th term of an AP is zero, the ratio of its 29th and 19th terms is
(a) 1:2 (b) 2:1 (c)1:3 (d) 3:1
5. If the pth, qth andrth terms of an AP area.b and c respectively, the value of a (q -r) + b (r -p) + c(p -q) is
(a)1 (b)-1 (c)0 (dU
z

6. The 6th term of an AP is equal to 2, the value of the common difference of the AP which makes the product
a^as least is given by
(a) | (t>)^ (c)| (d)J
5 4 3 3
7. The sum of first 2n terms of an AP is a and the sum of next n terms is {3, its common difference is
(a)^& (b)Ss“ (c)?^
3n2 3n2 2n 3n
8. The sum of three numbers in AP is - 3 and their product is 8, then sum of squares of the numbers is
(a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d)21
Q
9. Let Sn denote the sum of n terms of an AP, if S2n = 3Sn, then the ratio ~ is equal to

(a) 9 (b)6 (c) 16 (d)12

10. The sum of the products of the ten numbers ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 5 taking two at a time, is
(a)-65 (b) 165 (c) - 55 (d)95
11. Ifa1,a2,a3,...,an are in AP, where a, > 0 for all 7, the value of
1 1 1
+ ...+ is
y]a-\ + -ya2 Va2 + Va3 -7an-1 + yan
(b) 1 n (n-D
(a) (b) (c) (d)
'ai + yjan - y]an £?+ &
Session 3
Geometric Sequence or Geometric Progression (GP)
Geometric Sequence or 5. The common ratio of GP may be positive, negative or

Geometric Progression (GP) imaginary.

6. If common ratio of GP is equal to unity, then GP is known as
A geometric progression is a sequence, if the ratio of any Constant GP.
term and its just preceding term is constant throughout. 7. If common ratio of GP is imaginary or real, then GP is known
This constant quantity is called the common ratio and is as Imaginary GP.
generally denoted by ‘ r\ 8. Increasing and Decreasing GP
For a GP to be increasing or decreasing r > 0. If r < 0, terms
Or of GP are alternatively positive and negative and so neither
A geometric progression (GP) is a sequence of numbers, increasing nor decreasing.
whose first term is non-zero and each of the term is a a>0______ a>0_____ a<0_____ a<0
obtained by multiplying its just preceding term by a r 0<r<1 r>1______ r>1 0<r<1
constant quantity. This constant quantity is called Result Decreasing Increasing Decreasing Increasing
common ratio of the GP.
Let /,, t2,t3,..., tn; tp t2, t3>... be respectively a finite or an I Example 26.
infinite sequence. Assume that none of t'n ’s is 0 and that
(i) 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ... 00 9, 3,1, V,
-= r, a constant (i.e., independent of k). 3 9
tk-i (iv) -8,-4,-2,-1,-1,
(iii) -2,-6,-18,...
For k = 2,3,4,..., n or k = 2,3,4,... as the case may be. We 2
then call {tfc}" or{tA.}^>_1 as the case may be a (V) 5,-10,20,... (vi) 5, 5, 5, 5,...
(vii) 1,1 + /,2/,-2+2/,...;/ =
geometric progression (GP). The constant ratio r is called
So/, (i) Here, a = 1
the common ratio (CR) of the GP.
, 2 4
8 16
r.t2_t3_ _ tn and r = - = — = — = — ■ = 2 i.e. a = 1 and r =2
i.e., 12 4 8
G fn-l Increasing GP (a > 0, r > 1)
If ti = a is the first term of a GP, then (ii) Here, a = 9
2
t2 =ar, t3= t2 r=ar , t4 = t3 r = ar ,...
3 1 1
, 3 1 3 9 1 1
tn =tn-ir = arn~' i.e. a = 9, r = -
9 3 11 3 3
It follows that, given that first term a and the common ratio 3
r, the GP can be rewritten as Decreasing GP (a > 0,0 < r < 1)
— "-1 (standard GP) or a,ar, ar2..... ar"-1,...
—2...... .ar (iii) Here, a = - 2
a, ar,. ar
-6 -18
(standard GP) and r = — =---- = ... = 3
-2 -6
according as it is finite or infinite.
i.e. a = - 2, r = 3
Important Results Decreasing GP (a < 0, r > 1)
(iv) Here, a = - 8
1. In a GP. neither a = 0 nor r = 0.
_1
2. In a GP, no term can be equal to ‘O'.
, -4 -2 Zl = _2 = 1
3. If in a GP, the terms are alternatively positive and negative, and r = —
then its common ratio is always negative. -8 -4 -2 -1 2
4. If we multiply the common ratio with any term of GP, we get o 1
i.e. a = - 8, r = -
the next following term and if we divide any term by the 2
common ratio, we get the preceding term. Increasing GP (a < 0,0 < r < 1)
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 221

(v) Here, a = 5
-10 20
General Term of a GP
and r =---- =------=... = -2 i.e., a = 5,r~-2
5 -10 Let ‘a’ be the first term, ‘r’ be the common ratio and 7’ be
Neither increasing nor decreasing (r < 0) the last term of a GP having ‘n terms. Then, GP can be
(vi) Here, a = 5 written as a,ar,ar2I
5 5 5 r2 r
and r = - = - - = ... = 1 i.e., a = 5, r = 1
5 5 5
Constant GP(r = 1)
(i) zith Term of a GP from Beginning
(vii) Here, a = 1 1st term from beginning = tj = a = ar1 ~1
, 1 +1 21 - 2 + 2t 2nd term from beginning = t2 = ar = ar
ar2"1
and r =----- = —
1 1+ 2i
3rd term from beginning = t3 = ar.22 = ar 3-1
= (1 + 0 =
2i(l-Q J-i + 0*_
(1 + 0 (1-0 i2
nth term from beginning = tn = arn 1, V ns N
= (1 + i) = (i + 1) = (1 + i) =...
i.e., a = 1, r = 1 4- i Hence, n th term of a GP from beginning
Imaginary GP (r = imaginary) t_n =ar =/ [last term]

I Example 27. Show that the sequence < tn > defined (ii) rtth Term of a GP from End
22n-1
i
tyt„ = for all values of ne N is a GP. Also, find 1st term from end = t I = I =
r1"1
its common ratio. _I I
22""1 2nd term from end = t 2----- --
Sol. We have, t„ = r r2"1
3
I
On replacing n by n - 1, we get 3rd term from end = t' 3 = —
= r3-1
22n-l r2
n2n - 3
tn_i = => 3 = 22 =4
3 fn - 1
“ 3

• nth term from end = t' n = - -,VneN

I
3 n —1
r
Clearly, is independent of n and is equal to 4. So, the Hence, nth term of a GP from end
tn -1
I
given sequence is a GP with common ratio 4. =t n =a [first term]
r"~l
I Example 28. Show that the sequence <tn > defined I
Now, it is clear that tk x t k = a?-‘x = axl
by tn = 2-3n +1 is not a GP. rk~1
or tk x t'k = a x I, V 1 < k < n
Sol. We have, tn =2-3" +1
On replacing n by (n - 1) in tn, we get i.e. in a finite GP of n terms, the product of the k th
tn_, =2-3n-1 + 1 term from the beginning and the k th term form the
end is independent of k and equals the product of the
(2-3n +3) first and last terms.
*n - 1
3
tn (2-3n+1) 3(2-3"+1) Remark
t„-i (2-3" +3) (2-3n+3) 1. nth term is also called the general term.
3 2. If last term of GP be tn and CR is r, then terms of GP from

Clearly, js not independent of n and is therefore not end are tn. ...
r r
tn -1
3. If in a GP, the terms are alternatively positive and negative,
constant. So, the given sequence is not a GP.
then its common ratio is always negative.
222 Textbook of Algebra

4. If a and I represent first and last term of a GP respectively.

i
We get, sin 9 = -1, -
Mn -1 2
then common ratio of GP = r =
d)
sin0 = - [sin0 = - 1 is not possible]
5. ■■ -n> In + 1' In + 2 are three consecutive terms of a GP. then
2
ln+ 1
- ‘n + 1 “‘n ‘n + 2
then first term = a = sin0 = - and common ratio
In +1 2

In particular, if a. b. c are in GP, then

K p
= r => Zr = ac
_
>^f- + l)
=r= / 3^2
z = 3V2
. b2 c2 flA
On squaring, — = —
a b I2J
Hence. a?, b2. c2 are also in GP.
f* =ar4 =-(3>/2)4 =162
2
I Example 29. If first term of a GP is a, third term is b Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
and (n + 1)th term is c.The (2n+ 1)th term of a GP is
C2 I Example 32. The 1025th term in the sequence 1, 22,
(a)cJ (b) — (c) abc (d) — 4444, 88888888, ... is
Va a a
(a) 29 (b)210
Sol. Let common ratio = r
(c)2n (d)212
b = ar2 r=
£
c
Sol. The number of digits in each term of the sequence are 1,
2, 4, 8 which are in GP. Let 1025th term is 2".
Also, c = arn rn=- Then,
a
-i
2 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + 2"-1 < 1025 <l + 2+ 4+ 8 + .. + 2"
C
*2n + 1 = ar2n = a(r")2 = a
a a (2 — 1)(1 + 2 + 22 + 23 +... + 2"-1)
------- —-------------------------------------- - < 1025
Hence, (d) is the correct answer. (2-1)
< (2 - 1)(1 + 2 + 2z +23 +... + 2")
I Example 30. The (m+n)th and (m-n)th terms of a
(2-1)
GP are p and q, respectively. Then, the mth term of
the GP is 2" — 1 < 1025 < 2" +1 — 1 => 2” < 1026 < 2n+ 1 . •(0
m
2n
or 2" +1> 1026>1024
(a) p - (b) y[pq 2" + 1 >210=> n + 1> 10
kP.

£
n>9 .'. n = 10
(0 (d) None of these [which is always satisfy Eq. (i)]
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
Sol. Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio, then
I Example 33. If a,b,c are real numbers such that
tm + n ~P => ar =p (i)
3(o2+b2 + c2 + 1) = 2(o+b + c + ob + bc + co), then
t.m - n *? => ar'"-"-’ = <l .(ii)
a,b,c are in
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (a) AP only (b) CP only
arm + n-1xarm-n-1 = px<7 (c) GP and AP (d) None of these
=> a2r2m~2 = pq => ar = y/pq Sol. Given, 3 (a2 + b2 + c2 + 1) = 2 (a + b + c + ab + be + ca)
tm = P<I 2 (a2 + b2 + c2 — ab — be — ca) +
Hence, (b) is the correct answer. (a2 + b2 + c2 - 2a - 2b - 2c +3}
{(a - b)2 + (b - c)2 + (c - a)2} +
I Example 31. If sin0,V2 (sin0 + 1), 6sin0 + 6 are in
{(a - l)2 + (b - l)2+(c - l)2} = 0
GP, then the fifth term is
(a) 81 (b)8K/2 (0162 (d) 162^2 => a-b = b- c = c~a = Q and a-l = b- l = c- l = 0
=> a=b=c = 1
Sol. [V2 (sinO + I)]2 = sin0 (6sin0 + 6)
=> a, b, c are in GP and AP.
=> [(sin0 + 1)2(sin0 +1) - 6sin0] = 0
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 223

Sum of a Stated Number of If r = 1, the above formulae cannot be used. But, then the
GP reduces to a, a, a,...
Terms of a Geometric Series /. Sn = a 4- a 4- a 4-... n times = na
The game of chess was invented by Grand Vizier Sissa Sum to Infinity of a GP, when the Numerical Value
Ben Dhair for the Indian king Shirham. Pleased with the of the Common Ratio is Less than Unity, i.e. It is a
game, the king asked the Vizier what he would like as Proper Fraction
reward. The Vizier asked for one grain of wheat to be
If a be the first term, r be the common ratio of a GP, then
placed on the first square of the chess, two grains on the
second, four grains on the third and so on (each time a(l-r")_ a arn
=
doubling the number of grains). The king was surprised of (1-r) (1-r) (1-r)
the request and told the vizier that he was fool to ask for
so little. Let -1 < r < 1 i.e. j r | < L then lim rn —> 0
n —> 00
The inventor of chess was no fool. He told the king “What Let SM denote the sum to infinity of the GP, then
I have asked for is more wheat that you have in the entire =——,
kingdom, in fact it is more than there is in the whole (1-r)
world” He was right. There are 64 squares on a chess where -1 < r < 1
board and on the nth square he was asking for 2n ~1 grains,
if you add the numbers Recurring Decimal
ie., S = 14-2 4-22 4-23 4-....4-262 + 263
Recurring decimal is a very good example of an infinite
On multiplying both sides by 2, then geometric series and its value can be obtained by means of
2S = 2 +22 +23 4-24 4-....4-2 63 4-264 ...(ii) infinite geometric series as follows

0.327= 0327272727... to infinity

On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get = 03 + 0.027 + 0.00027 4- 0.0000027 +... upto infinity
S = 264 -1 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 grains i.e., 3 27 27 27 k ~
= — +---- 4------ 4------ +... upto infinity
represent more wheat that has been produced on the Earth. 10 io3 105 107
27 r
3 H---
=—
1 i1
1 4----- 4------ 4-... upto infinity
Sum of n Terms of a GP 10 io3 102 104
/
Let a be the first term, r be the common ratio, / be the last
term of a GP having n terms and Sn the sum of n terms, 3 27 1
then = — +--
10 103 1- —
S„ = a + ar + ar2 +... + - + - +1 —(i)
r2 r I ‘ 102 J
On multiplying both sides by r (the common ratio) _ 3 27 _ 297 4- 27
10 990 990
r Sn = ar + ar2 +ar3 4-...+- +1 4- Ir -(ii)
r _ 324
[rational number]
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we have 990
Sn - r Sn = a - Ir or Sn (1 - r) = a - Ir Aliter (Best method)
a-lr , Let P denotes the figure which do not recur and suppose
5n = ------- , when r < 1 them p in number, Q denotes the recurring period
1-r
consisting of q figures. Let R denotes the value of the
Ir - a .
$n = ------- , when r > 1 recurring decimal.
r-1
n-1
Then, R=0PQQQ...
Now, I = tn = ar
10p xR = P QQQ...
Then, above formula can be written as and 10p+,? xR = PQ-QQQ...
_«(l-rn) q(rn-i) PQ-P
Sn when r <l,Sn = Therefore, by subtraction R =
(1-r) (r-1) ’
(10p + <? -10p)
when r > 1
224 Textbook of Algebra

Corollary I If R =0 • QQQ...
= * {(101 - 1) + (102 - 1) + (103 - 1) + (104 -1) +...
Q 9...............................................
Then, R = ——— (when Q denote the recurring period upto n terms)
10q -1 fl 7 T
= - {(10 + 10 + 10 +... upto n terms)
consisting of q figures) n times)}
For example, If R =0.3, then R = 3 _ 1 a 10(10" -1) a J — (10" - 1) - n
-
--------------- n
101 -1~3 9 10-1 9 9
[Remember]
Corollary II The value of recurring decimal is always
rational number. In Particular
(i) Fora = 1,1 + 11 + 111 + ... = — • —
10 (10" -l)-n
I Example 34. Find the value of 0.3258. 9 9
2 10
Sol. Let R - 0.3258 (ii) For a =2,2+22+222+... = - — (10" -l)-n
9 9
R = 0.3258585858... ...(i)
Here, number of figures which are not recurring is 2 and 3 10
(iii) For a =3,3+ 33 +333 +. .. = -] — (10" -l)-n-
number of figures which are recurring is also 2. 9 9
Then, 100R = 32.58585858... •••(ii) 4 10
(iv) For a = 4, 4 + 44 + 444 + ... = —^— (10" -1) -n
and 10000R = 3258,58585858... ...(iii) 9 9
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (iii), we get Z_.\ T?________r r . r-r- . r-r-r- . 5 10 -\

9900R = 3226 (v) Fora =5,5 +55 +555 +... = -J —(10" -l)-n
' • ’ 9
9 9
R _ 3226
9900 - - - 6 10,_n (
(vi) For a =6,6 + 66 +666 + ... = - — (10" -1) -n
9 9" '
Hence, 7 f 10
4950 (vii) For a =7,7 +77 + 777 + ... = --^ —(10" -l)-n-
9 9

Shortcut Methods for 8[10,_n

(viii) For a =8,8 +88 + 888 +... = --^— (10" -l)-n
(

Recurring Decimals 9 9~ ' '

9 10
1. The numerator of the vulgar fraction is obtained by (ix) For a =9,9+99+ 999+... =-J —(10" -l)-n-
subtracting the non-recurring figure from the given 9 9
figure.
2. The denominator consists of as many 9’s as there are B Example 36. Find the sum upto n terms of the series
recurring figure and as many zero as there are O.b + O.bb + O.bbb + O.bbbb +...,Vbe N and 1 <b <9.
non-recurring figure. Sol. Let S = 0.b + O.bb + O.bbb + O.bbbb + ... upto n terms
For example, = b (0.1 + 0.11 + 0.111 + 0.1111 +... upto n terms)
3618 = (0.9 + 0.99 + 0.999 + 0.9999 + .... upto n terms)
(i) 0.365 4 =------------
9900 9900
= - {(1-0.1) + (1 - 0.01) + (1 - 0.001) + (1 - 0.0001) +... upto
327 -3 1314
(ii) 1.327 = 1 +0.327 = 1 + . n terms}
990 990 b
= - {(1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ... upto n times)
1 9
(iii) 0.3 = — - (0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + 0.0001 + ... upto n terms)}
9 3 b 1111 1
n- upto n terms
9 10 102 103 104
I Example 35. Find the sum upto n terms of the series nA
0+00+000+0000+..., VoeN and 1 <o<9. _1_ 1
1-
n
Sol. Let S = a + aa + aaa + aaaa + ... upto n terms b 10 • Uo b 1
n----- n — 1-
= a(l + 11 + 111 + 1111 + ... upton terms) 9 9 9 10
fl \
10
= - (9 + 99 + 999 + 9999 +... upto n terms)
9 [Remember]
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 225

?49
In Particular SM = — {2 x 249 +(249 - l)x 1}
(i) For 6 = 1,
n
0.1 + 0.11+0.111+... = -Jn--1 1- = 248 (250 + 249 - 1)
9 9 10 = 248 [249 (2 + 1) - 1] = 248 (3-249 - 1)

(ii) For b = 2, I Example 38. If sn =1 +^ + p- + ...+ 1

n
■, then
-1
1 1
0.2 +0.22 +0.222 +... = - n — 1“ 1
9 9 10 calculate the least value of n such that 2 - Sn < —.
100
n
(iii) For b =3, 1
n 1- 1 -
1 1 1 1 1 2
03+033+0333+... = - n — 1- Sol. Given, S„ = 1 + - + — + ... +---- - =
9 9 10 2 22 2""1 !-*
2
(iv) For b = 4,
4 1 1
n => 5"=2-^t
0.4+0.44+0.444 + ... = - n — 1-
9 9 10 2-Sb=-^< — v2-s„< —
2""1 100 100
(v) For b = 5,
n 2""I>100>26
5 1 1
05+0.55+0555+... = --|n-- 1- 2"’1 >26
9 9 10
n - 1 > 6 => n>7
(vi) For 6=6, Hence, the least value of n is 8.
n
1
0.6 + 0.66 + 0.666 + ... = — n — 1-
fl
9 9 I Example 39. If x = 1+o+o2 + o3 + ...+«> and
y = 1 + b + b2 + b3 + ...+«> show that
(vii) For b=7,
n XV
1
I— 1 + ob + o2b2 + a3 b3 + ...+«• =-------- ■, where
0.7+0.77+0.777 + ... = - n — 1- x + y-1
9 9 110
0<a<1 and 0<b < 1.
(viii) For 6=8, . _. 2 1
n Sol. Given, x = 1 + a + a + a,3 + ... + «» =
8 1 1 1 -a
0.8+0.88+0.888+... = --|n-- 1-
9 9 10 x - ax = 1
fx-1
a= (i)
(ix) For 6 = 9, \ X J
n
1 fi and y = 1 + 6 + 62 + 63 +... + °°
0.9+0.99+0.999 +... = - n-~ 1-
9 9 <10
Similarly, 6 = y-i ...(ii)
y J
I Example 37. If N, the set of natural numbers is
Since, 0<a<l,0<6<l
partitioned into groups St = {1},S2 ={2,3},
0 < ab < 1
S3 ={4,5,6,7}, = {8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15},..., then find 1
the sum of the numbers in S50. Now, 1 + ab + a2b2 + a363 + ... + oo = ---------
1 - ab
Sol. The number of terms in the groups are 1,2,22,23, ... 1
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
= °2'49
.'. The number of terms in the 50th group = 250 “1 ~ x -1
1-
v The first term of 1st group = 1 = 2° = 21-1 x y >
The first term of 2nd group = 2 = 21 = 22"1 xy
xy-xy + x + y-1
The first term of 3rd group = 4 = 22 = 23 -1
xy
Hence, 1 + ab + a2b2 + a363 +... + °° =
x +y - 1
The first term of 50th group = 250 “ 1 = 249
226 Textbook of Algebra

Properties of Geometric Progression Remark

1. Product of three numbers = a3
1. If a j, a2, a 3,... are in GP with common ratio r, then
Product of five numbers =
a2k, a3fc,...and —.are also in GP
k k k
Product of (2m + 1) numbers = a2m +1
(k 0) with common ratio r.
2. From given conditions, find two equations in'aand r and
2. If a 1, a2, a 3,... are in GP with common ratio r, then then solve them. Now, the numbers in GP can be obtained.
a, ±k,a2 ik,a3 ±k,....are not in GP(k ^0). 7. If four numbers in GP whose product is given are to
3. If ai,a2,a3,...are in GP with common ratio r, then be taken as —, —, ar, ar3 and if six numbers in GP
r3 r
(i) are also in GP with common
aj a2 a3 whose product is given are to be taken as
a a a 35
. 1 —, — ,-,ar,ar ,ar , etc.
ratio -. rs r3 r
r
In general If (2m) numbers in GP whose product is
(ii) aba2n,flj,...are also in GP with common ratio
given are to be taken as (m e N)
rn and n6 Q.
a aa a a 3 ,2m-3 .ar2"-1
----- ..... — ,-,ar,ar .......ar
(iii) logabloga2,loga3,...are in AP (a,- >0,V i) r
2m -1 2m -3
2m-3 ’’
--------- 3 r
In this case, the converse also holds good.
4. Ifa],a2,a3,...andb1,b2,b3,...are two GP’s with Remark
common ratios and r2, respectively. Then, 1. Product of four numbers = a4
Product of six numbers = a6
(i) a1fe],a2b2,a3b3,...and—are also
bi b2 b3
**
in GP with common ratios r2 and —, Product of (2m) numbers = a2m
r2 2. From given conditions, find two equations in a and rand
respectively. then solve them. Now, the numbers in GP can be obtained.
(ii) ±b1}a2 ±b2,a3 ± b3,...are not in GP.
I Example 40. If S1,S2,S3,...,Sp are the sum of
5. If ax,a2,a3,...,an_2,an_1,an are in GP. Then,
infinite geometric series whose first terms are 1, 2,3,
(i) a1an =a2an_1 = a3an_2 =... 111 1
.... p and whose common ratios are -----
(ii) “r =7“'-* a^,vk,o<k<n-r 2 3 4 p+1
respectively, prove that
(iii) ^l=51 = 51=... = _!
al a2 a3 an-l S] + S2 + $3 + ...+ S p =
pjp+3)
2
a22 =a3a1,a23 =a2a4,...
Sol. v P___ = (p + l)
5p= —
Also, a2 =a1r,a3 =axr ,
2 i
1-
p+i
a4 =axr3..... an =a1rn“1
S1 = 2,S2=3,S3=4,...
where, r is the common ratio of GP. LHS = Sj + S2 + S3 +... + Sp
6. If three numbers in GP whose product is given are = 2 + 3 + 4 +... + (p + 1) = — (2 + p + 1)
to be taken as -, a, ar and if five numbers in GP
r = £k±2) = RHS
whose product is given are to be taken as 2
a a 2
— ,—,a,ar,ar , etc. I Example 41. Let X] and x2 be the roots of the
r2 r equation x2 - 3x + A = 0 and let x3 and x^ be the
In general If (2m +1) numbers in GP whose roots of the equation x2 - 12x + 8 = 0. It is known that
product is given are to be taken as (m e N) the numbers xbx2,x3,x4 (in that order) form an
o aa m-i „„m increasing GP. Find A and 8.
—,------a, ar,..., ar ,ar
m m -1 p
r
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 227

So/. •: xb x2, x3, x4 are in GP. i+r +r

a2![- + r + l | = 156 => 36 = 156
Let x2 = Xjr, x3 = x,r2, x4 = x/3 \r r 7
( 2A
[here, product of xb x2, x3, x4 are not given] 3 = 13 => 3r2 - lOr + 3 = 0
Given, xt + x2 = 3, x}x2 = A r
=> Xj(l + r) = 3, x2r = A —(i) (3r - 1) (r - 3) = 0 => r = -or r = 3
3
and x3 + x4 = 12, x3x4 = B
Putting the values of a and r, the required numbers are 18,
=> x,r2 (1 + r) = 12, x2 r5 = B (ii) 6, 2 or 2, 6, 18. Hence, the sum of numbers is 26.
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
r2 = 4 => r = 2 [for increasing GP] I Example 44. Find a three-digit number whose
From Eq. (i), Xj = 1 consecutive digits form a GP. If we subtract 792 from
Now, A = x2r = I2-2 = 2 [from Eq. (i)] this number, we get a number consisting of the same
digits written in the reverse order. Now, if we increase
and B = x2r5 = I2-2s =32 [from Eq. (ii)] the second digit of the required number by 2, then the
resulting digits will form an AP.
I Example 42. Suppose a,b,c are in ^P and o2,b2,c2
Sol. Let the three digits be a, ar, ar2, then according to hypoth­
are in GP, if a>b >c and o + b + c = -, then find the
values of a and c. 2 esis
I 100a + War + ar2 - 792 = 100ar2 + lOar + a
Sol. Since, a, b, c are in AP and sum of a, b, c is given.
=$> 99a(l - r2) = 792
Let a-b-D, c = b+D [D < 0][va > b > c]
3 => a (1 4-r) (1 — r) = 8 ...(i)
and given a + b + c = -
2 and a, ar + 2, ar2 are in AP.
3 2 (ar + 2) = a + ar2
=> b-D+b+b+D=- Then,
2 => a (r2 - 2r + 1) = 4 => a (r - I)2 = 4 ••■(ii)
>=1 On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
2
Then, a = - - D and c = - + D < = —2 => r = -
2 2 r-1 3
Also, given a2, b2, c 2 are in GP, then(b2)2 = a22
2c From Eq. (ii), a = 9
1 Thus, digits are 9,3,1 and so the required number is 931.
±b2=ac => ±1 = 1-£)2
4

4 4 2
[vD#0] Examples on Application of
D = ±4= => D = -i Progression in Geometrical Figures
V2 V2
TT 11,1 1_ I Example 45. A square is drawn by joining the
Hence, a = - + and c = -
2 V2 2 Ji mid-points of the sides of a given square. A third
square is drawn inside the second square in the same
I Example 43. If the continued product of three way and this process continues indefinitely. If a side of
numbers in GP is 216 and the sum of their products in the first square is 16 cm, then determine the sum of
pairs is 156, then find the sum of three numbers. the areas of all the squares.
Sol. Here, product of numbers in GP is given. Sol. Let a be the side length of square, then
Let the three numbers be -, a, ar.
r
D G c
a
Then, -•a-ar =216
r
H F
=> a3 =216
a=6
Sum of the products in pairs = 156
a a A B
E
=> --a + a-ar + ar •- = 156
r r AB = BC = CD = DA = a
228 Textbook of Algebra

v E, F, G, H are the mid-points of AB, BC, CD and DA, P = Sum of perimeters = 3|a + - + — + - + ...
respectively. 12 4 8
EF= FG = GH = HE = ~
>12 a
=3 = 6a = 6 X 24 = 144 cm [•.• a = 24 cm)
and I, J, K, L are the mid-points of EF, FG, GH and HE,
respectively.
U
k 27
I] = JK = KL = LI =
I Example 47. Let S1,S2)... be squares such that for
MN = NO — OP — PM = —U and each n > 1, the length of a side of Sn equals the length
Similarly,
2V2 of a diagonal of Sn+1. If the length of a side of S1 is 10
cm and the area of Sn less than 1 sq cm. Then, find
QR = RS = ST = TQ = ...
the value of n.
S = Sum of areas Sol. We have, length of a side of
= ABCD + EFGH + IJKL + MNOP + QRST +... S„ = length of diagonal of Sn + j
2 2 2 Length of a side of Sn = -Ji (length of a side of Sn + 0
a a a I
= a2 +
Jij
I + I + 2T2) +
2 Length of a side of Sn + , 1
—f=,for
------------------------------- ==— allnn>>1 1
forall
i . Length of a side of Sn V2
= a2 1.111
+-+-+-+
2 4 8 => Sides of Sj, S2,Sit... form a GP with common ratio
f
-L- and first term 10.
1 V2
= a2 = 2a2 = 2(16)2 [•/ a = 16 cm]
n -1
1-1 1_ 10
I 27 Side of Sn =10
Ji 2~
(n-l)
= 512 sq cm
=> Area of S„ = (Side)2 =
I Example 46. One side of an equilateral triangle is 24 2n-1
cm. The mid-points of its sides are joined to form Now, given area of Sn <1
another triangle whose mid-points, in turn, are joined
to form still another triangle. This process continues, => < 1 => 2” "1 > 100 > 26
2"’1
indefinitely. Find the sum of the perimeters of all the
2n"1 >26 =>n -1>6
triangles.
So/. Let a be the side length of equilateral triangle, then n > 7 or n > 8
AB = BC = CA = a
I Example 48. The line x + y = 1 meets X-axis at A and
A
Y-axis at B,P is the mid-point of AB,P1 is the foot of
perpendicular from P to OA, M, is that of P1 from OP;
P2 is that of M, from OA, M2 is that of P2 from OP; P3
E4---- H___ £ is that of M2 from OA and so on. If Pn denotes the nth
/\m, C\L / foot of the perpendicular on OA, then find OPn.
I K
6 Y.

B
B C
D

D, E, F are the mid-points of BC, CA and AB, respectively.

EF = FD = DE = -
2 AV >X
O P3P2 P,
and H, I, J are the mid-points of EF, FD and DE,
respectively. Sol. We have,
JJ = JH = Hf = ^ )2=(OPn)2+(P,M„_,)2

= (OP„ )2 + (OP, )2 = 2 (OP„ )2 = 2 a2 [say]

Similarly, KL = ML = KM = Also, (OP, . ,)2 = (OM.. ,)2 + (P,. tM„. ,)2
8
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 229

2 1 2 1 2
an-l = 2a„ +-«„-! => a2 = -an-i in GP with a = 1, r = Let time taken by the insect in
4
1 covering 3 mm be n seconds.
=> = -an-. 1
1 + -1 + —1 +...+ n terms = 3
1 _1_ 2 4
=> OPn = a„ =-a„ ~^2a"-2
2 2"
n"
MJ
i- i -
2
=> =3
1 --
2
Use of GP in Solving
Practical Problems => 1- -V
2J
3
2
n
In this part, we will see how the formulae relating to GP 1 i 1
— I — —
can be made use of in solving practical problems. 2J 2
2" =-2
I Example 49. Dipesh writes letters to four of his
friends. He asks each of them to copy the letter and which is impossible because 2" > 0
mail to four different persons with the request that .•. Our supposition is wrong.
they continue the chain similarly. Assuming that the /. There is no n e N, for which the insect could never 3 mm
chain is not broken and that it costs 25 paise to mail in n seconds.
one letter, find the total money spent on postage till Hence, it will never to able to cover 3 mm.
the 8th set of letters is mailed.
So/. Number of letters in the 1st set = 4 (These are letters sent Remark
by Dipesh) The maximum distance that the insect could cover is 2 mm.
i.e., 1+-+-+ —J-rr =2
Number of letters in the 2nd set = 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 16
2 4 1
Number of letters in the 3rd set 2
= 4 + 4 + 4 + ... +16 terms = 64
I Example 51. The pollution in a normal atmosphere is
The number of letters sent in the 1st set, 2nd set, 3rd set,... less than 0.01%. Due to leakage of a gas from a
are respectively 4, 16, 64,... which is a GP with a = 4, factory, the pollution is increased to 20%. If every day
16 64 t 80% of the pollution is neutralised, in how many days
r=—=—=4
4 16 the atmosphere will be normal?
.‘.Total number of letters in all the first 8 sets Sol. Let the pollution on 1st day = 20
= 4^4 = 87380 The pollution on 2nd day = 20 x 20% = 20 (0.20)
4-1
The pollution on 3rd day = 20 (0.20)2
25
.'. Total money spent on letters = 87380 x —- = ? 21845
Let in n days the atmosphere will be normal
I Example 50. An insect starts from a point and 20 (0.20)" "1 <0.01
travels in a straight path 1 mm in the first second and
half of the distance covered in the previous second in
the succeeding second. In how much time would it Uo; 2000
reach a point 3 mm away from its starting point. Taking logarithm on base 10, we get
Sol. Distance covered by the insect in the 1st second = 1 mm
(n - l)(log2 - log 10) < logl - log2000
Distance covered by it in the 2nd second = 1 x - = - mm
2 2 (n - 1) (0.3010 - 1) < 0 - (0.3010 + 3)

Distance covered by it in the 3rd second = - x - = — mm 3.3010

2 2 4 n - 1 >-------
0.6990

The distance covered by the insect in 1st second, 2nd => n > 5.722
second, 3rd second,... are respectively 1, -, —,.... which are Hence, the atmosphere will be normal in 6 days.
230 Textbook of Algebra

§ Exercise for Session 3

1. The fourth, seventh and the last term of a GP are 10, 80 and 2560, respectively. The first term and number of
terms in GP are
4 4 5 5
(a) p12 (b)* 10 (c)~,12 (d)j, 10
5 5 4 4
2. If the first and the nth terms of a GP are a and b respectively and if P is the product of the first n terms, then P2
is equal to
(a)ab (b) (ab)n'2 (c) (ab)n (d) None of these

3. Ifa1,a2,a3, (a! >0)are three successive terms of a GP with common ratio r, the value ofr for which
a3 >4a2 -3a-| holds is given by
(a)1<r<3 (b)-3<r<-1 (c) r < 1 or r > 3 (d) None of these
4. If x, 2x + 2,3x + 3 are in GP, the fourth term is
(a) 27 (b)-27 (c)13.5 (d)-185
5. In a sequence of 21 terms the first 11 terms are in AP with common difference 2 and the last 11 terms are in
GP with common ratio 2, if the middle term of the AP is equal to the middle term of GP, the middle term of the
entire sequence is
(a)-™ (b)^ (0-^ (d)^
31 31 31 31

6. Three distinct numbers x, y, z form a GP in that order and the numbers 7x + 5y, 7y + 5z, 7z + 5x form an AP
in that order. The common ratio of GP is
(a)-4 (b) —2 (c)10 (d)18
7. The sum to n terms of the series 11+103 + 1005 + ...is

(a)-(10n - 1) + n2 (b) — (10° — 1) + 2rj (c) — (10"-1)+n2 (d) — (10"-1)+2n

9 9 9 9
8. In an increasing GP, the sum of the first and last term is 66, the product of the second and the last but one is
128 and the sum of the sum of the terms is 126, then the number of terms in the series is
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12
9. If Sb S2, S3 be respectively the sum of n, 2n and 3n terms of a GP, then -Si
Sl^(S3 - S2) is equal to
(S2-S,)2
(a)1 (b)2 (c) 3 (d)4
10. If |a | < land |b | < 1,then the sum of the series 1 + (1 + a)b + (1 + a + a2)b2 + (1 + a + a2 + a3)b3 + ...is

(a) ----- 1----- (b)------ 1----- (c)------ 1----- (d)--------- ---------

(1—a)(1 —b) (1-a)(1-ab) (1-b)(1-ab) (1-a) (1-b) (1-ab)
11. If the sides of a triangle are in GP and its larger angle is twice the smallest, then the common ratio r satisfies
the inequality
(a)0<r<V2 (b) 1 <r < 42 (c) 1 < r < 2 (d)r>V2
12. If ax3 + bx2 + ex + d is divisible by ax2 + c, then a, b.c.d are in
(a) AP (b) GP •. (c) HP (d) None of these

13. If (r)n denotes the number r r r...(n digits), where r = 1,2,3 9 and a = (6)n,b = (8)n, c = (4)2n, then
(a)a2+b + c = 0 (b)a2 + b -c = 0 (c)a2 + b - 2c = 0 (d)a2 + b - 9c = 0

14. 0.4 2 7 represents the rational number

(a)iZ (b)<L (0^ (d)^
' '99 110 999 99

15. If the product of three numbers in GP be 216 and their sum is 19, then the numbers are
(a) 4, 6, 9 (b)4, 7, 8 (c)3, 7, 9 (d) None of these
 Session 4
Harmonic Sequence or Harmonic Progression (HP)

Harmonic Sequence or 4a -5 o
--------= 2a
Harmonic Progression (HP) 5-2
4a - 5 = 6a or 2a = - 5
A Harmonic Progression (HP) is a sequence, if the 5
a=—
reciprocals of its terms are in Arithmetic Progression (AP) 2
i.e., t3>... is HP if and only ifis an AP.
G h
(i) nth Term of HP from Beginning
For example, The sequence Let a be the first term, d be the common difference of an
z.,x .2,-,
5 —10 AP. Then, nth term of an AP from beginning = a + (n - 1) d
(i)(ii)
2 5 8 ' 2~ "3 Hence, the nth term of HP from beginning
z...x 1 1 1
(in) -,-------,--------- , ...are HP’s. =------- -------- ,VneN
a a + d a+2d a + (n -1) d

Remark (ii) «th Term of HP from End

1. No term of HP can be zero. Let I be the last term, d be the common difference of an
2. The most general or standard HP is
AP. Then,
1 1 1 1
a' a + d' a + 2d' a+ 2d' nth term of an AP from end = I - (n -1) d
1
Hence, the nth term of HP from end = ,VnE N
I Example 52. If a,b,c are in HP, then show that /-(n-l)d
o-b a
Remark
b-c C
1
.1. ----------------------------------------- 1
+---------------------------------
Sol. Since, a, b, c are in HP, therefore nth term of HP from beginning nth term of HP from end

111 . =a+/—’—+—1—
-, -, - are in AP first term of HP last term of HP
a b c
2. There is no general formula for the sum of any number of
1 1 1 1 quantities in HP are generally solved by inverting the terms
i.e.
b a c b and making use of the corresponding AP.
a-b b-c a-b a
or ------ <or ------ 1
be b-c c I Example 54. if- + - + o^b + = 0, then prove
a c a-b c-b
Remark that a,b,c are in HP, unless b = o+c.
i
A HP may also be defined as a series in which every three
Sol. We have, -1- + -11
+------
----- + i
+ ----- = o
consecutive terms (say I, II, III) satisfy yp— = ~ this relation. a c -b
a- c-b

1 1
- +------ + fl- +-----
1 =o
I Example 53. Find the first term of a HP whose a c-b kc a-b

second term is - and the third term is -. (c - b + a) (a - b + c)

4 2 0
a (c - b) c (a - b)
Sol. Let a be the first term. Then, a, -, - are in HP.
4 2
5 1 1
a— (a + c - b) ----------- 4------------- = 0
a(c - b) c(a-b)
Then, [from above note]
£ 1 i
(a + c - b) [2ac - b (a + c)] = 0
4 2 2
232 Textbook of Algebra

If a + c - b * 0, then 2ac - b(a + c) = 0 12

----------- (. 12 24
= 25 => = 25
. 2ac 1 - 12d 1 + 12d 1 - 144d2
or b =------
a+c => 1 - 144d2 = — <or d2=—1
Therefore, a, b,c are in HP and if 2ac - b (a + c) * 0, then 25 25 X 144
a + c - b = Oi.e., b = a + c.
d=±—
60
I Example 55. If o1,a2,o3,...,on are in HP, then prove 1 1 1 1 1 1
, . a + d are ---
a - d,a, —», ---
—> — — or ---
—> —»--- -
that o,o2 + a2a5 + a3aA + ...+ an_Aan =(n-l)a1on 15 12 10 10 12 15
Sol. Given, ah a2, a3 an are in HP. Hence, three numbers in HP are 15,12,10 or 10,12,15.

1 _L 2_ 1 • AP.
.... — are in — I Example 57. If pth, qth and rth terms of a HP be
□1 a2 Qj °n
respectively a,b and c, then prove that
(q - r) be + (r - p) ca + (p - q) ab = 0.
Let D be the common difference of the AP, then
111111 1 1 Sol. Let A and D be the first term and common difference of
=D the corresponding AP. Now, a, b, c are respectively the p
a2 flj ^2 ^4 ^3 On At -1 th, q th and r th terms of HP.
al a2 _ a2 ~ a3 _ a3 “ a4 _ _ an - 1 ~ an _ n
=> -, - will be respectively the p th, q th and r th terms of
axa2 a2 O3 a3a4 an-\an a b c
the corresponding AP.
ai ~ a2 „ „ a2 - a3 a3 - at
ala2 — ------------------ » ^2^3 . o 3a 4 -
------------------- > ^3^4 “ -------------------- >
D D D - = A+(p-l)D ..(i)
Ai -1 — At a
.... an _ jfln -
D ± = A+(q-l)D
.(ii)
On adding all such expressions, we get
A ~ Ai aiA> 1 1 1 = A + (r - 1) D
ata2 + Q2 a3 + a3a4 + + an - lAt ~
D D c
an
On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (ii), we get
AA —+ (n-l)D-~ = (n-l)ala„
_~
1 1 / \ n l / x (c ~b) (b-c)
D |_aj Oj -~ -
— = (q-r)D => bc(q-r) = —— =------
bec D D
Hence, ata2 + a2a3 + a3a4 +... + a„ = (n -1)
So, LHS = (q - r) be + (r - p) ca + (p - q) ab
Remark = -~{b-c+c-a + a-b} = 0 = RHS
In particular case,
1. when n = 4 a^ + a^a, + a^ = 33^
2. when n = 6 3|32 + + 8$ + =5 8,95
Theorem Relating to the Three Series
I Example 56. The sum of three numbers in HP is 37 If a, b, c are three consecutive terms of a series, then
,ra-b a , , .
and the sum of their reciprocals is -. Find the if------- = -, then a, b, c are in AP.
b— c a
numbers. ,ca-b
if------- = -, then a, b, c are in GP and if ——- = —, then
Sol. Three numbers in HP can be taken as —-—, -, —-—. b— c b b-c c
a -d a a + d
a, b, c are in HP.
1 = 37
_1-+1+ -------
Then,
a-d a a+d
—(0

and
, , 1
a-d+a+a+d=—
Mixed Examples on AP, GP and HP
4
1 I Example 58. If a,b,c are in AP and a2,b2,c2 be in
a=—
12 HP. Then, prove that --,b,c are in GP or else
a = b=c.
From Eq. (i), —+12 + = 37
1 - 12d 1 + 12d Sol. Given, a, b, c are in AP.
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 233

a+c b, c, d are in GP,

b =-------
2 c2 = bd -(ii)
anda2,fc2,c2 are in HP. and c, d, e are in HP.
0 2,2 , 2ce
2a c d =-------
b2 = ,2 , 2
•••(ii) c+e
a4 + c
Now, substituting the values of b and d in Eq. (ii), then
From Eq. (ii) b2 {(a + c)2 - 2ac} = 2a2.2
4c“
' 2ce
=3 b2 {(2b)2 -2ac} = 2a2c2 [from Eq. (i)] c2
<c + e>
=> 2b4 - acb2 - a2c2 =0
c (c + e) = e (a + c)
(2b2 + ac)(b2 -ac) = Q c2 = ae ...(iv)
=> 2b2 + ac = 0 or b2 - ac = 0 Given, a = 2,e = 18
From Eq. (iv), c2 = (2) (18) = 36
If 2b2 + ac = 0, then b2 = - -ac or - -, b, c are in GP
2 2 c=±6
and if b2 - ac = 0 => a, b, c are in GP. 2±6 . ?
From Eq. (i), b =----- = 4,-2
But given, a, b, c are in AP. 2
Which is possible only when a = b = c 36 36 36
and from Eq. (ii), — = — or —
b b 4 -2
I Example 59. If a,b,c are in HP, b,c,d are in GP and d~9 or-18
ab2 Hence, c=6,i = 4, d = 9orc = -6,h = -2,d = -18
c,d,e are in AP, then show that e =
(2a-b)2'
I Example 61. If three positive numbers a,b and c are
Sol. Given, a, b, c are in HP. in AP, GP and HP as well, then find their values.
2ac ab •■•(i) Sol. Since a, b, c are in AP, GP and HP as well
b = ——■ or <c =-------
a+c 2a- b a+c
b =------- (i)
Given, b, c, d are in GP. 2
c2 = bd (ii) b2 = ac (ii)
and given, c, d, e are in AP. 2ac
and • b =------ ...(iii)
, c+e a+c
d =------
2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
e = 2d - c / \2
.a + c
2c2 = ac
e = -------c [from Eq. (ii)] ...(iii) I 2
J or (a + c)2 = 4ac
\2
' ab (a + c)2 - 4ac = 0
From Eqs. (i) and (iii), e = - —— or
b ^2a - b; ^2a - b
or (a - c)2 = 0
ab
{2a - (2a - b)} a=c •••(iv)
~ (2a-b)2
a+a
On putting c = a in Eq. (i), we get b - ------ = a (v)
ab2 2
~ (2a - b)2 From Eqs. (iv) and (v), a = b = c, thus the three numbers will
be equal.
I Example 60. If a,b,c,d and e be five real numbers
Remark
such that a,b,c are in AP; b,c,d are in GP; c,d,e are in 1. If three positive numbers are in any two of AP. GP and HP,
HP. If o = 2 and e = 18, then find all possible values of then it will be also in third.
b,c and d. 2. Thus, if three positive numbers are in any two of AP, GP and
Sol. Given, a, b,c are in AP, HP, then they will be in the third progression and the
numbers will be equal.
a+c
b =------- ...(i)
2
234 Textbook of Algebra

@ Exercise for Session 4

1. If a, b,c are in AP and b,c,d be in HP, then
(a) ab = cd (b) ad = be (c) ac = bd (d) abed - 1

2. If a, b,c are in AP, then —are in

be'c’b
(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) None of these
3. If a, b,c are in AP and a, b,d are in GP, then a, a -b,d -c will be in
(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) None of these

4. If x, t z are in AP and x, 2, z are in GP, then x,4, z will be in

(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) None of these

5. If a, b,c are in GP, a -b,c-a,b -c are in HP, then a + 4b + c is equal to

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) — 1 (d) None of these

6. If (m + 1)th, (n + 1)th and (r + 1)th terms of an AP are in GP and m,n,r are in HP, then the value of the ratio of
the common difference to the first term of the AP is
(a)--
n
CT-
n
CT 5
7. Ifa,b,care in AP anda2,b2,c2 are in HP, then

(a) a =b = c (b) 2b = 3a + c (d) None of these

a b c
8. If a, b,c are in HP, then are in
b + c ’ c + a' a + b
(a)AP (b)GP (c)HP (d) None of these
y+2
9. .y. are in HP, then x, y.z are in
2 2
(a)AP (b)GP (c)HP (d) None of these

10. ifitA , b, - +C are in AP, then a, —, c are in

1-ab 1-bc b
(a) AP (b)GP (c)HP (d) None of these
 Session 5
Mean

Mean Let two numbers be a and b and Aj, A2, A 3,...,A n are n
AM’s between them.
Arithmetic Mean Then, a, Alt A2, A3,..., A„, b will be in AP.
If three terms are in AP, then the middle term is called the Sum of n AM’s between a and b
Arithmetic Mean (or shortly written as AM) between the = Ai + A2 + A 3 +... + A„
other two, so if a, b, c are in AP, then b is the AM of a
andc. = j(A,+A„) ['•' Ap A2, A 3,.. An axe in AP]

(i] Single AM of n Positive Numbers = — (a + d + a + nd) = — [2a + (n + 1) dl

2 2
Letnpositive numbers be a1,a2,a3,...,a„ and Abe the
AM of these numbers, then = — (2a + b - a) [from Eq. (i)]
2
A-01 +a2 +a3 + ••• + an (a + b
=n =n [AM between a and b]
n 2
[Remember]
In particular Let a and b be two given numbers and A be
the AM between them, then a, A, b are in AP. Aliter A! +A2 +A3 + ... + Art
. a+b ~(a + Ai + A2 + A3 + ... + An + b) - (a + b)
A =------
2 _(n+2) 'a + b'
(a + b)-(a + b) = n
Remark 2 < 2 y
2a + 3b + 5c
1. AM of 2a, 3b, 5c is =n [AM of a and b]
3
31 + % + % + ••• + -1 + 2^, Aliter
2. AM of 8|, aj, ^-1.2^, is
n [This method is applicable only when n is even]
A + A2 + A 3 + ... + An_2 + A„_i +A„
[ii] Insert ^-Arithmetic Mean Between
Two Numbers = (Ai + A„) + (A2 + An _ j ) + (A 3 + A,n-2)
n
Let a and b be two given numbers and A j, A2, A upto — terms
2
are AM’s between them.
Then, a.Aj, A2, A3,..., A„,b will be in AP. = (a + b) +(a + b) +(a + b) + ...upto - times
2
Now, b =(n + 2) th term = a +(n + 2 -1) d [vTn+r„ = a + l]
b-a' n . .. (a +b
d= = -(a + b) = n =n [AM of a and b]
n + 1, 2 \ 2

[Remember] [where, d = common difference] ...(i) Corollary II The sum of m AM’s between any two
numbers is to the sum of n AM’s between them as m: n.
Aj = a + d, A2 = a + 2d,..... A,(n = a + nd
Let two numbers be a and b.
'b-a' (b -a'
=> Aj = a + , A2 = a + 2 ■ A. Sum of m AM’s between a and b = m [AM of a and b]
172 + b —(i)
( b-ay Similarly, sum of n AM’s between a and b = n
=a+n
n +1? [AM of a and b] ...(ii)
Corollary I The sum of n AM’s between two given Sum of m AM’s _ m(AM of a and b) _m
----------------------- - ---------------- ——----
quantities is equal to n times the AM between them. Sum of n AM’s n (AM of a and b) n
236 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 62. If a,b,c are in AP and p is the AM According to the example,

between a and b and q is the AM between b and c, A8 _3
then show that b is the AM between p and q. An_2 5
Sol. v a, b, c are in AP. => 5(3 + 8d) = 3 [3 + (n - 2)d] => 6 = d(3n - 46)
.•. 2b = a + c -.(i) 51
6 = (3n - 46)------- [from Eq. (i)]
v p is the AM between a and b. (n + 1)
a+b 6n+6= 153n-2346 => 147n = 2352
P~ 2 -(ii)
n = 16
v q is the AM between b and c.
I Example 65. If 11 AM’s are inserted between 28 and
b+c
q=— -(iii) 10, then find the three middle terms in the series.
Sol. Let Ab A2, A3,..., An be 11 AM’s between 28 and 10.
On adding Eqs. (ii) and (iii), then
a + b b + c a + c + 2b 2b + 2b If d be the common difference, then
P + q = — +------ =- [using Eq. (i)]
10-28 3
2 2 2 2 d~ -------- = — —•
12---- 2
p + q =2b or b _P + <I
2 Total means = 11 (odd)
Hence, b is the AM between p and q. Middle mean = nr>= 6th = A6
Qn+1+b'n+1
I Example 63. Find n, so that (a*b) be Then, three middle terms are A5, A6 and A7:
an+bn 15 41
A5 = 28 + 5d = 28------= —
the AM between a and b. 2 2
an + 1 + bn + } a+b A6 = 28 + 6d = 28 - 9 = 19
Sol. •: 21 _ 35
an+bn 2 and A7 =28 + 7d = 28-----
/ \n +1
2 2
a
bn + 1 +1 I Example 66. If a,b,c are in AP, then show that
b b a
n
+1 o2 (b + c)+b2 (c + o)+c2 (o+b) = -(o+b + c)3.
a 2 b
bn I +1
b Sol. •.* a, b, c are in AP.
n +1 n , a+c
a a b =------ i.e., 2b = a + c •(i)
2
~b
+1 I +1 - +1 2
b b
LHS = a2(b + c) + b2(c + a) + c2 (a + b)
Let = (a2b + a2c) + b2 (2b) + (c2a + c2b)
b
2Xn + ,+2 = (X" + 1)(X + 1) = b (a2 + c2) + ac (a + c) + 2b3

=> 2X" + 1 + 2 = Xn + 1 + Xn +X + 1 = b [(a + c)2 - 2ac] + ac (2b) + 2b,3

Xn + 1 -Xn-X + l = O => (An - 1)(X- 1) = 0 = b (a + c)2 + 2b3 = b (2b)2 + 2b3 = 6b'.3
X—1 0 ['.• atb] RHS =^(a + b + c)3 = |(2b + b)3
X"-l = 0 => Xn=l = X°0
o=0 = - x 27b3 = 6b3
9
Hence, LHS = RHS
I Example 64. There are n AM’s between 3 and 54
such that 8th mean is to (n-2)th mean as 3 to 5.
Find n. Geometric Mean
Sol. Let Aj, A2, A3.... An be n AM’s between 3 and 54. If three terms are in GP, then the middle term is called the
If d be the common difference, then Geometric Mean (or shortly written as GM) between the
. 54 -3 51 other two, so if a, b, c are in GP, then b is the GM of a
a =------- =------ (i)
n+1 n+1 and c.
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 237

n (n +1)
(i) Single GM of n Positive Numbers n (n +1)
1 2
n b' n 4-1
Letnpositive numbers be a},a2,a3..... an and G be the = an • r 2 =O [from Eq. (i)]
GM of these numbers, then G = (a}a2a3 ...an yln a,
n
In particular Let a and b be two numbers and G be the b> 22
GM between them, then a, G, b are in GP. = an = a n/2 bi.n/2 = (Jab)n
Hence,G = Jab ; a >Q,b>Q a>
= [GM of a and b]n [Remember]
Remark Aliter [This method is applicable only when n is even]
1. If a < 0, b < 0. then G = - Vab
G>G2G3 ...Gn -22 Gn_! Gn =(Gj Gn)(G2Gn_l)
n_
2. If a < 0. b > 0 or a > 0, b < 0, then GM between a and b does n
not exist. (G3G„_2)...- factors
2
Example
(i) The GM between 4 and 9 is given by = (ab) (ab) (ab)...-factors (*•*Tn xTn — a x I]
2
= (ab)n/2 = (Jab)n = [GM of a and b]n
(ii) The GM between - 4 and -9 is given by
G = 7-4x-9 = -6 I Example 67. If o be one AM and Gt and G2 be two
geometric means between b and c, then prove that
(iii) The GM between - 4 and 9 or 4 and -9 does not G3 + G23 =2obc.
exist.
Sol. Given, a = AM between b and c
i.e. 7H)x9=VzlV36 =6/ b+c
a =------ => 2a = b + c ...(i)
and 7^x(-9)=V=T736 =6/ 2
Again, b, Glt G2, c are in GP.
(ii) Insert n-Geometric Mean Between G] _ G2 _ _c_ . G>G2 G2
=> b = —, c = —
Two Numbers b Gi G2 g2
Let a and b be two given numbers and G j, G2, G 3,.. ;Gn and G{G2 - be ...(ii)
are n GM’s between them. From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
Then, a,G1,G2,G3..... Gn,b will be in GP. „ Gf G22 G3+G23 G3 4- Gl
[*.* GiG2 — fee]
n+2-1 G2 G1 GjG2 be
Now, b = (n + 2) th term = ar'
i => G3 + G2 = 2abc
b• +1 [where r = common ratio] [Remember]
r= I Example 68. If one geometric mean G and two
aj
arithmetic means p and q be inserted between two
quantities, then show that G2 = (2p — q) (2q - p).
Gj =ar,G2 =ar2,...,Gn = arn
Sol. Let the two quantities be a and b, then
i 2 n
G2 = ab ...(i)
fb +1
nn +1 n +1 n +1
=> Gi=a - ,G2 =a\- ... Gn =a [ - Again, a, p, q, b are in AP.
\aJ la la
p-a=q-p = b - q
Corollary The product of n geometric means between a = 2p - q
a and b is equal to the nth power of the geometric b = 2q - p •••(ii)
mean between a and b. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Let two numbers be a and b and G1,G2iG3..... Gn are n G2 =(2p -q)(2q - p)
GM’s between them.
an+1+b n +1
Then, a,Gl,G2,G3,...,Gn, b will be in GP. I Example 69. Find n, so that (o^b) be
:. Product of n GM’s between a and b an+bn
the GM between a and b.
= G]G2G3 ...Gn =(ar)(ar2)(ar3)...(arn)
a"+1 + bn +1
+ 1+1+... + 1 „l+2 + 3+_.+n Sol. = >Jab
•r an +bn
238 Textbook of Algebra

n +1

bn + 1
a I +1 a
n +1 An Important Theorem
+1 2
b b a 2 Let a and b be two real, positive and unequal numbers and
= b. - => A, G are arithmetic and geometric means between them,
n Vb / a \n b
a then
bn +1 +1
b b (i) a and b are the roots of the equation

Let -b = x x2 -2Ax +G2 =0 [Remember]

2 (ii) a and b are given by A ±7(A +G) (A -G)

X"+1 + l „+l 1
= X2 => Xn + 1 = X 2 + X2 [Remember]
X" + 1
1 1 1
(iii) A>G [Remember]
n+- - -
2 (X2 -1) - (X2 -1) = 0 Proof v A is the AM between a and b, then
2 2 . a+b
(X2 -i)(Xn + z -l) = o => a + b = 2 A
A =------ (i)
2
2 and G is the GM between a and b, then
=> x2 -1 # 0 [v a * b]
G=Jab => ab=G2 ■(ii)
n+l
X z-l=0 .’. a and b are the roots of the equation, then
1
n+— x2 - (sum of roots) x + product of roots =0
X 2 = 1 = x°
=> x2 -(a + b) x + ab =0
1 n 1
=> n + -= 0orn = —
2 2 i.e. x - 2 Ax + G = 0 is the required equation.
1 2A±7(-2A)2 - 4-1-G2
I Example 70. Insert five geometric means between - x= = A±^A2 -G2)
2-1
and 9 and verify that their product is the fifth power of x = A ± 7(A+ G)(A- G)
the geometric mean between - and 9. Now, for real, positive and unequal numbers of a and b,
(A + G)(A-G)>0 =* (A-G)>0
Sol. Let G], G2, G3, G4, G5 be 5 GM’s between 1 and 9.
A>G
Then, 1, Gb G2, G3, G4, Gs, 9 are in GP,
Remark
3
f xl/6 1. If a and b are real and positive numbers, then A > G
2. If a,, 32,33.... an are n positive numbers, then AM £ GM i.e.,
9
Here, r = common ratio =
1
n
<3>
G] = ar = 1-^3 = 4=
3 Ji 3. (i) If a > 0, b > 0 or a < 0, b < 0 and X! > 0, X2 > 0, then
G2 = ar2 =1-3 = 1 Xi - + X2- >2^/X|X2
3 b a
G3 = ar3 = l-3>/3 = x/3 if - = x > 0 and X, = X2 = 1, then x + - > 2
b x
3
(ii) If a > 0. b < 0 or a < 0, b > 0 and X, > 0, X2 > 0, then
G4 =ar4 = 1-9=3 X1- + X2-<-2VX^
3 b a
a 1
G5 = ar 5 =l-9V^ = 3x/3 if_ = x<0andX, >0,X2>0 then,/+ -£-2
3 b x
Now, Product = Gj x G2 x G3 x G4 x Gs
5 I Example 71. AM between two numbers whose sum is
= 4=xlxV3x3x3x/3 = 9x/3 = (3)2 = 100 is to the GM as 5:4, find the numbers.
V3 3 j Sol. Let the numbers be a and b.
= GM of 1 and95 Then, a + b = 100
3 or 2A = 100
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 239

A = 50 (ii) Insert w-Harmonic Mean Between

A 5 50 5
and given,
G ~ 4
[from Eq. (i)] Two Numbers
G 4
Let a and b be two given numbers and HX,H2,H
G = 40 ...(H)
are n HM’s between them.
From important theorem a, b = A ± -y](A + G)(A- G)
Then, a, HltH2,H3,..., Hn, b will be in HP, if D be the
= 50 + 7(50 + 40) (50 - 40) common difference of the corresponding AP.
= 50 ± 30 = 80,20 b = (n 4- 2) th term of HP.
a = 80, b = 20 • ______________ 1______________
or a = 20, b = 80 (n + 2)th term of corresponding AP
1
I Example 72. If o1,o2,...,on are positive real numbers
whose product is a fixed number c, then find the — 4-(n4-2 —1)D
a
minimum value of o, 4- a2 4- ...4- an_! 4- 3an.
Sol. am > GM
G] + 02 4^... 4- an _ j + 3dn an fo.U/n
=5, D=b—a | [Remember]
• ------------------------------------------- (fliflz -A - l3an ) = (3c) ("4-1)
n
=>G! + a2 4-... + ! 4- 3an > n (3c)l,n J_ = l + D, lL=1+2D,..„ — = — + nD
Hi a H2 a Hn a
Hence, the minimum value of Oj 4- a2 4-... 4- an j 4- 3^ is 1
1 1 + 1 1 * 2(a-b)
n(3c)l/fl.
Hi a ab(n + i) H2 a <ab(n
* ' + l)' Hn
_1 ! n(a-b)
Harmonic Mean a ab(n +1)
If three terms are in HP, then the middle term is called the Corollary The sum of reciprocals of n harmonic
Harmonic Mean (or shortly written as HM) between the means between two given numbers is n times the
other two, so if a, b, c are in HP, then b is the HM of a and c.
reciprocal of single HM between them.
[i] Single HM of n Positive Numbers Let two numbers be a and b and Hi,H2,H3,..., Hn are n
HM’s between them. Then, a, Ht, H2, H3 Hn,b will be
Let npositive numbers be al,a2,a3,...,an and H be the
in HP.
HM of these numbers, then
H=
n 111
—+—+ +... +
In
=- a+j_]
' 1 1 11" Hj H2 H3 Hn 2
---- 1- — 4-----4-... 4-----
<ai a2 a3 an? =-(«+/)
2
n r. 1 n^(11 11'
In particular Let a and b be two given numbers and H be -+D+--D =-|-+-
2 Ia b J 2 a b
the HM between them a, H, b are in HP.
2 2ab n n
Hence, H = — ---- i.e.,
i.e.» H=
H = --------
1 .1_ (a + b) [HM of a and b]
-+- 2
a b
1 1
-+-
Remark la bj
3abc
HM of a 6, cis-—J?—y or--------------- . Aliter [This method is applicable only when n is even]
— + — + —• ab + be + ca
a b c _L+_L+A+...+_^+4-_l_
------- +A.
Caution The AM between two numbers a and b is ----- H2 H3 Hn_2
n-2 _x
Hn-i Hn
2 /
( 1 1
It does not follow that HM between ^the ^ame numbers is
+ Hn + -L+ _1
— 4— Hn-lJ
The HM is the reciprocals of -—- i.e., —2a^~. /
i.e.,
a+b 2 (a + b) _1
4- — + 4-... upto — terms
(h, H n -2 y 2
240 Textbook of Algebra

(1x 1x . (1 1 A and given /i,, h2, h3,.... /ij0 are in HP.

= -+D+--D + -+2D + --2DI If D be common difference of corresponding AP.
b / & J
rj 1 A nn 1 _1 11
+ -+3D +— 3D +...upto - terms ^10/ji _ 3 2 =_ 1
Then, D=
\a b J 22 9 9 54
1 C f1 1 fl
+ -+- + - +
I"! nn
upto -terms
6 1 1 7 , 18
— = - + 6D = -- ... — — — — = — => h7 = —
a b, b ,a bj 2 2 h7 2 54 2 9 18 7
, 7 18 z
n fi- + -C = n n Hence, a4 -h7 = - x — = 6
3 7
b) / \
2\a (HM of a and I?)
2 o^'+b n+1
I Example 75. Find n, so that (o^b) be
1 1 o"+b"
-+-
bj
HM between o andb.
I Example 73. If H be the harmonic mean between x an + 1 + &bn + 1' 2ab
Sol. v
' L H+x H+y an + bn a+b
and y, then show that------ +--------= 2
7 H-x H-y .n +1
a a
bn +1
~b i b2 2
Sol. We have, H = -
x +y n
a 4-+i
H 2y , H 2x bn I +1
— and — =------ b
x x+y y x+y
n+1
By componendo and dividendo, we have a
+1 2 -
H + x 2y + x + y x + 3y =>
H-x 2y - x - y y - x f
a \n a
+1 +1
I H+y_2x + x + y_3x+y b ~b
and
H - y 2x - x-y x-y Let -=X
b
H +x + H +y x + 3y ^3x + y
Xn+1 + i_ 2X
H-x H - y y-x x-y Then,
Xn + 1 X +1
x + 3y - 3x - y 2 (y - x)
2
y-x (y - x) (X + l)(Xn + 1+ l) = 2X(Xn +1)
... H+x H+y o Xn + 2+ X + Xn + 1+ l = 2Xn + 1+2X
Aliter-------- +----- A -2
H-x H-y
Xn + 2-Xn + 1-X + l = 0
-11=11- H+y 2x -2y
=> Xn + 1(X-l)-l(X-l) = O
H-x J H-y H-x~ H-y
(X-l)(X" + 1-l) = o
i.e. Hx - xy = - Hy + xy =$ H (x + y) = 2xy
=> X-1£0 [v a t />]
i.e. Xn + ,-l=0
(x+y)
which is true as, x, H, y are in HP. Hence, the required => Xn + 1 = l = X°
result. => n + 1 = 0 or n = - 1
I Example 74. If abo2)o3,...)o10 be in AP and I Example 76. Insert 6 harmonic means
b1,h2,h31...,h1o be in HP. If o, =h, =2and
Oio = hio = 3, then find the value of aAh 7. between 3 and —.
23-
Sol. v ait a2, a3,..., al0 are in AP. 6
So/. Let Hb H2, H3, Ha, H5, H6 be 6 HM’s between 3 and —.
If d be the common difference, then 23
d = fll° ~ a‘ = 3-2 = 1 Then, 3, H2, H3. H<, Hs, H6, — are in HP.
9 9 9 23
3 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 23 . An
a4=Oj+3d = 2 + - = 2 + - = — (i) —, —. —. —, —, —, — are in AP.
9 3 3 3 H2 H3 Ha H3 H6 6
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 241

Let common difference of this AP be D. Remark

23 1 If a,, a?, are n positive numbers, then AM > GM > HM i.e.,
1
D = —---- 3_ (23 - 2) 21 °1 + a2+--+ *"■ > ...an)x,n > n
7 7X6 7x6 2 n
2 + l + ... + l
1 1 1 1 5 .3 3nJ
3 326 Sign of equality (AH = GM = HM) holds when numbers are equal
i.e., 3| — a? —... — Ai-
=>
5 5 Important Theorem 2
1 1 __ 1 4 3
= - + 2D =-+!=— => H2 = — If A, G, H are arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means
H~2 3 3 3 4 of three given numbers a, b and c, then the equation
1 1 1 3 11 6 having a, b, c as its roots is
= - +3D = - + - = — => W3= — 3
H3 3 3 2 6 11 x3_3Ax2+^ _
— x-G3 =0 [Remember]
-L=1+4D=-- + 2 = —7 => 3 H
=—
H4 3 3 3 7 a+b+c
Proof ‘.'A = AM of a, b, c =
1 1 1 5 17 6 3
= - + 5D = - + - = — => H5 = —
W5 3 3 2 6 17 i.e., a + b + c =3A..(i)
1 1 1 10 3 G = GM of a, b,c = (abc)113
and = - + 6D = - + 3 = — => H6= —
3 3 3 10 i.e. abc = G3 -(ii)
HM’s arel-,-,—,-, —, — and H = HMofa,b,c
5 4 11 7 17 10
3 3a be 3G3
”11 1
Important Theorem 1 -+-+-
ab + bc + ca ab + be + ca
Let a and b be two real, positive and unequal numbers and a b c
A, G and H are arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means [from Eq. (ii)]
respectively between them, then 3G
i.e. ab + bc + ca= — -(iii)
(i) A, G, H form a GP i.e., G2 = AH [Remember] H
a, b, c are the roots of the equation
(ii) A > G > H [Remember]
x3 - (a + b + c) x2 + (ab + be + ca) x - abc = 0
Proof
2ab ^x-G’=0
(i) v A- -+~,G = Jab andH = i.e., x3-3Ax2+
2 a+b H
a+b 2ab [from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii)]
Now, AH = = ab = G2
2 \a + bJ Geometrical Proof of A > G > H
Let OA = a unit and OB = b unit and AB be a diameter of
Therefore, G2 = AH i.e. A, G, H are in GP.
semi-circle. Draw tangent OT to the circle and TM
Remark perpendicular to AB.
The result AH = G2 will be true for n numbers, if they are in GP.
r
(ii) v A > G [from important theorem of GM] ...(i) Y

or
G
X
G_ A O A M C B
= ~^g2 =AH
H G H Let C be the centre of the semi-circle.
=> G>H OA + OB _(OC-AC)+(OC + CB)
•••(ii) '• ■ - 1 — — ~

2 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
A>G>H 2-^=oc [■/ AC -CB- radius of circle]
2
242 Textbook of Algebra

oc=m
2
[i.e. OC = arithmetic mean] Sol. Let the two numbers be a and b.
Given, G = -H (i)
. a+b n
=> A =------
2 Now, G2 = AH
Now, from geometry ^ = AH
[from Eq. (i)]
(OT)2 =OAxOB = ab = G2 n2
OT = G, the geometric mean •(ii)
Now, from similar AOCT and &OMT, we have n

OM OT (OT)2 ab 2ab Now, from important theorem of GM

OT OC OC a+b a+b
----------------------
a,b = A ± J(A2 -G2) = — ±
LT
(tf H2'

2 n2
OM = H, the harmonic mean
Also, it is clear from the figure, that n
OC>OT>OM i.e. A>G>H
a 4( ’+7a-»2))
n____________
I Example 77. If A* = Gy = Hz, where A, G, H are AM, b 4[i-V(i-„2)i
GM and HM between two given quantities, then prove n
that x,y,z are in HP. a: b = 1 + 7(1 -n2): 1 - 7(1 ~n2)
Sol. Let Ax = Gy = HZ = k
Then, A=kyx,G = kUy,H =kUz I Example 80. If three positive unequal quantities
a,b,c be in HP, then prove that a11 + cn >2bn,neN
G2 = AH =>(fc,/y)2 = kVx •kUz
1 1 1 Sol. G>H
k2 'y = k}/x + 1/z —, — are in AP.
y x z x y z y/ac > b

Hence, x, y, z are in HP. n n nn

(ac)2 > bn or a2 c2 > bn (0
I Example 78. The harmonic mean of two numbers is a i i i
4, their arithmetic mean A and geometric mean G Also, (a2 -c2)2 >0=> an + cn -2a2 c2 >0
satisfy the relation 2A + G2 =27. Find the numbers. n n
an + cn > 2 a2 c2 > 2bn [from Eq. (i)]
Sol. Let the numbers be a and b.
Given, H=4 an +cn > 2bn
G2 = AH = 4A (i) I Example 81.
and given 2A + G2 = 27 (i) If o, b, c, d be four distinct positive quantities in AP,
=> 2A + 4A = 27 [from Eq. (i)] then
A= — (a) be > ad
2 (b) c-1d-1 +o-1b-1 >2 (b-1d-1 +o-1c-1 -a-1d-1)
, 9
From Eq. (i), G2 = 4 x - = 18 (ii) If a, b,c,d be four distinct positive quantities in GP,
then
Now, from important theorem of GM
(a) a+d>b+c
a, b = A ± yl(A2- G2) = - ± . 51-18 (b) c^d"1 +a-1b“1 >2(b-1d-1 +o-1c-1 -o-1d-1)
4
9 3 (iii) If a, b, c, d be four distinct positive quantities in HP,
= -±- = 6,3 or 3, 6
2 2 then
(a) o + d > b + c (b) ad > be
I Example 79. If the geometric mean is - times the Sol. (i) a,b,c,d are in AP.
harmonic mean between two numbers, then show that (a) Applying AM > GM
the ratio of the two numbers is For first three members, b > y[ac
1+7(1-n2):1-7(1-n2). => b2 > ac •0)
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 243

and for last three members, c > -/bd ab + be > 2ac ...(vii)
2bd
=> c2 > bd (ii) For last three members, c >
b+d
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
be + cd > 2bd (viii)
b2c2 > (ac)(bd)
From Eqs. (vii) and (viii), we get
Hence, be > ad
ab + be + be + cd > 2ac + 2bd
(b) Applying AM > HM
or ab + cd > 2 (ac + bd - be)
For first three members,
Dividing in each term by abed, we get
, 2ac
b >------ c"ld~l + a~lb~l > 2 (b~ld~l + a-1c-1 - a-1d-1)
a+c
=> ab + be > 2ac (iii) a, b, c, d are in HP.
2bd (a) Applying AM > HM
For last three members, c >
b+d For first three members,
...(iv) a+c
be + cd > 2bd >b
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get 2
ab + be + be + cd > 2ac + 2bd a + c >2b
or ab + cd > 2 (ac + bd - be) b+d
For last three members,
Dividing in each term by abed, we get 2
c~'d~' + a~'brl >2(b~1d~1 + a-1c-1 - a-1d-1) => b + d>2c ,(x) •
(ii) a,b,c,d are in GP. From Eqs. (ix) and (x), we get
(a) Applying AM > GM a + c + b + d>2b + 2c
For first three members, or a + d> b + c
a+c (b) Applying GM > HM
>b
2 For first three members, ac
a + c > 2b
ac > b2 ,(xi)
b+d
For last three members, For last three members,
2
(vi) •Jbd > c
=> b + d > 2c
From Eqs. (v) and (vi), we get => bd> c2 ..(xii)
a + c + b + d>2b + 2c or a + d > b + c From Eqs. (xi) and (xii), we get
(b) Applying GM > HM (ac)(bd)> b2c2
For first three members, b > -aC- or ad > be
a+c
244 Textbook of Algebra

g Exercise for Session 5

1. If the AM of two positive numbers a and b (a > b) is twice of their GM, then a : b is
(a)2+V3:2-V3 (b) 7+4V3 :7-4V3
(c)2:7 + 4V3 (d)2:V3
2. If A> A2;Gi,G2 and H^, H2 are two arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, respectively between two
quantities a and b, then which of the following is not the value of ab is?
(a)AH2 (b)A^i
(c) G/32 (d) None of these
3. The GM between - 9 and -16, is
(a) 12 (b)-12
(c) - 13 (d) None of these
4. Let n e N, n > 25. If A G and H denote the arithmetic mean, geometric mean and harmonic mean of 25 and n.
Then, the least value ofn for which A G,H e {25,26,...,n}, is
(a) 49 (b) 81
(c) 169 (d)225
g6
5. If 9 harmonic means be inserted between 2 and 3, then the value of A + ~ + 5 (where A is any of the AM’s and
H
H is the corresponding HM), is
(a) 8 (b)9
(c) 10 (d) None of these
6. If Hi, H2,..., Hn be n harmonic means between a and b, then + a- + ^n + is
’ ‘ " H,-a
HA-a Hn-b
(a)n (b)n + 1
(c) 2n (d) 2n - 2
7. The AM of two given positive numbers is 2. If the larger number is increased by 1, the GM of the numbers
becomes equal to the AM to the given numbers. Then, the HM of the given numbers is
(a) | (b)^
2 3
(c)J (d)2

8. Ifa,a1,a2,a3, ...,a2n,b are in AP and a,b^,b2,b3, ...,b2n,b are in GP andh is the HM of a andb, then
ai + a2n + a2 + a2n-i + + an + an + 1
is equal to
bf)2n b2b2n.‘\ bnbn+1

(a)- (b) 2nh

(c)nh (d)2
n
Session 6
Arithmetico-Geometric Series (AGS), Sigma (I)
Notation, Natural Numbers

Arithmetico-Geometric dr (1-r n-ix

' -[a + (n-l)d]r"
Series [AGS] (1-r)
dr (1 - rn ~1) _ [a + (n -1) d]r"
Definition —-— +
(1-r) (1-r)2 (1-r)
A series formed by multiplying the corresponding terms
of an AP and a GP is called Arithmetico - Geometric
Series (or shortly written as AGS)
Remark
For example, 1 + 4 + 7 +10 +... is an AP and The above result (iii) is not used as standard formula in any
1 + x + x2 + x3 +...is aGP. examination. You should follow all steps as shown above.

Multiplying together the corresponding terms of these To Deduce the Sum upto Infinity from the Sum upto
series, we get n Terms of an Arithmetico - Geometric Series, when
l + 4x +7x2 +10x3 + ... which is an |r|<l
Arithmetico-Geometric Series. From Eq. (iii), we have
Again, a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) +... + [a + (n - l)d] is a typical dr
a 4--------------
-------
drn [a +(n -1) d]r"
$n =
AP 1-r (1-r)2 (1-r)2 (1-r)
andl + r + r2 + ... + rn~1 is a typical GP. If | r | < 1, when n —> rn —> 0
Multiplying together the corresponding terms of these dr" _[a + (n-1) d]r
series, we get and ——---- and — both 0
(1-r)2 (1-r)
a+(a + d)r +(a + 2d)r2 + ... + [a +(n - l)d]r"-1
a dr
which is called a standard Arithmetico-Geometric series. S«> = (l-r)+(l-r)2

Independent method Let denotes the sum to

Sum of n Terms of an infinity, then
Arithmetico-Geometric Series Soo=a + (a+d)r+(a +2d) r2 + (a +3d) r3
Let the series be a 4- (a + d) r + (a + 2d) r2 +... + ... upto°°...(iv)
+[a + (n-l)d]r""1
Let Sn denotes the sum to n terms, then Multiplying both sides of Eq. (iv) by r, we get
Sn = a+(a + d)r + (a +2d) r2 + ... + [a +(n -2) d]rn~2 rS„ = ar+(a + d)r2 + (a+2d)r3 + ...upto~
+[a + (n-l)d]rn“1 Subtracting Eq. (v) from Eq. (iv), we get
Multiplying both sides of Eq. (i) by r, we get (1-r) Sc = a+(dr + dr2 +dr3 + ... upto
rSn =ar + (a + d)r2 +(a +2d)r3 +... dr
= a +-------
+[a+(n-2)d]rn’1 + [a+(n-l)d]rn...(u) (1-r)
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get a dr
S« = (l-r)+(i-r)2
(1-r) Sn = a+(dr + dr2 +...+drn-1)-[a+(n-1) d]r"
246 Textbook of Algebra

! Example 82. Find the sum of the series 1 -(3n -2)M

4 7 10
=i+2 1-
14---- 1--- r + — + ... 4 5
5 52 5J n -1 n -1
(i) to n terms. (ii) to infinity. 1-
1 (3n -2)f 1
4 16 5 4 5
Sol. The given series can be written as
2 3
1 1 1 35 (12n+7)f 1
1+4 +7 I +10 I + ... 16 16
5 5 5
2 3
The series is an Arithmetico-Geometric series, since each 1 1 1
term is formed by multiplying corresponding terms of the (ii) =1+4 +7 I +10 + ... UptO oo .(iu)
5 5 5
series 1,4, 7,... which are in AP and
1.-.2-’ Multiplying both sides of Eq. (i) by -, we get
which are in GP.
5 52 2 3
2 1 1 1
.'. T„ = [n th term of 1, 4, 7,...] n th term of 1,-J |1 -S« = +4 I +7 + upto oo ■(iv)
5 5 5 5
5
Subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii), we get
n-1
I 1 = (3n — 2) I —
= [1 + (n — 1) 3] x 1 -f 2 r (11 1 1
2
1
3

5 1--IS., = 1+3 4- I + + ...UptO °°

5J <5 5 5
.-.Tn f 1Y- 2
= (3n -5)1-1
= 1+3 5 = 1+2
(i) Let sum of n terms of the series is denoted by Sn. 1-- 4
2 k 57
Then, Sn = 1 + 4^ j+7 1 I +...
5 2s„ = 2
+(3n—5)( - ri "2 +(3n-2)(-11 I n -1

-(i)
5
S =^
4

5 Joo —
16
Multiplying both the sides of Eq. (i) by we get
5 I Example 83. If the sum to infinity of the series
2 3

5S” = 5 + 4
1
I +7
1
I + + (3n — 5) fiY
I — I -1 1 + 4x + 7x2+ 10x3+ ... is —, find x.
16
5 5
f 1Y Sol. Let S0O = l + 4x + 7x2 + 10x3 +... upto oo .-(i)
+ (3n-2)l-J ...(ii) Multiplying both sides of Eq. (i) by x we get
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get x = x + 4x2 + 7x3 + 10x4 + ...upto oo ...(ii)
2 3 n -1 Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
1 —js„ =1+3 -1 + 1 1 1
I + I +...+ (1 - x) = 1 + 3x + 3x2 + 3x3 +... upto oo
5 5 5 5
x ' (l+2x)
-(3n- 2)1(11Y1
3 + ...upto oo) = 1 + 3
l-xy (1-x)
2 3 _(l + 2x) 35
4 1 1 1 O OQ “* "

or -Sn =1 + 3
5
+
5
I + 5
+... +(n -1) terms (1 - x)2 16 16
5
16 + 32x = 35 - 70x + 35x 2
- (3n-2) rI -i y1 => 35x2 - 102x + 19 =0

1
n -1 (7x-19)(5x-l) = 0
1
1- 19
5 5J (1Y
= 1 +3( -(3n-2)l-J 7
1 [•.• for infinity series common ratio - 1 < x < 1]
1 --
5 1
Hence, x=-
5
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 247

n , n n ,
I Example 84. Find the sum of the series
1+22x+ 32x2 + 42x3 + ...up to oo, | x|< 1.
2. X(T,±Tr)=XTr±XT'
r=1 r=1 r=1

Sol. Here, the numbers I2,22,32, 42,... i.e. 1, 4,9,16,... are not [sigma operator is distributive over
in AP but 1, 4 - 1 = 3, 9 - 4 = 5, 16 - 9 = 7,... are in AP. addition and subtraction]
Let = 1 + 22x + 32x2 + 42x3 +... upto °° n , ( " n

= 1 + 4x + 9x2 + 16x3 + ... upto oo

3. XW * XTr
—(i) r=1 kr=1 >
Multiplying both sides of Eq. (i) by x, we get
[sigma operator is not distributive over multiplication]
xS„ = x + 4x2 + 9x3 + 16x4 +... upto °° -(ii) ( "
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
n ( \ XT'
kr = 1 >
(1 - x) = 1 + 3x + 5x2 + 7x3 +... upto oo .(iii) 4.
r=l
X7 *
C"
Again, multiplying both sides of Eq. (iii) by x, we get
x (1 - x) S„ = x + 3x2 + 5x3 + 7x4 +... upto °° ,(iv) kr = 1 >

Subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii), we get [sigma operator is not distributive over division]
(1 - x) (1 - x) Sm = 1 + 2x + 2x2 + 2x3 +... upto °o n n
5. ^aT,=a XT, [where a is constant]
= 1 + 2 (x + x2 + x3 +...
+ ...iupto oo) r=1 r=1

X (1 + *) n- n- f n
=1+2
1~X> (1-x) 6. X XV, = XT, [ £t,
j=l i=l \, = I J\j = I 7
s.=-^4
(l-x)3 [where i and j are independent]

Sigma (z) Notation Examples on Sigma Notation

m
X is a letter of greek alphabets and it is called ‘sigma’. The (i) ^a=a + a+a +... upto m times = am
symbol sigma (X) represents the sum of similar terms. i=l
Usually sum of n terms of any series is represented by (ii) ^a = a + a+a+... upto n times = an
placing X the nth term of the series. But if we have to find i.e. ^5=5n,^3=3n
the sum of k terms of a series whose nth term is un, this 5 5 5
k
will be represented by un . (iii) X(''!-3i) = £i2-3X''
i=l i=l i=l
n=1
= (12 +22 +32 +42 + 52)—3(1+ 2+3 + 4 +5)
n=9 9
For example, ^n, i.e. ^nonly means the sum of n similar = 55-45 = 10
n=1 1
3 ( r+1 ' / 1+1 /
2+1 3+1
terms when n varies from 1 to 9. (iv>X + +
9 r=l \ 2r + 4, I2’ 1 + 4; ,2’2 + 4; v2 • 3 + 4 J
Thus, £n=l+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9 2 3 4 40 + 45 + 48 _ 133^ 13
i
= - + -+ — =
6 8 10 120 120 120

Remark
Shortly Z is written in place of
n Important Theorems on
i X (Sigma) Operator
Properties of Sigma Notation Theorem 1 X/(r + l)-/(r) = /(» + l)-/(l)
n r=l
1. ^Tr =T\ +T2 + T3 + ...+T„, whenT„ is the Theorem 2
r=l n
^f(r+2)-f(r)=f(n+2)+f(n + l)- f(2) - /(I)
general term of the series.
r=1
248 Textbook of Algebra

n n
Proof (Theorem 1) ^/(r Taking on both sides, we get
r=1

= [/(2)-/(l)] + [/(3)-/(2)] n n n n
£r3-(r-1)3 =3 £r2-3 £r + £1
+ [/(4)-/(3)] + ... + [/(n + l)-/(n)]
r=1 r=1 r=1 r=1
= f (n + l)-/(l)
Proof (Theorem 2)
n3 -0 3 =3 Xn2-3Xn+n
n n
[from important Theorem 1]
X f(r + 2) - f(r) = £[ f(r + 2) - f(r +1)]
r=l r=l
Substituting the value of n in Eq. (i), we get
=5 m3-^Vm2 3-n(n + l)
+ [/(r + D-/(r)]
n n 2
= (r + 2) - f(r +1) + £ f(r +1) - J(r)
3n (n +1) n /n 2 n
r=1 r=1 = n3 + -n = — (2n +3n + 1)
2 2
= [/(n+2)-/(2)] + [f(n + l)-/(l)] [from Theorem 1]
_ n(n + l) (2n + l)
= f(n+2)+f(n + l)-/(2)-/(l) 2
Remark => V n2 = n(n + 1) (2n + l)
L 6 [Remember]
1. £/(/■+A)-/(r)= £f(n+m)- ^f(m)ykeN
r-1 m=1 m=1
Independent Proof We know that,
2. £f(2r +1) - f(2r-1) = f(2n+ 1) - /(I) (2r + l)3 -(2r-l)3 =24r2 +2
/■ = 1
n

3. £/(2r)-/(2r-2) = f(2n)-/(0) Taking on both sides, we get

r «1 r=1
n n
£(2 r + 1)3 - (2 r -1)3 = £(24 r2 + 2)
Natural Numbers r=l
n n
r=l

The positive integers 1, 2, 3,... are called natural numbers.

These form an AP with first term and common difference,
=> (2n + l)3 -l3 =24^r2 +2
r=l r=1
S1
each equal to unity. [from points to consider-2]
(i) Sum of the First n Natural Numbers (2n + l)3 -1 = 24 En2 +2n
n (n +1) (2n + l)3 -(2n +1) =24 £n2
1 + 2+3+... + n = =
2 (2n +1) [(2n +1)2 -l] = 24Sn2
£n^-n(-n+-1) [Remember] (2n +1) (2n +1 +1) (2n +1 -1) = 24 £n2
2

(ii) Sum of the First n Odd Natural In 2 _ n (n +1) (2n + 1) [Remember]

6
Numbers
(iv) Sum of the Cubes of the First n
1 + 3 + 5 +... upto n terms = — [2 • 1 + (n -1) • 2] = n2 Natural Numbers
2
2
£(2n-l) = n2 [Remember] I3 +23 +33 +... + n3 =En3 = (£n)2 = ■ n(n + l)
2
(iii) Sum of the Squares of the First n Proof We know that,
Natural Numbers
r4 -(r-1)4 = 4r3 -6r2 + 4r-l
l2 +22 +32 +... + n2 = V
2,
n2 = n (n +
6
<2n +
n
Taking on both sides, we get
Proof We know that, r3 -(r-1)3 = 3r2 -3r +1 r=l
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 249

n n n n n Substituting the values of Zn, Zn2, Zn3 in Eq. (i), we get

^r'-(r-l)4=4£r3-6 Zrr22+.--4Xr-X1
r=l r=l r=l r=l r=l 10 n2 (n + 1)2
ns=5Sn4-
=> n4-04 =4 En3-6Zn2+4£n-n ...(i) 4
10 n (n +1) (2n + 1) 5n (n +1)
[from important theorem 1]
6 2
Substituting the values of Z n2 and Z n in Eq. (i), we get
5n(n +1)2 5 (n +1) (2n +1)
=> n4 = 4Zn3 - 6n(n + 1)(2n + 1) + 4n(n+J) 5Zn4 =n- n* +
-n 2 3
6 2
=> 4£n3 =n4 + n(n +1)(2n +1) — 2n(n +1) + n h 5 (n +1) t
2
— n [n3 + (n +1) (2n +1) — 2 (n +1) +1]
= -{6n4 + 15n(n2 +2n +1) -10(2n2 + 3n + l)
= n(n3 +2n2 +n) 6
= n2 (n + 1)2 + 15n + 15-6}
2 => Zn4 = — (6n4 + 15n3 + 10n2 -1)
n(n + l)l'
En3
2
= (W [Remember] 30
n (n +1) (2n +1) (3n2 + 3n -1)
Independent Proof We know that, 30
r2 (r + 1)2 -r2 (r-1)2 =4r3
Remark
n
If nth term of a sequence is given by Tn = an3 + bn2 + cn+ d,
Taking y on both sides, we get
r=1
where a,b,c,d are constants.
Then, sum of nterms, Sn = ZTn = aSn3 + b Zn2 + c Xn + c/21
n n
yr2(r + l)2-r2 (r-l)2=4yr 3 This can be evaluated using the above results.
r=l r=l
I Example 85. Find the sum to n terms of the series
=» n2 (n + 1)2 - I2 -02 =4Zn3 12 + 32 + 52 +... upto n terms.
[from important Theorem 1] Sol. Let Tn be the nth term of this series, then
2
In3 _ J n (n +1) ■ =(Sn)2 [Remember]
T„ = [1 + (n - 1)2]2 = (2n - I)2 = 4n2 - 4n + 1
2 .’. Sum of n terms Sn = ZTn = 4Zn2 - 4Zn + El
Corollary l3 + 23 + 33 +...+n3 =(1 + 2+3+... + n)2 4n (n + l)(2n + 1) 4n (n + 1)
=--------------------------------------- + n
6 2
(v) Sum of the Powers Four of the = — (4n2 + 6n + 2 — 6n — 6 + 3)
First n Natural Numbers 3
I4 +24 +34 +... + n4 =Zn4 n (4n2 - 1)
3
n (n +1) (2n +1) (3n2 + 3n -1)
30 I Example 86. Find the sum to n terms of the series
1-22 + 2- 32 + 3-42 + ....
Proof We know that,
r5-(r-l)5 = 5r4 -10r33 + 10r2 -5r+'l Sol. Let Tn be the nth term of this series, then
n Tn = (nth term of 1, 2, 3,...) (nth term of 22,32,42,...)
Taking y on both sides, we get
= n (n + I)2 = n3 + 2n2 + n
r=l

" n n n n n .*. Sum of n terms Sn = ZTn

4 -lo£r3+lo£r2-5£r+£ 1
XrS-(r-l)s=5^rr4 2 = Zn3 + 2En2 + Sn
r=l r=1 r=1 r=1 r=1 r=1 2
n (n + 1) n(n + l)(2n + l) ^n(n + l)
+2
n5 -05 = 5Zn4 -10Zn3 + 10Zn2 -5Zn+n ...(i) 2 6 2
[from important Theorem 1]
250 Textbook of Algebra

_ n (n + 1) n (n + 1) 2(2n + 1)
+1
I Example 89. Show that
2 2 3 1-22 +2-32 + ...+ n-(n+1) 2 3n+ 5
n (n + 1)
(3n2 + 3n + 8n + 4 + 6) 12-2+22-3+...+ n2-(n + 1) 3n + 1
12
_n(n + l)(3n2 + lln + 10)_ n (n + l)(n + 2)(3n + 5) Sol. Let Tn and Tn' be the nth terms of the series in numerator
12 ” 12 and denominator of LHS. Then,
Tn = n (n + l)2 and T„' = n2 (n + 1)
I Example 87. Find the sum of n terms of the series
LHS = — = (n + S(n3 +2n2 + n)
whose nth terms is (i) n (n -1) (n +1) (ii) n2 + 3n. ST,' Zzj2 (" + i) S(n3 +n2)
Sol. (i) We have, Tn = n (n - 1) (n + 1) = n3 - n
Sn3 + 2Sn2 + Sn
Sum of n terms Sn = ETn = En3 - Sn Sn3 +Sn2
2 2
n (n + 1)n(n + 1)' n(n + 1) n(n + 1) (2n +1) n(n +1)
” 2
2
+ 2- +
2 6 2
_ n(n + 1) [n(n + 1) n(n + 1)
2
| n(n + l)(2n +1)
-1
2 2 2 6
n (n + l)(n - l)(n + 2) n(n + 1) n(n + 1) 2(2n + 1)
4 + +1
__ 2 2 3
(ii) We have, T„=n2+3" n(n + 1) fn(n +1) + (2n + 1)
/. Sum of n terms Sn = STn = Sn2 + S3” 2 2 3
1 9
= Sn2 +(3’ + 32 +33 + + 3") — (3n + 3n + 8n + 4 + 6)
_ 6
n(n + l)(2n + l) | 3(3" - 1)
6 + (3-1) — (3n2 + 3n + 4n + 2)

= n(n + l)(2n + l) * 3 „ (3nz + lln + 10) (3n+5)(n+2) (3n+5) _uc

6 2k (3nz + 7n + 2) (3n + 1) (n + 2) (3n + 1)
I Example 88. Find the sum of the series I Example 90. Find the sum of the series
f l3 + 23 13 +23 + 33 1-2-3 +2-3-4+ 3-4-5+... upto n terms.
+ ... upto n terms. So/. Here, Tn = {nth term of 1, 2, 3, ...}
7 1+3 1+3+5
x {nth term of 2, 3, 4,...} x {nth term of 3,4,5,...}
Sol. Let Tn be the nth term of the given series. Then,
2 Tn = n (n + 1) (n + 2) = n3 + 3n2 + 2n
n(n + 1)'
.’. Sn = Sum of n terms of the series
(I3 + 23 +33 +... + n3) 2
Tn = = STn = + 3Sn2 + 2Sn
(1 + 3 + 5 +... + (2n - 1)) —(l + 2n -1) 2
2 - fn(n + 0 • n(n + 1) (2n +1) n(n +1)
+3 +2
= = - (n2 + 2n + 1) ~I 2 6 2
4 4 n(n + 1) [n(n + 1)
Let Sn denotes the sum of n terms of the given series. Then, + (2n + l) + 2
2 I 2
Sn = XTn = - S(n2 + 2n + 1) n(n + 1)
4 (n2 + n + 4n + 2 + 4)
4
= -(Sn2 +2Sn + Sl) n(n + l)(n +2)(n +3)
4
4
1 n (n +1) (2n +1) 2n (n +1)
——* r "f" +n
4 6 2 I Example 91. Find sum to n terms of the series
= — {2n2 + 3n + 1 + 6n + 6 + 6} 1+(2+3)+(4 + 5 +6) +....
24 Sol. Now, number of terms in first bracket is 1, in the second
n (2n2 + 9n + 13) bracket is 2, in the third bracket is 3, etc. Therefore, the
Hence, Sn - number of terms in the nth bracket will be n.
24
J
i
Chap 03 Sequences and Series 251
J
Let the sum of the given series of n terms = S I Example 93. Find the nth term and sum of n terms
.. , „ n(n +1) of the series, 1+5 + 12+22+ 35 + ....
= ---------
.‘.Number of terms inS = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n =
2 Sol. The sequence of differences between successive terms is 4,
Also, the first term of S is 1 and common difference is also 1. 7, 10, 13 Clearly, it is an AP with common difference
3. So, let the nth term of the given series be Tn and sum
n(n + 1)
of n terms be S„.
2 n(n +-1)
5=
2
2-1 +
2 -')■] Then, Sn = 1 + 5 + 12 + 22 + 35 +... + Tn i + Tn
Sn = 1 + 5 + 12 + 22 +...+ Tn i + Tn
—(i)
..(ii)
n(n + 1) Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
(4 + n2 + n-2)
8 0=1 + 4 +7 + 10 + 13 + ... + (Tn -Tn_j)-Tn
n(n + l)(n2 +n +2) T„ = 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + ... n terms
8 = -{2-l + (n-l)3}=-(3n2 -n)
2 2z-
I Example 92. Find the sum of the series 3 2 1
Hence, Tn = - ni 2 —n
l-n+2-(n-l)+3-(n-2) + 4-(n-3)+... + (n-l)‘2 + n- 1 " 2 2
3,1
also, find the coefficient of xn ~1 in the expansion of . .*. Sum of n terms S„ = 1T„= - In2 —In
2 2
(l+2x+3x2 + ... + nxn-1)2. 3 f n (n + l) (2n + 1) 1 n (n +1)
” 2^
6 2 2
So/. The rth term of the given series is
n(n + l)
Tr = r-(n-r + l)=(n + l)r-r2 (2n +1 -1)
4
.‘.Sum of the series 1
= -n 2(n + l)=-(n3 +n2)
n n n 2 2
S, = £rr = (n + 1) - £r2 = (»•+1) Sn - In2
r=1 r=1 r=1 I Example 94. Find the nth term and sum of n terms
n(n + l) n (n +1) (2n +1) of the series, 1+3 + 7 + 15+ 31 + ....
= (n + l)
2 6 Sol. The sequence of differences between successive terms is 2,
n(n + l) n (n + l)(n + 2) 4, 8, 16, .... Clearly, it is a GP with common ratio 2. So, let
(3n + 3 — 2n — 1) = the nth term and sum of the series upto n terms of the
6 6
Now, series be Tn and respectively. Then,
(1 + 2x + 3x2 + ... + nx1" *)2 =(l + 2x + 3x2+... + nx"-1) S„ = 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + 31 + ... + Tn , + Tn ...(i)
x(l + 2x + 3x2 + ... + nx"-1) Sn =1 + 3 + 7 + 15 +... + Tn j + Tn -(ii)
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
.‘.Coefficient of x""1 in(l + 2x + 3x2 +... + nx"" *)2
0 = 1 + 2+ 4+ 8 + 16 + ... + (Tn — Tn J - Tn
=> Tn = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 +... upto n terms
= 1-n + 2-(n - 1) + 3-(n - 2) +... + n-1
_ 1(2" ~ 1)
n (n + l)(n + 2)
= Sn 2-1
6 Hence, Tn = (2" - 1)

Method of Differences :. Sum of n terms Sn = 1T„ = 1(2" - 1) = 12" - 11

= (2 + 22 + 23 + ...+ 2")-n
If the differences of the successive terms of a series are in
AP or GP, we can find the nth term of the series by the 2-(2" -1)
-n = 2" -2-n
following steps. (2-1)
Step I Denote the nth term and the sum of the series
upto n terms of the series by Tn and Sn, I Example 95. Find the nth term of the series
respectively. 1 + 4 +10+20+ 35+...
Step II. Rewrite the given series with each term shifted Sol. The sequence of first consecutive differences is 3, 6, 10,
by one place to the right. 15,... and second consecutive differences is 3, 4, 5,....
Step III Then, subtract the second expression of Sn from Clearly, it is an AP with common difference 1. So, let the
the first expression to obtain Tn, nth term and sum of the series upto n terms of the series
be T„ and Sn, respectively.
252 Textbook of Algebra

Then,
Sn = 1 + 4 + 10 + 20 + 35 +... + Tn 1 + Tn ...(i)
Method of Differences (Shortcut)
Sn= 1+ 4+ 10+20 + ...+ Tn_x + Tn ..(ii)
to find nth term of a Series
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get The nth term of the series can be written directly on the
basis of successively differences, we use the following steps
0 = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 +... + (Tn - T„ j) - Tn
to find the nth term Tn of the given sequence.
=> Tn = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 +... upto n terms
Step I If the first consecutive differences of the given
or T„ = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 + ... + tn , + tn ...(iii)
sequence are in AP, then take
Tn =1+ 3 + 6 + lO + .-. + tn^j + tn ...(iv)
Tn = a (n -1) (n - 2) + & (n -1) + c, where a, b, c
Now, subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii), we get
are constants. Determine a, b, c by putting
0 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ... + (tn — tn j) — tn
n = 1,2,3 and putting the values of T], T2, T3.
or tn = l + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ... upto n terms
Step II If the first consecutive differences of the given
n (n + 1)
= Xn = sequence are in GP, then take
2
Tn = arn ~1 + bn + c, where a, b, c are constants
T, = &, =i(Xn2+Sn)
and r is the common ratio of GP. Determine
1 fn (n + l)(2n + 1) n (n +1) j a, b, c by putting n = 1,2,3 and putting the values
6( 2 J of Ti, T2, T3.
1 n(n + l) Step III If the differences of the differences computed in
(2n +1 + 3) = -n(n + 1) (n + 2)
2 6 6 Step I are in AP, then take
Tn = a (n -1) (n - 2) (n - 3) + b (n -1) (n - 2)
I Example 96. Find the nth term of the series + c (n -1) + d, where a, b, c, d are
1 +5+18 +58 +179 +... constants.Determine by putting n = 1,2,3,4 and
Sol. The sequence of first consecutive differences is 4, 13, 40, putting the values ofT1,T2,T3,T4.
121, ... and second consecutive differences is 9, 27, 81, ... . Step IV If the differences of the differences computed in
Clearly, it is a GP with common ratio 3. So, let the nth Step I are in GP with common ratio r, then take
term and sum of the series upto n terms of the series be
Tn and S„, respectively. Then, Tn =arn~1 + bn2 +cn + d, where a, b, c, d are
Sn = 1 + 5 + 18 + 58 + 179 + ... + Tn , + Tn constants. Determine by putting n = 1,2,3,4 and
S„ =1 + 5 + 18 + 58 +... + T„ ] + Tn -(ii) putting the values ofTi.T^.T^T,.
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
I Example 97. Find the nth term and sum of n terms of
0 = 1 + 4 + 13 + 40 + 121 +... + (T„ - Tn ,) - Tn
the series 2+4 + 7 +11 +16 + ....
Tn = 1 + 4 + 13 + 40 + 121 +... upto n terms
Sol. The sequence of first consecutive differences is 2, 3, 4,5,
or T„ = 1 + 4 + 13 + 40 + 121 +... + tn j + tn ...(iii) ... . Clearly, it is an AP.
Tn = 1 + 4 + 13 + 40 +... + tn j + tn ...(iv) Then, nth term of the given series be
■(>)

Now, subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii), we get Tn = a (n - 1) (n - 2) + b (n - 1) + c

0 = 1 + 3 + 9 + 27 + 81 + ... + (tn - tn j) - t„ Putting n = 1,2,3, we get
or tn = 1 + 3 + 9 + 27 + 81 + ... upto n terms 2 = c => 4 = b + c => 7 = 2a + 2b + c

= 1,(3n ~1) = -(3n -1) After solving, we get a = -, b = 2, c = 2

(3-1) ' 2V
Putting the values of a, b, c in Eq. (i), we get
Tfl=Etfl=l(X3n-Xl)
T„ =-(n-l)(n-2) + 2(n-l) + 2 =-(nz+n+2)
2 2
= - {(3 + 32 + 33 + ... + 3n) - n} Hence, sum of series Sn = STn = - (Xnz + En + 2X1)
2 2
1 [3(3" -1) 1 f n (n + l)(2n + 1) n (n +1)
+ 2n
=— -n 2 6 2 /
2 (3-1)
1
= - n (n2 + 3n + 8)
3 1 * 6
= — (3n — 1) --n
4 2
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 253

I Example 98. Find the nth term and sum of n terms Putting n = 1,2,3, 4, we get
of the series 5+7 + 13+ 31 + 85 + .... 2=a+b+c+d -(ii)
Sol. The sequence of first consecutive differences is 2, 6, 18, 5 = 3a + 4b + 2c + d -(iii)
54 Clearly, it is a GP with common ratio 3. Then, nth 12 = 9a + 9b + 3c + d -(iv)
term of the given series be 31 = 27a + 16b + 4c + d ...(v)
Tn = a (3)n “1 + bn + c (i) After, solving these equations, we get
Putting n = 1,2,3, we get a = l, b = 0, c = l, d=0
5=a+b+c -(ii) Putting the values of a, b, c, d in Eq. (i), we get
7 — 3a + 2b + c ...(iii)
Tn = 3n"1 + n
13 = 9a + 3b + c -(iv)
Solving these equations, we get
a = 1, b = 0, c = 4 Method of Differences
Putting the values of a, b, c in Eq. (i), we get
(Maha Shortcut)
Tn = 3"-1 + 4
To find ti +r2 +t3 +... + tn_i + t„
Hence, sum of the series
Let$„ =tt+t2+t3 +... + t„_!+ t„
S„ = ZT„ = S(3n “1 + 4)= Z(3n ’ *) + 4S1
Then, At!,At2,At3..... At„_i [1st order differences]
= (1 + 3 + 32 + ...+ 3"-1) +4n
A2t!,A2t2,A2t3..... A2f„_! [2nd order differences]
= 1-^-—^ + 4n = -(3n + 8n-l) '
(3-1)
n — 1 z-i . , n—1
= C] + ”-'C2 A2t,
-I
+...
I Example 99. Find the nth term of the series
1 + 2+ 5 + 12 + 25 + 46+ ... . + n-1Cr_, Ar"'tl
Sol. The sequence of first consecutive differences is 1, 3, 7, 13, S„ = "C, t, + "C2 At, + ”C3 A2t, +...+ "Cr Art,
and
21,.... The sequence of the second consecutive differences
is 2, 4, 6, 8, .... Clearly, it is an AP. Then, nth term of the where, At! = t2-tt,At2 = h-t2, etc.
given series be
A2tj =At2 -AtpA’t! =A2t2 -A2ti, etc.
Tn = a (n - 1) (n - 2) (n - 3) + b (n - 1) (n - 2)
+ c (n - 1) + d ...(i)
Putting n = 1,2,3, 4, we get
I Example 101. Find the n th term and sum to n terms
of the series 12+40+90+168+ 280 +432+....
1=d •••(ii)
2=c+d ...(iii) Sol. Let S„ = 12 + 40 + 90 + 168 + 280 + 432 +..., then
5 = 2b + 2c + d ...(iv) 1st order differences are 28, 50, 78,112, 152,...
12 = 6a + 6b + 3c + d ...(v) (i.e. Atb At2, At3,...)
After, solving these equations, we get and 2nd order differences are
22, 28, 34, 40,... (i.e. t?t2, A2t3,...)
a= b = l, c = 1, d = 1
3 and 3rd order differences are
Putting the values of a, b,c,d in Eq. (i), we get 6,6, 6, 6,... (i.e. A3tb A3t2, A3t3,...)

Tn = -(n3 - 6n2 + lln - 6) + (n2 - 3n + 2) + (n - 1) + 1 and 4th order differences are

3 0, 0,0, 0,... (i.e.A4tbA4t2,A4t3,...)
= -(n3 - 3n2 + 5n)= — (n2 - 3n + 5)
3 3
t„=12- "*‘C0 +28-"‘‘C, + 22.n~lC2 +6-n~1C3
I Example 100. Find the nth term of the series , . 22(n-l)(n-2)
= 12 + 28 (n - 1) + —------ ----------
2+5 + 12+31 + 86 + ....
+ 6(n ~ !)(” ~2)(n ~3)
Sol. The sequence of first consecutive differences is 3, 7, 19,
55,.... The sequence of the second consecutive differences 1-2-3
is 4, 12, 36,.... Clearly, it is a GP with common ratio 3. = n3 + 5n2 +6n
Then, nth term of the given series be and S„ = 12 • "C! + 28 • nC2 + 22 • nC3 + 6 • "C4
Tn = a (3)" "1 + bn2 + cn + d —(i)
254 Textbook of Algebra

28n (n - 1) * 22n (n - l)(n -2) Corollary II

= 12n +
2 1-2-3
+ 6-n (n -l)(n -2)(n-3) (i) 1 • 2 + 2 • 3 +... + n (n +1) = — {n(n + l)
3
= -^(n + l)(3n2+23n+46) 1-2-3-4 / n(n + l)(n + 2)
(n + 2) -0 • 1 • 2} = —------ —------ -
3
(ii) 1 • 3 • 5 • 7 + 3 • 5 • 7 • 9 +... + (2n -1) • (2n +1) (2n 4- 5)
Vn Method -(2n+3)-
= — {(2n -1) (2n +1) (2n + 3) (2n + 5) (2n + 7)
To find the sum of the series of the forms
11 -(-l)-l-3-5-7}
I. a}a2 ...ar + ^2a3 •■■ar + y +... + ano n + 1 ••• +r-l
1 1 1 = {(2n -1) (2n +1) (2n + 3) (2n + 5) (2n + 7) +105}
II.----- ------ +-------- -------- +... +------
^\a2"-ar a2a3'"ar + 1 anan + l • ••^n + r-l
Solution ofform II Let d be the common difference of
where, ai,a2,a3,...,an,...are in AP. AP, then an =ax + (n -1) d
Solution ofform I Let Sn be the sum and Tn be the nth Let sum of the series and nth term are denoted by Sn and
term of the series, then Tn, respectively. Then,
$n =ala2 ”'ar +a2a3 •••flr + l1 +... 1 1
Sn =------------ +-----------------+... +------------
+ nnG;n+1 +•••+ <2„+r_i ala2...ar a2a3...ar + } anan + l . ••an+r-l
•’ n +2 ••• a + r- 2^n+r-l
"fn-^n^n + l^n+2-*-^n ...(i) 1
Tn= — ...(i)
Let Vn —Onfln+ifln+2 ...an+r_2 O’n+r — l &n+r
n+r-2^ annaan + l a n+2 -■•an+r-2 an + r-l
[taking one extra factor in Tn for Vn ]
1
^n-l =an-lan an + l •■■an + r-3 an+r-2 an + r-l Let vn=-a -(ii)
n+1 a
un+2 ••• +r-2 ^n+r-1
^n ~ ^n-1 ~~ ^n^n+l^n+2 •••^n + r-1 (^n+r —^n-1)
= Tn (an+r -an_}) [fromEq. (i)] ...(ii) [leaving first factor from denominator of Tn]
Let d be the common difference of AP, then 1
So, Vn-1 =
an =aj + (n-l)d n + 1 -a n+r-3an+r-2
Then, from Eq. (ii) 1
n -vn_1 =
vn
Vn-Vn-^Tj^i+^ + r-l)^ ^n + 1 an+2 &n+r-2 an+r-l
-{fl! + (n-2) d}] = (r + l)dT„ 1
1
1n =
T (V„-Vn.,) ^n^n + 1 ••• &n+r-3 &n+r-2
(r + l)d
an an+r-l
1 n
s„=et„ = £t„ = (r + l)d„t! anan + l an+2 ~~an+r-2 an+r-l
n =1

1 = Tn (an -fln+r-1) [from Eq. (i)]

"(r + l)d
(V„ -v„) = Tn [{fli +(n -1) d} - {di +(n + r-2)d}]

[from important Theorem 1 of Z] = d(l-r)T„

1 .(Vn-Vn-l)
(ana n+1 ••• an + r -a0al — ar) T
1n =
(r + l)(a2 -ai) d(l-r)
n
Corollary I If alfa2, a3,...,an,... are in AP, then S.=ST„ = ^ (Vn-Vn-l) 1
(Vn-V0)
1 n = 1 d(l-r) rf(l-r)
(i) Forr = 2, axa2 + a2a3 + ... + anan + 1 =
3(a2 -aj [from important Theorem 1 of I]
(anan+lan+2 ~a0ala2)
______ 1 1
(ii) Forr = 3,
1 (a2 — r) fln + l an+2 •••an+r-2 an+r-l
, <ha2a3 + fl2fl3fl4 + ••• + <2nan + lan+2 =
4(a2 -fli) 1
fanAn+lan+2an+3 a0a 1 a2a3 ) ai a2 ... ar_2
=

Chap 03 Sequences and Series 255

I Tn = (3n - 2) (3n 4-1) (3n + 4) (3n 4- 7) —(i)

i Hence, the sum of n terms is Sn =--------- ----------
(r-l)(a2 -aj :.Vn = (3n - 2)(3n 4-1)(3n 4- 4)(3n 4- 7)(3n 4-10)
1 1 V„_i = (3n -5)(3n -2)(3n 4- l)(3n 4- 4)(3n 4-7)
ala2 an + l an + 2 an + r-l Vn = (3n 4-10) Tn [from Eq. (i)]
Corollary I If Oj, a2, a3,..., an,... are in AP, then and Vn_.=(3n-5)Tn
(i) For r = 2, Vn-Vn_l = 15Tn
1 1 1 1
-------F ------ 4-... 4------- T" = b(V'”'V;”1))
ala2 a2a3 ana n +1 (a2 ~al )
/
1 1 __1 &n +1 -a 1
’ d
+1 al an+l } n-

ax +nd -a^ n
d alan+1 al an + l

1 1 1 (from important Theorem 1 of Z]

(ii) For r = 3, —-— 4- 4-... 4------------------
flla2a3 fl2a3a4 ^n + 1 &n+2 = — {(3n - 2) (3n 4-1) (3n 4- 4) (3n 4- 7) (3n 4-10)
1 1 1 -(-2)(l)(4)(7)(10)}
=--------------
2 (^2 - al ) ala2 an+l an+2 = — {(3n - 2)(3n + l)(3n + 4)(3n 4- 7)(3n 4-10) 4- 560}
15
(iii) For r = 4,
Shortcut Method
1 1 1
~---------- 4- 4-... 4-------------------------------
Sn =------------------- 1-------------------
flla2^3a4 a2a3a4a5 +l^n+2^n+3 (last factor of IH term- first factor of I term)
1 1 1 (Taking one extra factor in Tn in last
3(a2 — ) a{a2a3 an + l an+2 an + 3 - Taking one extra factor in I term in start)
1
{(3n - 2)(3n 4- l)(3n 4- 4)(3n 4- 7)(3n 4-10)
Corollary II (16-1)
1 +, ----- 1 + ...4-
1 +------ 1 n -(-2)-1-4-7-10}
(i)----
1-2 2-3 3-4 n(n + l) n 4-1 = {(3n -2)(3n 4- l)(3n 4- 4)(3n 4-7)(3n 4-10)4-560}
z..x 1,1 1 1
(h)------- 4---------- 4-------- — 4-... 4--------------------
1-2-3 2-3-4 3-4-5 n(n4-l) (n4-2) I Example 103. Find the sum to n terms of the series
1 1 _ 1 £_____1 1 1 1
1-3-5-7-9 3-5-7-9-11 5-7-9-11-13 + *
2 [ 1 • 2 (n 4-1) (n 4-2) 4 2 (n 4-1) (n 4-2)
Also, find the sum to infinity terms.
1 1
(iii) 4------------ So/. Let Tn be the nth term of the given series.
1-3•5 • 7 3 • 5 - 7 • 9
Then, Tn =-------------------- --------------------- ...(i)
4-... 4--------------------------------------- (2n - l)(2n 4- l)(2n 4- 3)(2n 4- 5)(2n 4- 7)
(2n — 1) (2n + l) (2n+3) (2n + 5)
V =---------------- -----------------
1 n (2n4-l)(2n4-3)(2n4-5)(2n4-7)
1______________1_________
6 [1-3-5 (2n 4-1) (2n 4-3) (2n 4-5) [leaving first factor from denominator of Tn ]
= __________1__________ v =_______ 1______
n-1 (2n-l)(2n4-l)(2n4-3)(2n + 5)
90 6 (2n 4-1) (2n 4-3) (2n 4-5)
=> V. — V- _. =---------------- -----------------
I Example 102. Find the sum upto n terms of the (2n4-l)(2n4-3)(2n4-5)(2n4-7)
series 1-4-7-1O+4-7-10-13 +7-10-13-16 +... ____________ 1__________
So/. Let Tn be the nth term of the given series. (2n-l)(2n4-l)(2n4-3)(2n4-5)
_________ (2n-l)-(2n+7)_______
:.Tn = (nth term of 1, 4, 7, ...(nth term of 4, 7,10,...)
(2n - l)(2n 4- l)(2n 4-3)(2n 4- 5)(2n 4- 7)
(nth term of 7,10,13,...) (nth term of 10,13,16,...)
= - 8 Tn [from Eq. (i)]
256 Textbook of Algebra

8
Maha Shortcut Method
n I n 1
S„ = X7*n = £ T„ = - - Y (V„ - V„ -,) = - 1 (V„ - V„) Taking - outside the bracket
n=1
8“. 8 8
f. 1 i i A
[from Important Theorem 1 of E] i.e.------ =--------- =--------- =... and in bracket leaving last
9-1 11-3 13-5 )
= l(v.-v.) factor of denominator of first term - leaving first factor of
_ 1 i ____________ 1____________ denominator of last term
~8 1-3-5-7 (2n + l)(2n+3)(2n+5)(2n+7) 1 1____________________ 1_____________
i.e., Sn =-
J____________1_________ 8 V1 •3•5•7 (2n + l)(2n+3)(2n + 5)(2n + 7)>
840 8(2/i-F1)(2/i-F3)(2/i-F5)(2/i+7)

and
, „ 1 1 1
=---------- -- --------
--------- o
n
0=
1
=------
—■
• 9
.. s„ =-
1

8
1
1-3-5-7
-ok-L
1
840
840 oo 840 840 7
Shortcut Method n
1 1 1 n(n+1)(n+2)(n + 3)
-------------+-----------------1 F ... B Example 104. If £rr =
1-3-5-7-9--- 3-5-7-9-11---- 5-7-9-11-13 r =l 12
1
+-------------------------------------------------- ...(i) where Tr denotes the rth term of the series. Find
(2n - 1) (2n +1) (2n + 3) (2n + 5) (2n + 7) n 1
Now, in each term in denominator
9 - 1 = 11 - 3 = 13 - 5 = ... = (2n + 7) - (2n - 1) = 8
J™ Sr r = l’r
n n -1
Then, Eq. (i) can be written as
Sol. We have, Tn = ^Tr - ^Tr
1 9-1
----------- 11-3
P---------------- 13-5
1- ----------------- r-1 r=1
F ...
8 11-3-5-7-9 3-5-7-9-11 5-7-9-11-13 n(n + l)(n+2)(n+3) (/i — l)/i(/i + l)(/i+2)
+ (2n-F7)-(2n-l) 12 12
(2n -1) (2/1 +1) (2/1 + 3) (2/1 + 5) (2/1 + 7) = ^<'1+2)1(n+3)-(„-!)]
1 1 1
---------- 1
-I--------------- 1
8 11-3-5-7 3-5-7-9 3-5-7-9 5-7-9-11 n (n + l)(n + 2) 1 3

1 1 3 Tn n (n + 1) (n + 2)
--------------- F ...
■F-----------
5-7-9-11 7-9-11-13 lim £-*- = lim £------ 3____
1 n-^”r = iTr n->oor = /(r + l)(r + 2)
•F----------------------------------------
(2/i-l)(2/i-Fl)(2/i+3)(2n + 5)
_____________1_____________ = 3 lim £------ !------
“'•(r + l)(r+2)
(2n + l)(2n+3)(2n+5)(2n+7)
1 +-------
— 1 +
1 +-------- 1
1 1 _____________1_____________ = 3 lim +-----------
n —> oo
kl-2-3 2-3-4 3-4-5 n (n + l)(n +2),
8 1-3-5-7 (2n +1) (2n + 3) (2n + 5) (2n + 7)
Maha Shortcut Method
[middle terms are cancelled out]
/
1 ------- 1------------ = S rn [say] = 3 lim -
1_____
840 8 (2n + 1) (2n + 3) (2/1 + 5) (2/i 4- 7) «->“2 ^1-2 (n +l)(n + 2)

3 r1
2 1i-oM
Sum to infinity terms = S„ = —---- 0 = —
840 840 2 4
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 257

§ Exercise for Session 6

1 3 7 15 - u
1. The sum of the first n terms of the series - + - + - + — + ... is
2 4 8 16 ...... J
(a) 2" - n - 1 (b) 1- Zn (c)n + Zn - 1 (d) 2" - 1

2. 21'4 -41'8-81,16-161/32...is equal to

(a)1 (b)l (c)2 (d)f

3. 1 +3 + 7 + 15 + 31 +...upton terms equals
(a)2n + 1-n (b)2/) + 1-n-2 (c)2n-n-2 (d) None of these

4. 99th term of the series 2 + 7 + 14 + 23 + 34 + ... is

(a) 9998 (b) 9999 (c) 10000 (d)100000

5. The sum of the series 1-2-3 + 2-3-4 + 3-4-5 + ...upton terms is

(a) n (n + 1) (n + 2) (b) (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3)
(c)ln(n + 1)(n+2)(n+3) (d)- (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3)
4 4
111 1
6. — +--- +---- + ... +--------- equals
1-2 2-3 3-4 n(n + 1)
1
(a) (b)-2-
n (n + 1) n+ 1
I \ 2n 2
(C)------ (d)
n+ 1 n (n + 1)
2 5 7
7. Sum of the n terms of the series + + 12 + 22 + 33 + ...is
12 12 + 22
(b)^-
n+ 1 n+ 1
(d)-*-
n+ 1 n+ 1
1 1111
8. Iftln = - (n + 2) (n + 3) for n = 1,2,3,..., then - + — + -- + ...+----- equals
4 fl t2 <3 ^2003

(a) 1222 ... 4003

(b)------
3006 3007
(01222 4006
(d)------
3008 3009
1 1 1
9. The value of ----------------- +------------------ +------------------- + ... upto °° is
(1 + a)(2 + a) (2 + a)(3 + a) (3 + a)(4 + a)
(where, a is constant)
(a)-2_ (b)_2_
1+ a 1+ a
(C)oo (d) None of these
n
70. If f(x) is a function satisfying f(x + y) = f (x)f(y) for all x,y eN such that f(1) = 3 and y f(x) = 120. Then, the
. *=i
value ofn is
(a) 4 (b)5 (c)6 (d) None of these
Session 7
Application to Problems of Maxima
and Minima (Without Calculus)

Application to Problems yz = zx = xy = 4

of Maxima and Minima Hence, greatest value of (yz) (zx) (xy) is 4 • 4 • 4

i.e., greatest value of x2y2z2 is 64.
[Without Calculus) Hence, greatest value of xyz is 8.
Suppose that a},a2,a3,...,an are n positive variables and k
is constant, then
I Example 106. Find the greatest value of x3y\ if
(i) Iftij +a2 + a3 + + an = k (constant), the
2x + 3y = 7 and x > 0, y > 0.
value of a1a2a3 ... an is greatest when Sol. To find the greatest value of x 3y4 or
ai ~a2 =a3 =•••• = un, so that the greatest (x)(x)(x)(y)(y)(y)(y)
n Here, x repeats 3 times and y repeats 4 times.
'k
value of a1a2a3--- an Is Given, 2x + 3y = 7,
then multiplying and dividing coefficients of x and y by 3
Proof v AM > GM and 4, respectively.
Qj + a22 + 03 + ... + □„ >(a1a2a3 ...any,n Rewrite 3f—1 + 4 =7
n I3J 4J
k. 2x 2x 2x 3y
_ \l/n
->(fl! a2 a 3 •••«„) or + + + + + + 7
3 3 3 4 4 4 .4J
n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
or
CkV
(axa2a3 ...an) < — Here, k = 7 and n = 7
{nJ Hence, greatest value of
Here, ai =a2 = a3 = ... = a„ 7
n (2x 2x 2x 3y 3y 3y 3y 7
k is
Greatest value of a! a2fl 3 ••• Q/i is 3 3 3 A< 4 7
n A '4 4 4
2 3 -3‘
2-3'
or greatest value of —— x3y4 is 1.
^3
33-4.4
I Example 105. Find the greatest value of xyz for
positive values of x,y,z subject to the condition Thus, greatest value of x3y4 is —.
yz + zx+ xy = 12
Sol. Given, yz + zx + xy = 12 (constant), the value of (ii) Ifa1a2a3 ...an = k (constant), the value of
(yz) (zx) (xy) is greatest when yz = zx = xy fli +a2 +<*3 +-..+an is least when
Here, n=3andfc = 12 =a2 =a3 = ...=an, so that the least of
(12Y ai +a2 +a3 +“- + an is n(k)1/n.
Hence, greatest value of (yz)(zx)(xy) is I — I i.e. 64.
Proof v AM > GM
.*. Greatest value of x2y2z2 is 64. +a2 +a3 + ... + a„
>(aia2a3...any/n=^ln
Thus, greatest value of xyz is 8. n
Aliter +a2 +a3 + ... + an
>(k)1/n
Given yz + zx + xy = 12, the greatest value of(yz)(zx)(xy) n
is greatest when or Oj+a2+a3+... + an >n(k)1/n
yz = zx = xy = c [say]
Here, a, = a2 = a3 = ... = an
Since, yz + zx + xy = 12
.•. c + c + c = 12 /. Least value offij +a2 +a3 + ... + an isn(/c)I/n
=> 3c = 12 or c = 4
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 259

I Example 107. Find the least value of 3x + 4y for I Example 109. If a,b,c be positive real numbers,
positive values of x and y, subject to the condition , a b c 3
x2y3=6. • prove that ------ + ----- + —- > -.
+------
b+c cc+o + o a+b 2
Sol. Given, x2y3 - 6
Sol. Arithmetic mean of (-1) th powers
or (*)(*)(y)(y)(y) = 6
> (- 1) th power of arithmetic mean
Here, x repeats 2 times and y repeats 3 times
( b+c ' c+a a+b
( 3x~)
3x + 4y = 2 — + 3
+ +
a + b + c^ a+b+c a + b + C;
k 2; 3J
3
_<3x
~k 2
+
3x kte'i+fiz + iz ' b+c
c+a
+----------- +
a+b
2 J k3 3 3
a+b+c a+ b+c a+ b+c
1 2 3 4 5 >
3
multiplying and dividing coefficient of x and y by 2 and 3
respectively and write x2y3 =6 a + b + c + ----------
---------- a + b + c+ a + b + c
,f3_x 3x 4y 4y 32 43
4y ]_ 3' b+c c+a a+b
— x—-x6 = 32 > -I
I 2 2 3 3 Tj “ 22 33 3 W
a +1+-*_ c >9
Here, n = 5 and k = 32 “ 2
b+c c+a a+b
Hence, least value of — + — + iZ + iZ + iZ a b c
2 2 3 3 3 ----- + - +------ >--3
b + c <c + a a + b 2
= 5(32)1/5 = 10 a b c
or ------ + +------ >3-
i.e. least value of3x + 4y = 10 b+c c +a a+b 2

I Example 108. Find the minimum value of I Example 110. If o and b are positive and a+b -1,
2 2
ba + cay + abz, when xyz = obc.
Sol. To find the minimum value of show that o+- + b + —
25f, 1 "
bcx + cay + abz,
l o) I b 2

write,
or
xyz = abc
(bcx) (cay) (abz) = a3b3c3 = k [constant]
1
a+-
a
u+>-
Sol. Since, AM of 2nd powers > 2nd power of AM
1
b
i2 ( i
a+-+b+-
a b
iv

Here, n =3 2 2
Hence, minimum value of bcx + cay + abz = n (k)lln k
1 (1 + a’1 + b-1)2
= 1 (a + b + a-1 + b'1)2 = -
= 3(aW)'/3 = 3abc [va + b = 1]
4 4 ’
2
1 I. 1 Y 1 112
a+- + b + - >-(1 + a-1 + b"1)2 —(i)
An Important Result a k bJ 2
a-1 + b' a+b 1
If a, > 0, i = 1,2,3 n which are not identical, then Again, =2
2 2 2
m
Qt +a2 +-. + Qn <ii + a2 +... + an a 1 + b‘
(i) ;Ifm<0 or >2
n n 2
orm>l a-1 + b~l > 4
m (1 + a-1 + b-1) > 5 or (1 + a-1 + b-1)2 > 25
at +a2 + ... + an + a2 + ... 4- an
(ii)
l-1x2 25
n n -(1 + a +b Y>— ■■•(ii)
2 2
IfOcmcl
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 / i2 >25
Remark 1
a+- + lb + -
If a, = aj =. = then use equal sign in inequalities. a l bI 2
260 Textbook of Algebra

g Exercise for Session 7

1. The minimum value of 4* + 42" *, x g R is
(a)0 (b)2
(c)4 (d)8
2. If 0 < G < n, then the minimum value of sin3 0 + cosec3 G + 2, is
(a)0 (b)2
(c)4 (d) 8

3. If a, b,c and d are four real numbers of the same sign, then the value of — + — + — + — lies in the interval
b c d a
(a)R~) (b) [3«)
(c)(4,~) (d)[4,«)
4. IfO <x < ^-.then the minimum value of2(sinx + cos x + cosec2x)3 is

(a) 27 (b) 13.5

(c) 6.75 (d) 0
5. Ifa + b+ c = 3 and a > 0, b > 0, c > 0, then the greatest value of a2b 3c2 is
3*-210 310-24
(a) 77 (b) 77
U
32-212 ... S12 ^2
(c) 77 U(d) 77

6. If x + y + z = a and the minimum value of — + — + - is 81\ then the value of X is

1 x y z
(a) 2 (b)1

(C)J (d)2

9 1
7. a,b,c are three positive numbers and abc has the greatest value —, then
64
(a) a =b =-,c = 2 (b)a = b=c = 2
2 4 3
(c)a=b = -,c = - (d)a=b=c = 2
4 2 4
 Shortcuts and Important Results to Remember
1 If Tn = An + 8, i.e. nth term of an AP is a linear expression 18 If a, b, c are in GP, then a + b, 2b, b + c are in HP.
in n, where A, 8 are constants, then coefficient of n i.e., A 19 If a, b, c are in AP, then Xa, A?, Af are in GP, where
is the common difference. X > 0. X * 1
2 If Sn = Cn2 + Dn is the sum of n terms of an AP, where C 20 If -1 < r < 1, then GP is said to be convergent, if r < -1 or
and D are constants, then common difference of AP is 2C r > 1, then GP is said to be divergent and if r = -1, then
i.e., 2 times the coefficient of n2. series is oscillating.
3 (i)d=Tn-Tn_1[n>2] (ii) Tn =Sn-Sn.i [n >2] 21 If a, b,c.d are in GP, then
(iii)d=Sn-2Sn_1+Sn_2[n>3J (a ± bf, (b ± cf, (c ±df are in GP, V n e I
4 If for two different AP's 22 If a, b, c are in AP as well as in GP, then a = b=c.
§2 An2 + Bn An + B 23 The equations a,x + a2y = a3, a4x + a5y = a$ has a unique
or
Sn Cn2 + Cn Cn + D solution, if a,, a2, a3,34, a5, ag are in AP and common
difference * 0.
Then, = (2n -1) + 8
24 For n positive quantities aj, a2, a3.....
Tn C(2n-1)+D
AM > GM > HM
5 If for two different AP's . (n + 1> _.
A ------ + B sign of equality (AM = GM = HM) holds when quantities
Tn _ An + B Q 2 are equal
, then -4 =
T„ Cn + D sn c — I + D i.e. 8i = a2 = a3 =... = ^,.
2 J 25 For two positive numbers a and b (AM) (HM)
6 If Tp =q and Tq = p, then Tp+q = Q,Tr =p + q -r = (GM)2, the result will be true torn numbers, if they are in
7 If pTp =qTq of an AP, then T'p+q
P .. =0 GP.
fl If Sp =Sq for an AP, then Sp+q = 0 26 If odd numbers of (say 2n +1) AM's, GM's and HM’s be
inserted between two numbers, then their middle means
9 IfSp =qandSQ =pofan AP, thenSp+q = -(p + q)
[i.e., (n +1) th mean] are in GP.
1/(P -Q)
pn
10 tfTp=P and Tq = Q for a GP, then Tn = 27 If a2,b2,c2 are in AP.
1 1 1 i

11 VTm+n — P< Tm-n =q for a GP, then are in AP.

b + c'c + a’a + b
m / 2n

Tm = 4pq. Tn=p £ 28 Coefficient of xn"1 and xn " 2 in

P
(x-a1)(x-a2)(x-a3)...(x-3n)
12 If Tm = n, Tn = m for a HP, then
are - & + a2 + a3 +... + ^,)and Xa^, respectively
mn t _ -| y- _ 222
n ~
(n? + n)
• ‘mn — 'p "■ (W-Sa,2
p where, S a^ =
2
13 If Tp =qr,Tq = pr for a HP, then Tr = pq
29 1 + 3+ 5+ ...upton terms = n,2
14 No term of HP can be zero and there is no formula to find
n (n + 1) (n + 2)
Sn for HP. 30 2 + 6+12+ 20 + ...upton terms =
3
a-b a a a
15 a, b,c are in AP, GP or HP as ------ = -or - or-, n(n2+2)
b-c a b c 31 1 + 3 +7 + 13 +...upton terms =
3
16 If A, G, H be AM, GM and HM between a and b, then
n (n + 1)2 (n + 2)
A when n = 0 32 1+ 5+ 14+ 30 +...upton terms =
an + ] + bn + } 12
G, when n = --
an + bn 2 33 If a,, a2, a3,.... a^ are the non-zero terms of a non-constant
H, when n = -1 AP, then

17 If A and G are the AM and GM between two numbers 111 1 (n-1)

--- +----- +-----+... +--------
a, b, then a, b are given by A ± a/(A + G)(A-G) a,a2 a2a3 a3a4--------- an-iQn ai^n
JEE Type Solved Examples:
Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 multiple choice examples. (1-r101) 1 125
x— [from Eq. (i)J
Each example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of flir100(l-r) „ 100
«i
0/
which ONLY ONE is correct.
125 125 125 1
X (a/0)2 (a5i)2 (25)2 " 5
• Ex. 1 Ifb - c, 2b - X, b - a are in HP, then a----- ,
2
XX. • Ex. 3 If x = 111... 1 (20 digits), y = 333... 3 (10 digits) and
b-----, c — are is
2 2
z = 222...2 (10 digits), then equals
(a) AP (b)GP z
(c) HP (d) None of these
2(b-c)(b-a)
(a)l (b)1 (c)2 (d)4
So/, (b) (2b-X) =
(b-c) + (b-a)
Sol. (b) v x = -(999...9) = -(1020 -1),
(2b-X) = (2b-(a + c)) = 2[b2 ~(a + c)h + ac] 9 9

=> 2b2 - 2bX + X(a + c) - 2ac = 0 y = -(999...9) = -(10l0-l)

3 3
b2 - bX + —(a + c) - ac = 0 2 2
2 and z = -(999...9) = -(10I0-l)]
9 9
(. X I2 X2 X. .
=> b — ----- + — (a + c)-ac = 0 2 -(102°-l)--(1010-l)2
I 2 4 2 x-yL- 9_________ 9________
z
b-±
2
£_x(fl+c)+ac -(1010-l)
4 2V 9
2
_ IO10 4-1 — (IO10 — 1) _ 2
b-±2 2

X X X • Ex. 4 Consider the sequence 1,2,2, 3, 3, 3,..., where n

Hence, a ,b —. c are in GP.
2 2 2 occurs n times. The number that occurs as 2011th terms is
(a) 61 (b) 62
• Ex. 2 Letai,a2,a3,.... a10 are in GPwitha5} = 25 and (c) 63 (d) 64
101 101f i Sol. (c) The last 4 occurs as 1 + 2 + 3+4 = 10th term. The last n
=125, then the value of^ — equals th
i=i ;=i\a/>
n(n + l)
occurs as term, the last 62 occurs as
2
(a)5 (b)l (c)-± <d>— th
5 25 125 62x63
i = 1953 rd term and the last 63 occurs as
Sol. (b) Let 1st term be a and common ratio be r, then 2
101 , th
£± = 125 [63X64
= 2016 th term.
i = 1 ai
I 2
=> (^ 4-^r+fljr2+...+a/100) = 125
.*. 63 occurs from 1954th term to 2016th term.
oi(l-r101) _ Hence, (201 l)lh term is 63.
125 [let 0 < r < 1] ...(i)
(1-r)
117
1
101 1
• Ex. 5 LetS = ^ tv/?en[-] denotes the greatest
I -1 2[Vr ] +1
101 1 1 1_ fli r
1 1 1
— +---- +----- 2+‘"+ 100
i = 1 ai atr ^r atr 1-1 integer function and ifS = — , when p and q are co-primes,
r q
the value of p + q is
here - > 1
r (a) 20 (b) 76 (c) 19 (d)69
 Chap 3 Sequences and Series 263

117 i
Sol. (b) v s=y —4— • Ex. 9 LetX be the greatest integer for which
2[V?] + 1 5p2 -16, 2pX, X2 are distinct consecutive terms of an AP,
3 5 7 19 18 where peR. If the common difference of the AP is
------------ 1-----------1 --------- +...+------ + r m\
2-1 + 1 2-2 + 1 2-3 + 1 2-9 + 1 2-10 + 1
— ,m,ne N and m, n are relative prime, the value of m + n
n 18 n 6 69
21 7 7 is
p = 69 and q=7 => p + q=69 +7 =76 (a) 133 (b) 138 (c) 143 (d) 148
Sol. (c) v 5p2 -16,2pX,X2 are in AP, then
• Ex. 6 If a, b, c are non-zero real numbers, then the mini­
mum value of the expression 4pX = 5p2 — 16 + X2
(fl8 + 4q4 + 1)(b4 +3b2 +1)(c2 +2c + 2)
5p2-4pX + X2 -16 = 0 —(i)
equals
a b B-4AC>0 [vpeP]
(a) 12 (b)24 (c) 30 (d) 60 16X2 — 4-5 -(X2 -16) > 0
Sol. (c) Let P = + 4fl4 + + + 1^f?2 + 2c+2)
-X2 +80 >0 or X2 >80
a„4f2
b
-V80 < X < V80
= | a4 + 4 + — f>2+3 + ± {(c + l)2+l)}
X=8 [greatest integer]
I a4. b J
From Eq. (i), 5p2 -32p + 48 = 0
= a* + 4 + — > 6, b2 +34—— > 5 and(c +1)2 +1 > 1
a b (p - 4)(5p -12) = 0
vx + —> 2 forx > 0 12
x P = 4. P = ~
P> 6-5-1 = 30 => P > 30
12
Hence, the required minimum value is 30. P = y>P*4
[for p = 4 all terms are equal]
• Ex. 7 If the sum of m consecutive odd integers ism4, then
Now, common difference = X2 -2pX
the first integer is
12 f 3 128 m
(a) m3+m + 1 (b)m3+m-1 = 64-16x — = 64 1 — [given]
5 5 5 n
(c) m3-m-l (d)m3-m + 1
m = 128andn = 5
Sol. (d) Let 2a +1,2a + 3,2a + 5,... be the AP, then
m4 = (2a +1) + (2a + 3) + (2a + 5) +... upto m terms Hence, m + n = 143

= — {2(2a +1) + (m —1) -2} = m(2a +1 + m — 1) • Ex. 10 If Ik, kand[k2 -14], Xe R- {0} and [.] denotes
the greatest integer function are the first three terms of a GP
m3 =(2a + l)+m-l in order, then the 51th term of the sequence,
2a + l = m3-m + l 1, 3X, 6X, 10X, ...is
oo (a) 5104 (b) 5304
• Ex. 8 The value of^ is (c) 5504 (d) 5704
Sol. (b) v 2X, X, [X2 -14] are in GP, then
(b)| (d)A
(a)i * 125 X2 = 2X[X“ - 14]
So/.(a)£^r + 5)5'\ lim V f(Sr + 5)-r | = [X2-14]
£ r(5r + 5) r(5r + 5) J 5r
=x |--
n
n

■ I r
r=l V
(i 1 A 1_
5r + 5j5r
X must be an even integer
Hence, X=4
Now, required sequence 1,12, 24, 40,...
Hm £
= n-»«o
n
£ 1
, (r + l)5r+l, or 1, 4(1 + 2), 4(1 + 2 + 3), 4(1 + 2 + 3 + 4),...
r = l k^-5
n (1
51th term = 4(1+ 2 + 3+...+51)
1 1 « = -1
= lim V — --0
" — r=il5 (n + l)5n+1J 5 5 = 4-—(1 + 51)= 4-51-26=5304
2
264 Textbook of Algebra

J EE Type Solved Examples:

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
■ This section contains 5 multiple choice examples. Each => s,=l + ls, + l1 s„-l A. A
example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which 4 4 2 " 4 2n + 2 2n + 1
more than one may be correct. 1 Xn
=>-$„=- A 5-2-A_ A<2
• Ex. 11 The first three terms of a sequence are 3, -1, -1. 4 2 2n + 2 2" + i n 2n + 1 2"'*

The next terms are

• Ex. 14 lfSr =yr + y r 4“ V*.. °°, r > 0 then which the
(a) 2 (b) 3 {C)-A (d)_|
(d)-^
27 9 following is/are correct.
Sol. (b, d) The given sequence is not an AP or GP or HP. It is (a) Sr,S6, S12, S20 are in AP
an AGP, 3, (3 + d)r,(3 + 2d)r2,... (b) S4,S9,S16 are irrational
=^ (3 +d)r =-1,(3 +2d)r2 =-1 (c) (254_l)2,(2S5_l)2(2S6_1)2 are in AP
Eliminating r, we get (3 + d)2 = - (3 + 2d) (d) S2,S12,S56 are in GP
d2+8d + 12 = 0 => d = —2,—6, Sol. (a, b, c, d)
v Sr = -J r + 7r + V+7...°° = -Jr +Sr
then r = -1, -
3 => Sr2 - Sr - r = 0
Q 5
J

Next term is(3 + 3d)r =3,— l + J(l + 4r)

9 [vr>0]
2
• Ex. 12 There are two numbers a and b whose product is Alternate (a) S2,S6, Sl2, S20 i.e., 2, 3, 4, 5 are in AP.
192 and the quotient of AM by HM of their greatest common 1-.“^t 1 l+ are
Alternate (b) S4,S9, S16 i.e.,
2 2 2
divisor and least common multiple is The smaller of a irrationals.
and b is Alternate (c)(2S4_1)2,(2S5_1)2,(2S6_1)2 Le., 17,21,25 are in AP
(a) 2 (b)4 (c) 6 (d) 12 Alternate (d) S2, S12, S56 i.e., 2, 4, 8 are in GP.
Sol. (b, d) If G = GED of a and b, L = LCM of a and b, we
have GL = ab = 192 • Ex. 15 If-, —, - are in AP and a, b, -2c are in GP, where
G + L^f G + L 169 a b c
of G and L is a, b, c are non-zero, then
HM 2 2GL 48
(a) a3 + b3+c3 = 3abc (b) -2a,b, -2c are in AP
169 _ 169
=> (G + L)2 =-—GL = -—X 192 = 132-4 2 (d) a2,b2,4c2 are in GP
12 12 (c) -2a,b, - 2c are in GP
=> G + L =52 but GL = 192 Sol. (a, b, d)
G = 4, L — 48 => a = 4, b = 48 or a ~ 12, b = 16 v - are in AP => a, b, c are in HP
a b c
• Ex. 13 Consider a series^- + — + -^-4--^-+—-+...+ An 2ab
b — —— -(■)
2 22 23 24 25 2n a+c
lfSn denotes its sum to n terms, then Sn cannot be and a, b, - 2c are in GP, then b2 = -2ac ,(ii)
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c)4 (d) 5
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Sol. (a, b, c, d)
„ 1 112.3.5
2 3 5 , kn
X a + b + c =0 [vb *0]
a+c
2 2 2 ' 23 24 2 s 2T
a3 +b3 +c3 = 3abc and a, b, -2c are in GP
=£34 +ifi+± +4 +4 +4+
5
4^2 22 23 24 25
„.+^k
2n
=> a2, b2,4c2 are also in GP and a+b+c=0
=> 2b = -2a - 2c
+i[i+±+4+...42n . 2 A_ A. :. -2a, b, - 2c are in AP.
2^2 22 23 4 2n + z 2"+1
 Chap 3 Sequences and Series 265

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 3 solved passages based upon each Aliter By inspection, first common term to both the series
of the passage 3 multiple choice examples have to be is 23, second common term is 51, third common term is 79
answered. Each of these examples has four choices (a), (b), and so on. These numbers form an AP 23, 51, 79,...
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. Since, TH =23+ 13 (28) = 387 < 407

Passage I and Ju =23 + 14(28)= 415 > 407

(Ex. Nos. 16 to 18) Hence, number of common terms = 14
Consider a sequence whose sum to n terms is given by the 20. The 10th common term between the series3 + 7 +11 +...
quadratic function Sn =3n2 +5n. and1 +6 +11 +... is
(a) 189 (b) 191 (c)211 (d) 213
16. The nature of the given series is
Sol. (b) Series 3 + 7 + 11 +... has common difference = 4 and
(a)AP (b)GP
(b)CP (c)HP (d) AGP
series 1 + 6 + 11 +... has common difference = 5
Sol. (a) •• Sn = 3n2 + 5n
Hence, the series with common terms has common
= — _i difference LCM of 4 and 5 which is 20.
= (3n2 + 5n) - [3(n - I)2 + 5(n - 1)] The first common terms is 11.
= 3(2n - 1) + 5 = 6n + 2 Hence, the series is 11 + 31 + 51 + 71 +...
The nth term is a linear function in n. Hence, sequence Go = 11 + (10 - 1) (20) = 191
must be an AP.
Aliter t„ for3 + 7 + 11 +... = 3 + (n - 1)(4) = 4n - 1
17. For the given sequence, the number 5456 is the and tm fori + 6+ 11 + ... = 1 +(m - l)(5) = 5m - 4
(a) 153 th term (b) 932 th term For a common term, 4n - 1 = 5m - 4 i.e., 4n = 5m - 3
(c) 707 th term (d) 909 th term For m = 3, n = 3 gives the first common term i.e., 11.
Sol. (d) Given, Tn = 5456 For m = 7, n = 8 gives the second common term i.e., 31.
=> 6n + 2 = 5456 => 6n = 5454 For m = 11, n = 13 gives the third common term i.e., 51.
n = 909 Hence, the common term series is 11 + 31 + 51 +...
.’. The number 5456 is the 909 th term. t10 = 11+ (10-1)20= 191
18. Sum of the squares of the first 3 terms of the given
21. The value of largest term common to the sequences 1,
series is
11, 21, 31,... upto 100 terms and 31, 36, 41, 46,... upto
(a) 1100 (b) 660 (c) 799 (d) 1000
100 terms, is
Sol. (b) T* + T22 + T32 = 82 + 142 + 202 = 64 + 196 + 400 = 660
(a) 281 (b) 381 (c) 471 (d) 521

Passage II Sol. (d) Sequence 1, 11, 21, 31, ... has common difference = 10
and sequence 31, 36, 41, 46, ... has common difference = 5.
(Ex. Nos. 19 to 21)
Hence, the sequence with common terms has common
Let r be the number of identical terms in the two AP’s. difference LCM of 10 and 5 which is 10.
Form the sequence of identical terms, it will be an AP, then The first common term is 31.
the rth term of this AP make tr < the smaller of the last Hence, the sequence is 31, 41, 51, 61, 71,... ...(i)
term of the two AP’s.
Now, t100 of first sequence = 1 + (100 - 1)10 = 991
19. The number of terms common to two AP’s 3, 7,11,..., and t100 of second sequence = 31 + (100 - 1) 5 = 526
407 and 2, 9,16..... 709 is Value of largest common term < 526
(a) 14 (b) 21 (c) 28 (d) 35 .'.tn of Eq. (i) is 31 + (n -1) 10 = lOn +21
Sol. (a) Sequence 3, 7, 11,..., 407 has common difference = 4
t50 = 10x 50 + 21 = 521
and sequence 2, 9, 16, ..., 709 has common difference = 7.
is the value of largest common term.
Hence, the sequence with common terms has common
difference LCM of 4 and 7 which is 28. Aliter Let mth term of the first sequence be equal to the
nth term of the second sequence, then
The first common term is 23.
Hence, the sequence is 23,51,79..... 387 which has 14 terms. 1 + (m - 1) 10 = 31 + (n -1)5
266 Textbook of Algebra

=> 10m - 9 = 5n + 26 => 10m - 35 = 5n X 2

y +------
------ 4- >0.6
2m -7 = n <100 => 2m < 107 2- x 2-y 2-2
x 2
m <53- Thus, minimum value of 4------- is 0.6.
2 2-x 2-y 2-2
Largest value of m = 53 n
23. If^a? = X, V a, > 0 and ifgreatest and least values of
:. Value of largest term = 1 + (53 - 1) 10 = 521
i=1
\2
Passage III n
arek} andX2 respectively, thenff.^ -X2)/$
(Ex. Nos. 22 to 24)
V=1 7
We are giving the concept of arithmetic mean of mth
(a)nX (b)(n-l)X
power. Let , a2, <23,...» an be npositive real numbers (not
(c)(n + 2)X (d)(n + 1)X
all equal) and m be a real number. Then,
\m Sol. (b) •/ AM of 2nd powers > 2nd power of AM
U] 4- a2 4- a3 4-... + an > I U] + a.2 + cij 4-
af 4-a2 4-af 4-... 4-a2 2
n k n + 4? O] + 0-2 4" fl3 4" + an
n n
if m G R - [0,1]
However, if m G (0,1), then (n V
fl! + a2 + q3 +... 4- a„ < ( aj 4- a2 4- a3 4-... + an
m
=> A> i=1 (n Y < n X (i)
n \ n n n
v=> 7
Obviously, if m = {0,1}, then \ 7
\m Also, (aj + a2 + a3 +... + a„ )2 = a2 4- a2 4- a3 4-
af 4- a™ + a™ +... + a™ (cq + a2 4- a3 +
n ... + a2 4-2^\1fl2
n

22. Ifx > 0, y > 0, z > 0 and x + y 4- z =1, the minimum / n \2

X y z
value of------- ++ —— + , is £ x (ii)
2-x 2-y 2 - z j=i >
(a) 0.2 (b) 0.4 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
(c) 0.6 (d) 0.8 2
r n >
Sol. (c) Since, AM of (-1) th powers > (-1) th powers of AM <nX
. (2-x)'14-(2-y)'1 4-(2-2) 2 - x + 2- y + 2- z^ J=1 >
> \x=-n'k and X2 = X
3 3 J
Then, Xj - X2 = (n - 1) X
- '6~(y+ y+ z)~|~l _ 6-1 3
24. If sum of the mth powers offirst n odd numbers is X,
"L 3 3 5
V m > 1, then
_ (2-x^-r (2-y)'1 4-(2-2)
(a) X < nm (b)X>nm (c) X < n m +1 (d)X>n'” + 1
3 5
Sol. (d) v m > 1
1 1 1 1 >3-
or 4------- 4-------
3 2-x 2-y 2-2 5 lw 4- 3W 4- 5W 4-... 4- (2n - l)m
1
1 1 n
4------ 4------- >’ [14-34-54-... 4- (2n — 1)
m
2-x 2-y 2-2 5 >
2
2 2 \ n
or 4------- 4-------
2-x 2-y 2-2 5 (n-(14-2H-1) Y"
or 14-
x -2- + 14- z = nm
2-y • 2-z 5 n
2-x
x z
or ------- 4- y 4------- >15-3 .-. lm +3" + 5m +... 4- (2n - l)m > n m + 1
2- x 2-y 2-2 5
x 2 Hence, X > nm +1 ■
Hence, 4--^- 4------- > - = 0.6
2-x 2-y 2-2 5
 Chap 3 Sequences and Series 267

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. The answer to each 3(1 + A,) 3(1 +A,) (3 + 2A,)
*l>
example is a single digit integer ranging from 0 to 9 (3 + Aj) (3 + AJ (2 + AJ
(both inclusive). Ai >3 or Ai > fl
• Ex. 25 A sequence of positive terms A},A2,A3,.. Ai =2 [least integral value of Aj
satisfies the relation An + }= ^0 + ^n) Least integral value
(3 + An) • Ex. 26 When the ninth term of an AP is divided by its
0/ A, for which the sequence is decreasing can be second term we get 5 as the quotient, when the thirteenth
Sol. (2) v A„ + j = -3(1-+A-"J. For n = 1, A2 = 3(1+-A,) term is divided by sixth term the quotient is 2 and the
(3 + An) (3 + A,) remainder is 5, then the second term is
_3(1 + A2) Sol. (7) Let a be the first term and d be the common difference,
Forn =2, A3
' (3 + A2) then T9 = 5 T2
=> (a + 8d) = 5 (a + d)
3fi + ^kLdi)>
(3 + A]) J 6 + 4 Ai _ 3 + 2A| 4a = 3d
o ■ 3(1 + ^i) ~" 4 +2Aj ” 2 + Al and T|3 — T6 x 2 + 5
(3 +Ai) a + 12d = 2 (a + 5d) + 5
•/ Given, sequence can be written as 2d = a + 5 (ii)
A)3(l +A,) (3 + 2A,) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
(3 +Ai) (2 +A]) a = 3 and d = 4
Given, A] > 0 and sequence is decreasing, then T2 = a + d = 7

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. Examples 27 has three (A) v at, a2, a3,... are in AP.
statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and four O] + a30 = a6 + a25 = a10 + a2l = X [say]
statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II example 28 has
a3 + + ajo + a21 + a25 + a30 = 120
four statements (A, B, C and D) given in Column I and
five statements (p, q, r, s and t) in Column II. Any given 3 A = 120
statement in Column I can have correct matching with X = 40
one or more statement(s) given in Column II. 30 30
Then, ^a, = — (a, + a30)= 15 X X = 15 X 40 = 600
• Ex. 27 i=1 2

_____________ Column I_________ ' Column II (B) v ab a2, a3,... are in AP.
(A) If U|, a2, a3,... are in AP and + aI0 + a2l ai + a25 = a5 + a21
30 400
(P)
+ a25 + a30 = 120, then ^a, is = a9 + al7 = a13 + a13 = X |
[say]
i= i
a] + a5 + a9 + a13 + a17 + a2l + a23 = 112
(B) lfab a2, a3,...are in AP and a! + a5 + a?
25
(q) 600 3X + — = 112
+a13 + a17 + a21 + a25 = 112, then ^Ta, is 2
i= i

(C) If ab a2, a3,... arc in AP and => — = 112

flj + 04 + a-j + a[Q + al3 800 2
(r)
16 X = 32
+ a16 = 375, then ^a, is
1= 1 25 25 25
(s) 1000 Then, Ja,=-(a1+aB)=-x32 = 400
i=1 2 2
Sol. (A) -4 (q); (B) -4 (p); (C) -> (s)
268 Textbook of Algebra

(C) v ab a2, a3,.... are in AP. For c, a, we get

.*. Qj + = a4 + a13 = a7 + fl]0 = X [say] (c + a)
ca
V flj + a< + a7 + a>o + ^13 + ai6 = 375 2
3X = 375 /. X = 125 (c + a) 2y[ca (ii)
and for a, b, we get
Then, Zjai = — («1 +*16)
i=l 2
2
= 8xX = 8x 125 = 1000
(a + b) > 2 Jab (iii)
• Ex. 28
On multiplying Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
Column I Column II
{b + c) (c + a) (a + b)> 3abc
(A) If a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 and the minimum value (P) => (1 - a)(l - b)(l - c) > 3abc [va + b + c = l]
of a {b2 + c2) + b {c2 + a2) + c (a2 + 62) is 2
X abc. then X is 1-1 1-1 --1 |>8
a b c J
(B) If a, b, care positive, a + b + c = 1 and the (q) X=8
1-1 1 il
— •
II is
minimum value of | - 1 4 (C) V AM > HM
In b C )

X, then X is •(s~a) + (s-fr) + (s-c) > 3

3 1 1 1
(C) If a> 0, b> 0, c> 0, s = a + b+ cand the (r)
----- + +----
s - a s-b s - c
minimum value of----- +------ +------ is 6 3s ~{a + b + c) > 3
s-a s-b s- c
3 1 1 1
(X -1), then X is ----- + ----- +------
s - a s-b s-c
(D) If a > 0, b > 0, c > 0, a, b, c are in GP and the (s) 3s - s 3
/ \X x > /
c
the minimum value of - + I is 2, 8 3 1
1 +------ 1
~b ---- +----
ks - a s-b s - c,
then X is
=> 2s
25 +----- 2s
(t) 10 +----- >9
s-a s-b s-c
Sol. (A) -»(r); (B) -> (s); (C) -> (t); (D) -> (p, q, r, s, t) Here, X~l = 9
(A) v AM > GM X = io
(D) If a, b, c are in GP.
ab2 + ac2 + be2 + ba2 + ca2 + cb2
Then, a\ b\ cx are also in GP.
6
> {ab2-ac2 -be2 -ba2 -ca2 -cb2)1/6 = abc Then, AM > GM
I -L
a +c
,2 >bK
.’. a{b2 + c2) + b{c2 c (a2 + b2) > 6 abc 2
=> X=6 ax + cx > 2bk
(B) v AM > GM

For b, c, we get
2 XeK
(fe + c) > 2 Vbc (i) Hence, X = 2, 4,6,8,10
 Chap 3 Sequences and Series 269

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Statement I and II Type Questions
■ Directions Example numbers 29 to 32 are • Ex. 31 Consider an A P with a as the first term and d is
Assertion-Reason type examples. Each of these examples the common difference such thatSn denotes the sum to
contains two statements: n terms andan denotes the nth term of the AP. Given that for
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) c 2
Each of these examples also has four alternative choices, some m,neN, — = (m * n).
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select $n n2
the correct choice as given below. Statement 1 d = 2a because
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 „ am 2m+ 1
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 Statement 2 — =
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 2n+1
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false Sol. (c) v
Sn n2
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
Let Sm = m2k, S„ = n2k
• Ex. 29. Statement 1 The sum offirst n terms of the series
am = Sm -Sm_x = m2k-(m - I)2 k
I2 - 22 + 32 - 42 + 52 can be = ±
2 , n (n +1) am = (2m - 1) k
Statement 2 Sum offirst n natural numbers is—-—. „ 2m - 1
Similarly, an = (2n - 1) k
Sol. (a) Clearly, nth term of the given series is negative or an 2n - 1
positive according as n is even or odd, respectively. Statement-2 is false.
Case I When n is even, in this case the given series is Also, v at = k, a2 = 3k, a3 = 5k,...
I2 - 22 + 32 - 42 + 52 - 62 + ... + (n - l)2 - n2
Given, a, = a = k
= (I2 - 22) + (32 - 42) + (52 - 62) + ...+ ((«-I)2 -n 2] at = a, a2 = 3a, a3 — 5a, ...
= (1 - 2) (1 + 2) + (3 - 4) (3 + 4) + (5 - 6) (5 + 6) +... .-. Common difference d = a2 ~ ax = a3 - a2 =...
+ (n - 1 - n)(n - 1 + n)
. , . n (n +1) => d = 2a
= -(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + + (n-l) + n) = .-. Statement-1 is true.
Case II When n is odd, in this case the given series is
I2 - 22 + 32 - 42 + 52 - 62 +... + (n - 2)2 - (n - l)2 + n2 • Ex. 32 Statement-1 1, 2, 4, 8,... is a GP, 4, 8, 16, 32,...
is a GP an+ 4,2 + 8,4 +16,8 + 32,... is also a GP.
= (I2 - 22) + (32 - 42) + (52 - 62)+... + [(n - 2)2 - (h -1)2 ] + n 2
Statement-2 Let general term of a GP with common ratio r
= (1 — 2) (1 + 2) + (3 — 4) (3 + 4)+ (5-6) (5 + 6) + ...
beTk + x and general term of another GP with common ratio r
+ [(n-2)-(n-l)][(n-2) + (n-l)] + n2
be Tk + v then the series whose general term
= - [1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + ... + (n - 2) + (n - 1)] + n2
(n-l)(n-l + l) 2 n(n + l) Tk + 1 = Tk + ] + Tk + j is also a GP with common ratio r.
_ - —.------------------- 1- n =-----------
2 2 So/, (a) 1, 2, 4, 8, ...
It is clear that Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Common ratio r = 2
Statement-2 is correct explanation for Statement-1. Tjt + i = l-(2)k "1 = 2fc
• Ex. 30 Statement 1 If a, b, c are three positive numbers and 4, 8,16, 32,...
f a+b + c 3abc = (abc)2 /3 Common ratio, r = 2
in CP, then
< 3 ^ab + be + ca ; rfc'+l = 4-(2)' + = 4-2t

Statement-2 (AM)(HM)=(GM)2 is truefor positive numbers.

Then, Tfc + i + Tk + 1 = Tfc + i
Sol. (c) If a, b be two real, positive and unequal numbers, then
AM = -Q-+ b, GM = fab and HM = 5-2*
Common ratio of T* = 2, which is true.
2a + b 5-2*-1
AM) (HM) = (GM)2 Hence, Statement-1 and Statement-2 both are true and
This result will be true for n numbers, if they are in GP. Statement-2 is the correct explanation of Statement-1.
Hence, Statement-1 is true and Statement-2 is false.
270 Textbook of Algebra

Subjective Type Examples

■ In this section, there are 24 subjective solved examples. . 2(2n — 1)
16 (2" - 1)
• Ex. 33 In a set offour numbers, the first three are in GP
(2-D
and the last three are in AP with a common difference of 6. If 2a + 1 = 16 = 24
the first number is same as the fourth, then find the four a+1=4
numbers. a=3
Sol. Let the last three numbers in AP, be a, a + 6, a +12.
[v 6 is the common difference] • Ex. 35 Ifn is a root ofx2 (1 - ac) - x (a2 + c2)
If first number is b, then four numbers are - (1 + ac) = 0 and ifn harmonic means are inserted between
b, a, a + 6, a + 12 a and c, find the difference between the first and the last
But given, b = a+12 means.
Four numbers are a + 12, a, a + 6, a + 12 —(i) Sol. Let Hb H2, H3, ., Hn, are n harmonic means, then
Since, first three numbers are in GP. a, Hi, H2,H3,..., are in HP.
Then, a2 = (a + 12) (a + 6)
1111 11 . A„
a2 = a2 + 18a + 72 —, —, —,.... —, — are in AP.
a Hi H2 H3 Hn b
18a+ 72 = 0
a=-4 [from Eq. (i)] If d be the common difference, then - = - + (n + 2-l)</
c a
Hence, four numbers are 8, - 4,2,8.
d= (a~c)
•••(*)
n ac (n + 1)
• Ex. 34 Find the natural number a for which ^f(a + k)
1 1 j j
1
k =1 = - + d and 1-d
a hn c
= 16(2" -1), where the function f satisfies
f(x + y) = /(x) f(y) for all natural numbers x, y and a c a c
h\ - hn =
1 + ad 1 - cd 1+-^ t (g~c)
further /(I) = 2.
c(n +1) a(n + l)
Sol. Given, f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) —(i)
and /(I) = 2 •••(ii) ac (n + 1) ac (n + 1) 1 1
ac (n +1)
On putting x = y = 1 in Eq. (i), we get cn + a an + c cn + a an + c,
/(l + l) = f(l)/(l) = 2-2 f
an + c - cn - a
f(2) = 22 = ac (n + 1)
{acn2 + (a2 + c2)n + ac,
Now, on putting x = 1, y = 2 in Eq. (i), we get
ac (a - c)(n2 - 1)
/(I + 2) = /(I) /(2) = 2-22 [from Eqs. (ii) and (iii)] (ii)
acn2 + (a2 + c2) n + ac
r(3)=25
But given n is a root of
On putting x = y = 2 in Eq. (i), we get
x2 (1 - ac) - x (a2 + c2) - (1 + ac) = 0.
/ (2 + 2) =/(2)/(2) = 2a-22 [from Eq. (iii)]
Then, n2 (1 - ac) - n (a2 + c2) - (1 + ac) = 0
/(4) = 2*
or acn2 + (a2 + c2)n + ac = n2 - 1,
Similarly, /(A) = 2X, X G N ac(a - c)(n2 - 1)
then from Eq. (ii), h} - hn = ac(a-c)
f{a + k) = 2!> + k,a + keN (n2 - 1)
n n
v ^f(a + k) = 16 (2" - 1) => £2° + k = 16 (2n - 1) • Ex. 36 A number consists of three-digits which are in CP
1=1 1=1
the sum of the right hand and left hand digits exceeds twice
=> 2° £2* =16(2"-1) the middle digit by 1 and the sum of the left hand and
k=l middle digits is two third of the sum of the middle and right
=> 2* (21 + 22 + 23 +... + 2") = 16(2" - 1) hand digits. Find the number.
 Chap 3 Sequences and Series 271

Sol. Let the three digits be a, ar and ar2, then number is 20

or — + 20r = 50
100a + lOar + ar2 r
(i)
or 2 + 2r2 =5r or 2rz -Sr + 2 = 0
Given, a + ar2 = 2ar + 1
or a(r2 - 2r + 1) = 1 or (r-2)(2r-l) = 0 r = 2 or -
2
or a(r -1)2 =1 •(ii) Hence, the three numbers are 10, 20, 40 or 40, 20,10.
2
Also, given a + ar = - (ar + ar2) => 3 + 3r=2r + 2r 2
3 • Ex. 39 If the sum ofm terms of an AP is equal to the sum
or 2r22 - r - 3 = 0 or (r + 1) (2r - 3) = 0 of either the nextn terms or the next p terms, then prove that
r = -l,- fill f 1i ii
2 (m + n)------ =(m + p) I — -
PJ m nJ
1
For r = -l, a =-------- - = -H
(r-1)2 4 Sol. Let the AP be a, a + d, a + 2d,...
r*-1 Given, T} + T2 +... + Tm = Tm +1 + Tm + 2 + - + Tm + „ ...(i)
3 1 On adding T} + T2 + ... + Tm both sides in Eq. (i), we get
For r=- =4 [from Eq. (ii)]
2
2 3 2 (7i + T2 +... + Tm) = Tj + T2 +... + Tm + Tm + j
--1 + ., + Tm + n
2
3 9 25m — Sm + n
From Eq. (i), number is 400 + 10-4-- + 4- — = 469 m+n
2 4 2--[2a + (m-l)d] = [2a + (m + n - 1) d]
2 2
n ' 7
• Ex. 37 Find the value of the expression Let 2a + (m - 1) d = x
i=1 j=1 k=1 m+n
mx =------- {x + nd}
" I J n i n
I (i + 1) 2
s°'£ S D=S
1=1 j=1 k =1 i=i j=1 (=1 2 (m - n) x = (m+ n) nd -(ii)
Again, 7] + T2 +... + Tm = Tm +1 + Tm + 2 + "F I'm + p
11 n n

4 ,?A+
2 i=1
Similarly, (m - p) x = (m + p) pd
On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (iii), we get
...(in)

_ 1 n (n + l)(2n + l) n(n + l) m - n _ (m + n) n
~2
+
6 2 m-p (m + p) p
_ n(n + l) r„ , oi n(n + l)(n+2) => (m - n)(m + p) p = (m - p)(m + n) n
[2n +1 + 3] = —----- ----------
12 On dividing both sides by mnp, we get
• Ex. 38 Three numbers are in GP whose sum is 70. If the . + p) I--------11= (m/ + n)J 11 11
(m -------
extremes be each multiplied by 4 and the mean by 5, then Vn mJ P mJ
they will be in AP. Find the numbers. (1 11 . 1x 1
Hence, (m + n)-------- = (m + p)|-------
Sol. Let the three numbers in GP be —, a, ar. pJ m n
r
a
Given, - + a + ar =7Q • Ex. 40 Find the sum of the products of every pair of the
r
j 4a
first n natural numbers.
and —, 5a, 4ar are in AP. Sol. We find that
r
4a 10a a S=l-2 + 1-3+ 1-4 + ... + 2-3+ 2-4 + ... + 3-4
10a = — + 4ar or ---- = - + ar + 3*5 +... + (n — 1). n ...(i)
r 4 r
5a [1 + 2 + 3 +... + (n - 1) + n]2 = I2 + 22 + 32 +
or - = 7Q-a [from Eq. (i)]
2 ... + (n - I)2 + n 2
or 5a = 140 - 2a or 7a = 140
+ 2 [1-2+ 1-3+ 1-4+ ... + 2-3+ 2-4 +... + 3-4 +3-5
a = 20
From Eq. (i), we get + ... + (n - 1)- n]
20 (Xn)2 = Xn2 +2S [from Eq. (i)]
— + 20 + 20r = 70
r
272 Textbook of Algebra

s = (Sn)2-Sn2 Let a, ar, ar2,...be a GP with common ratio] r | < 1 [‘.’given

2 infinitely GP]
2
n(n + 1) n (n + l)(2n +1) and also given =27
2 6 —^— = 27
so, (i)
2 1-r
n2 (n +1)2 n (n + l)(2n + 1) and a - ar = /'(0)
4 6 a(l-r) = /'(0) = 3 [••T(0) = 3]
2 a (1 - r) = 3 -(ii)
n (n +1) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
[3n(n + l)-2(2n + l)] 1
24 (1 - r)2 = - => i-r = ±-
2 9 3
n(n +l)(3n -n-2)
24 r = l±-
(n -1) n (n +1) (3n +2) 3
Hence, 0 — ■
4 2 4
24 So, r = —, - => r*- Mr|<l]
3 3 3
2
• Ex. 41 If I n =£Z tan" xdx, show that Hence, r=-
3
1 1 1 1
,.. .form an AP. Find its • Ex. 43 Solve the following equations for x andy
/2 +/4 I3 +I5 I4 +^6 I5 +6
, 1. 11
common difference. logio X + - log10 x + - log10 x +... = y
24
Sol. We have,
1+3+5+...+ (2y-1) _ 20
+ 2 = J*/4(tan" x + tan"+ 2 x) dx and
4 + 7 +10 +... + (3y +1) 7 logio x
= J" tan" x (1 + tan2 x) dx Sol. From the first equation
nl 4 1 L 1 1
rn! A „ , tan"**x 1 log10 x 1 + - + - + + 00 =y
= tan x-sec x dx = 2 4
Jo n +1 n+1
Jo
____ 1_ 1_
Hence, ■------ = n +1 logic x =y
4+A n+2 1-1
On putting n = 2,3, 4,5,... 2
__ 1__ = 3 —-— = 4 —-— = 5 1__ 2 log10 x = y (i)
= 6,...
/2 + Z4 ’/3+/5 ’/4+/6 ’ /5 + I7 From the second equation
2
1 1 1 1 1 + 3 + 5 +... + (2y - 1) _ 20
Hence, —,...are in AP with
^2 + ^4 h + ^5 ^4 + ^6 ^5 + f 7 4+7 + 10 +... + (3y + 1) 7 logio x
common difference 1. ^(l + 2y-l)
20
=>
• Ex. 42 If the sum of the terms of an infinitely decreasing — (4 +3y + 1) 7 log10 x
GP is equal to the greatest value of the function 2
/(x) = x3 + 3x - 9 on the interval[-5,3] and the difference 2y _ 20
3y + 5 7 logio x
between the first and second terms is f'(0), then show that
2 7y (2 log10 x) = 60y + 100
the common ratio of the progression is —. 7y (y) = 60y + 100 [from Eq. (i)]
7y,22 - 60y - 100 = 0
Sol. Given, f(x) = x3 + 3x - 9
(y- 10) (7y + 10) = 0
f'(x) = 3x2+3
y = 10,y* —
Hence, f'(x) > 0 in [- 5,3], then /(x) is an increasing
[because y being the number of terms in series => y e N]
function on [-5,3] and therefore, f(x) will have greatest
From Eq. (i), we have
value at x = 3.
2 logjo x = 10 => log10 x = 5
Thus, greatest value of /(x) is x = 105
f(x) = 33 + 3-3-9 = 27
Hence, required solution is x = 105,y = 10
 Chap 3 Sequences and Series 273

Sol. Let 1st term of the r th group be Tr and the 1st terms of
•Ex.44//0<x<-, successive rows are 1, 2, 4, 8, ..., respectively.
2
exp [(sin2 x + sin4 x + sin6 x + ... + «>) Ioge 2] satisfies the Tr = l-2r-, = 2r’1

quadratic equation x2 - 9x + 8=0, find the value of Hence, the sum of the numbers in the r th group is
sin x-cos x y-•
= ----- {2-2r“1 + (2r“1 - 1)1}
sin x + cos x 2
[’.' number of terms in rth group is 2^"1 ]
Sol. 0<x<—
2 '2 {/ +1 ~1 - 1}
0<sin2x<l
Hence, sum of the numbers in the nth group is
Then, sin2 x + sin4 x + sin6 x +.. 2" ~2 [2" + 2" "1 - 1}
sin2 x
— 1 ' 2 = tan2 x
1 - sin x • Ex. 46 Ifa, b, c are in HP, then prove that
a+b c+b
exp [(sin2 x + sin4 x + sin6 X + ...+ «*) log, 2] -------- +--------- > 4.
2a - b 2c-b
= exp (tan2 x • log, 2) = exp (log, 2tan x
Sol. Since, a, b, c are in HP.
log, 2 *“ x _ 2tan2 x
=e 2 1 1
-=-+- ...(i)
Let y = 2,an2* b a c
Because y satisfies the quadratic equation. p= a + b c+b
y2 - 9y + 8 = 0
and let +------
Then, 2a- b 2c - b
So, y = i,8
2ac 2ac
if 1 2x
y = 1 = 2(tan a +------ c +------
2 a+c a+c
=> 2tan x = 2° +----- [from Eq. (i)]
2ac 2ac
=> 2a--------- 2c —
tan2 x = 0 a+c a+c
x=0 [impossible] [v x > 0]
a + 3c 3a + c 3fc a
y = 8 = 2,an2x +------- = 1 + - - + - (ii)
Now, if 2a 2c 2 a c
2tan2x =23
=> AM>GM [’.’ a * c]
=> tan2 x = 3 c a1 „
- + - >2
tan x = v3 a cj

sin x - cos x tan x - 1V3 — 1 73-1 3 c a 1 „

- + - >3
sin x + cos x tanx +1 73 + 1 X 73-1
~ 2 a cJ

(V3-1)2 3 + 1-273 i: 3 —
1 + -| c + —|>l+3orP>4
or
3-1 2 2' a c J
a+b c+b
„ sin x - cos x n r-
Hence,--------------- = 2 - V3 Hence, ------- + ------- > 4
sin x + cos x 2a - b 2c - b

• Ex. 45 The natural numbers are arranged in the form • Ex. 47 Find the sum of n terms of the series
given below 1 2 3
1 + 1 + 22+24
1 .j. -j 2 _|_ -j 4 1 ( n2 , ->4
4-------------
— ■ 4"------------------- 4" " —1 r+...
, i22 + 34
1l+3
.
2 3
4 5 6 7 n
Sol. The n th term of the given series is Tn =
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 (1 + n2 + n4)
n
.’.Sum ofn terms = Sn = ^Tn =
(1 + n2 +n4)

The rth group containing 2r -1 numbers. Prove that sum = y---------- ”----------
^(1 + n + n2)(l-n + n2)
of the numbers in the nth group is 2':n"2[2n+2n-1-1].
274 Textbook of Algebra

r
1 1 • Ex. 49 Find the sum of the first n terms of the series
=iy
2^ J - n + n2 1 + n + n2 J I3 +3-22 +33 +3-42 +53 +3-62 +...
1 1 1- If(i)n is even, (ii)n is odd.
[by property]
211—1+1 1 + n + n2, Sol. Case I If n is even.
(n + n2) n (n + 1) Let n = 2m
2(l + n + n2) 2(n2+n + l) S = l3 + 3-22 + 33 + 3-42 + 53 + 3-62 +
... + (2m-l)3 +3 (2m)2
343
• Ex. 48 The value of xyz is 55 or-—- according as the = {13 + 33 + 53 + ... + (2m - I)3} + 3 {22 + 42 +62
55
+ ... + (2m)2}
series a, x, y, z, b is an AP or HP. Find the values of a and b
m m
given that they are positive integers. = £(2r-l)3+3-4 £r2
Sol. If a, x,y,z,b are in AP. r=l r=1
m m
Then, b - Fifth term = a + (5 - 1) d = £{8r3 - 12r2 + 6r - 1} + 12 J/ 2
where, d is common difference] r=1 r=1
d=b -^. m m mm m
4 = 8£r3 -i2£r!+6£r-£1 + 12 £r2
x-y-z = (a + d)(a + 2d) (a + 3d) = 55 [given] r=1 r=1r=I r=1 r=1

( b + 3a 2a + 2b a + 3b m mm
= 55
I 4 4 4 =s tr’+6S'-EI
r=1 r=I r=1
=> (a + 3b)(a + b)(3a + b) = 55x32 —(i) m2 (m +1)2 m(m + 1)
If they are in HP. = 8- + 6—--- -- m
4 2
1 1 1
The common difference of the associated AP is — = 2m2 (m + I)2 + 3m (m + 1) - m
4 a
(q-^) = m[2m3 + 4m2 + 5m + 2]
i.e.
4ab / \3 / 2
n n + 4f-n n
1 _ 1 ' b) 2 + 5 - +2 v m--
2 2 2 12 J 2
x a 4ab
4ab Hence, S = — (n3 + 4n2 + lOn + 8) ...(i)
=> x =----
a + 3b
1 1 | 2(a-fr) Case II If n is odd.
y a 4ab Then, (n + 1) is even in the case

4ab - ----
2ab Sum of first n terms = Sum of first (n +1) terms — (n +1) th
=> y - --- term
2a + 2b a + b
(n +1)
1_1 , 3(a-fe) [(n +I)3 + 4(n +1)2 + 10 (n +1) + 8] — 3 (n +1)2
and 8
z a 4ab
4ab = (n + 1) [n3 + 3n2 + 3n + 1 + 4n2 + 8n + 4 + lOn
z =-------
3a+ b
+ 10 + 8 - 24n-24]
4ab 2a b
2ab 4ab
xyz = ------------------------------= 343 [given]
(o + 3b) (q + b) (3a + b) Hence, S = - (n + 1) [n3 + 7n2 - 3n - 1]
8
32 u3fr3 343
[from Eq. (i)]
55X32 55 • Ex. 50 Find out the largest term of the sequence
1 4 9 16
or a3b3 = 343
503’524’581’692’"’ ’
ab = 7
n2
Hence, a = 7,b = l Sol. General term can be written as Tn =
500+ 3n3
or a = 1, b = 7
 Chap 3 Sequences and Series 275

Let rr 1 500 „ = - 2>- £l+(n + l)2/(n + l)-17(D

Un= — = — + 3n
Tn n2 r=1 r= 1
1000 „ n (n + 1)
Then, -------- + 3 — — ----------- -n +(n + I)2 f(n + !)-/(!)
dn n 2
d2Un 3000 n (n + 3)
and = (n + I)2 / (n + 1)- -1 [v/(!)=!]
dn2 n4 2
For maxima or minima ofU„, we have (n2 + 3n + 2)
= (n + I)2 /(n + 1)-
dUn n 3 1000 2
—= 0 nJ =------
dn 3 Hence, this is the required result.
1/3
woo |'/3. . , ,, (1000
1000
=> n=
3
(not an integer) and 6< -----
3
I <7 • Ex. 52 If the equation x4 - 4x3 + ax2 + bx +1 = 0 has
four positive roots, find the values ofa and b.
But n is an integer, therefore for the maxima or minima of
n , L • fl000Y/3 Sol. Let x1( x2, x3, x4 are the roots of the equation
we will take n as the nearest integer to I----- I x4 - 4x3 + ax2 + bx + 1 =0 -(i)
1/3 /. Xi + x2 + x3 + x4 = 4 and xt x2 x3 x4 = 1
c. (1000
Since, ----- is more close to 7 than to 6. Thus, we take
I 3
4 4
n = 7.
and GM =(xj x2 x3 x4)1/4 =(1)1/4 = 1
d2Un
Further = + ve, then Un will be minimum and i.e., AM = GM
dn2
therefore, Tn will be maximum for n = 7. which is true only when Xj = x2 = x3 = x4 = 1
Hence, given equation has all roots identical, equal to 1 i.e.,
Hence, T7 is largest term. So, largest term in the given
equation have form
. 49
sequence is----- . (x — I)4 =0
1529
=> x4 - 4x3 + 6x2 - 4x + 1 = 0 (ii)
1 1 1
• Ex. 51 Iff(r) =1 + - + -+ ... + - and f(O') =0, find On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 3 r
a = 6, b = - 4

OO OO 2
r=l
• Ex. 53 Evaluate V V---------- ----------------
= (n-3m+n?-3n)
So/. Since, £(2r + l)/(r)
oo oo ttl2 „
r=l m n
Sol. Let S = Y %
» £(r2 + 2r +1 - r2)/(r)= £((r + I)2 - r2} /(r) m=1 n=1 3m (n-3m + m-3")
r=1 r=1

= SKr +1)2 /W - (r +1)2 Z(r +1) + (r +1)2 =e i 7

m=1 n=1
_1______
3^' 3m 3"'
—+—
f(r + l)-r2/(r)} m n

3"
= 2<r+l)2 |/(r)-/(r + l)} + £((r + l)2 Now, let Om = — and a„ = —
r=1 r=1
m n
/(r + l)-r2/(r)) ____ 1_
_ y(r + I)2 I ”f(r + l)2/(r + l) + (n+l)2
Then, *=E Em=1 n =1
(^m "F )
—(i)

r = 1(^ + D r=1 By interchanging m and n, then

/(»+!)- ^r2f(r) 1 oo oo
1
r=1
v/(r + l)-/(r) =
r +1 *=E em=1 n =1
-(ii)
= - £(r +1) + (22/(2) + 32 /(3) +... + n2 /(n»
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
OO OQ - OO OO
+ (n + l)2/(n + I)-{l2/(l) + 22/(2)
2s= y y _1_== 2
y yi
E
+ 32/(3) + ... + n2f(n)} m = I n =-. 3" 3"
276 Textbook of Algebra

7 \2 2 OQ
OO 3
1
= Z-
kn = >
3
+ 2; ,2i I 9
1 =0 J \ *■
„i J
j J
2j 9 ‘ -2i
= 0^
1i = 0 J
2J q3i
= 00 J
ii =

3 9 27. ' 135-

= ($')2 (iii) — —» • •— zx
2 8 26 208
2 3
1 1 Hence required sum, S = S] - S2 - 3 S3
where, S = 1 + 2| - I +3 I + ...+ «>
3 <3 3 27 135 27 X26-27 X8-3X 135 _81_
--3
2 3 8 208 208
1 1 26 208
1 I +2 +...+ 00
3 3 3
• Ex. 55 LetSn, n = 1,2,3,... be the sum of infinite geomet­
2 3
1 1 1 ric series, whose first term is n and the common ratio is—^—.
2-3 s'= -+
3 3
I +
3
+ + oo

1 Evaluate
3 1 + S2 Sn _, + S3Sn _ 2 +... + SnS,
2
lim
5,2+S2!+... + S„2
3
n
s'U So/. Sn= — 1
=> Sn = n + 1
4 1-
2 n +1
(3
From Eq. (iii), we get 2S = — • • S] S„ + S2 Sn j + S3 Sn 2 + + S„ $i
I4
n

s=— = £s,s.- = £(r + l)(n-r + 2)

r=1 r=l
32
n
co oo oo
= £ [(n + 1) r - r2 + (n + 2)]
1 r=1
• Ex. 54 Find the value of^
/ =0 j=0 k=0
3' 3 7 3* n n n

(i # j # k)
r=1 r=1 r=1

so/.l«s=£ £ £ 1__
['■ * j * fc] = (n + l) "£n - ^n2 +(n + 2)-n
3' 3j 3k
i=0 j=0 k=0
(n + l)n (n + 1) n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
We will first of all find the sum without any restriction on + (n + 2) n
2 6
i. j, k.
7 oo A
3 = ^-(n2 + 9n + 14) •(>)

= z£
OO OO OO
1__
Let s= Z Z Z /= 0 J=0 k=0
3' 37 3* V=0 J )
n
andSf +S22 +... + S2 = ^S2 = £(r +1)2 = £(r + i)2 -f
n n

3 r=1 r=1 r=0

3 27
(n+ l)(n+2)(2n+3) 1
2 8
6
Case I If i = j = k
oo oo oo
= -(2n2 +9n + 13) •(ii)
1__ 6
Let S2
/=0 j=0 k =0
3‘37 3k From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
oo
^1 ^2 S„ ] + S3 Sn 2 + + Sn S,
1 27
= s4-=i+^+-^+
i=0 3 33
1
36
1
26
S2+S22 + +$F
-7 n . 2
~(n2 +9n + 14)
9 14
1+-+—
Case II If i = j *k = lim ----------------------= lim n n _
9 13
f/ °° 1 f " 1 - (2n2 +9n + 13)
«,=z z z 2+-+-
oo oo oo

Let
i = 0 j= 0 k = 0
1
3' 37 3fc = v Z^
V =0
zi
*=00 . a
7
6
1+0+0 1
n n .

2+0+0 2
 Chap 3 Sequences and Series 277

• Ex. 56 The nth term of a series is given by _ n(n + D , 1 1____

-1 [by property]
ns +n3 2 :2 kn2 + n + 1 /
hi —i---- 7— and 'fsum of its n terms can be expressed as
n,44+n
, _22+l
n„ 2 nM i1 1
= — +------- +
1 2 2 2 2n2 + 2n + 2
n +a +
$n=a2 where an and bn are the nth terms of
2
n+b
b2 f n ' I 1 1 1
———+
some arithmetic progressions and a, b are some constants, ~lV2 + 2>/2 J 8 2 2
3
n y/2 + —7= +-
prove that — is a constant. V2 1 2
an 2
( n 1 I 5 1
ns + n 3 l>/2 2V2 1 8 !2 3
So/. Since, tn —
n 4 + n2 + 1 na/2 + 4- + -
V2 1 2
n
= n----- 1
n4 + n2 +1 but given, Sn = +a+

=n+—1______ -2___ On comparing, we get

2(n2+n + l) 2(n-n + l)
n 1 5 ,
Sum of n terms Sn = ^tn d2 2V2
,a=
8
= „^+4-b=-
V2 2
1 1
II n2 +n + 1 n2-n + l
— = 2, which is constant.
On
g Sequences and Series Exercise 1:
Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 30 multiple choice questions. 1 3 7 15
6. Sum of the first n terms of the series - + — + - + — +
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of 2 4 8 16
which ONLY ONE is correct is equal to
y/yz yJXZ (a) 2" - n -1 (b)l-2“
1. If the numbers x, y, z are in HP, then
y/y + Vz yfx + 4z (c) n + 2~" - 1 (d) 2" -1

yl*y 7. If in a &PQR, sin P, sin Q, sin R are in AP, then

— are in
y[x + y (a) the altitudes are in AP (b) the altitudes are in HP
(a) AP (c) the medians are in GP (d) the medians are in AP
(b) GP
(c) HP (d) None of these 8. Let a2,..., a10 be in AP and h2,..., h}0 be in HP. If
n
Qj = h} = 2 and a10 = h10 = 3, then a4h7 is
2. If a1,a2,...are inHP and fj; ar ~ ak .then
(a) 2 (b) 3
r=1
(c) 5 (d) 6
2a',2“2,2a3,2a4,...are in
it 1 - sin 2nx
dx, then /2,13,. ..are in
_ a3
where a i = — ,a2 = —,a3 J 1 - cos 2x
A A A”\ (a) AP (b) GP
(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) None of these
(c) HP (d) None of these 10. If a(b - c) x22 + b(c - a) xy + c (a-b)y2 is a perfect
3. ABC is a right angled triangle in which ZB = 90° and square, the quantities a, b, c are in
BC = a. If n points L}, L2,..., Ln on AB are such that AB (a) AP (b) GP
is divided in n + 1 equal parts and (c) HP (d) None of these
LjMj, L2 M2,..., LnMn are line segments parallel to BC 11. The sum to infinity of the series,
and MitM2...... Mn are on AC, the sum of the lengths of 2
1
L}M}, L2M2,..., LnMn is 1 + 2 1--| + 3| 1-- + ... is
(a)^2) (b) a(n-l) n
2 2 (a)n2 (b)n(n + 1)
, \ an 2
T (c) n 11 + -
I n
(d) None of these
(d) impossible to find from the given data
4. Let Sn (1 < n < 9) denotes the sum of n terms of the series 12. If log3 2, log3(2x - 5) and log3 2X — are in AP, xis
\ 2,
1 + 22 + 333 +... + 999...9, then for 2 < n < 9
equal to
9 times
(a) 2 (b) 3
(a) Sn-S„_j = A10” -n2 + n) (c) 4 (d) 2, 3
9
13. Let a, b, c be three positive prime numbers. The
(b) S.=l(10"-n 2 + 2n -2)
progression in which Va, 4b, 4c can be three terms (not
(c) 9(S,-S,.1)=n(10”-l) necessarily consecutive), is
(d) None of the above (a) AP (b) GP
5. If a, b, c are in GP, then the equations ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 (c) HP (d) None of these
, . 2 r a, . t f 14. If n is an odd integer greater than or equal to 1, the value
and dx + 2ex + f = 0 have a common root, if-, -, — ofn3 -(n-1)3 +(n-2)3 -... + (-1)""1 I3 is
a b c
are in (a) (n + I)2 (2n - 1) (b) (n-l)z(2n-l)
(a) AP (b)GP
4 4
(c) HP (d) None of these
(c) (n + l)z (2n + 1)
(d) None of these
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 279

15. If the sides of a right angled triangle form an AP, the 22. If a, b,c and d are four positive real numbers such that
sines of the acute angles are abed = 1, the minimum value of
(a)V (b) A*- 1 (l + a)(l + b)(l + c)(l + d)is
' 3 (a) 1 (b) 4

(c)
Os-1 (c) 16 (d) 64
2 2 2 23. If a, b, c are in AP and (a + 2b - c) (2b + c - a) (c + a - b)
15. The sixth term of an AP is equal to 2. The value of the = X abc, then X is
common difference of the AP which makes the product (a) 1 (b) 2
«i a4 a5 least, is given by (c) 4 (d) None of these
(a) “ •
(b>l
(b)*
24. If alt a2,a3,... are in GP with first term a and common
ratio r, then
(d) None of these
w5 ala2 + q2q3 + a3 a4
-+...+
-1
is equal
17. If the arithmetic progression whose common difference 2 „2 2 „2 2 .2 Z2
fll ~a2 <2 2 ~ a3 «3 an - 1 ~ an
is non-zero, the sum of first 3n terms is equal to the sum
to
of the next n terms. The ratio of the sum of the first 2n nr
terms to the next 2n terms is (a) (b)S^ I x nr
(c)-----
1 -r2 1 -r2 1 -r 1 -r
(b) ?
25. The sum of the first ten terms of an AP is four times the
3
(c) - (d) None of these sum of the first five terms, the ratio of the first term to
the common difference is
18. The coefficient of x" ”2 in the polynomial (a)- (b)2 (c)l (d)4
(x - l)(x - 2)(x - 3)...(x - n), is 2 4
n(n2 + 2)(3n + 1) 26. If cos (x - y), cos x and cos (x + y) are in HP, the
(a)
24
cos xsec — Jis equal to
(b) n (n2 - 1) (3n 4-2)
24
(a) ± V2
n(n2 + l)(3n 4- 4)
(c)
24 (c)-^ (d) None of these
(d) None of the above
19. Consider the pattern shown below: 27. If 11 AM’s are inserted between 28 and 10, the number
of integral AM’s is
Row 1 1
(a) 5 (b) 6
Row 2 3 5 (c) 7 (d) 8
Row 3 7 9 11 28. If x, y, z are in GP (x, y, z > 1), then
Row 4 13 15 17, 19, etc. 1 1 1
are in
The number at the end of row 60 is 2x + lnx 4x + lny 6x + lnz
(a) 3659 (b) 3519 (a) AP (b) GP
(c) 3681 (d) 3731 (c) HP (d) None of these
100 29. The minimum value of the quantity
20. Let an be the nth term of an AP. If ^a2r = a and
r=l
(a2 4-3a4-l)(b2 +3b + l)(c2 4-3c 4-1)
100 abc
£n2r -1 = P> the common difference of the AP is
where a, b, c e R +, is
r=1

(a) a - P (b)P-a , ?13 (b) 125

(d) None of these
(a)F
(c) 25 (d) 27
2
21. Ifal,a2,a3,a4,a5 are in HP, then 30. Let a1,a2,...be in AP and qq, q2,...be in GP. If
aj = q1 = 2 and a10 = qXQ =3, then
+ a2 fl3 + a3fl4 + a4a5 is equal to
(3)20^5 (b) 3ai<25
(a) a7 q19 is not an integer (b) aI9 q7 is an integer
(c) 4a,as (d) 60^5 (c) a7 q19 = a19 q10 (d) None of these
280 Textbook of Algebra

g Sequences and Series Exercise 2:

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
■ This section contains 15 multiple choice questions. (a) 7th term is 16 (b) 7th term is 18
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of
(c) sum of first 10 terms is — (d) sum of first 10 terms is —
which MORE THAN ONE may be correct. 4 4
1 . 1 1 1 1 1
31. If o(n) = 1 + - + - 4— + ...+ , then 40. Let E = — + — +~+..., then
2 3 4 2" -1 2
l2 222 32
(a) a (100) < 100 (b) a (100) > 100 3
(a) £ <3 (b)£>; (c) E < 2 (d) £ > 2
(c) a (200) > 100 (d) a (200) <100 2

32. If the first and (2n -1) th term of an AP, GP and HP are 41. Let Sn (n > 1) be a sequence of sets defined by
equal and their nth terms are a, b and c respectively, then (3 51 8 11 14
■$1 ~ {0}> $2 ~ ~ > ^3
(a) a = b = c (b) a > b > c ' " (2 2j 3’3’31’
(c) a + c = b (d) ac - b2 = 0 15 19 23 27
*4 = then
33. For0< 0<—, if x = jrcos22n" 0, y = ^sin2" 4 ’ 44 ’ 4 ’ 4 J ’
0and
2 n =0 n =0 439
00 (a) third element in S20 is----
z- £cos 2n 0 sin2n 0, then 20
n=0
431
(b) third element in S20 is----
20
(a) xyz = xz + y (b) xyz = xy + z
(c) sum of the elements inS20 is 589
(c) xyz = x + y + z (d) xyz =yz + x
(d) sum of the elements in S20 is 609
34. If a, b, c are in AP and a2, b 2,c2 are in HP, then which of
42. Which of the following sequences are unbounded?
the following could hold true?
( 1Y 2n + f (c)[i + - n2
(a) - -, b, c are in GP (b) a = b = c (a) 1 + - (b) (d) tann
2 \ nJ n+2/ \ n.
(c) a3, b3, c3 are in GP (d) None of these
43. Let a sequence {an} be defined by
35. The next term of the GP x, x 2 4- 2,x 3 4-lOis 1.1.1 1
=------
+------ +------ + ...+—, then
/ x 729 n +1 n +2 n +3 3n
(a)0 (b)6 (c)---- (d)54
16 n
/ x a2 = — ... 19
(a) (b) a2 = —
36. If the sum of n consecutive odd numbers is 2 52 - ll2, then 12 20
(9n + 5)
(a) n = 14 (b)n = 16 (c) an +1 - an =
(c) first odd number is 23 (d) last odd number is 49 (3n 4-1) (3n 4- 2) (3n 4- 3)
-2
37. The GM of two positive numbers is 6. Their AM is A and (d) an + 1 “ A: =
3 (n +1)
HM is H satisfy the equation 90A 4- 5H = 918, then A
may be equal to 1 1
44. Let Sn(x) = x "’1+-
n -1
+ 2 x"-2 +------- + ...
(a)l (b) 5 (c)| (d)10 xn~2
r 'ii
+ (n-l) x + — + n, then
x
38. If the sum to n terms of the series I xj
1
1
1 -I------------- 1 . 1 X (a) S,(x) = 1 (b) ^(x) = x + -
--------- + + ...1S-------------■,, then x
1-3-5-7 3-5-7-9 5-7-911 90 _f(n) 2
(a) /(0) = 15 (b)/(l) = 105 (c)S100(x) = p?
<x100-l
| (d) S1{X)(x) = ——
<x100 -1V
(c)/(X) = ^ (d)X = i X -1 , !
3
45. All the terms of an AP are natural numbers and the sum
39. For the series, of the first 20 terms is greater than 1072 and less than i
1
S = l + —— (1 + 2)2 + (1 + 2 + 3)2 1162. If the sixth term is 32, then
(1+3) (a) first term is 7 (b) first term is 12
+ 0 4-3 + 54- 7) (14'24-3 + 4)2 +••• (c) common difference is 4 (d) common difference is 5
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 281

| Sequences and Series Exercise 3:

Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 8 passages. Based upon each of the Passage IV
passage 3 multiple choice questions have to be (Q. Nos. 55 to 57)
answered. Each of these questions has four choices (a), (b),
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. There are two sets A and B each of which consists of three
numbers in GP whose product is 64 and R and r are the
Passage I
(Q. Nos. 46 to 48) common ratios such that R = r+ 2. If— = -, where p and q
q 2
16 + 24 + ...
be the sum of n terms of the series | + 77 are sum of numbers taken two at a time respectively in the
65 325 two sets.
46. The value of lim Sn is
n —><» 55. The value of p is
(a)0 (6)1 (c)2 (d)4 (a) 66 (b) 72 (c) 78 (d) 84
56. The value of q is
47. The seventh term of the series is (a) 54 (b) 56 (c) 58 (d) 60
/ X 56 56 . . 56
(a)---- (b)----- (c)----- (d)— 57. The value of r R + Rr is
2505 6505 5185 9605
(a) 5392 (b) 368 (c) 32 (d)4
48. The value of S8, is
,.288
(a) —
.,.1088
b ----- . . 8i Passage V
(C)^ (d) —
145 545 245 (Q. Nos. 58 to 60)
Passage II The numbers 1, 3, 6, 10. 15, 21, 28,... are called triangular
(Q. Nos. 49 to 51) numbers. Let tn denotes the nth triangular number such
Two consecutive numbers from 1, 2, 3,.... n are removed. that tn =tn_\ +n,M n>2
58. The value of t50 is
The arithmetic mean of the remaining numbers is
(a) 1075 (b) 1175 (c) 1275 (d) 1375
49. The value of n lies in 59. The number of positive integers lying between t100 and
(a) (41, 51) (b) (52, 62) (c) (63, 73) (d) (74, 84) tioi are
50. The removed numbers (a) 99 (b) 100 (c) 101 (d) 102
(a) are less than 10 (b) lies between 10 to 30 60. If (m +1) is the nth triangular number, then (n - ni) is
(c) lies between 30 to 70 (d) greater than 70
(a) 1 + + 2m) (b) 1 + -^(m2 + 2)
51. Sum of all numbers is
(a) less than 1000 (b) lies between 1200 to 1500 (c) 1 + ^(m2 + m) (d) None of these
(c) greater than 1500 (d) None of these
Passage VI
Passage III
(Q. Nos. 52 to 54) (Q. Nos. 61 to 63)

There are two sets A and B each of which consists of three Let At, A2, Aj,..., Am be arithmetic means between -3
numbers in AP whose sum is 15 and where D and d are the and 828 and G\, G2, G3,...»Gn be geometric means
common differences such that D = 1 + d,d>Q. If between 1 and 2187. Product ofgeometric means is 3 35
p = l (q - p), where p and q are the product of the and sum of arithmetic means is 14025.
numbers respectively in the two series. 61. The value of n is
52. The value of p is (a) 45 (b) 30 (c) 25 (d) 10
(a) 105 (b) 140 (c) 175 (d) 210 62. The value of m is
(a) 17 (b) 34 (c) 51 (d) 68
53. The value of q is
(a) 200 (b) 160 (c) 120 (d) 80 63. The value of Gj + G2 + G3 +... + Gn is
(a)2044 (b)1022
54. The value of7D + Sd is
(c) 511 (d) None of these
(a) 37 (b) 22 (c) 67 (d) 52
282 Textbook of Algebra

Passage VII Passage VIII (Q. Nos. 67 to 69)

(Q. Nos. 64 to 66) Suppose p is the first of n (n > 1) arithmetic means between
Suppose a, P are roots of ax1 + bx + c = 0 and y, 5 are roots two positive numbers a and b and q the first of n harmonic
of Ax2 + Bx + C =0. means between the same two numbers.
67. The value of p is
64. If a, p, y, 8 are in AP, then common difference of AP is , . na + b _ . nb + a na - b
(a)-------- (b) -------- (c) (d)—
, , 1 (b
(a) ~ “
B 1 (b B n+1 zi+l n+ 1 n+1
(b); -
4 ka A 3 la A
68. The value of q is
,J c _B 1
<d>; -
C
(n ~ 1) ab (n + 1) ab (n + 1) ab (n -1) ab
('z~2 la-
(c)
A. 3 la A (a) (b) (c) (d)
nb + a nb + a na + b na + b
65. If a, b, c are in GP as well as a, p, y, 8 are in GP, then
69. Final conclusion is
A, B, C are in \2
n+ 1
(a) AP only (b) GP only (a) q lies between p and P
n-1,
(c) AP and GP (d) None of these
n + 1J
n-1 JI?
(b) q lies between p and
66. If a, P, y, 8 are in GP, then common ratio of GP is
bA
7b
IfaB}
(b) ](bAj (c) q does not lie between p and fn + 1 2

P
~bC ir cb> (n + 1
(d) ](bc) (d) q does not lie between p and P
cB I n -1

g Sequences and Series Exercise 4:

“ Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 questions. The answer to each 75. The sequence a2, a3,... is a geometric sequence with
question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9
common ratio r. The sequence b}, b2, b3,... is also a
(both inclusive). geometric sequence. If b{ = 1, b2 = V7 - V28 +1, aj = V28
70. Let a,b,c,d be positive real numbers with a < b < c < d.
and — = y, bn, then the value of(1 + r2 + r4)is
Given that a,b,c,d are the first four terms of an AP and
n = 1 an n=1 /
a, b, d are in GP. The value of — is —, where p and q are 76. Let (flj, bj) and (a2 ,b2)are the pair of real numbers such
be q
prime numbers, then the value of q is that 10, a, b, ab constitute an arithmetic progression.
20^2 +b1b2
110 Then, the value of is
71. If the coefficient of x in the expansion of fl (1 + rx) is 10
r=1
X (1 +10) (1 +10 +102), then the value of Xis 77. If one root of Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D = 0, A * 0, is the
arithmetic mean of the other two roots, then the relation
72. A 3-digit palindrome is a 3-digit number (not starting
2B3 + XABC + pA2 D = 0 holds good. Then, the value of
with zero) which reads the same backwards as forwards
2X + p is
For example, 242. The sum of all even 3-digit palindromes
1 22 22
is2"‘ -3"z -5"3 -7n* •ll"5,alueofn1 + n2 + n3 + n4 + n5 is 78. If | x | > L then sum of the series - ----- +--------- +------ -
, 1 + x l1 + x2 1 + x
73. If n is a positive integer satisfying the equation 23 1
+-------- — +... upto 00
+... upto is------ , then the value of X is
oo is
2 + (6-2z - 4-2) + (6-3z -4-3) + ... + (6-n2 -4-n) = 140, 1 + x8 x-X
then the value of n is 79. Three non-zero real numbers form an AP and the
squares of these numbers taken in same order form a
74. Let$(x) = l + x - x 2-x 3 x5-x6 GP. If the possible common ratios are (3 ± fk) where
Fk 8~
+... + where 0 < x < 1 If S(x) = then the value ke N, then the value of------- is (where [ ] denotes
2 .8 kJ
of(x +1)2 is the greatest integer function).
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 283

gSequences and Series Exercise 5:

Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 4 questions. Questions 80, 81 and 82 have three statements (A, B and C) and question 83 has four
statements (A, B, C and D) given in Column I and questions 80 and 81 have four statements (p, q, r and s), question 82
has five statements (p, q, r, s and t) and question 83 has three statements (p, q and r) in Column n, respectively. Any
given statement in Column I can have correct matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column n.

80. Column I Column II Column I Column II

(A) a, b, c, d are in AP, then (P) a+ d > b + c (B) If o(, a2, a2,... are in AP and (q) a + 20 = 260
□1 + 05 + tiio + O]5 + a2Q + a24
(B) a, b, c, d are in GP, then (q) ad > be = 195,
a = a2 + a7 + a18 + o23 and
(C) a, b, c, d are in HP, then (r) 1111 0 = 2 (a3 + a22) - (a8 + ol7X
a d b c then

(s) ad < be (C) If a,, a2, a3,...are in AP and (0 a + 20 = 220

Oj + o7 + O]o + a2\ +
a24 + a30 = 225,
81. Column I Column II a = a2 + o7 + a24 + o29 and
0 = 2 (a10 + a21) - (a3 + a28\
(A) For an AP 0|, a2, a3,...,o„,...; (P) 9
then
ai =~> oi0 = 16. If Oj + a2
(s) a - 0 = 5X, X g 7
+ + a„ = 110, then ‘n’ equals
(0 a + 0=15p,pe7
(B) The interior angles of a convex (q) 10
non-equiangular polygon of 9 sides 83. Column I Column II
are in AP. The least positive integer
that limits the upper value of the (A) If 4a2 + 9b2 + 16c2 (P) AP
common difference between the = 2 (3ab + 6bc + 4 ca\ where a, b, c
measures of the angles in degrees is are non-zero numbers, then a, b, c are
in
(C) For an increasing GP, (r) 11
ai.az.^,...,^,,...; (B) If 17a2 + 13? + 5c2 (q) GP
q$ = 4 o4; 09 -a7 = 192, = (3ab+ \5bc + 5ca\ where
ifa4 + a5 + <% + ... + an = 1016, then a, b, care non-zero numbers, then
n equals a, b, core in
(s) 12 If a2 + 9b2 + 25? (r) HP
(C)
, f15 5 3^ .
= abc\ — + - + — .where a, b, care
82. Column I Column II Va be)
non-zero numbers, then a, b, care in
(A) If fli, a2, a3,...are in AP and (P) a = 20
0] + 04 + 07 + Oj4 + 0|7 + (D) If (a2 + b2 + ?)p2 - 2p (ab + be + ca)
020 = 165, + (a2 + b2 + c2) < 0, where a,b,c,p
a = a2 + + al5 + a19 and
are non-zero numbers, then a, b, care
0 = 2 (a9 + a)2) - (a3 + o18X
then in
284 Textbook of Algebra

g Sequences and Series Exercise 6:

Statement I and II Type Questions
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 84 to 90) are Assertion-Reason type Statement 2 The sum of products of numbers al,a2,a3,
questions. Each of these questions contains two taken two at a time is denoted by
statements: 1£ i < j S n
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) 87. Statement 1 a + b + c = 18 (a, b, c > 0), then the
Each of these questions also has four alternative choices,
maximum value of abc is 216.
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select
the correct choice as given below. Statement 2 Maximum value occurs when a = b = c
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 88. Statement 1 If 4a2 +952 +16c2 = 2(3ab + 6bc + 4ca\
is a correct explanation for Statement-1
where a, b, c are non-zero real numbers, then a, b, c are in
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
GP.
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
Statement-2 If (fl] -a2)2 + (a2 ~^)Z +(«3 -fij)2 = Q
(c) Statement! is true, Statement-2 is false
then a, = a2 ='«3>V alta2,a3 e R.
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
84. Statement 1 4, 8, 16 are in GP and 12,16, 24 are in HP. 89. Statement 1 If a and b be two positive numbers, where
Statement 2 If middle term is added in three a > b and 4 x GM = 5 x HM for the numbers. Then, a = 4i>.
consecutive terms of a GP, resultant will be in HP. Statement 2 (AM) (HM) = (GM)2 is true for positive
85. Statement 1 If the nth term of a series is 2n3 + 3n2 - 4, numbers.
then the second order differences must be an AP. 90. Statementl The difference between the sum of the first
Statement 2 Ifnth term of a series is a polynomial of 100 even natural numbers and the sum of the first 100
degree m, then mth order differences of series are constant. odd natural numbers is 100.
86. Statement 1 The sum of the products of numbers Statement 2 The difference between the sum of the
± ab ± a2. ± ^3,..., ± an taken two at a time is ~^o2. first n even natural numbers and sum of the first n odd
i=i natural numbers is n.

g Sequences and Series Exercise 7:

Subjective Type Questions
■ In this section, there are 24 subjective questions. .... , 1 1 1
(ii) 1 “ — + — - — + ...upto oo
91. The p th, (2p) th and (4p) th terms of an AP, are in GP, 2 3 42
then find the common ratio of GP. 97. If the arithmetic mean of ax, a2, a3,..., an is a and
92. Find the sum of n terms of the series b}, b2, b3,..., bn have the arithmetic mean b and
(a + b) + (a2 + ab + b2) + (a3 +a2b + ab2 + h3) + ..., + bt = 1 for i = 1,2,3,.... n, prove that
where a 1, b 1 and a* b. n n
93. The sequence of odd natural numbers is divided into ^ai~a)2 + Yaibi=nab
groups 1; 3, 5; 7, 9, 11;... and so on. Show that the sum of i=l i=l
Q

the numbers in nth group is n .

94. Let a, b, c are respectively the sums of the first n terms, • 98. If flj, a2, a3,... is an arithmetic progression with common
the next n terms and the next n terms of a GP. Show that difference 1 and a1 + a2 + a3 +... + a9g = 137, then find
a, b, c are in GP. the value ofa2 + a4 +a6 + ... + a9g.
95. If the first four terms of an arithmetic sequence are n
99. Ift, = i,tr-t,_, = 2r-1 , r > 2, find
a, 2a, b and (a - 6 - b) for some numbers a and b, find the
r=1
sum of the first 100 terms of the sequence.
ft2 , 100. Prove that I2,I3>... form an AP, if
96. If -1- + A. + _ +... upto °° = —, find 2
1 22 32 6 ... . cn sin2nx . sin nx
(1)Z„ = ------ dx dx
1 J 1 1 sin x sinx
0)-r + - + ..upto 00
I2 32 52
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 285

101. Consider the sequence 5 = 7 +13 + 21 + 31 +... + Tn, find 108. Show that,
■2”)
the value of T70. (l+5’,)(l + 5"2)(l+5’4)(l + 5"8)...(l + 5
3 3 n+ 1
1 1 1 = -(l-5“2
102. Find value of + X2 4------ n
+— )
X2. 4
x x"
n
2n
103. If am be the mth term of an AP, show that 109. Evaluate S = V —------- (where a > 1).
n = 0 (a22 n + 1)
fli22.22 4 +... + a22n _ j - a222„= ------
“ a2 + aj - a2 n
- («12 ~ a2n\
(2n -1) 110. Find the sum to infinite terms of the series
104. If three unequal numbers are in HP and their squares are 1 2 ' 2"-1
tan + tan + ...+ tan + ...
in AP, show that they are in the ratio 3 9 <l + 22"-1
1 + 75:- 2:1 - V3 or 1 - V3 : — 2:1 + V3.
111. Find the sum to n terms, whose nth term is
105. Ifa1,a2,a3,...,an are inAPwithdj =0, prove that tan [a + (n - 1) 0] tan (a + n0).
/ \
11 1 n n 1
21+51+.. • + —-a2 — + — + ... +------- 112. If £Tr = — (n + l)(n + 2)(n + 3), find £ —.
^3 -1 ^a2 a3 an-2 r=l 8 r = l Tr
_ an- 1 + a2
113. If 52, S3 denote the sum of n terms of 3 arithmetic
a2 an-l
series whose first terms are unity and their common
106. Balls are arranged in rows to form an equilateral triangle.
difference are in HP, prove that
The first row consists of one ball, the second row of two
3^1 ~ ^1^2 — *^2 ^3
balls and so on. If 669 more balls are added, then all the n=
balls can be arranged in the shape of a square and each of Sj — 252 + S3
the sides, then contains 8 balls less than each side of the
114. Three friends whose ages form a GP divide a certain
triangle. Determine the initial number of balls.
sum of money in proportion to their ages. If they do that
107. If 0 j, 0 2,0 3,.... 0 n are in AP whose common difference three years later, when the youngest is half the age of
is d, then show that the oldest, then he will receive ? 105 more than he gets
sind{sec 0j sec 02 +sec 02 sec 03 + ... now and the middle friend will get ? 15 more than he
+ sec 0n _1 sec 0„ }= tan 0n - tan 0P gets now. Find the ages of the friends.

iSequences and Series Exercise 8:

Questions Asked in Previous 13 Year's Exam
■ This section contains questions asked in IIT-JEE, 117. Leta1,a2,a3,...be terms are in AP, if
AIEEE, JEE Main & JEE Advanced from year 2005 to ax+a2+... + ap p2 a6 .
year 2017. --------------------- — = —, p q, then — equals
ai + a2 +--. + aq q2 ^2i
115. If a, b,c are in AP and | a |, | b\, | c | < 1 and
[AIEEE 2006, 4.5M]
x = 1 + a + a2 +... + 00
(a)il (b) 7
-
y = l + b+b2 + ...+ «>
z = l + c + c2 + ... + “
(e)? (d)ll
Then, x,y,z will be in [AIEEE 2005, 3M] 118. If ax,a2,...,an are in HP, then the expression
(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP a1a2 + a2 a3 +... + an _ is equal to [AIEEE 2006, 6M]
(d) None of these
(a)n(ai - an)
2 (33 n
3 3 3 - an)
116. If an =- + and
4 4 4 4 (c)
b„ = l-an, then find the least natural number n0 such (d) (n - 1) a,an
that bn > a„, V n > n0. [IIT-JEE 2006, 6M]
286 Textbook of Algebra

119. Let Vr denotes the sum of the first r terms of an 122. Suppose four distinct positive numbers a3>a2, a3, a4 are
arithmetic progression whose first term is r and the in GP. Let bt =alt b2 = bx + a2,b3 = b2 + <23
common difference is (2 r - 1). Let Tr = V7r +! ~ K “2 and and b4 = b3 + a4.
Qr - Tr+ J - Tr for r = 1,2,... [IIT-JEE 2007, 4+4+4M] Statement 1 The numbers blt b2, b3, b4 are neither in
(i) The sum Vj + V2 + ... + Vn is AP nor in GP.
(a) — n (n + 1) (3n2 - n + 1) Statement 2 The numbers b2,b3,b4 are in HP.
12 [IIT-JEE 2008, 3M]
(b) — n (n + 1) (3n2 + n + 2) (a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a
12 correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) -n(2n2 - n + 1) (b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is
2 not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(d) - (2n3 - 2n + 3) (c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
3 (d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(ii) Tr is always
123. The first two terms of a geometric progression add upto
(a) an odd number (b) an even number
12 the sum of the third and the fourth terms is 48, if the
(c) a prime number (d) a composite number
terms of the geometric progression are alternately
(iii) Which one of the following is a correct statement? positive and negative, then the first term is
(a) ft, Q2, ft,... are in AP with common difference 5 [AIEEE 2008, 3M]
(b) ft, Q2, ft,... are in AP with common difference 6 (a) -12 (b) 12 (c) 4 (d) -4
(c) ft, Q2, Q3,... are in AP with common difference 11 124. If the sum of first n terms of an AP is cn2, then the sum
(d) ft = Q2 = Qi - of squares of these n terms is [IIT-JEE 2009, 3M]
120. Let A], Gj, H, denote the arithmetic, geometric and n (4n2 - l)c2 n (4n2 + 1) c2
(a) (b)
harmonic means respectively, of two distinct positive 6 3
numbers. For n > 2, let A„ 3, G„ ] and Hn ] has n(4n2 -l)c2 n(4n2 + l)c,2:
(c) (d)
arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means as 3 6
A„, Gn, Hn, respectively. [IIT-JEE 2007,4+4+4M] 125. The sum to infinity of the series
2 6 10 14
(i) Which one of the following statement is correct? 1 + - + — + — +--- + ...1S [AIEEE 2009,4M]
3 32 33 34
(a) ft > G2 > G3 >... (b) ft < G2 < G3 <...
(a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
(c) ft = G2 = G3 =...
126. Let Sk, k = 1,2,..., 100, denote the sum of the infinite
(d) ft < G3 < G5 <... and G2 > G4 > G6 >...
fc-1 .
(ii) Which of the following statement is correct? geometric series whose first term is ------ and common
kl
(a) A} > A2 > A3 > ... 2 100
(b) A} <A2<A3 <... ratio is -. Then, the value of - + £|(P-3<: + l)St|is
k 100! fc “ 2
(c) > A3 > A5 >... and A2 < A, < A* <... [IIT-JEE 2010, 3MJ
(d) Aj < A3 < A5 <... and A2 > A4 > A* > ... 127. Letaj,a2>a3>-.-,aii be real numbers satisfying
(iii) Which of the following statement is correct?
fl! =15,27 -2a2 >0 and a*. =2ak_l -dk-2 f°r
(a) H1>H2>H3>... 2 2 2
k = 3,4,..., 11. If 01 +°2 +", + fl11 90 (then the value
(b) H, <H2<H3 <...
. 11
(c) H3 > H3 > Hs >... and H2 < <H6<...
0£fl1 +a2 +... + an
(d) < H3 < H3 <... and H2 > H4 > H6 >... is equal to
11 * " [IIT-JEE 2010,3M]
121. If a geometric progression consisting of positive terms, 128. A person is to count 4500 currency notes. Let an denotes
each term equals the sum of the next two terms, then
the number of notes he counts in the nth minute. If
the common ratio of this progression equals fl] = a2 = ... = a10 =150andalo,an,...areinAPwith
[AIEEE 2007, 3M]
common difference - 2, then the time taken by him to
(a)l(l-V5) (b) |V5 count all notes is [AIEEE 2010,8M]
2 c»
(a) 34 min (b) 125 min
(c) a/5 (d)l(vs-l) (d) 24 min
2 (c) 135 min
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 287

129. The minimum value of the sum of real numbers 4n *<**»)

a 5,a 4,3a 3,1, a8 and a10 with a > 0 is [ht-JEE 2011,4M] 137. Lets, = £(-l) 2 ■k2, then Sn can take value(s)
k=l [JEE Advanced 2013, 4M]
130. A man saves ? 200 in each of the first three months of (a)1056 (b)1088 (c) 1120 (d)1332
his service. In each of the subsequent months his saving 138. A pack contains n cards numbered from 1 to n. Two
increases by ? 40 more than the saving of immediately
consecutive numbered cards are removed from the pack
previous month. His total saving from the start of and the sum of the numbers on the remaining cards is
service will be ? 11040 after [AIEEE 2011,4M (Paper I)] 1224. If the smaller of the numbers on the removed cards
(a) 19 months (b) 20 months is k, then k - 20 is equal to [JEE Advanced 2013, 4M]
(c) 21 months (d) 18 months
100 139. If(10)9 +2(ll)*(10)8 + 3(ll)2(10)7 + ...+ (10)(ll)9
131. Let an be the nth term of an AP, if = a and
= k (10)9, then k is equal to
[JEE Main 2014, 4M]
r=1
100 . .121 441
(a) 100 (b) no (d) —
Xa2r-i = P> then the common difference of the AP is (C,TF 100
f=1 [AIEEE 2011, 4M (Paper II)]
140. Three positive numbers form an increasing GP. If the
(b)<x-0 middle terms in this GP is doubled, the new numbers are
(«)^ in AP. Then, the common ratio of the GP is
(d)P-a [JEE Main 2014, 4M]
100
(a) 2-73 (b)2 + 73 (c) 72 + 73 (d) 3 + 72
132. Ifa1,a2,a3,...be in harmonic progression with^i =5 and
141. Let a, b, c be positive integers such that - is an integer. If
a2o = 25. The least positive integer n for which an < 0 is a
(a) 22 (b) 23 [IIT-JEE 2012, 3M] a, b, c are in geometric progression and the arithmetic
(c) 24 (d) 25 . , , , _ a2 + a - 14 .
mean of a, b, c is b + 2, the value of-----------------is
133. Statement 1 The sum of the series a +1
1 + (1 + 2 + 4 ) + (4 + 6 + 9) + (9 + 12 + 16) [JEE Advanced 2014, 3M]
+ ... + (361 + 380 + 400)is 8000. 142. The sum of first 9 terms of the series
n
Statement2 ^(k3 - (k-l)3) = n 3 for any natural l3 r3 +2
I + 2 3 I3 +23 +33
----- 1-------------- |------------------ + ... is
k=l 1 1+3 1+3+5 [JEE Main 2015,4M]
number n. [AIEEE 2012, 4M] (a) 192 (b) 71 (c) 96 (d) 142
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a
143. If m is the AM of two distinct real numbers I and n
correct explanation for Statement-1
(/,7i > 1) and Gj, G2 and G3 are three geometric means
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is
between / and n, then G4 + 2G2 + G3 equals
not a correct explanation for Statement-1
[JEE Main 2015, 4M]
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(a) 4l2m2‘'n 2 (b) 4l2mn
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(c) 4lm2n (d) 4lmn2
134. If 100 times the 100th term of an AP with non-zero
144. Suppose that all the terms of an arithmetic progression
common difference equals the 50 times its 50th term,
then the 150th term of this AP is [AIEEE 2012,4M] (AP) are natural numbers. If the ratio of the sum of the first
seven terms to the sum of the first eleven terms is 6:11 and
(a) 150 times its 50th term (b) 150
(c) zero (d) -150 the seventh term lies between 130 and 140, then the
common difference of this AP is [J EE Main 2015,4M]
x, tan
135. If x,y,z are in AP and tan-1 x, tan -1 y, tan-1 zare also
145. If the 2nd, 5th and 9th terms of a non-eustant AP are in
in AP, then [JEE Main 2013, 4M]
GP, then the common ratio of this GP is
(a) 2x = 3y = 6z (b) 6x = 3y = 2z [JEE Main 2016, 4M]
(c) 6x = 4y = 3z (d) x = y = z (a) 1 (b)l
136. The sum of first 20 terms of the sequence 0.7,0.77,0.777,...,
146. If the sum of the first ten terms of the series
is [JEE Main 2013, 4M]
2 2
7 . 16
(a) ^(99 - IO"20) (b) ~(179 + IO-20) + 2? + 3- + 422+|4 — + ...1S — m, then
k 5. I 5 k 5J k 5 5
(c) ^(99 + IO-20) 7 m equal to [JEE Main 2016, 4M]
(d) —(179 - 10~20)
81 (a) 100 (b) 99 (c) 102 (d) 101
288 Textbook of Algebra

147. Let 6, > 1 for i = 1,2,..., 101. Suppose logf ^.logf b2, 148. For any three positive real numbers a, b and c,
logf b3,..., log, tioi are in Arithmetic Progression (AP)
9(25a2 + b2) + 25(c2 -3ac) = 156(3a + c).Then
with the common difference logf 2. Suppose
[JEE Main 2017,4M]
an a2,a3,..., a101 are in AP. Such that, Oj = bj and
(a) a, b and c are in GP
a51 = b5}. If t = b}+b2 + ...+ b51 and
(b) b, c and a are in GP
s = fl] +a2 + ... +Ost, then [JEE Advanced 2016, 3M]
(c) b, c and a are in AP
(a) s > t and aI(n > 6]Oi (b) s > t and a101 < 6]01 (d) a, b and c are in AP
(c) s < t and aIOi > 6101 (d) s < t and a101 <

Answers
Exercise for Session 1
l.(c) 2.(d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 31. (a,c) 32. (b,d) 33. (b,c) 34. (a,b) 35. (c,d) 36. (a,c,d)
37. (a.d) 38. (a,b,c) 39. (a,c) 40. (b,c) 41. (a,c) 42. (c,d)
Exercise for Session 2 43. (b,c) 44. (a,c) 45. (a,d)
l.(b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6- (c) 46. (c) 47. (d) 48. (a) 49. (a) 50. (a) 51. (b)
52.(a) 53. (c) 54. (b) 55. (d) 56. (b) 57. (c)
Exercise for Session 3 58. (c) 59. (b) 60. (d) 61. (d) 62. (b) 63. (d)
l.(b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4.(c) 5. (d) 64. (a) 65. (b) 66. (b) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (c)
70. (3) 71.(5) 72. (8) 73. (4) 74.(2) 75.(7)
Exercise for Session 4
76. (3) 77. (9) 78.(1) 79. (0)
1. (C) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (a)
80. (A) —»(r, s); (B)-»(p, r); (C) —> (p, q)
Exercise for Session 5 81. (A)->(r); (B)->(p); (C)—>(q)
4.(c) 5. (b) 82. (A) -> (p,r,s,t); (B) -> (p,q,s,t); (C) -»(p,s,t)
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 6- (b)
7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b) 83. (A)->(r); (C)->(r); (D)—»(q)
84. (a) 85. (a) 86. (b) 87. (a) 88. (d) 89. (c)
Exercise for Session 6 90. (a)
l.(b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a) 91.2. 92.—!— a2 (1 - a”) b2 (\-b")
7. (a) 8. (c) 9.(b) 10. (c) (n-b) (1-a) (1-6)
,2 it2
71'
Exercise for Session 7 95. - 5050 96. (i) — (ii) — 98. 93
'' 8 12
l.(a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c)
99. 2" + 1 -n-2 101.5113
7. (a) 8. (a)
x3 (1 — v3n) (l-x3n) + 3x(l-x”) + 3 (1 - x")
102. u 1+
Exercise for Session 8 1-x3 " (1 - x3) ' (1 - x)
x3"(l-x x" (1 - x)
l.(c) 2.(c) 3- (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6.(b) 109.—1—
106. 1540
7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a) a-1
sin np
Exercise for Session 9 - n tan p
l.(d) 2.(c) 3.(d) 4. (a) 5.(b) 6. (a) no. — 111. cos (a + «P) cosa
4 tanp
7.(c) n (n + 3)
112. 114. 12, 18, 27 115. (C)
Chapter Exercises 2 (/i + 1) (n + 2)
116.(7) 117. (d) 118. (d) 119. (i) (b), (ii) (d), (iii) (b)
l.(a) 2.(d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c)
120. (i) (c), (ii) (a), (iii) (b) 121. (d) 122. (c) 123. (a) 124. (c)
7-(b) 8. (d) 9- (a) 10. (c) H. (a) 12. (b) 125. (c) 126.(3) 127. (0) 128. (a) 129.(8) 130. (c)
13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 131.(c) 132. (d) 133. (a) 134. (c) 135. (d) 136. (b)
19. (a) 20. (d) 21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (b) 137. (a,d) 138. (5) 139. (a) 140. (b) 141. (4) 142. (c)
25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (c) 143.(0) 144. (a) 145. (d) 146. (d) 147. (b) 148. (c)
Solutions
AL, _ LM a
3. v
AB ~ BC
W=
n+ 1

Similarly, L2M2 = - A
n+ 1
3a
^m3 =
1 x, y, z are in HP. n+ 1 1
M,
■ 111 are in AP.
x’ y’ z

1 1 1 1
W, =-----
n+ 1
(0 Ln
x y y z LiMl + L2M2 + ...+ LnMn ZL \n
a B a
1
[say] (14-2 + 3+ ...+ n)
-- -----F=a (n + 1)
-7= + -j=
yjy Ji a n(n + 1) na
yJZX 1 (n + 1) 2 2
1 1 =b [say]
X + 4z 4. S„ = 1 + 22 + 333 + ... + nnnn...n
-= + -=
fz fx n terms

1 S„-Sn_I = nnnn ... n = n (111 ... 1)

and [say]
x + -Jy -------
-= + -=
T=c n times n times
Vx Jy n(10n -1)
= n (10n -i + 10n’2 + ...+ 10 + 1) =
1 1 10-1
1 1 1 1 1 1
~f= + ~i= + -= ••• 9(S„-Sn_I) = n(10B-l)
g-b yy z ■Jz Jx x
b-c 1 T T 1 a 5. Given that a, b, c are in GP.
1 1 1 1 y z Then, b2 = ac —(i)
-= + -=
y/z yjx
and equations ax2 + 2bx + c = 0
[from Eq. (i)] anddx2 + 2ex + f = 0 have a common root. •••(A)
fyz______ y/zx fxy
Hence, are in AP. Now, ax2 + 2bx + c = 0
Jy + 4z' 4z + 4x' 4x + 7?
=> ax2 + 2 Jac x + c = 0 [ by Eq. (i)]
2. VflI(g2, a3, ...are in HP.
=> (Vax+Vc)2 = 0 => Vax+Vc = 0
1 1 1
—, —, —, ...are in AP. —(0 vc
fl] ^2 ^3 X =----- -j= [repeated]
fa
fk = £ ~ ak r\
c
r=l By the condition (A), - be the root of dx2 - 2ex + f = 0
aJ
=> ak + fk = y ar = [say]
So, it satisfy the equation
r=l
=> fll + f\ = a2 + fl = a3 + fl ~ ••• =

From Eq. (i), —, —, —,... are also in AP.

al a2 a3 de n fc
d

. „
a-(-ji) d 2e f n
+ /=0

=> ------ 2e-j= + f = 0 ------------------- = 0

■, ...are also in AP. a Vu a ac c
ai a2 a3 d e
Subtracting from each term by 1, we get
=>
a
*b + L-
c
0 =>- + - = 2
a c ~b
f, fi f
—, —, —, ...are also in AP. so/.i.i:
— are in AP.
flj ^2 ^3 a b c
1 1 1 . A„ 1 3 7 15
=$ —, —, —,... are in AP. 6. •: Sn = - + - + - + — + ... n up to terms
cq a2 a3 2 4 8 16
ab a2, a3, ...are in HP. 1
= 1 -- 1-1 1-1.+ ... n up to terms
*. 2c“,2a2,2“3,...arenotinAP/GP/HP. k 2 4 8j
( 1 1 1 1
= 1 -- 1 22 1 23 + ...+ 1-----
V 2 2n
290 Textbook of Algebra

=n—
1 1
1 + - + — + ...+
1 1
— 1
1 _1 1_
1_1
2 2 2“ 2" _ Ao A = 3 2 = -! -1
D
n 10-1 99 9X6 54
1
1 1 -
2 1 1 1 1 J -I- 1)l 1_1
1 So,
=n—+ A A A A
7 7 2 54 2 9
2 1
1 -- 1 7 18
2 = — =$ h7 = —
h7 18 7
\ifo<r <1
by sum GP,Sn = l 7 18 z
1 -r So, ~ X ~ -6
3 7
= n- l + — = n- l + 2"” , rn 1 - sin 2nx , r r"■n 1 - sin 2nx ,
9. ‘ ~ Ja "i n A ~ Ja ----- 5---- dx
2" Jo 1 - cos 2x J 2 sin2 x
7. Let triangle be the area of APQR.
=> A +1 + A-i 27„
P . [1 - sin 2 (n + 1) x + 1 - sin 2 (n -1) x - 2
1 r” + 2 sin 2nx]
r dx
2 Jo sin2x
q
h2
1 rn [sin 2nx - sin 2 (n + 1) x] + [sin 2nx - sin 2 (n -1) x]
h3
2 Jo sin2x
0 R
p 1 rn — 2 cos (2n + 1) x sin (x) + 2 cos (2n - 1) x sin x
”2 o Sin2 x
1
A = - x p x bj [A, hz, h3 are altitudes] psin x [cos (2n -1) x - cos (2n + 1) x]
J° sin2 x
...(i) r«2 sin 2nxsin x 2
p dx-2 | sin 2nx dx- — [- cos 2nx]J
J° sin x Jo 2n
Similarly, ...(ii)
9 = --(l-l) = 0
n
and A=~
r
(iii) •• A + i + A -1 = 27n
=> In-i + /„ + 1 are in AP.
According to the question, sin P, sin Q, sin R are in AP.
A, 12, J3,...are in AP.
Then, kp, kq, kr are in AP [by sine rule]
10. Given that,
=> p, q, r are in AP.
2A 2A 2A . a (b - c) x2 + b (c - a) xy + c (a - b) y2 is perfect square.
=> —, —, — are m AP. [ by Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii)]
hz h3 b2 (c - a)2 = 4a (b - c) • c (a - b)
111 . AP. => b2 (c - a)2 = 4ac (a -b)(b - c)
—y —, —, — are in
• h2 hz => [a (b - c) + c (a - b)]2 = 4ac (a - b) (b - c)
=> hz, are in HP.
[•.• a (b - c) + b (c - a) + c (a - b) = 0]
=> Altitudes are in HP.
=> [a (b - c) - c (a - b)]2 = 0
8. Given that, a2,..^ flio be in AP.
=> a (b - c) - c (a - b) = 0
Let d be the common difference of AP. => ab - ac - ca + be = 0 => b (a + c) = 2ac
• j - Q1° ~ , 2ac
10-1 => b =------
a+b
3-2
d =------ [given that, aj = b, = 2 and a10 ~ Ao = 3] => a, b, c are in HP.
9 2
$ = 1 + 2 (1 - - | + 3 | 1 --1
d=* 11. Let I + ... + °°
9
k n n
, 3 „ 1 7
= ai +3d = 2 + - = 2 + - — - 1--|S = | 1 — —1 I + 2 11 — —1 + ...+ oo
n n n
Now, th Ao be in HP.
So, common difference of respective AP. 2
$11 — 1 + — j = 1 + | 1 —1 I + 11 —1 j +... + «>
n n
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 291

2
S 1 n-1 ^ + 1
=> = p- by GP 2
n n (n + 1) 2 2
1 -[I -— 2
-16-
2
k n

=>
s-f n
n2(n + I)2 4(n-l)2(n+ I)2 (n + 1)
-[n2-(n-l)!]
4 16 4
=> S = n2 (n-l): (2n-l)(n + 1)2:
-(2n-l)(l) =
( 7\ 4 ' '' ' ' 4
v log3 2, log3 (2X - 5) and Iog3 2X — are in AP.
2 15. Let the sides of right angled triangle be
7 (a -d), a, (a + d)(a > d).
For defined, 2X - 5 > 0 and 2X - - > 0 A
2
2X >5 .(ii)
7 (a-d) (a + b)
From Eq. (i), 2,2X - 5,2X - - are in GP.
2
(2X - 5)2 = 2-f 2X - -
I 2, 8tL C
a
=> 22x- 12-2x + 32 = 0
By Pythagoras theorem, (
=> (2x-8)(2x-4) = 0 (a + d)2 = a2 + (a - d)2
2X = 8, 4 a2 + d2 + 2ad =a2 + a2 + d2 - 2ad
=> 2X=8=23,2X *4 [fromEq. (ii)] a2 = Aad
x=3 a = 4d [since a * 0] ...(i)
13. v a, b, c are positive prime numbers. 4d — —4
a =---
According to the question, sin A =
Let 4a, 4b, 4c are 3 terms of AP. [not necessarily consecutive] a + d 5d 5
a — d 3d 3
Then, 4a = A + (p - 1) D -.(i) sin C =------ =--- =
a + d 5d 5
4b = A + (q -1) D ••(ii)
16. T. =2
V^ = A + (r-l)D ...(iii) Let d be common difference of AP and a be the first term of
[A and D be the first term and common difference of AP] AP.
4a - 4b =(p-q)D ...(iv) T6=2
a + 5d = 2 —(i)
4b -4c = (q-r) D -(v) A=
Let
Vc - va = (r - p) D ,(vi) A =a(a + 3d) (a + 4d)
On dividing Eq. (iv) by Eq. (v), we get [using Tn = a + (n - 1) d and from Eq. (i) a = 2 - 5d ]
A=(2-5d)(2-2d)(2-d)
4a~4b _p-q
(vii) A =8-32d + 34d2 - 10d3
4b -4c q-r
Since, p, q, r are natural numbers and a, b, c are positive prime For max and min values of A, — = 0
numbers, so dd
Eq. (vii) does not hold. -30d2 + 68d-32 = 0 => 15d2 - 34d + 16 = 0
So, 4a, 4b and 4c cannot be the 3 terms of AP. 15d2 - (24d + lOd) + 16 = 0
[not necessarily consecutive] 15d2 -24d - lOd + 16 = 0
Similarly, we can show that 4a, 4b, 4c cannot be any 3 terms
3d(5d — 8) — 2 (5d -8) = 0
of GP and HP. [not necessarily, consecutive]
(5d - 8) (3d - 2) = 0
14. Given that n is an odd integer greater than or equal to 1.
J 8 , 2
S„ = n3 -(n- I)3 + (n-2)3-... + (-1)"-113 d = - or d = -
5 3
= I3 - 23 + ... + (n - 2)3 - (n - I)3 + n3 d A a
For « 2- --- r>0
d=
[•/ n is odd integer, so (n - 1) is even integer] 3 dd2
3 3 n ■“ 1 2
= (13 + 23 + ... + n3) - 2-23 1 + 2 + ... +------terms So, A is least for d = -.
2 3
292 Textbook of Algebra

17. Given, common difference # 0 On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
Sjn = ^4n ~ Sy, (a2 - a,) + (a4 - a3) + ... + (a200 - a199) = a - 0
2 ‘Sjn = S4n [ let Sn = Pn2 + Qn] d + d + ... up to 100 terms = a - 0
=> 2-[P(3n)2 + Q(3n)] = P(4n)2 + Q(4n) [beacause a„ be the nth term of AP with common difference d ]
lOOd = a-0
2Pn2 + 2Qn = 0
or Q = -nP a =-------
100
S2n P(2n)2 + Q(2n) 21. Given that, ab a2, a3, a4, a 5 are in HP.
S<ni — [P(4n)2 + Q(4n)]-[P(2n)2 + Q(2n)] 11111
are in AP.
2n(2nP + Q) _2nP + Q O] o2 a3 a4 a5
~12Pn2 + 2nQ~6nP + Q 11111111,
-------- 1
=---------- =----------1 1
=---------- =
=> [say]
a2 ai a4 a2 a$ a4
a3 a2
2nP - nP _ 1 .
[from Eq. (i)] Gj — a2 = a1a2d —/ a2 a3 = a2a2d
" 6nP - nP ~ 5
a2 a4 = a2a4d —} a4 — a$ = a4 a$d
18. Let f(x) = (x -1) (x - 2) (x -3)...(x - n) On adding all, we get
= xn -Sjx"’1 + $2 xn~ 2 -... + (- 1)" (l-2-3...n)
(1 1 'I
fli ~as «5__ £1 = 4 a^
So, coefficient of x"-2 in f(x) =S2 =(1-2 + 1-3 + ...) G]a2 + G2^3 ^3^4 4" 34a$ — = aias
d d
= Sum of product of first n natural number taken 2 at time k
= - [(1 + 2 + ...+ n)2 -(l2 + 22 + ...+ n2)] 22. v(l + a)(l + b)(l + c)(l + d)
2 = l + a + t + c+ d + ab + ac + ad + hc+bd + cd
2 [16 terms]
1 n(n + 1) n(n + 1) (2n + 1) + abc + abd + eda + edb + abed
2 2 6 .-. AM>GM
(1 + q) (1 + b) (1 + c) (1 + d) > (a8£8c8j8)lA6
1 n (n + 1) n (n + 1) 2n + 1
16
2 2 2 3
= (ahcd)1/2 = (l),/2=l [•.• abed = 1]
1 n(n + l) 3n2 + 3n-4n-2
(1 + a) (1 + b) (1 + c) (1 + d)
2 2 6 => >1
16
n (n + 1) (3n 2 -n-2) n (n + 1)(3n + 2)(n - 1) => (1 + a) (1 + b)(l + c) (1 + d) > 16
24 24 .•.Minimum value of(l + a) (1 + b) (1 + c) (1 + d) is 16.
n (n2 - 1) (3n + 2) 23. v a, b, c are in AP.
24 .’. 2b = a + c
19. If last term of nth row is T„, then Now, (a + 2b - c) (2b + c - a) (c + a - b)
Let S = 1 + 5 + 11 + 19+.. .+ T„ = (a + a + c - c) (a + c + c - a) (2b - b) [from Eq. (i)]
S = 1 +5+ll + ...+ T|_l + 7Ji = (2a) (2c) (b) = 4abc
.-. X = 4
0 = 14-4 + 6 + 8+ ...+ n terms - Tn . 24. ab a2,..., a„ are in GP with first term a and common ratio r.
ala2 a2^3 an-l an
Tn =1 + 2 (2 + 3 + 4 + ...+(n -1) terms) Sn = ~2 +
+ 72 + •. •- + ~2
^2 + ~2 •••(>)
= 1 + 2^^[2-2 + (n-2)-l] al ~ a 2 aa22 ~
~aa33 an-l - an

2 (n -1) times

= 1 + (n — 1) (n + 2) -p _ -1 _ @n-1 Un
n ~ ~2 ~2
= 1 + n2 + n -2 -1 ~an (fln -1 “ ) (^n -1 Ai)

T„ = n2 + n -1 1
T60 = (60)2 + 60 - 1 = 3600 + 59 = 3659
i--A_
100 k At .
20. Given that, \ a^ = a
i r
r=1 [byGP] j
=> a2 + a4 + ...+ a200 = a 1 (r+ 1)(1 -r)
(i) (1-r) 1 + -
100 \ r.
i
and a2r-l =P
r=l . cn-
;^VTn - V r 2) -
’^(1-r ’(1-r2)r
al + a3 + ...+ aI99 =0
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 293

25. According to the question, for AP i

a + - >2 => a + — + 3 >5
Sio = 4 S5 a b
10 5. .. F Similarly,
. 1 . _ ,1 - -
b + — > 2 => b + - + 3 > 5
— (2a + 9d) = 4--(2a + 4d) byS„ = — [2a + (n - 1) d]
2 22 2 b b
10a + 45d = 20a + 40d and c + - >2 => c + - + 3 >5
c c
a 1
=> 10a = 5d => — = - c + ^ + 3 >125
d 2 a+-+3 b+-+3
a b c J
26. •/ cos (x - y), cos x, cos (x + y) are in HP.
So, A >5-5-5 => A >125
rnc v_ 2 cos(x-y) cos(x + y) Minimum value of A is 125.
cos (x - y) + cos (x + y)
30. Oj, a2,...,are in AP and/ft, q2,... are in GP.
2 (cos2x -sin2y)
cos x = —------------------ — a, = = 2 and a10 = qi0 = 3
2 cos x cos y Let d be the common diference of AP
2 2 2
=> cos xcosy = cos x-sin y , 3-2 1'
i.e., a —------ = —
cos2 x (1 - cos y) = sin2y 9 9
1 8
Then, a7 = a, + 6d = 2 + 6d = 2 + 6x — = —
= (1 + cos y) (1 - cos y) 9 3
=> cos2 x = (1 + cos y) [•/ 1 - cos y * o] a19 = a, + 18d =2 + 18d
1 36
=> cos2 x = 2 cos2 — = 2 + 18x —= —= 4
2 9 9
1/9
2 f3
=> cos xsec 2 Z = 2 Let r be the common ratio of GP i.e., r = -
<2 <2
Then, 97 - 9ir■6=2r6
cos x sec - =± 72 6X’
.2 J 2/3
3 3
27. Let 11 AM’s are A], A^A^..., An. = 2- I ’ =2
2 2
Given, 28, Ah A2, A3,..„ An, 10 are in AP. 9x1
3
10-28 3 9io = 9ir’ = 2r’ = 2’ I ’ =3
d= 2
12 “ 2
„ _„ J8 _ Q 18
3 919 -?rr - 2-r
A,-=28 + id = 28--i 18 xi 18/9
2 3 i 9
= 2- = 2l-
It is clear that A2, A4, A& Ag, A10 are integral AM’s. 2 <2. 2
Hence, number of integral AM’s are 5. 8 9
(a) a-jq^ = - X - = 12, which is an integer.
28. •.• x, y, z are in GP [x.y.z >1]
2/3 2/3
In x, In y, In z are in AP
3 3
(b) a19q7 = 4 X 2 X =8
and 2x, 4x, 6x are also in AP. [x>l] 2 2

By property, which is not an integer.

8 9
2x + In x, 4x + In y, 6x + In z are also in AP. (c) a7^i9 = “ x ~ - 12; a^io = 4x3 = 12
. 1________ 1_________ 1
are in HP. 1
2x + In x’ 4x + In y ’ 6x + In z 31. a(n) = 1 + — + — + ...+
2 3 2" -1
29 Let >1 - + 3fl + (fc2 + 3b + 1) (c2 + 3c + 1) 1 1 1111
= 1 + —I— + -+-+-+-
abc .2 3. 4 5 6 7
a2 + 3a + iVb2 + 3b + 1 c2 + 3c + f 1 1 1
+ - + ...+ — + ...+--------
a b c J 8 15; 2" -1

1 111 1 1
=[ a + 3 + - b+3+- c + 3 + - I, =1+|-+ -1J + ...+------
+ —+- + -+
k a, b, cj <2 2 2—1 | <2 2 5 6 2 3 2" -1
where a,b, ceR+. a(n) < 1 + 1 + ...+ n terms
=> a(n) < n
Applying AM > GM on a and -,
a a (100)<100
294 Textbook of Algebra

1 1 1111 1 z = -^-
Also, a(n) = 1 + - + - + - -+-+-+- xy -1
2 3 4 5 6 7! 2" -1
=> xyz = z + xy
1 1 P
1 1 1__
=1+—+ +- + +-+-+— and xyz -z + x + y [from Eq. (iii)]
2 p + 1 22 22 + 1 6 7 23J a+c
34. a, b, c are in AP => b = -(i)
2
+ ...+
1___
+ ...+ —
P
and a2, b2, c2 are in HP.
2n~l + 1 2" 7 2"
,2 2a2c2
, , 1 2 4 2n-1 1 b
a(n) >1 + - + - + - + ...+-------- a +c
2 4 8 2" 2"
=> b2 {a2 + c2} =2a2c2
. . . .. (.(. 1 1 n . . n
Q(n)>[ ?J+2
L'”'' V 2" °(n)>2 => b2 {(a + c)2 - 2ac} = 2a2c2 [from Eq. (i)]
=> b2 (4b2 - 2ac) = 2azc2
.-. a (200) >100
32. => 2b4 -ac(b2)-a2c2 = 0
---- 1------- —F => (b2 - ac) (2b2 + ac) = 0
1 n 2n-1
middle term
If b2-ac = 0
In a AP of(2n -1) terms, nth term = a a, b, c are in GP.
In a GP of(2n -1) terms, nth term = b But given a, b, c are in AP.
In a HP of (2n - 1) terms, nth term = c a =b=c
a, b, c will be arithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmonic and if 2b2 + ac = 0
mean, respectively.
So, a > b > c and b2 = ac then —b, c are in GP.
2
33. v 0 < 0 < — 35. According to the question, x, x2 + 2 and x3 + 10 are in GP.
2
So, (x2 + 2)2 = x(x3 + 10)
/. 0 < sin 0 < 1 and 0 < cos 0 < 1
x4 + 4 + 4x2 - x4 - lOx = 0
cos2” 0 = 1 + cos2 0 + cos4 0 + ... + «>
n=0
4x2 -lOx +4 = 0
1 1 2x2-5x+2 = 0
1 - COS2 0 sin2 0 => 2x2 - 4x - x + 2 = 0
• 2 A 1 2x(x - 2) - 1 (x - 2) = 0
or sin 0 = — ...(i)
x (x - 2) (2x -1) = 0
oo

y= sin2” 0 = 1+ sin2 0 + sin4 0 + ... + «> „ 1

and => x = 2 or x = -
n =0 2
1 1 For x = 2, first 3 terms are 2,6,18.
1 - sin2 0 COS2 0 So, 4th term of GP = 2 -(3)3 = 54

COS2 0=1 r 1 r 1 9 81
or (ii) For x = -, first 3 terms are -, —, —.
2 2 4 8
y
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), 9 ? 1 729 729
So, =-x—=—
sin2 0 + cos2 0 = 1 + 1 ’ 2 <2 1 2 8 16
x y 36. Let n consecutive odd numbers be
2k + 1, 2k + 3,2k + 5,.... 2k + 2n - 1
1=1 + 1
x y According to question, sum of these n numbers
xy = x + y ...(iii) = 1 [2k + 1 + 2k + 2n - 1 ] = n (2k + n)
co

and z= cos2n s*n2n = n2 +2kn = (n + k)2 - k2 ■

n=0
Given that, (n + k)2 - k2 = 252 - 11 2
= 1 + cos2 0 sin2 0 + cos4 0 sin4 0 +
=> n + k =25 and k = 11 => n = 14 and/c = 11
1 1
2 2
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] So, first term = 2k + 1 = 23
1 - sin 0 cos 0 1
1------ Last term = 2k + 2n - 1 = 22 + 28 - 1 = 22 + 27 = 49
xy
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 295

37. 7 G = 6 and G2 = AH „ 1 1 1
40. ^ = ~2 + ~2+~2 +
I2 22 32
=4
„ 1 1
A £ <1 +------- + (2)(3)+"‘
Given, 90A + 5H=918 (1)(2)
1 _1
=> 90A + 5X —=918 => 5A + —=51 £<1 +| 1 -- +
A A k 2 2 3
=> 5A2-51A + 10 = 0 =>(A-10)(5A-l) = 0 £ <2 (i)
„ 1 1
A = 10, - £>1 +------ + (3)(4)+"‘
5 (2) (3)

38. 7 _____________ !____________

£ >1 +
Al 1 1A
+
(2n —1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3) (2n + 5) \2 3 3 4J
n
. £ > 1 + -; £ > -
2 2
n=1
41. vS, ={0}
1 n (2n + 5)-(2n-l)
6 n=l (2n - 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3) (2n + 5) S2=l-,-l
[2 2j
1 " _________ 1_________
c I8 11 14l
$3=1-, —. —r
° n=l (2n - 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3) [3 3 3J
X
______ 1 15 19 23 27
(2n + l)(2n + 3)(2n + 5),
s< = 4 4 4 4
1 1_____________ 1________ ^|
6 1-3-5 (2n+l)(2n + 3)(2n + 5)J Let S = 3 + 8 + 15 + ... + T]9
1 S = 3 + 8 + ... + T!8 + TI9
1________ 6_______
90 (2n +l)(2n + 3)(2n + 5) 0=3 + 5 + 7 + ...+ 19 terms - T19
T19 = 3 + 5 + 7 + ...+ 19 terms
A=- 19 19
6 T19 = y (6+ 18x2) = y X 42 =399
and /(n)=(2n + l)(2n + 3)(2n + 5)
_ (399 419 439 1
7(0) = 15 *52q — 1
* > > ••• I
[ 20 20 20 J
7(1) = 105
439
Al 1 640 Third element of S20 =----
and/(X) = /- = - + ! || - + 3 | [ - + 5 | = — 20
' <6 3 A3 A3 27
20 1
1 Sum of elements of S20 = — x - [ 2 x 399 + 19 x 20]
39.-.-S = i + -l_ (1 + 2)2 + (1 + 2 + 3)2 + ... 2 2
(1+3) (1 + 3 + 5)
= 399 + 190 = 589
Tn=-------------------------------- (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + .. n terms)2 ( 1Y
(1+ 3 + 5 + 7 + ...n terms) 42. (a) vS= 1+-
\ nJ
1 A(n + 1)Y _ (n + I)2 2 3

2 4 S = 1 + "Cj I - I + "C21 -
1
+ "C3 [ - '+ ...+ nCn <1Y
-
- [2-1 + (n -1)-2] \nj \ nJ
“ \nj

(?) + n (n - 1)3! (n - 2) f _£n3

c ix 1 n(n-!)
(7 +1)2 64
(a) T7 = ----- = — = 16 n 2!
4 4
n (n - 1) ...1 1
10 ( n 4.1Y2 10 + ... + —------- -
(b) S.. = X t| —
9 I
|I = - V (n2 + 2n + 1) n! nn
nei x Z ' 4n = l

A 10
1
10 io
1If
S„ = 1 +1 + -|
2! n
1
3!
1
1 --1 I| + -|L1 --1
nI< 1 >--b-
nJ
n+£ 1
4 kn = 1 n=1
1 1V 2 1-^
n=l > + — 1 -- 1 --
n! n n .
= —1 10x11 x21 +-------------
2X10X11
+ 10 r , 11 1
4 6 2 S < 1 +1 + — + — + ... + —
2! 3! n!
= -^ (385 + 110 + 10)= 505
' 4
296 Textbook of Algebra

S <1 + 1 + — 1 + ... +-------1

1 +------ 1 1 1 1 1 20 + 15 + 12 + 10
= — + — + — + — =--------------------
1-2 1-2-3 1-2-3 n fl2 = £ 2+a 3 4 5 6 60
a=1
1
S<1 + 1 + -1 + —
1 + ... + 57 19
=—_
2 2-2 2-2...2 60 20
1 \
1----- 1 1 1
Now,an + 1 -an = +------ + +-------
S<1 + ___ 21 => S <1 + 2 11 - — \^n + 2 n + 3 3n + 3 y
1 --
1 I 2".
2 1 1 1
+------ + ... + —
1 n+1 n+2 3n,
S<3- 2n-l .-.S<3,Vn
1 1 1 1
+--------
=------- + ------ +-----------
1 [1---- 1 1
Also, S = l + 1 + — 1 3n + 1 3n + 2 3n + 3 n + 1
■ + — 1 -- 1-1 +...
2!
2!k J
n. 3! n n. 1 1 2
2
+ — fl
1 — 1 --
o n-l
1--------
=------ ++------------------
3n + 1
------
3n + 2 3 (n + 1)
n! V nJ n n _ 9n2 + 15n + 6 + 9n2 + 12n + 3 - 18n2 - 18n - 4
S>1 + 1; S>2
(3n + 1) (3n + 2) (3n + 3)
S is bounded.
2n + 1 ________ 9n + 5_______
(b)v an = ~ (3n + l)(3n + 2)(3n+3)
n+2
3 44. Sn(x) = ^x"-1 + -^r?^ + 2^xn -2 + 1
For n, = 1, dj = - = 1, x"’2

5 , J 1 I
for n = 2, a2 = - = 1.25
+ + (n - 1) x + — + n
4 k xj
LetS' = x"-1 + 2x"-2 + 3x"~3 + ... + (n-l)x
Now, an + I-a„>0 => On + }>an S' x"’2 + 2xZI-3 + + (n - 2) x + (n -1)
a„ represents the increasing sequence x
n|2+-
2n + 1 .. k n
lim an = lim ------- = lim -=2 S'f l--| = xn-1 + x" -2 + x"-3 + ... + x -(n -1)
1
n —> 00 n —> 00 n + 2 n —»oo
„[i + i k xj
k n x-(xn~1 -1)
{an} is bounded sequence. -(n-l)
X (x-1)

(c) v . On = 1 + ~
k
r, *y!
nJ
=> S' = - y (n ~ 1) x
(x-1)2 (x-1)
For n = 1, ai = 2,
S" = 4-r + 2 +...+^
1V (3? 34 81 x""1 x"-2 X
for n = 2, a2 = 1 + - = “ = — = — = 5.06
2J \2J 24 16
S" = [x + 2x2 + ... + (n - 1) x"-1]
[approximate]

lim
n —> 00 >4 nJ
{a„} represents unbounded sequence.
lim - x nz
= en —"
lim n
= en->- = = oo
_ 1 [(n - 1) x” - nx"-1 + 1]
~ xn
Sn(x)=S' + S"+n
(x-1)2
[similarly as above]

(d) •/ a„ = tan n
S„(x) = - (n-l)
J_ V-l \2 .(■)
n3 2 5
a. =n + — + —n +... + «> x < x~1
3 15
For n = 1, Sj (x) = 1
and we know that - °° < tan n < °° 2
' ^x100 -1 |
So, {a„} is unbounded sequence. ■Soo (x) -
43. v
1 1 1
=----- 7 +------ + ------ + +—
1 x I J
n+ 1 n+2 n+3 3n 45. Let the AP start with n and common difference d, then
1 1 1 1 according to question,
On = +------ + ------ + +-------
n+1 n+2 n+3 n + 2n n + 5d = 32
2n n=32-5d ■(0
1
andl072 < n + (n + d) + ... + (n + 19d) < 1162
a =1 n+a
I Chap 03 Sequences and Series 297

19X20 => 1 16t2 -95t + 1 <8t + 2

1072 <20n + d <1162
2 => t = 6 =>n = 50 and p = 7
1072 < 640 - lOOd + 190d < 1162
49. Hence, the value of n lies in (41,51).
432 < 90d < 522
4& < d < 5.8 50. Hence, removed numbers are 7 and 8.
50 (50 + 1)
Let d is natural number, so d = 5 51. Sum of all numbers = = 1275
2
n = 32- 5X5 = 7
Sol. (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
First term is 7 and common difference is 5.
Let A = {A - D, A, A + D}; B = {a - d, a, a + d}
Sol. (Q. Nos. 46 to 48) According to the question,
. , S_ =-8 + —
Let 16 + —
24 + A-D +A +A + D = 15
! 5 65 325 3A = 15
8r _________ 8r__________ => A=5
Tr = ...(i)
4r4 + 1 (2r2 + 2r + 1) (2rz - 2r + 1) and a-d + a + a + d =15
(2r2 + 2r + 1) - (2r2 - 2r + 1) => a =5 ...(h)
=2
(2r2 + 2r + l)(2r2 -2r + 1) and D=1 + d ...(iii)
p = (A - D) A(A + D)
1 1
=2 p = A(A2-D2) ..(iv)
2r2 - 2r + 1 2r2 + 2r + 1
p=5(25-D2) ...(v)
46. lim Sn = lim V Tr Similarly, q=5(25-d2)
n “4 oo n —> co
r=l
Given that, p=7(q-p)
1 1 8p=7q
= lim V 2
71 —7 °°
r=l 2r2-2r + 1 2r2 + 2r + 1, From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get
1 8 X5 (25 — D2) =7 x 5 (25 - d2)
= 2 lim 1- = 2 (1 - 0) =2
n —> ©o
k 2n2 + 2n + 1 200-8D2 = 175-7d2
8X7 56 25=8D2-7d2
47. T7 =
4 X 74 +1 ' 9605 25=8(1 + d)2-Id 2 [from Eq. (iii)]
48. = f Tr = 2£ 1 1 25=8 + 8d2 + 16d-7d 2
r=l r=l 2r2 -2r + 1 2r2 + 2r + 1, 17-d2 -16d = 0
1 288 d2 + 16d -17 = 0
= 2 1- = 2|1 - —
2 (8)2 + 2 (8) + 1 k 145. 145 (d + 17) (d -1) = 0
Sol. (Q. Nos. 4-6) d = - 17 or d = 1
Let p and (p + 1) be removed numbers from 1,2,3,... n, then => d=1 [v d > 0]
Sum of the remaining numbers => D=2
_ n (n + 1) 52. p=5 (25 - D2) = 5 (25 - 4) = 5 (21) = 105
-(2p + 1)
2
53. q=5 (25 - d2) = 5 (25 - 1) = 120
From given condition,
n(n+l) 54. ID + 8d = 14 + 8 = 22
-(2p + 1)
105 2 Sol. (Q. Nos. 55 to 57)
4 (n-2) A=| —,A, AR
Let
=> 2n2-103n-8p + 206 = 0 Ir
Since, n and p are integers, so n must be even. „ a
B= - -,a,ar
Let n = 2r, we get r
4r2 +103(1 -r) A
p,—-— According to the question, — A • AR = 64
R
Since, p is an integer, then (1 - r) must be divisible by 4. A3 =64 => A = 4 (i)
Let r = 1 + 4t, we get a ■>
— • a• ar = 64 => a = 64 => a = 4 —(ii)
n = 2 + 8t and p = 16t2 —957+1 r
and R=r+2 .(iii)
Now, 1 <p<n
 298 Textbook of Algebra

p = --A 4- A-AR + AR-- 60. According to the question, (m 4- 1) is the nth triangular number,
R R then
A 1A n (n 4- 1)
=--- 4- A2R 4- A2 = — 4- 16R 4- 16 =m+1
R R 2
a a n2 4- n — 2 (m 4-1) = 0
q = --a + a-ar + ar--
r r - 1 ± ^/l 4- 8 (m 4- 1)
Q 2 2 16
= — 4- aV 4- az = — 4- 16r 4-16 2____
r r -1 4- 7(8m 4- 9)
Given that, P_l 2
? 2 - 1 4- J&m 4- 9 - 2m
n - m =------- ------------
(16 4- 16R2 4- 167?) r 3 2
So,
(16 4- 16r2 4-16r) R 2 Sol. (Q. Nos. 61 to 63)
(1 + R2 4- R) r 3 A, A2, A3 An are arithmetic means between - 3 and 828.
(1 4- r2 4- r) R 2 > + *>)
So, Aj 4* A2 4" + Am = m
2
From Eq. (iii), R = r 4- 2
f-3 4- 288^
(1 4- r2 4- 4 4- 4r 4- r 4- 2) r 3 => Ay 4- A2 + — + An = m
(1 4- r 4- r2) (r 4- 2) 2
I 2 J
<825 >
r3 4- 5r2 4- It 3 14025 = mI I ____ I
=> I2J
r3 4- 3r2 4- 3r 4- 2 2
[given that sum of AM’s = 14025}
=> r3 - r2 - 5r 4- 6 = 0 => m = 17 X2
=> (r-2)(r2 4-r—3) = 0 m = 34 •••(*)
-1 ± V13 Now, Gj, G2, .... Gn be the GM’s between 1 and 2187.
=> r = 2 or r = QG2G3... Gn =(ab)"/2
2
So, R=4 335 =(1X2187),n/2
’ => 335 = 37n/2

1 1 16
55. p = 16 — 4- R 4-1 = 16 -4-44-1= — (21) = 84 So, 35 = —
R k4 4 2
1 16 => n = 10 ...(ii)
56. g = 16 -4-r4-l = 16 -4-24-11 = — X7=8X7 = 56
2 2 61. n = 10 [by Eq. (ii)}
57. rR 4- Rr = (4)2 4- (2)4 = 16 4-16 =32 62. m = 34 [by Eq. (i)]
Sol. (Q. Nos. 58 to 60) 63. G1 4- G2 4-... 4- Gn = r 4- r2 4- r3 4-
Given sequence, 1,3,6,10,15,21,28, (1-r10)
where A = A-i + n,Vn>2 = r4- r2 4- r3 4-... 4- r10 =r
1 -r
So, A = [A-2 + (n _1)]+ n 1/n + 1 i/u
I 2187
= Ai-34-(n — 2)4-(n — l)4-n r= I =37/n
a 1
70/11)
A = ty 4- 2 4- 3 4-... 4- (n -1) 4- n
= 37'11 (1-3
^=14-24-34-... 4-n (l-37,n
n (n 4- 1)
...(i) Solution (Q. Nos. 64 to 66)
2
50x51 o b c n -Jb2-4ac
, Ao - = 25 X 51 =1275 a 4- p = - -, ap = -, a - p = - --------
2 a a a
-- 100x101 ~J B2 - 4AC
_ t100 =----------- = 5050 and Y + 5 = --,y8 = -,y-8
A A A
101 X102
= 101 X51 =5151
*ioi ---------- - ------- 64. Since, a, P, y are in AP.
2
Number of positive integers lying between t100 and t101 Let P = a-f- D,y = a4-2Dand8 = a4-3D
= 5151 -5050 -1 a-i-p = — =>a+ a+ D = -~
a a
= 101 -1 =100
or 2a+D = -~ •(>)
a
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 299

D D
and Y+ 8 =----- =>2a + 5D =------ (ii) 69. Again, P = an + b x a + bn
A A <7 < n+ 1 > ab (n + 1)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get a2n + abn2 + b2n + ab
C B bb ~ 1 b
or D = -
_B
ab(n + I)2
I A a 4 a A
65. Since, a, 0, y, 8,... are in GP. n ^ + -] + (n2 + 1)
b a J______
P=I = ^ (n+1)2
a 0 Y
0 a b va vJF 2
= — => — = 0
8 a n •- + - -2 n
7b~yJa ?
a Y Y 8 => £-l=A b a
2
. a+0
(n+ I)2 (n+1)
p
Y+8 Vy8 So, £-l>0i => - > 1 => p >q ...(iii)
9 9
_b

l b2A2 cA From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

=> __ a_ _
a2B2 aC ( n + 1 \2
?<P< P
A n-l)
ac A2 cA
=> => B2~AC 70. a, b, c, d are positive real numbers with
aB2 ~C
a< b< c <d -(A)
Hence, A, B, C are in GP.
According to the question, a, b, c, d are in AP.
66. Since, a, 0, y, 8,... are in GP.
=> b =a + a,c = a + 2a and d -a + 3a
0 Y 8
r=—=- =— a be the common difference
a 0 Y and a, b, d are in GP.
=> a b
a + 0 = a+ar = -- => b2 =ad (ii)
a
< From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
a (1 + r) = - - —(i) (a + a)2 = a (a + 3a)
a
2 2 3 B => a22 + a2 + 2aa = a2 + 3aa
and Y + 8 = ar + ar = —
A 2
a = aa
B_
ar2 (1 + r) = - (ii) => a (a - a) = 0
A
=> a = 0 or a = a
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
a * 0 by (A), so a = a
2 Ba
r From Eq. (i), b = 2a, c = 3a and d = 4a
bA x
ad a-4a 2 I p
/aB
r= 8c 2a-3a ~ 3 qj
}bA
Sol. (Q. Nos. 67 to 69) where, p and q are prime numbers.

For n > 1, we have n + 1 > n -1

So, 9=3
2
no
n+ 1 n+ 1 71. v £ (1 + rx) = (1 + x) (1 + 2x) (1 + 3x)...(l + 1 lOx)
=> ------- > 1 => p I >P [v p > 0] ...(i) r=l
n-l n -1
Now, p=a +d
= lno + (x + 2x + 3x + ... + HOx) l’09 +...
Since, a, p, b, are in AP. So, coefficient of x in
no 110X111
, b-a
And d =------- £ (1 + rx) =(1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 110) = = 55 x ill
n+ 1 2
(b - a) na + b = 6105
67. p=a+
n+1 n+1 Now, X (1 + 10) (1 + 10 + 102) = X (11) (111)
1 1
=> X(111)(11)=6105 = X=5
68. 11 n 1 ba
72. Let number of the form palindrome be a0CL
9a a n+1
Now, If a0a is even, then a may be 2, 4,6,8 and 0 take values
ab (n + 1)
=> 9= 0,1,2,..., 9.
a + bn
So, total number of palindrome (even) = 10 x 4 = 40
300 Textbook of Algebra

To find the sum of all even 3 digit plaindrome 1__

=> (Ji + l)x2 ~2x + =o
So, sum of number start with 2 77 + 1
= (200 + 2) X 10 + (0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 9) X 10 [(Ji + 1) x]2 - 2 (77 + 1) X + 1 = 0
= 2020 + 450 = 2470
[(Ji +1) X- I]2 = 0
Sum of number start with 4 = (404) X 10 + 450
1
Similarly, sum of number start with 6 = (606) x 10 + 450 x= [repeated]
Similarly, sum of number start with 8 = (808) x 10 + 450
.-.Total sum = (202 + 404 + 606 + 808) x 10 + 450 x 4 So, x = Ji -1
= 20200 + 1800 =22000 (x + I)2 =2
= 24 X53 Xll 75. ab a2, a3,... are in GP with common ratio r
On comparing 24 x 53 x 111 with and b^ b2, b3,... is also a GP i.e. A = 1
2"1 X3"2 x5"3 X7"4 Xll”s, b2 = 77 - Jis + 1, a. = 728
OQ OO
n, = 4, n2 = 3, n3 = 0, n< = 0, ns = 1
and
Now, n3 + n2 + n3 + n4 + n5 = 8 n=lun n=l
73. V2 + (6-22 - 4-2)+ (6-32 - 4-3)
111 ,
+ ...+ (6-n2 -4-n) = 140 — + — + — + ...+ °° = by + b2 + b3 + + oo
fl] Q2 ^3
=> 2 + 6 (22 + 32 + + n“) — 4-(2 + 3 + ... + n) = 140 1 1 -1
+ -4.^ ,+... + <”
=* 77=+ 77—-+
n(n + l)(2n-l) > . 728 728 r JUr2
=> 2 + 6 ---------------------- 1—4
6 J = 1 + (77 - JU + 1) + (77 - ■728 + l)2 + + 0°
fn (n + 1)
- 1 I = 140 1_
I 2 4 ^8=______ 1______
=> 2 + n (n + 1) (2n + 1) - 6 - 2n (n + 1) + 4 = 140 j_i 1-77 + 728 -1
=> n (n + 1) (2n + 1) - 2n (n + 1) -140 = 0 r
=> 2n3 + 3n2 + n - 2n2 - 2n - 140 = 0 r _ 1
=»
2n3 + n2 - n - 140 = 0 (r -1) Jit ~ 77 (74 - 1)
(n - 4) (2n2 + 9n + 35) = 0 r___ 1 _ 1
=>
(r -1) 74 ~ (74 - 1)
n = 4 or 2n2 + 9n + 35 = 0
Let 74 = a, we get
=> 2n2 + 9n + 35 = 0
r _ 1
_ - 9 ± 781 ~ 280 =>
(r -1) a a -1
4
=> ra-r = ra-a => r = a
9 ± 7-199
n= [complex values] r = 7i
4
Only positive integer value of n is 4. Now, 1 + r2 + r4 = 1 + (TT)2 + (7i)4
74. S(x) = 1 + x - x2 - x3 + x4 + xs - x'•6 - x’+ ...+ 00 = 1 + 41/2 + 4 = 1 + 2+ 4=7
where x e (0,1) 76. Let a = 10+ D
S(x) = (1 + x) - x2 (1 + x) + x4 (1 + x) - x' (1 + x) + + oo b = 10 + 2D ••(ii)
=> S(x) = (1 + x) [1 - x2 + x4 - x6 +... + «] ab = 10 +3D •(iii)
x r On substituting the values of a and b in Eq. (iii), we get
_1 a
=>S(x)=(l + x) v S„ =----- for GP (10+ D) (10 +2D) =(10 +3D)
kl + x2, 1 -r
=> 2D2 + 27D + 90 = 0
According to the question, S(x) =
D = -6,D = - —
2
1 + x _ 72 + 1
So, a, =10-6 = 4,
1 + x2 2 15 = -5
a2 = 10-----
=> 2 + 2x = (Ji + l)x2 + Ji + 1 2 2
and =10 -12 = -2, b2 = 10 -15 = -5
=> (72 + 1) x•2 - 2x - 2 + Ji + 1 = 0
2flia2 + bjb^ _ f 2x10 + 10
=> (72 + 1) x■2 -2x + Ji -1 =0 Now, =3
~10 J "I 10
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 301

77. Given equation, Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D = 0 ...(i) _2 Ja + d)2

where, A*0 (a-d)2

Let roots are a, 0, y, then 0 = (ii) a2 + d2 + 2ad

=> r2 =
a2 + d2 - 2ad
Given relation, 2B3 + X ABC + A2D = 0 ...(iii) 2d2 + d2 + 2yfid2
P r2
From Eq. (i), a + 0 + y = - 2d2 + d2 -242 d2
A
[from Eq. (i) for a = ^2 d]
=> [from Eq. (ii)] 2 (3 + 242) d2
_B_ (3-2y/2)d2
=> P = - 3A (3+ 242) (3 + 242)
=> r2
Now, 0 satisfy Eq. (i), so 9-8
3 2

4- I +B f-B
l3A UA
+c
-B'
3A>
+ D=0
=>
r2 =(3 + 242)2
r2 =(3+ 48)2
BC + „ = 0
2’ ^ r = ± (3 + 48)
27A2 9A2 3A
r =3 + 48 [•.’ r is positive]
2 B3
BC n n
Similarly, for a = - -J2 d, we get
27 A2
3A
=> r = ± (3 - 48)
2B3 -9 ABC + 27 DA2 = 0
=> r — (3 - 48) ['.■ r is positive]
Compare with Eq. (iii), we get
X = -9,p = 27 Compare r with 3 ± 4X, we get
2X + p=-18 + 27=9 k=8
1 + 2 22 'k 8 — _8 — —8
78. Let P = lim ------ + ... upto n terms
1+X 1 + x 2 + 8 k .8 8.
n —* <» 1 + x4
/ = [l-l] = [0] = 0
2r 2r _ 2r
+ ------ 80. (A) a, b, c, d are in AP [a, b, c, d are positive real numbers]
,2r
r=0^1 + X,2r l-x‘ l-x2',
By AM > GM, for a, b. c
f
~ 2r + 2r > 4ac
,2r+l
r=0\^l — X l-Z ? => b2>ac (i)
Now, applying for b, c, d
2n + 1 1
= lim c > Cbd => c2 >bd •••(ii)
J-x2" + ' 1 -x
/
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2n+1
2"+ 1
b2c2 >(ac)(bd) => be > ad
X
= lim Again, applying AM > HM for a.b. c
1 1-x 1-x
-1 , 2 112
X
2"+ 1 b>----- -=>- + ->- ...(iii)
1 +1 a c b
1 1
=------ = [given] a c
x-1 ”x-X
For last 3 terms b, c, d
X=1 2 1 1 2
79. Let number of AP are (a - </), a, (a + d). C> 1 1 =>-b
+ ->-
d c
(iv)
—+—
According to the question, (a - d)2, a2, (a + d)2 are in GP. b d
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
(aY-to-d/fo + d)2 111 122
-+-+-+->-+-
=> a:4 = (a2-d2)2 a c b d b c
=> a4 =a 4+d4-2a2d2 1111
-+->-+-
a d b c
=> a2 (a2 -2d2) = 0
(B) a, b, c, d are in GP.
=> a * 0, so a2 =2d2 For a, b, c applying AM > GM,
=> a = ± -J2d (i) a+c ,
— >b => a + c>2b —(i)
Let common ratio of GP is r. 2
302 Textbook of Algebra

Similarly, for b, c, d , v 3
5n + (n - n) - = 220
b + d > 2c (ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get =» 3n2 + 7n - 440 = 0
a + b + c+d>2b + 2c => a + d>b + c 3n2 + 40n - 33n - 440 = 0
Now, applying GM > HM for a, b c
n (3n + 40)-ll(3n + 40) = 0
. 2ac
b>------ (3n + 40) (n - 11) = 0
a+c
40
1 1 2 So, n =-- or n = 11
=> -+->- -(iii) 3
c a c n = ll [neN]
Similarly, for b, c, d, we get (B) Let first angle = a [in degrees]
1 1 2
-+->- (iv) Common difference = d [in degrees]
d b c
Number of sides n = 9
On adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
Sum of interior angles = (n - 2) x 180°
1 1 1 1 . 1. 1-
- + — + - + — > 21 — +— - [2a + (n - 1) d] =(n -2) x 180°
abed b c 2
1111 9
=> -+->-+- - (2a+ 8d) =7x180°
a d b c
(C) a, b, c, d are in HP. => a + 4d = 140°
Applying AM > HM for a, b, c and largest angle T9 = a + 8d <180°
a+c , => 4d < 40
------- > b
2 => d < 10
=> a + c > 2b d =9
Similarly, for last 3 terms b, c, d (C) Given increasing GP,
=> b + d >2c (ii) ab a2,.... a„,...
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get where a6 = 4a4
a + b + c+ d>2b + 2c af5 = 4ajr3 [r is the common ratio]
=> a+d>b+c r2 =4
Again, applying GM > HM for a, b, c
=> r =2 [•.' increasing GP]
•Jac > b
and a9 - a-, = 192
ac > b2 (iii) fll (r8 - r6) = 192
Similarly, for b, c,d aj (256 -64) = 192
=> bd > c2 ...(iv) 192
a, = —
On multiplying Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get 192
abed > b2c2 ai=l
ad > be Then, a2 = 2, a3 = 4 and a4 + a5 + ... + an = 1016
(a! + a2 + ... + an) -(a] + a2 + a3) = 1016
81. (A) ab a2, a3,..., an, are in AP
1 (2n -1)
5 = 1016 + 7
and Oi - -, o10 - 16 2-1

Oj + 02 + + On =110 2" =1023 + 1 = 1024 = 210

=> ^(fli + o„) = H0 n = 10

82. (A) a2,... are in AP.
n 5 5
- + - + (n-l)d =110 ...(i) fl] + a< + a7 + a14 + a17 + a20 = 165 [In an AP, sum of the
2I 2 2 terms equidistant from the 1st and last is equal to sum of
5 1st and last terms]
16 -- 3
Now, d - aio Qi _ 2 _
(ii) => 3(at + a20) = 165
10-1 9 9X2 2 => <2i + a] +19d = 55
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get d is the common difference of AP.
5 + (n-l)? 3 =110 2ax + 19d =55 . .co
2 2
2J Now, CX — ^2 4“ 4*
a = 2 (a2 + a19)
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 303

a = 2(a, + d + at + 18d) and 3b = 4c and 4c = 2a

a = 2(2ai + 19d) ...(ii) 3 ... 4 , 1
=> a = - b andb = - c and c = - a
and P = 2 (a9 + a12) - (a3 + alg) 2 3 2
P = 2(ai + 8d + ^ + lld)-(ai + 2d + a{ + 17d) 3 4 3
=> a = - b andb = - c and c = - b
P = 2(2a, + 19d)-(2a, + 19d) 2 3 4
P = 2at + 19d 3 3
So, a, b,caie-b, b, -b
From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get 2 4
a = 23 • -•
Reciprocal of the terms —£1±
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get 3b ’ b’ 3b’
a + 23 = 4 (2^ +19d) = 4(55) = 220 [from Eq.(i)] which is in AP.
a+ 3 = 3 (2a] + 19d) So, these a, b, c are in HP.
= 3 x 55 = 165 = 15 x 11 = 15p, where p G I (B) 17a2 + 13b2 + 5c2 =3ab + 15bc + 5ca
a-P = 2(3] + 19d => 34a2 + 26a2 + 10c2 - 6ab - 30bc - lOca = 0
= 55 = 5 X11 = 5X, where X G I => (3a - b)2 + (5b - 3c)2 + (c - 5a)2 = 0
(B) ab a2,... are in AP.
3a - b = 0 and 5b - 3c = 0 and c - 5a = 0
fll + <b+ a10 + a15 + a20 + a24 = 195 a _b_c_.
3 ((3] + (324 ) = 195 => —————— =AX [say]
1 3 5
=> (3j 4" (324 = 65 (0 a = X,b=3X,c = 5X
=> 2(3] + 23d =65 Hence, a, b, c are in AP.
Now, a = a2 + a7 + alg + a23 (C) a2 + 9b2 + 25c2 = abc f — + - + -1
= 2 (a2 + a23) = 2 (2c3j + 23d) ka b cj
a = 130 [from Eq. (i)]
=> (a)2 + (3b)2 + (5c)2 -15bc - Sac - 3ab = 0
P = 2 (a2 + a22) - (ag + a17)
= 2(20] + 23d)-(2a! + 23d) => - {(a - 3b)2 + (3b - 5c)2 + (5c - a)2} = 0
2
= 130 -65 =65
=> a - 3b = 0 and 3b - 5c = 0 and 5c - a = 0
Then, a = 2p
=> a = 3b and 3b = 5c and 5c = a
a+ 2p = 130 + 130 =260
a + p = 195 = 15 x 13 = 15p, where p = 13 => a = 3b and b = - c and c = -
3 5
anda - p = 130 - 65 = 65
5 3
= 5 X 13 = 5X, where X = 13 a = 3b and b = - c and c = - b
3 5
(C) ab a2>... are in AP. 3b
C] + a7 + a10 + a21 + a24 + a30 = 225 So, a,b, c are of the form 3b, b, —.
3 (O[ + a3p) = 225 _ . 1 r,i t 3b 1
2a] + 29d =75 Reciprocal of 3b, b, — are —,, -, —, which are in AP.
(i) 3b b 3b
Now, ex = a2 + a7 + a24 + a29 1 1 2 ,5 1 2 '
a = 4a] + 58d = 2 (2ai + 29d) -------- = — and---------= —
b 3b 3b 3b b 3b.
= 2X75 = 150
(D) (a2 + b2 + c2) p2 -2p(ab + be + ca)+ a2 + b2 + c2 < 0
a = 150 (ii)
and => (a2p2 + b2 - 2abp) + (b2p2 + c2 - 2pbc)
3 = 2 (a10 + a21) — (a3 + a2g)
= 2 (2at + 29d) - (2aj + 29d) = 150 - 75 + (c2p2 + a2 - 2acp) < 0
3 = 75 -(iii) (ap - b)2 + (bp - c)2 + (cp - a)2 < 0
Then, a = 2p (ap - b)2 + (bp - c)2 + (cp - a)2 = 0
a +23 = 150 + 150=300 and a-p = 150 -75 =75
=> ap - b = 0 and bp - c = 0 and cp - a = 0
= 5 x 15 = 5X, where X = 15 b , c . a
and a + P = 150 + 75 =225 = 15 x 15 = 15p, where p = 15 => p = - and p = - and p = -
a b c
83. (A) 4a2 + 9h2 + 16c2 = 2 (3ab + 6bc + 4ca) b c a
(2a)2 + (3b)2 + (4c)2 - (2a) (3b) (4c) - (2a) (4c) = 0 a b c
=> a, b, c are in GP.
{(2a - 3b)2 + (3b - 4c)2 + (4c - 2a)2} = 0
84. If a, b, c are in GP.
=$ 2a-3b = 0 and 3b - 4c -0 Then, b2 = ac
and 4c - 2a = 0 =>2a =3b
If middle term is added, then a + b, 2b and c + b are in GP.
304 Textbook of Algebra

J-H a + b - 2b
[here, I = a + b, II = 2b, III = c + b] Statement-2 If
II-III 2b -(c + b) (a] - a2)2 + (a2 - a3)z + (a3 - aj2 = 0
a - b _ ab - b22 _ ab - ac => O| - a2 = 0 and a2 - a3 = 0 and a3 - =0
[•/ bz = ac]
b-c b2 - be ac - be Uj = a2 = a3, V ab a2, a3 G R
a (b -c)(a + b) (b + c) So, Statement-2 is true.
c (a - b) (a + b) (b + c) a+b „ rr , .. 2ab
89. •/ A = ------ ,G = ab and H =------
2 a+b
a (b2 - c2) (a + b)
Given, 4G = 5H •(i)
c (a2 - b2) (b + c)
and G2 = AH
a (ac - c2) (a + b) a + b I
G2
c (a2 - ac) (b + c) b + c m H=— ...(ii)
A
Hence, a + b, 2b, b + c are in HP.
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Hence, both statements are true and Statement-2 is correct
5G2
explanation for Statement-1. 4G =----- => 4A = 5G
A
85. •/ Tn = 2n3 + 3n2 - 4
2 (a + b) = 5 Jab
Sequence is 1,24,77,172,321,...
First order difference 23,53, 95,149,... => 4 (a2 + b2 + 2ab) = 25ab
Second order difference 30, 42,54,... => 4a2-17ab+ 4b2 = 0
which are in AP. => (a - 4b) (4a - b) = 0
/.Statenemt-1 is true. a = 4b, 4a - b # 0 [va>b]
•/ Tn is of three degree and third order difference will be constant /.Statement-1 is true.
Statement-2 is true, which is correct explanation for Statement-2 is true only for two numbers, if numbers more
Statement-1. than two, then this formula (AM) (HM) = (GM)2 is true, if
86. Statement-1 Let S be the required sum of product of numbers. numbers are in GP.
/ n n • Statement-2 is false for positive numbers.
+ 21
ZS x<xy 90. Statement-1 Sum of first 100 even natural numbers
V=! J i=l J£n 2(100X101)
n Bi = 2 + 4 + ... + 200 = = 10100
2
/. (flj - a( + a2 - a2 + ... + an - an)2 = 2 £az + 2S
i=i
Sum of 100 odd natural numbers = 1 + 3 + + 199
O= (1 + 199) = 10000
s=-ix 1=1 E - O = 100
/.Statement-1 is true. So, Statement-1 is true.
Statement-2 is true but not correct explanation for Statement-2 Sum of first n natural even numbers
Statement-1.
E=2 + 4 + ... + 2n =
87. Statement-1 a + b + c = 18, a, b, c > 0 2
Applying AM > GM for a, b, c Sum of first n odd natural numbers
0 = 1 + 3 + ... + (2n - 1)
-- •— > >Jabc
34abc => Jabc <6=>abc <216
3 = ^[1 + 2n -l] = n2
Maximum value of abc is 216 which occurs at a = b = c.
Statement-2 is the correct explanation for Statement-1. So, E - O = n2 + n - n2 = n
88. Statement-1 Statement-2 is true and correct explanation for Statement-1.
4a2 + 9b2 + 16c2 -2(3ab + 6bc + 4ca) = 0 91. Let Tn = An + B
=> (2a)2 + (3b)2 + (4c)2 - (2a) (3b) - (3b) (4c) - (2a) (4c) = 0 Tp=Ap+ B,
T2p = 2Ap + B, Tip = 4Ap + B
- {(2a - 3b)2 + (3b - 4c)2 + (4c - 2a)2} = 0 Tp, T2p, Tip are in G P.
2
2a - 3b = 0 and 3b - 4c = 0 and 4c - 2a = 0 /. (2Ap + B)2 = (Ap + B) (4Ap + B)
., 4c . a 3b , 4c 3b => ABp = Q
=> and b = — and c = — => a= — and b = — and c = —
3 2 2 3 4 B = 0, A * 0, p ? 0
3b 3b T2p 2Ap + 0
Then, a, b, c are of the form —, b, , which are in HP. => Common ratio, r = —- = — ----- = 2
Tp Ap + 0
So, Statement-1 is false.
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 305

_2 . —2 q __ 2 2
92. a *1, b # 0 and a * b n in 3 it 11
=-------------- = - x — = —
Let S = (a + b) + (a2 + ab + b2)+(a3 + a2b + ab2 + b3) + ...+ n 6 4 6 4 6 8
1 1
terms (ii)l-l + l-l + ... + °o = |
1
[(a2 - b2) + (a3 - b3) + (a4 -b*) + ...+ n terms]
22 32 42 l2" ?+-J
"(a-b) _1_
1
22 ll2 22
[a2(l + a + ... + n terms) -2 . _2 _ 2
"(a-b) 71 1 7t 7C
” 8 4 X 6 ” 12 [by part (i)]
- b2 (1 + b + b2 + ... + n terms)]

1 2 l-(an-l) _fc2 l-(b"-l)' 97. Safa = 2^ (1 - a^ = na - Xa2

a --------------
(a-b) (a-1) (*>-1) .. = na - X(af - a + a)2

1 = na - E[(a( - a)2 + a2 + 2a (at - a)]

"(a-b)
a20_Z^l
(1 - a) (i-w = na - S[(Oj - a)2 - La2 - 2aE(ai - a)
93. Sequence of natural number is divided into group. Zafy + Zdfli - a)2 = na - na2 - 2a (na - na)
1,3,5, 7, 9,11,... v Xb( = Xl - Xaj
.‘.nth row contains n elements = na (1 - a) = nab :. nb = n-na
1st element of nth row = n2 - (n -1)
or a + b = 1
Least element of nth row = n2 + (n -1)
98. aj + a2 + ... + 09g — 137
:. Sum of the element in the nth row 98
— (a1 + a98) = 137
= ^(a + 0 = ^[n2-(n-l) + „2 + (n-l)] 2
c,
at + a2 + 97 = —; 2aj + 97 = —
= [n2 - n + 1 + n2 + n - 1] = ^ [2nz] = n3 49 49
137 _ 1 (137 - 4753
2d|---------
2a, -------- 97; 0]
— 97; a, —= - ----------------
_a(rn-l)
94. a=Sn 49 2 49
r-1 4616 2308
Qj _ — ;
ai -------------
• flj = TT —(i)
0(^-1) Q (r11 ~ 1) _ fl(rn-l) 2 x 49 49
b=S2n-Sn = (r") (ii)
(r-1) (r-1) (r-1) Now, a2 + a< +...+ a98 =(a! + 1) + (a, + 3) + ...+ (a, + 97)
a(r*-l) a(r2n-l) [7d=l]
C = $3n -$2n =
= 49at + (1 + 3 + ...+ 97)
(r-1) (r-1)
2308 49
= ——^(^ + ^ + 1-^-1) = a(r"-l) •(r")2 = - 49 x------ + — (1 + 97)
49 2
(r-1) (r-1)
= -2308 + 49>2
...(iii)
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), b2 = ac, so a, b, c are in GP. = - 2308 + 2401 = 93
99. tj =landtr = 2r~\r >2
95. First four terms of an AP are a, 2a, b and (a - 6 - b).
t2-t!=2
So, 2a - a = a -6 - b -b
t3-t2=22
=> a = a -6 -2b
— 2b=6=>b = —3 t4 -t3=23

and 2a - a = b - 2a
=> b = 3a => a = -1 tn-tn_1=2""1
.•.First terms a = -1 and d = a = -1 Addling columnwise, we get
$ioo =-y-[2a + (100 -1) d] =2 + 22 + ...+2"-1
=1 + 2 + 22 + ...+2"-1
= 50 [-2+ 99 (-1)]
= 50 (- 2 - 99) = 50 (-101) = - 5050 1-(2"~1)
«n = => A,=2"-l
nc /*\ 1 1 1 It 2-1
9®- (0-t +^ +- + ...+00 = — .(i)
I2 22 32 6 So, = tj + t2 + ...+ =(2 -1) + (22 -1) + ... + (2" - 1)
1 1 1
— + — + — + ... + «>
I2 32 52 = (2 + 22 + ...+2")-n = -2 -n
fill 1 1 (2-1)
1
112 22 32 42
— + — + — + ... + ~ = 2" -n-2
42 62
306 Textbook of Algebra

, f”sin2nx . tnnsin2n(n -x) = y3 0 ~ x3") + C1 ~ x3n) 3x(l -xn) 3 (1 - x*)

100. (i) 4 = Jf- —^X=LJ
o sm x sinx
dx *’
(1 - x3) x3+" (1 - x3) + (1 - x) + x"(l - x)
_ p" sin (2mt - 2nx)
dx 103. Let d be the common difference of AP.
Jo sin x
LHS = a2-af + af-a2 + ...+
t« sin 2nx ,
i. = - -------- dx (ai - a2) (aj + a2) + (a3 - a4) (a3 + a4)
sin x
+ ••• + (ajn -1 “fl2n)(aa1-i + <IJ>>
4=“4 2/„ = 0 => 4 = 0 = -d(ai + a2+ ...+ a^-i + a^)
I] = Z2 = 4 = ■•• = 0 = - d [(ai + a^) + (a2 + a^-i) + ••• + (an + an +1)]
which is a constant series. = -dn(aj + a^)
This series is AP with common difference 0 and first . (<21-4.) -dn(a2-aln)
term 0. = — an----------- [’•’ a^ =<j] + (2n -1) d]
(a, -a^) (1 -2n)d
r-«sin2nx ,
, —r~“x _ n
•o sin2x
2n-l
(4-4)
sin 2nx
Let /(x) = 104. Let a, b, c (unequal number) are in HP
sin2x
Hence, f(n - x) = /(x) 2ac
b =------
, rn/2 sin22nx a+c
So,
;"=2J0
• 2
sm x b ac
—---- — A
,
[say]
Now, ln. -21, 2 a+c
f1tl2 (sin2(n + 1) x -sin2nx) b=2‘k and ac = A (a + c)
=2jJo Now, a2, b2, c2 are in AP
sin2x
(sin2(n -1 )x - sin2 nx) + cz.2
a„2 x
dx So, b2 = =$2b2 = a2 + c2
sin2x 2
- 2 fn 2 S*n (2n + 1) x s’n x “ s*n (2n “ 1) x sin x 2(2X)2 = (a + c)2 - 2ac
J° sin2x (a + c)2 -2X(a + c)-812 = 0
_ r«/2 sin (2n + 1) x - sin (2n - l)x => (a + c - 4X) (a + c + 2X) = 0
Jo sin x
a + c = 4X or a + c = - 2X
fn/2 2 cos 2nx sin x
=2 ------------------ dx Case I If a + c = 4A
■’o sin x
ac = 4X2 [from Eq. (i)]
=4 [ cos 2nx dx = — [sin 2nx]*/2 = --0 = 0
Jo 2n n (a - c)2 = (a + c)2 - 4ac

•’•4 + i +4-i=24 .’.A, 4,13,... are in A P. => (a-c)2 = 16X2-16A2

101. S =7 + 13 + 21 + 31 + ...+ Tn => (a - c)2 = 0 => a = c
S= 7 + 13 + 21 + ... + Tn_j +Tn Let given that a, b, c are distinct, so a + c = 4X is not valid.
Case II If a + c = - 2X
0=7 + 6 + 8 + 10 + ...+ n terms - Tn
=> ac = - 2A2 [from Eq. (i)]
4=7 + 6 + 8 + 10 + ...+ n terms
(a - c)2 = (a + c)2 - 4ac
Tn = 7 + {6 + 8 + 10 + ... + (n -1) terms}
Tn=7+(-^-(12 + (n-2)2) => (a - c)2 = 4X2 + 8X2 => (a - c) = ± 2^A -(ii)
If a - c = 2V3X, ...(iii)
(n-1) then a + c = 2X
4=7 + (8 + 2n)
2
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
Tfl=7 + (n-l)(4 + n)
a = (73 -l)Aandc = -(l + 73 )X
T70 = 7 + 69 X 74 = 7 + 5106 = 5113
3 ” / i ' 3 a: b c =(73-l)X:2X:-(73 + 1)X
1O2.\x+- |3 + ...+ fx,, + 4r1 = £*" + -1
2 1
a: b c =(73 - 1): 2 :-(73 + 1)
k x x+72 x" x*
n
1
=> a: b c=(l-73):-2:(73 + 1)
x3" + A + 3^ + ±
If a - c = - 2V3X, ...(iv)
n =l
n ” 1 n n <• then a + c = - 2X ...(v)
3n
+
n =l n=l x n=l n=l •*
I
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 307

From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get 108. LHS =(1 + 5-,)(l + 5”2)(1 + 5"“)...(1 + 5-2")
a = - (V3 + 1)X and c = (V3 - 1)X f 1 1
= 1 + -
a : & : c = - (V3 + 1) X : 2X : (>/3 - 1)X k 5. 1 + ?. 1 + F. k 52 7
=> a:fe:c = (l + V3):-2:(l->/3) ( 1
1 --
105. flj, a2, a an are in AP with at = 0 and common difference d k 5
= -7--------- :
1
1+-
1 J1 + -M
[d *0]
5 1 + ?. 1 + F k 52 7
k 5.
a2 =d,a3 = 2d,..., an = (n - 1) d
5 1 f 1
/
LHS = ^ + ^ + ^ + ...+ -Sl--a! —1 1 1
+ — +...+------
x
4 1+? i+4 52
i+4
54.
... 1 + —
I 52" 7
a2 a3 a4 a„ _ j ,a2 a3 On_2,

_ 1 x . 1 , x , , fo-l “a2) , On /
----- (03 -a2) + — (a4 - a2) + ... +--------------- +------ 5 1
1 -- ) = RHS
a2 a3 a„_2 On-!
n 5
2"

(2d-d) ++ —
== --(2d-d) —(3d - d) ++ ... + Kn~2.)lzdJ +
(3d-d) -tyL _2"
d '2d (n-3)d (n-2)d 109. S = Y ~2" ,(a>l)
n=0 Q +1
= [1 + 1 + ... + (n — 3) times]* -—- n
_2n
n-2
2"
^ = (n-3)+(n-2) + 1 n =o a +1
= (n-3) + = (n-3) +
n-2 (n-2) 1 2 4 8 2"
=------- + ~8---------- + ••*+ “

= (n —3) + 1 +------- = n — 2 +-------

a+1 a2 + 1 + 777 + a 8 .
+ 1 a
,n

n-2 n-2 1 2 4 8 • 2"

------- + +------- ? + ---------- 8 + -•+
= l(,|-2)j + .. + = RHS 1+a 1 + a 2 1 + a 4 1 + a8 1 + a2’
d (n-2)d a2 an_t 1 1 +-------
1 +-------- 1 2 4 2"_
--------- + 2 +------- J-+...+
106. Let one side of equilateral triangle contains n balls. Then 1-a 1-a, 1+a 1+a 1+a 1 + a 2"
Number of balls (initially) = 1 + 2 + 3 + . ..+ n = n —
1
=------ +
1 +-------- .
------
21 1
+--------+
:
4
-------- + ...+
2n _
a -1 1,1 -a 1 + a, 1 +a 1 +a 1 + a 2"
According to the question, 2<!L±2) + 66,=(„-8/
2 1 2 2 4 2"_
n"2 +. n +. -1338
— = 2n2-32n + 128 =------ + +------- - + ...+
a -1 ,1-a2 1 + qZ> 1+a 1 + a,2"
=> n2-33n-1210 = 0
2» + i
=> (n - 55) (n + 22) = 0 n = 55 or n = - 22 1
S„ =----
a-1
7+ H + 1
which is not possible 1-a2
n=55 /
1 2”*
n(n + l) 55X56 S = lim Sn - lim -----+
So, = 55 X28 = 1540
2 ” 2 n —> <» n —♦ °° a-1 1-a2
k 7
107.0], 02, 03,.... 0n are in AP. /

So, 02 - 0i = 03 - 02 = ... = 0n - 0n-1 = d 1 a2 1 0 1

= lim ------ + =------ + ------- —--------
.'.LHS = sin d [sec 0! sec 02 + sec 02 sec 03 + ... a -1 J -1
a-1 0-1 a-1
+ sec 0„ ] sec 0„ ] a2" 7

= sin d
1 1
+ ----------------- 11O.Tn = tan-1
f 2""1 ' = tan-1 2"-1
COS 0] COS 02 COS 02 cos 03 [1 + 22”"1, 1 + 2n-2n~lJ
1 / -i '
+ ... +---------------- 2" -2n
= tan-1 —- = tan-1 2rt -tan ,2n~1
COS 0n 1 cos 0„ n -1
kl + 2"-2
sin d sin d sin d
------------------- + ------------------ + ... +----------------- — Sn = Tx + T2 + ...+ Tn
COS 0] COS 02 COS 02 COS 03 COS 0n _j cos 0„
= (tan"12I - tan"*2°) + (tan-122 - tan-12*) + ...
sin(02 -01) + sin(03 -02) sin(0„ - 0n-i)
+ (tan“’2" -tan"^"1)
COS 0J COS 02 COS 02 cos 03 COS 0n -! cos 0„ = (tan“l2" - tan-1l)

= (tan 02 - tan 0j) + (tan 03 - tan 02) Sn = tan"!2" - -

+ ...+ (tan 0„ - tan 0^_,) 4
ft ft ft
= tan 0n - tan 0! = RHS S = lim S„ = lim tan"12n--
n —♦ <« n —* °° 4 2 4 4
308 Textbook of Algebra

111. Tn = tan[a + (n-l)P} tan(a + nP) 2 1 1

—=—+ —
6^2 ^3
tan P = tan [(a + np) - {a + (n -1 )p}]
_ tan(a + nP) - tan(a + (n - 1)P}] 2 1 1
2 (S2 - n) " 2 (S, - n) + 2 (S3 - n)
1 + tan (a + nP) tan {a + (n - 1 )P}]
n (n - 1) n (n - 1) n (n - 1)
Al + Tn = cot p [tan (a + nP) - tan {a + (n - 1) P}]
2 1 1
Tn = cot P [tan (a + nP) - tan {a + (n - 1)p}] - 1 => ---------- =-------------- j.----------
S2 - n Sj - n S3 - n
For n = 1,
2 S3 + Sj — 2n
Tj = cot P [tan (a + P) - tan a] -1 =>
S2-n (5, - n) (S3 - n)
For n =2,
T2 = cot P [tan (a + 2P) - tan (a + P)] -1 =>2 [$$5 — (S] + S3) n + n2] = (S2 -n)(Sj + S3 -2n)
For n — 3, =>2S(S3 - 2($j + S3) n + 2n2
T3 = cot P [tan (a + 3P) - tan (a + 2P)] - 1 = S]S2 + S2S3 - 2nS2 -n(Si + S3) + 2n2
=> 2S|S3 - S2S3 - SjS2 = n (Sj + S3 - 2S2)
For n = n, (2S]S3 — S2S3 — 5]S2)
T„ = cot p [tan (a + nP) - tan (a + (n - 1 )P}] - 1 n=
(S[ — 2S2 + S3)
Sum columnwise, 114. Let their ages be a, ar, ar,22.
Sn = Tj + T2 + T3+...+Tn = cot P [tan (a + nP) - tan a] - n
After 3 yr, their ages will be a + 3, ar + 3, ar2 + 3.
sin (a + np) sin a sin (a + np - a)
Given, 2 (a + 3) = ar2 + 3
cos (a + np) cos an =------------------------
=-------------------------- cos a cos (a + np)
-n Let x rupees be the sum of the money divided.
tan P tan P
sin np And let y = a + ar + ar2 ••■(ii)
- n tan P
cos (a + nP) cos a Then, y + 9 = a + 3 + (ar + 3) + (ar2 + 3)
tan P x (a + 3) xa
We have, —------ - = — + 105
n (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) (y+ 9) y
112.S„ = £T,- a+3 a
8 x = 105 ...(iii)
r(r + l)(r + 2)(r+ 3) (r - 1) r (r + 1) (r + 2)
y+ 9 yj
ir-or Or_j---------------------- -
8 8 x(ar + 3) xar
Also, =---- + 15
r(r + 1) (f + 2) (y + 9) y
2 ar + 3 ar
1 2 (r+2)-r 1 1 x -------------- =15
= 15 ...(iv)
y+9 y_
Tr r(r+l)(r + 2) r(r + l)(r + 2) Vr(r + 1) (r + l)(r + 2)
On dividing Eq. (iii) by Eq. (iv), we get
n i n ( x
i__________ i y (a+ 3)-a (y + 9) y -3a
Xy = X j(r + 1)
r = l lr r=l (r+l)(r + 2)J y (ar + 3) - ar (y + 9)
=> —------- = 7
y -3ar
n
f
I 1
/ \ fl(7r-l)
1 1 1 6y=21ar-3a =$ y =
r+1 r + 2, 2
r = l [V From Eq. (ii),
= fl—------1 1 1 a(7r-l)
kl n + 1 k2 n + 2, 2
1 1 1 n (n + 3) => 5ar = 3a + 2ar2 .(v)
=— +--------- ■
2 n+2 n+ 1 2 (n + 1) (n + 2) From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
113. Let dv d2 and d3 be the common differences of the 3 arithmetic a = 12,r = -
2
progressions. 33 2
(3
Let ages of these friends are 12,12 x -, 12 x I I i.e. 12,18,27.
S, =-[2 Xa + (n-l)df], Vi = 1,2,3 2
2
S, = ~ [2 + (n - 1) d,] 115. Clearly, x = —-—, y = —-— and z = —-—.
1-a 1-b 1-c
n (n -1) dl Since, a, b, c are in AP.
Sj = n +
2 n(n-l) => 1 - a, 1 - b, 1 - c are also in AP.
Given that db d2, d3 are in HP. —-—, —-—, —— are in HP.
Ill . 1 -a 1 -b 1-c
:. —, —, — are in AP.
J] d2 d3 x, y, z are in HP.
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 309

1
116.-: Bn = l-4>4=>4<- 1 n(n+ 1) / n (n + 1) (2n + 1) n(n + 1)
=— 2
2 2 2 6 2
3 3 "A
1- = — n (n + 1) (3n2 + n + 2)
4 4 • 1
Now, 4 = ~ 2<1 => >-- 12
i+r 2 6
(ii)K + I -Vr=(r+i)3-r3-i[(r + l)2-r2] + i(l)
4 2 2 2
= 3r2 + 2r + 1
Obviously, it is true for all even values of n.
S 1 Tr = 3r2 + 2r-l
But for n = 1, - - < - -
4 6 = (r +1 )(3r -1), which is a composite number.
(iii) Since, Tr=3r2 + 2r-l
3 1_27 _1
n =3 Tr + i = 3(r + I)2 + 2(r + 1) - 1
4 24 6
5 Q. = Tr + 1-Tr = 3[2r + l] + 2[l]
243 _1
n =5, => Q. = 6r + 5
1024 6 Q- +1 = 6(r + 1) + 5
which is true for n = 7 obviously, n0 = 7 Common difference = Q. + ( - Q. = 6
Aliter B„ = 1 - A„ > A„ a+b i—r 2ab
f n\ 120. (i) Ax - ------- -,GX = y/ab , =
3 2----------------------- a + b
1 -
3
4Z

1 ">_1 4,-1 +2 H"-> Gn = 74-iHb-! andHn = 24-l-^n-l

7
<- => 4=
4 2 6 4-i + H"_t
I+’ Clearly, Gj = Gz = G3 =... = -Jab
4
Obviously, it is true for all even values of n.
(ii) A2 is AM of A( and H{ and At > Hx
< 33 11
But for n = l, - - <--
1, — <-- —/ Ai > A2 > Hx
4 6
3 A3 is AM of A2 and H2 and A2 > H2
27 1
n=3,f-- =-------<--
64 6
=> A2 > A3 > H2
k 4.
Ai>Az>A3>...
3 243 1
n = 5, (iii) As above At > H2 > Hi, A{> H3> Hz
4 1024 6 Hi<Hz<H3<...
7
2187 1 121. Let geometric progression is a, ar, ar.22,..., [a, r > 0]
and for n = 7 => >-
12288 6 2
a = ar + ar _
Hence, minimum natural number Hq = 7. -1 ± 75
=> r2 + r -1 = 0 => r =------------
£[2a1 + (p-l)d] 2
117. v ----------------- -sL :.
75-1
r =---------
2
^[20] +(g-l)d]
122. b] = alt d2 = bi + a2=a1+ a2, b3 = b2 + a3 = + a2 + a3
P-1
«i + d and b4 = b3 + a4 = Gj + a2 + a3 + a4
2a, + (p -1) d p 2 . _ =P
2a{ + (q - 1) d q <?-l~ Hence, by b2, b3, b4 are neither in AP nor in GP and nor in HP
01 + d <1
2 , 123. Let a, ar, ar2,...

For —, p = ll andq = 41 => — = — a + ar = 12 ...(i)

a21 a21 41
and ar2 + ar3 = 48 —(ii)
1 1 _1_
118. 1-1 —=d [say] On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get
a2 a! a3 02 an-i
r2 = 4, if r * -1
01 ~ a2 ^2 ^3 On-l-On
Then, = 0^3 = '»•••> On- iOn — r = -2
d d d
01 "On [•/ terms are alternatively positive and negative]
■■ aia2 + a2a3 + ...+ an_1an =
d . Now, from Eq. (i), a = -12
01 - On 124. ’.' Sn=cn2
Also, — = — + (n -1) d => = 01-1)010"
o« Qi d
••• tn =Sn-S"-i = c(2n - 1)
flia2 + a2a3 + ...+ an_,an = (n - 1) atan
St„2=c2X(2n-l)2
119. (i) V, = - [(2r + (r -1) (2r -1)] = -(2r3 ~r2 + r) = c2 S (4n2 - 4n + 1) = c2{4Sn2 - 4Zn + El}
2 2
n 1 n n n 4n (n + l)(2n + 1) 4n(n + l)
= c2 +n
r=l 4
5/ 6 2
310 Textbook of Algebra

2 , i => (7d + 9) (d + 3) = 0
= c2n - (2rr + 3n + 1) -2n -2 + 1 9
3 J d=-3,d*~- [v 27 -2a2>C]
7

3 3 + aUj +a
aU| T + +a
T Oj + ...T O|] 2
{2a, + (11 -1) d}
. 2 6 10 14 11 11
125. Let 5 = 1 + — + — + — + — + ... (i)
3 32 33 34 = aj + 5d = 15 -15 = 0
1 1'2 6 10 128. Till 10th minute, number of counted notes = 1500
.*.—$= — + —r + —r + — + ... -(ii)
3 3 32 33 34 „„„„ n
.*.3000 = - {2 X 148 + (n - 1) x - 2} = n (148 - n + 1)
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get 2
2 14 4 4 n2 - 149n + 3000 = 0
-S = l + - + —+ — + — + ...
3 3 32 33 31 (n -125) (n -24) = 0
1 n = 125, 24
-<♦4 111 . 4. 32 2 n = 125 is not possible.
~2 + ~3 + "7 + l = “ + 4' ■= - + - = 2
3 32 3 3 3
1 -- 3 3 n =24
S=3
3J .’. Total time = 10 + 24 = 34 min
fc-1 129. •.• AM > GM
k! 1 a -5 +, a -4 + a~3 + a 3 + a~3 + 1 + a8 + a10
126. St = —
1 -r j-l fc! (k-l)\ 8
k 5: (a"5 -a„-33 •a
•a -4 •a„-3 ■a~ -a -3 < 6
’3 -1-a .a>0)l/8=(i)V« = ]

100 100
1 a-5 + a -4 + 3a~
.-33 + 1 + a8 + a1
Now, X |(l! - 3k + 1) Sj| = £ I (k! - 3k + 1) •; ->1
k=2 k=2 ’ (fc-1)! 8
-4
a-5 + a~ 4 + 3a-3 + 1 + a8+ a:10 1 >8

=z
100
(*-!)_ k => Required minimum value = 8
(k-2) (k-1)!
1=2 130. Let the time taken to save ? 11040 be (n + 3) months.
£ 2
+
2_ 3
+
3 4
+ ...+
99 100 For first 3 months, he saves T 200 each month.
0! 1! 1! 2! 2! 3! 98! 99! In (n + 3) month,

2_ 1 £_£ 3 4
+ ...+
99 100 3 X 200 + - [2 (240) + (n - 1) X 40] =11040
2
1! 0! 1! 2! 2! 3! 98! 99! => 600 + [40 (12 + n — 1)] = 11040
„ 100 o (100)2
= 3------ = 3- 600 + 20n (n + 11) = 11040
99! 100!
n2 + lln-522 = 0
. (loo)2 | 100
X |(fc2-3fc + 1)S*| =3 (n - 18) (n + 29) = 0
100! k-2 n = 18, neglecting n = - 29
ak-2+ak /.Total time = n + 3 = 21 months
127..- ak - ?ak -1 “ ak - 2 or ak -1 “
2 131. Given, a2 + a4 + a6 + ... + a2W) = a . .co
.’. ab a2, a3,... are in AP. and Gj + a3 + dj + ... + =p -(ii)
• • °i2 + a2 + a2 + •••+ an = 90 => n On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
y Oj2=n x9o
11 k=l
(a2-Gi) + (a4 -a3) + (a6-a5) + ...+
n (a2oo “ fli9?) = ot - P
=> £ (aj + (i - 1) d)2 = 11 x 90
d + d + d +...+ J = a-p => 100d = a-P
k=1
11 d = («sP) ■
Y fa2 + 2a}d (i - 1) + d2 (i -1)2} = 11 x 90 100
k=l 132.’.’ G], a2, a3, ...are in HP.
11 xa2 + 2atd (0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + ...+ 10) 111 AD
—,—,—, ...areinAP.
+ d2(02 + I2 + 22 + ...+ 102) = ll X90 Gj a2 a3

10-11 10-11-21 Let D be the common difference of this AP, then

11 x 152 + 2 x 15 x d- + d2 -
2 6 -=— + (20-1)0
fl20 al
= 11 X90
_1_ 1
=> 385d2 + 1650J + 1485 = 0 [‘••a, =15] O=^5 4
=>
=> 7d2 + 30d + 27 = 0 19 25X19
 Chap 03 Sequences and Series 311

4 (n — 1) 95 - 4n + 4. :. x. y, z are in GP. ...(iii)

and — = — + (n -1) D = -
a, 5 25 X19 25 X 19 1 From Eqs. (i) and (ii) x, y, z are in AP and also in GP, then
x = y = z.
( 99 - 4n
<0 [••■ fln < 0] 136.S = 0.7 +0.77 +0.777 +... upto 20 terms
25X19 7
= - (0.9 + 0.99 + 0.999 +...upto 20 terms)
=> 99 - 4n < 0 => n> 24.75
Hence, the least positive integer is n = 25. 7 ,
= - [(1 - 0.1) + (1 - 0.01) + (1 -0.001)+ ... upto 20 terms]
133.-: (1)=(1-0)(l2+ 1-0 +02) = l3-03 9
7
(1 + 2 + 4) = (2 - 1)(22 + 2-1 + lz) = 23 -I3 s — [(1 + 1 + 1 + ... upto 20 times)
9
(4 + 6 + 9) = (3 - 2)(32 + 3-2+22) = 33 - 23 fill
- — + —- + —7 + ... upto 20 terms
kio 102 103
20 V
(361 + 380 + 400) = (20 - 19) (202 + 20-19 + 192)=203 - 193
Required sum
= (13 - 03) + (23 - I3) + (33 -23) +... + (202 - 193) = 203 = 8000
7
9
10
20------
_1_

HiD
1—
1
7 180 — 1 + 10”'
9 9
•20

10
Also, -(k - I)3 = - (k - 1)} {k2 + k(k - 1) + (k - I)2}
k=l k=l
= — (179 + 10"20)
n
81
= £(3fc2-3fc + l) =3Sn2-3Sn + £l 137. S„ = - 12 - 22 + 32 + 42 - 52 - 62 + 72 + 82 -...
fc=l.
+ (4n - I)2 + (4n)2
_ 3n(n + 1) (2n + 1) 3n (n + 1)
+n = (32 - I2) + (42 - 22) + (72 - 52) + (82 - 62) + ...
6 2
+ [{(4n - I)2 - (4n - 3)2} + {(4n)2 - (4n - 2)2}]
= -(2nz + 3n + l-3n-3 + 2) = n3
= 4 [2 + 3 + 6 + 7 + 10 + 11 + ... + (4n -2) + (4n - 1)]
Both statements are correct and Statement-2 is the correct = 8 {(1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n - 1)} + 4 [3 + 7 + 11
explanation of Statement-1.
? + ••• + (4n - 1)}
134. Let a be the first term and d be the common difference. Then, = 16n + 4n = 4n (4n + 1), n G N
100 T100 = 5OT5o Satisfied by (a) and (d), where n = 8,9, respectively.
=> 100(a+99d) = 50(a + 49d) 138. Let two consecutive numbers are k and k + 1 such that
=> 2(a + 99d) = (a + 49d) => a + 149d = 0 1 < k < n - 1, then
T]5o = 0 (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n)-(k + k + 1) = 1224
135. •: x, y, z are in AP. n(n + 1) n2 + n-2450
~(2k + 1) = 1224 or k =
Let x = y - d, z = y + d —(i) 2 4
Also, given tan”1 x, tan"1 y, tan”1 z are in AP. + n -2450
Now, < n - 1 => 49 < n <51
2 tan"1 y = tan"1 x + tan"1 z 4
n = 50 =$ k =25
2y ( x + z 'l
=> tan 1 = tan 1 Hence, k - 20 = 25 - 20 = 5
i-y2> V
1 -xzj 139. The given series can be written as
2y X+z 2y S 9

1-y2 1-xz 1-/ i-(y2-d2) (i)

=> y2=y 2-d2 [from Eq. (i)] On multiplying both sides by (“J then
d=0
From Eq. (i), x = y and z = y

Aliter
x =y =z

x, y, z are in AP. -.(i)

life
10
n
10 +2(^ +4
2

Now, on subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), then

11
10 '’-ewa 9 10
I ...(ii)

2y = x + z •••(ii) 2 10
Also, tan”1 x, tan”1 y, tan"1 z are in AP.
io VioJ uoJ UoJ Uo;
2 tan”1 y = tan”1 x + tan”1 z
10 times
2y '

er-
X+z
=> tan"1 = tan 1
i-/J 1-xz, 1-
io
11
=> 2y _ X + Z _ 2y -10
[from Eq. (ii)] (ii 'I 10
1-y2 1-xz 1-xz —1
Uo J
=> y2 = zx
312 Textbook of Algebra

=> k = -100-
11
10
io
I -1
140. Let a, ar, ar2 are in GP. v GP is increasing.
+ 100
er- or
=>
a=9d and 130<a7<140
130 < a, + 6d < 140 => 130 < 15d < 140

8-<d<9- => d = 9 (’.■ a, d G N)

3 3
New numbers a, 2ar, ar2 are in AP. 145.•; a + d,a + 4d, a + 8d are in GP (d # 0)
.-. 4ar = a + ar2 => r2 - 4r + 1 = 0 (a + 4d)2 = (a + d) (a + 8d)
Hence, r = <±S=2 + ^5 [vr>l] => a =8d
2 a + 4d 8d + 4d 4
b c Common ratio =-------- (va=8d)
141. Let -=—=r a+d 8d + d 3
a b
b = ar,c = ar2 Aliter
a+b+c , „ . b c n b 6 Let the GP be a, ar, ar2 and terms of AP and A + d, A + 4d,
Given, ----------- = b + 2 => 1 + - + - = 3 +-
3 a a a a A + 8d, then
2 6 ar2 -ar (A + 8d) - (A + 4d) 4
=> 1 + r + r= 3r + - r =----
a ”
ar - a ” (A+ 4d)-(A + d) ” 3
Now, for a = 6, only we get r = 0, 2 [rational] 2 2 - ' 2 2
44
So, r =2 146.
5
=> (a, b.c) =(6,12, 24)
a2 + a - 14 36 + 6 - 14 = —(22 + 3Z + 4Z + 52 + ... 11Z)
=4 25
a+1 6+ 1 2
(n(n + 1) 16 fll, (11 + 1) .(22 + 1)
-1
142. Tn =
I3 + 23 + 33 + ...+ n3 I 2 (n + I)2 ~25 6
1 + 3 + 5 + ... +(2n - 1) ' n(l + 2n-l) 4 16
2 = — X 505 = — x 101 = — m (given)
= — (n2 + 2n + 1) 25 5 5 5
4
.‘.m = 101
n (n + l)(2n +1) 2n(n +1)
5n = — (Snz+ 2Sn + Si) — — +n 147. v logebj, logeb2, logeb3,.... logebj01 axe in AP.
4 4 6 2
=> bu b2, b3,.... b]01 are in GP with common ratio 2.
S, = - [285 + 90 + 9] = 96
4 (•.’ common difference = logf2)
I+n , Also, ab a2, a3,... a10| are in AP.
143. Given, m = ------ =$1 + n = 2m ...(i)
2 where, a! = bj and a5i = bSJ
and I, Gj, G2, G3, n are in GP. b2, b3 b50 are GM’s and a2, a3, .... a50 are AM’s between b,
G] _ G2 _ G3 _ n and b51.
I Q G2 G3
GM < AM
=> G[G3 = In, Gf — IG2, G2 = G3G[, G2 = nG2 -(ii) —$ b2 < a2, b3 < a3,..., b$Q < a3o
Now, Gf + 2G2 + G3 = l2G2 + 2G2 + n2G2 .'. b] + b2 + b3 + ... + bjj <Cj + a2 + a3 + ... + a31
= G2 (I2 + 2G2 + n2) [from Eq. (ii)] => t <s
Also, a1( a2, a3,.... a101 are in AP and by b2, b3,...... Aoi are inGP.
= G3Gj (I2 + 2G3G, + n2) [from Eq. (ii)]
Oj = and a51 = b51
= In (I2 + 2 In + n2) [from Eq. (ii)]
Aoi > a101
= In (/ + n)2 = In (2m)2 [from Eq. (i)] = 4lm2n
148. (15a)2 + (3b)2 + (5c)2 - 45ab - 15bc - 75ac = 0
144. Let first term = a and common difference = d
sum of seven terms 6_ => - {(15a - 3b)2 + (3b - 5c)2 + (5c - 15a)2} = 0
2
sum of eleven terms 11 (15a - 3b)2 + (3b - 5c)2 + (5c - 15a)2 = 0
7
-(aj + a7) - (2a + 6d) or 15a - 3b = 0,3b - 5c = 0,5c — 15a = 0
6 6
— =>
TT 7
—(fli + *11)
11 — (2a + lOd) 11 b = 5a, c = 3a
2 => 5a, 3a, a are in AP i.e. b, c, a are in AP.
 CHAPTER

0
Logarithms and
Their Properties
Learning Part
Session 1
• Definition
• Characteristic and Mantissa
Session 2
• Principle Properties of Logarithm
Session 3
• Properties of Monotonocity of Logarithm
• Graphs of Logarithmic Functions

Practice Part
• JEE Type Examples
• Chapter Exercises
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314 Textbook of Algebra

The technique of logarithms was introduced by John Napier (1550-1617). The logarithm is a form of indices which is
used to simplify the algebraic calculations. The operations of multiplication, division of a very large number becomes
quite easy and get converted into simple operations of addition and subtraction, respectively. The results obtained are
correct upto some decimal places.

Session 1
limn >!■□! Ji. i ji iii imnwri r_n i i i-ir _ r ■' r ~n~T c—. ~~~rj ~ er jith r-iiTimri num n "ra r-«T~ _nrj~ i.-ji m m r ~ xr _«.-•» .•ffcrmug »r -sx sxjaMmuMM - >

Definition, Characteristic and Mantissa

Definition Corollary II The function defined by
/(x) = loga x>a > 0, a * 1 is called logarithmic function. Its
The logarithm of any positive number, whose base is a
domain is (0, 00) and range is R (set of all real numbers).
number (>0) different from 1, is the index or the power to
which the base must be raised in order to obtain the given Corollary III ax >0, V x e R
number. (i) If a > 1, then a x is monotonically increasing.
i.e. if ax =b (where a >0, 1), then x is called the
For example, S2'1 >52 5,3 222 >3111
logarithm of b to the base a and we write logc b = x,
clearly b >0. Thus, logfl b = x <^>ax =b, a > 0, a 1 and (ii) If 0 < a < 1, then ax is monotonically decreasing.
b>0. 2.5
For example,
f I?'7 1
,(0.7) 222 < (0.7 )212
If a = 10, then we write log b rather than log10 b. If a = e, 5
we write In b rather than loge b. Here, ‘e’ is called as
Napier’s base and has numerical value equal to 2.7182. Corollary IV
Also, log10 e is known as Napierian constant, (i) If a > 1, then a~°° =0
i.e. log io e= 0.4343 loga 0 = ~ °o (if O > 1)
In b =2.303 log 10 b (ii) IfO <a <l,thena°° =0
1__
since, In b = log10 b x loge 10 = x log10 b loga 0 = + °°(if0 <a <1)
log io e
Corollary V (i) loga b —><», if a > 1, b -» «>
1
log i0 b = 2303 log 10 b (ii) loga b ifO <a <l,b —> oo
0.4343

Remember Remark
1. ‘log’ is the abbreviation of the word ‘logarithm’.
(i) log 2 = log10 2 =03010
2. Common logarithm (Brigg's logarithms) The base is 10.
(ii) log 3= log 10 3 = 0.4771 3. If x < 0, a > 0 and a * 1, then logax is an imaginary.
(iii) In 2= 2.3031og2= 0.693 +ve, x >1
4. If a> 1, logax = 0, x=1
(iv) In 10=2.303 -ve, 0 < x < 1
Corollary I From the definition of the logarithm of the +ve, 0 < x < 1
number b to the base a, we have an identity And ifO <a<1,logax = • 0, x=1
alogab =b,a >0,a*l and b >0 -ve, x>1

which is known as the Fundamental Logarithmic 5. Ioga1 =0(a>0, a* 1)

Identity. loga a = 1 (a > 0. a * 1) and log (Va)a = -1 (a > 0, a * 1)
 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 315

I Example 1. Find the value of the following : I Example 2. Find the value of the following:
(i) log9 27 ('') log3V2 324 (i) Iogu„45.cot30° cos60°
(iii) log1/g(27V3) (iv) |O8(5+2V6I<5 <Hi) 'VaWai11 W'W
(v) logo 2 0.008 (vi) 22I°8Z| 5 Sol. (i) Here, base = tan45° = 1 tan
1 1. log is not defined.
_|Og2.5 7
''••'|3 + 32+33'3+"j (vijj) (0.05)IO8V20(°-3)
(vii) (0.4) (ii) Here, base = sec260° - tan260° = 1
Sol. (i) Let . x = log9 27 /. log is not defined.
=> 32x = 33 => 2x = 3
9X =27 => (***)"log(rin2M.+ = iog,l * 1
3 v Here, base = 1
x=-
2 .’. log is not defined.
(ii) Let X = 1°g3V2324 (iv) logw 1 = 0
=s> (3^)x = 324 = 2Z -34 => (3j2)x = (3^2y

(iii) Let
x=4
x = log1/9(27 73)
Characteristic and Mantissa
The integral part of a logarithm is called the
X
1 I = 2773 => 3"2x = 37/2 characteristic and the fractional part (decimal part) is
=> => -2x = 7/2
9 called mantissa.
7 i.e., log N = Integer + Fractional or decimal part (+ve)
.• x=—
4
(iv) v (5 + 276) (5 - 276) = 1 Characteristic Mantissa

or 5 + 276 = 1 The mantissa of log of a number is always kept positive,

5—276 i.e., if log564= 2.751279, then 2 is the characteristic and
Now, let x = ^5^(5-276) 0.751279 is the mantissa of the given number 564.

= ^°Sl/(5 _ 2^6)5 “276 = -1 And if log0.00895 =- 2.0481769

[from Eq. (i)]
= -2 - 0.0481769
(v) Let x = logo 2 0.008
= (-2-1)+(1-0.0481769)
=> (0.2)x = 0.008 => (0.2)x = (0.2)3 => x = 3
= -3 + 0.9518231
(vi) Let x = 22l°84 5 = 4log4 5 = 5
Hence, -3 is the characteristic and 0.9518231
■ i ’i i
— +---- + ...
-log2.5 - + ---
(vii) Let x = (0.4) 3 32 33
- (not 0.0481769) is mantissa of log 0.00895.
£ In short, -3+ 0.9518231 is written as 35518231.
->og2.5
3
r10g2-6(i) |,og5'2(|)
( _4_ 1 2 5 1
3 Remark
U0 5 2 2
1. If N > 1, the characteristic of log /V will be one less than the
(viii) Let x = (0.05)log^(0,5) = (0.05)log72°(X) number of digits in the integral part of N.
For example, If log 23568 = 2.3723227
where, X = 0.3
Here, N = 23568
Then, X = 0.33333 ... .-. Number of digits in the integral part of N = 3
=> 10X = 3.33333 ... ...(iii) => Characteristic of log 23568 = /V-1 = 3-1=2
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (iii), we get 2. If 0 < N < 1, the characteristic of log N is negative and
numerically it is one greater than the number of zeroes
9X = 3 => X = -
immediately after the decimal part in N.
3
'°8>/2o( 71 For example, If Iog00000279 = 5.4456042
Now, from Eq. (i), x = (0.05) Here, four zeroes immediately after the decimal point in the
log,I(20)V2(3) number 0.0000279 is (4 + 1), i.e. 5.
_[ 1
3. If the characteristics of log N be n, then number of digits in N
<20 is(n+ 1) (Here, N > 1).
= 20^1*5®20 = 2O'°e20 = 32 = 9 4. If the characteristics of log N be -n, then there exists (n - 1)
number of zeroes after decimal part of N (here, 0 < N < 1).
316 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 3. If log 2 = 0.301 and log 3= 0.477, find the Sol. Let P = (0.036)16 => log P = 161og (0.036)

number of digits in 620. = 161ogf j = 161og

(2,2'32>
Sol. Let P = 620 = (2 X 3)20 11000/
log P = 20 log(2 X 3) = 20{Iog2 + log3} = 16{log22 + log32 - loglO3}
= 20 {0.301+ 0.477}
= 16{21og2 + 21og3 — 3}
= 20 X 0.778= 15.560
= 16 {2 X 0.301+ 2x 0.477- 3}
Since, the characteristic of log P is 15, therefore the number
= 16 {1.556- 3}= 24.896- 48 '
of digits in P will be 15 + 1, i.e. 16.
= -48+ 24+ 0.896
I Example 4. Find the number of zeroes between the
decimal point and first significant digit of (0.036)16, = -24+ 0.896 = 24+ 0.896

where log 2 = 0.301 and log 3 = 0.477. The required number of zeroes = 24 - 1 = 23.

@ Exercise for Session 1

1. The value of Iog2y3 1728 is
(a) 6 (b)8
(c)3 (d)5
2. The value of logl(( 8-3-/7)(® + 3>/7) iS

(a)-2 (b)-1
(c)0 (d) Not defined
■ 1j 1
l082.5 -
3+32+-j
3. The value of (0.16) is
(a) 2 (b)4
. (c)6 (d)8
4. If log 2 = 0.301, the number of integers in the expansion of417 is
(a) 9 (b)11
(c) 13 (d)15
5. If log 2= 0.301, then the number of zeroes between the decimal point and the first significant figure of 2-34 is
(a) 9 (b)10
(c)11 (d)12
Session 2
Principle Properties of Logarithm

Principle Properties (vii) loga x22 2 loga x, a > 0, a / 1

of Logarithm Since, domain of loga(x2) is R ~ {0} and domain of

loga x is (0,00) are not same.
Let m and n be arbitrary positive numbers,
(viii)alogfcfl = 4a, if b = a2,a>0,b >0,b
a>0,a^1,b>0,b and a, 0 be any real numbers, then
(i) logfl(mn) = loga m + loga n (ix) al°Sba = a2,ifb
,ifh = 4a,a >0, b >0, b
In general,loga(x1x2x3 ... x„) = loga Xj
I Example 5. Solve the equation 3-xlog52+ 2log5X =64.
+ loga x2 + loga x3 +... + loga xn
Sol. 3-xlog52 + 2log5X = 64
(where, xlt x2, x3,...» xn >0)
3.2log5x +2,og5x =64
=> [by extra property (i)]
Or
( n 4-2*°g5X =64
10ga 11 X, Xj,Vx,- >0 2log5* _ 42 = 24
V=1 J
where, 1 = 1,2,3,...,n. log5 x = 4
(ii) loga W = log am-loga n
x = 54 = 625
Vn
I Example 6. If 4log'6 4 + 9log39 = lOlogx 83, find x.
loga = aloga m
Sol. v 410gl64=>y/4 = 2 [by extra property (ix)]
1, _ logs ™
(>v) logflP m = - log a m (v) log b m and 9log3’ = 92Z = 81 [by extra property (viii)]
P loga b
4>°gi64+9log3’_2 + 8i = 83 = 10Iog 83
Remark log10 83 = logx 83
1
1. Iog6a-logab = 1 « log6a = x = 10
logab
2. Iog6a-logcb-logac = 1 I Example 7. Prove that a^°b -b^08b° =0.
3. Iogyx-logz y-logaz = logax
QV(loga b) _ nVlo&i b x V*°ga b x V,ogi°
4. f}na' = <f Sol. =a
_ flloga a)

Extra Properties of Logarithm [by extra property (ii)J

(i) alogfr x = x 1°eb‘1, b 1, a, b, x are positive numbers. Hence, ?<^-b<'i°g^=0
toga* -x,a >0,a *l,x >0
(ii) alog£|X
log 2 24 log 2192
I Example 8. Prove that = 3.
(iii) log j. x = - loga x> a > 0, a 1, x > 0 log 96 2 log122
a k
(iv) logfl x 2k = 2kloga|x|, a>0,a*l,ke I so/. =
log96 2 log122

(v) l°ga2fc x = — log|a| x, x > 0, a > 0, a * ± 1 and k £ I ~ {0} = log2 24 X log2 96 - log2192 x log212
2k
Now, let 12 = X, then
(vi) logfltx x p = — loga x, x > 0, a > 0, a 1, a o LHS = log2 2X x log2 8X - log216X x log2 X
a
318 Textbook of Algebra

= (log 2 2 + log2 X) (log2 8 + log2 X) I Example 9. Solve for a, A, if

— (log216 4- log2X)log2X Iogxo-log5 X-logx 25 = 2.
= (Iog2 2 + log2 X) (log2 23 + log2 X) Sol. Here, X > 0, X 1

— (log224 + log2X)log2X We have, logx a • {log5 X • logx 25} = 2

=> (logz a){log525} = 2
= (1 + log2 X) (31og2 2 + log2 X)
(logxa){log552} = 2
— (41og22 + log2 X)log2 X
=> (logxa){21ogs5} = 2
= (1 + log2 X) (3 + log2 X) - log2 X(4 + log2 X)
=3 (logxa){2} = 2
logx(a) = 1 or a = X
= RHS

§ Exercise for Session 2

1 If a = log24 12, b = Iog48 36 and c = log36 24,1 + abc is equal to
(a) 2ab (b) 2bc (c) 2ca (d) ba.+ be
2 The value of Iog4[log2{log2(log3 81)}] is equal to
(a)-1 (b)0 (c)1 (d)2

3 log2log2 ) is equal to
n times
(a)0 (b)1 (c)n (d)-n
4 If a = log3 5, b = log1725, which one of the following is correct?
(a) a < b (b) a = b (c) a > b (d) None of these
5 The value of log0.75 log2 ^"^(0.125) is equal to

(a)-1 (b)0 (c)1 (d) None of these

Session 3
Properties of Monotonocity of Logarithm,
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions

Properties of Monotonocity Graphs of Logarithmic

of Logarithm Functions
1. Graph of y = logfl x, if a > 1 and x > 0
1. Constant Base Yt

x > y > 0,if a>l

(i) loga x > Ioga y « X
0<x<y, if0<a<l X-
(1.0).
0 < x < y,if a>l
(ii) loga x < logfl y <=> yT
x >y>0, ifO<a<l
2. Graph of y = loga x, if 0 < a < 1 and x > 0
x > ap, if a > 1 Y
(iii) log fl x > p <=> <
0<x <ap, if 0 <a <1

0 <x <ap, if a>l

(iv) logfl x < p <=> X-
0
x >ap, if 0<a <1

2. Variable Base Remark

(i) log x a is defined, if a > 0, x > 0, x 1 1. If the number / and the base 'a' are on the same side of the
(ii) If a > 1, then log x a is monotonically decreasing in unity, then the logarithm is positive.
Case I y= logax,a>1,x >1 Case II y= logax,0 <a<1,0<x<1
(0,1) u (1, °o).
* yt.
(iii) If 0 < a < 1, then log x a is monotonically increasing in
(0, l)U(l.oo),
X- ■X X* X
Ol (1.0) 0^ (1.0)
Very Important Concepts
(i) If a > 1, p > 1, thenloga p>0 Iy7
(ii) If0 <a < 1, p > 1, then loga p <0 2. If the number x and the base a are on the opposite sides of
the unity, then the logarithm is negative.
(iii) If a > 1,0 < p < 1, then loga p <0 Case I y = loga x, a > 1,0 < x < 1

(iv) If p > a > 1, then loga p > 1 Case II y = logax, 0 < a < 1, x > 1

(v) If a > p > 1, then 0 < loga p < 1

(vi) If0 < a <p <1, thenO < loga p <1 (1.0) (1.0)
x'- -xx'- -X
0 0^
(vii) If 0 < p < a < 1, thenloga p> 1
yt n
320 Textbook of Algebra

3. Graph of y = loga | x | I Example 10. Arrange in ascending order

Y Y log2(x),log3(x),loge(x)Jog10(x), if
a>1 o<a<1 (i) x >1 (ii) 0<x <1.
So/, v 2 < e < 3 < 10
(1.0)
(1.0) X I
(i) For x > 1, logx 2 < logx e < Ipgx 3 < logx 10
1111
=> -------- <--------- <--------- <----------
log2(x) logf(x) log3(x) log10(x)

Remark Iogz(x) > loge(x) > log3(x) > log10(x)

Graphs are symmetrical about Y-axis. Hence, ascending order is
4. Graph of y = | Ioga | x 11 logio(*) < log3(x) < loge(x) < log2(x)
Y (ii) For 0 < x < 1, logx 2 > logx e > logx3 > logx 10
Y
1 11 1
log2(x) loge(x) log3(x) log)0(x)
X- log2(x) < logc(x) < log3(x) < log10(x)
(-1.0) 0 X
(-1.0) o
which is in ascending order.
Y' Y' I Example 11. If log'll =1.0414, prove that 1011 >1110.
Remark Sol. V loglO11 = lllogl0 = 11
Graphs are same in both cases i.e., a > 1 and 0 < a < 1.
and logll10 = lOlogll = 10 x 1.0414= 10.414
5. Graph of|y | = loga |x||
It is clear that, 11 > 10.414
Y => logl0H > logll10 [•/ here, base = 10]
a > 0 and a * 1
=> 1011 > ll10

(1.0)
X I Example 12. If log2(x — 2) < log4 (x — 2), find the
interval in which x lies.
Sol. Here, x - 2 > 0
x>2 ■W
and log2(x-2)< log22(x-2)=^log2(x-2)
6. Graph of y = loga [x], a > 1 and x > 1
log2(x - 2) < |log2(x - 2)
(where [ • ] denotes the greatest integer function) Lt

Since, when 1 < x <2,[x] = l=>loga[x] = 0 => ^log2(x-2)<0 => log2(x-2)<0

when 2 < x <3,[x] = 2 =>loga[x] = loga 2
x-2<2>o => x-2<l
when3<x < 4,[x] = 3 => loga[x] = logfl 3 and so on. => ,(ii)
x<3
Y From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 < x < 3 or x G (2,3)

I Example 13. Prove that logn(n + l)>log(n+1)(n+2)for

any natural number n>1.
■ jjl09a4j n+1 , i , 1 n+2>
Sol. Since, ------ = i + _ > i +
z' I T I i
n n n +1 n + 1,
x' --------- J---------- i- -I--------- L -X
0 1 2 3 4 5 For n. > 1,
n+1 n +1 'n+2^
logn > logn + 1 > logn + i ~
Y' n n
 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 321

=> logn(n + 1) - log„ n > log(n + I)(n + 2) - log(fl+1)(n + 1) I Example 14. Find the least value of the expression
logn(n + 1) - 1 > Iog(B+1)(n + 2) -1 2log10 x - log x 0.01, where x > 0, x * 1.
log„(n + 1) > log(„ + 1)(n + 2) Hence proved. Sol. Let P = 21og10 x - logx0.01 = 21og10 x - logx(10”2)
= 2(log10 x + logx 10)
Howto Find Minimum Value of >2-2 = 4 [by above article]
Xi loga x + X2 logx a, a > 0, x > 0, P> 4
a £ 1, x 1 and A,-,, A2 c Hence, the least value of P is 4.
AM > GM I Example 15. Which is smaller 2 or (logn 2 + log2 ft)?
X, loga x + X2 logx a
=> loga X) (X2 log* a) = Sol. Let P = logn2 + log2 it > 2 [by above article] [v n 2]
2
P>2
X] log,, x + X2 logx a > 2y]Xik2
=> (logn2 + log2 7t) > 2
Hence, the minimum value of Xq logfl x + X,2 logx a is 2yJkxk2. Hence, the smaller number is 2.

§ Exercise for Session 3

1 If log0j6(a + 1) < log0 4(a + 1), then a satisfies
(a) a > 0 (b) 0 < a < 1 (c) -1 < a < 0 (d) None of these
1
2 The value of x satisfying the inequation xl09l°x -log10 x < 1, is
(a)0<x<10 (b)0<x<101° (c) 0< x < 101,1° (d) None of these

3 If log,Icosecx sin x > 0, then

(a) x > 0 (b) x < 0 (c) -1 < x < 1 (d) None of these
4 The value of log10 3 lies in the interval

A5 2. (b)H (c)H) (d) None of these

2 3
— 3 I o3
O 3
5 The least value of
-------------------- n in order that the sum of first n terms of the infinite series 1 + 4- + - I +
------ + ..., should
4 4
differ from the sum of the series by less than 10”6, is (given, Iog2 =0.30103,Iog3 =0.47712)
(a) 14-------------------------(b)27 (c)53 (d)57

Shortcuts and Important Results to Remember

1 For a non-negative number 'a' and n £ 2, n e N, logg log^-JTT^? = -n
nJa=a',n. 5
n times
2 The number of positive integers having base a and
6
characteristic n is an+1 - an.
7 Logarithms to the base 10 are called common logarithms
3 Logarithm of zero and negative real number is not
(Brigg's logarithms).
defined.
8 If x = logc b + logbc, y = logac + logca,
4 |logba + logab| > 2, Va>0,a*\b>Q,b*X
z = loga b + logb a, then x2 + y2 + z2 - 4= xyz.
322 Textbook of Algebra

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 8 multiple choice examples. Each The pairs (a, b) are
example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which (3,32), (4, 42), (5,52), (6,62), (44, 442) and (3,33), (4,43),
ONLY ONE is correct.
(5,53).... (12,123).
4
. ( kit
• Ex. 1 The expression log 2 5 - ^log2 sin — reduces Hence, there are 42 +10 = 52 pairs.
r.
„ *=1 7 *=1 k '
P 2 2
fo —, where p and q are co-prime, the value of p +q is • Ex. 3 The lengths of the sides of a triangle are log 1012,
q log10 75 and log 10 n, where nE N. If a and b are the least
(a) 13 (b) 17 I(c) 26 (d) 29 and greatest values ofn respectively, the value ofb - a is
( ■
4
divisible by
Sol. (b) Let p = log25- £log2. sin —
it = i 5 7 (a) 221 (b) 222 (c) 223 (d) 224
/ Sol. (c) In a triangle,
7t Y . f 2lt
= log25-]log2 sin - A+ ilog2 f sin — log1012 + log10 75 > log10 n => n < 12 x 75 = 900
5 k \ 5 7,
n < 900 -.(i)
f . ( 3hY| I (47t
4“ log 21 sin I — + 10g2| sin| — and log1012 + log10 n > log]075
7 \ 75 25
n>—=—
, , , . it . 2n . 3n . 44titc 12 4
= log25 — log2 sin—sin---- sm----- sin —
5 25
n> — (ii)
1 cl • 2^1 • 2^271 A 4
= log25-log2^sm I — l-sm l-l-
25
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get — < n < 900
(l-cos72°)(l — cos 144°)] 4
= log25-Iog2
4 J n = 7, 8, 9, 10,. 899
(l-sinl8°)(l + cos36°)| Hence, a = 7,6 = 899
= log25-log2 b-a = 892 = 4 X 223
4
/ Hence, b - a is divisible by 223.
V5-1
1- 1+
4 4 7 <1 + log3(a6c)>
= log25-log2 • Ex. 4 If5 logabc (a3 + b3 +c3) = 3X and
4 log3 (a6c) y

(abc)a+b+c = 1 and X = —, where m and n are relative primes,

(5-J5)(5 + V5)] = 5 n
= log25-log2 log25-log2 —
64 16 the value of\ m + n| +1 m - n| is
(a) 8 (b) 10 (c)12 (d) 14
= log2| 5X — ] = log224 = - = - [given] Sol. (b)-.‘ (abc)a+b*c = l=(abc)°
k 5 kJ 1 q
p=4,q = l :. a + b + c =0 => a3 + b3 +c3 =3abc
Hence, p2 +q2 = 42 +12 = 17 Now, LHS = 51ogafcc(a3 + b3 +c3) = 5\ogabc(3abc) •(>)
<l + log3(abc)'] log3(3Qfec)
• Ex. 2 If3 < a < 2015,3 < b < 2015 such that and RHS = 3X 3X
< log3(abc) , log3(abc)
loga b + 6 log 5 a = 5, the number of ordered pairs (a, b) of
integers is = 3Xlogflfcc(3abc) -(ii)

(a) 48 (b) 50 (c) 52 (d)54 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Sol. (c) Let x = log,, b —(i) 5 logflk(3abc) = 3Xloga&c(3abc)
6 , . _5_ m
=> x+— = 5 => x2-5x + 6 = 0 => x = 2,3 A — —----- [given]
x 3 n
From Eq. (i), we get loga b = 2, 3 => m = 5, n = 3

=> b = a2 or a3
Hence, |m + n| + |m-n| = 8 + 2 = 10
 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 323

!lo84 3 >3|0g43lo^3IOS43 Also, b- a = 36- a is a square for a = 35, 32, 27, 20,11
• Ex. 5 lfa'ogbc = 3 • 3log43 • 3,OS43
^2 36^
where a,b,cE Q, the value of abc is Now, c = — = — is an integer for a = 27
a a
(a) 9 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 20
a = 27, b = 36, c = 48
[log* c _ gl+log^ 3 + (log.| 3)2 + (log4 3)3 + ... ~
Sol. (c) a
Hence, a + b-c = 27 +36 - 48 = 15
_ log4 3) _ jl/log4(4/3) -^log-i/S*

4 r bedy . (acd]
a = 3, b = —, c = 4 • Ex. 8 lfx = \og2a .y=i°g3hl — J
3
4
Hence, abc =3 — 4 = 16 *=log4c ----- an</w = log5j and
3 k 4 J < 5 7
• Ex. 6 Number of real roots of equation 1 1 1
4-------- +---- log aha/ N +1, the value of N is
3log3(x2-4x+3)=(x_3)/s x+1 w+1
(a)0 (a) 40 (b) 80
(b)1 (c)2 (d) infinite
31oE3(x2-4x + 3)=(x_3) (c) 120 (d) 160
Sol. (a) v ...(i) bed A
Sol. (c) v * = log2J —
Eq. (i) is defined, if x2 - 4x + 3 > 0 .2J
=> (x-l)(x-3)>0 2abcd
=> x < 1 or x > 3 ,(ii) x +1 = log2a = log2a(abcd)
2
Eq. (i) reduces to x2 - 4x+3 = x-3 => x2-5x + 6 = 0
1
X = 2, 3 = logafcfd2a
(iii) x+1
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), use get x e 0 1 1
Number of real roots = 0 Similarly,------ = logakd3b,-------= log^ 4 c
' y+1 z+1
• Ex. 7 //log 6 a + log 6 b + log 6 c = 6, where a, b,cE N and
and —-— logabcd
a, b, c are in GP and b-a is a square of an integer, then the w+1
value ofa + b-c is 1 1
1 1
(a) 21 (b)15 (c)9 (d)3
+----- +----- + = \ogabcd(2a-3b-4c-5d)
x+1 y +1 2+1 w +1
Sol. (b) ■■ Iog6 a + log6 b + log6 c = 6
=> = logataX^Oafccd)
log6(abc) =6
abc = 66 = logakJ 120 + 1

=> b3 = 66 [v b2 = ac] = logoM N +1 [given]

=>
Hence, N = 120
b = 36

JEE Type Solved Examples:

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
■ This section contains 4 multiple choice examples. Each 3ab(a + b) = 0 => a = 0orb = 0ora + b = 0
example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which logi0x + 2= Oor log10x — 1 = 0
more than one may be correct.
or 21og10x + l = 0

• Ex. 9 The equation => x = 10"2 or x = 10 or x = 10“1/2

(log10 x + 2)3 +(log10 x-1)3 = (2logw x+1)3 has Hence, x=—1 or x = 10 or x = -7=
1
100 V10
(a) no natural solution (b) two rational solutions
(c) no prime solution (d) one irrational solution
• Ex. 10 The value 0/°gs 9 ■ log7 5 ■ log, 7 + 1__
Sol. (b, c, d) Let log10 x + 2 = a and log10 x -1 = b is
log3 76 log 4 76
:. a + b = 21og10 x + 1, then given equation reduces to
co-prime with
a3 + b3= (a + b)3
(a)1 (b)3 (c)4 (d)5
324 Textbook of Algebra

1 (a)xi + x2=l01 (b)y,+y2=25

Sol. (a. b, d) Let P =
log3 V6 log4 V6 (c) X}X2 = 100 (d) zyz2 = 100
= -j^^ + logVi4 = log^9 + logV?4 So/, (a, b, c, d) Let logj0 x = a, logi0y = b and logic z = c
Then, given equations reduces to
= log^(36) = log^)4 =4 => P = 4 a + b-ab = 4- log]0 2000 = logic5 -.(i)
b + c-bc = l- logic 2 = logic 5 •••(ii)
which is co-prime with 1,3,4 and 5.
and c + a - ca = 0 ..(iii)

• Ex. 11 Which of the following quantities are irrational From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
for the quadratic equation a + b-ab = b + c-bc
(log 108)x2 ~(logl05)x = 2(log210)“1-x ? =» (c-a)-b(c-a) = 0
(a) Sum of roots (b) Product of roots (c-a)(l-£>) =0
(c) Sum of coefficients (d) Discriminant l-b^0, c-a = 0=> c = a
Sol. (c, d) V (log108)x2 -(logI05)x = 2(log210)-1 - x From Eq. (iii), we get
=> (31ogi02)x2 +(1 -logi05)x-21og102= 0 2a-a2 =0 => a = 0,2
Then, c = a =$ c =0, 2
=> (31og102)x2 + (logic2)x -21og102 = 0
and b = log105,2 —log105
Now, Sum of roots = -- = Rational logi0 x = 0,2 => x = 10°, 102
3
2 => x =1,100
Product of roots = - - = Rational
3 Xj = 1, x2 = 100
Sum of coefficients = 3 log10 2 + log10 2-2 logic 2 and logioy = logi05,2-log105
= 2 logic 2 = Irrational = logic 5, log1020
Discriminant = (logic2)2 + 24 (log10 2)2 y =5 20
= 25 (logic 2)2 = Irrational => Fi = 5, y2 = 20
and log]0z = 0, 2 => z = 10°, 102
• Ex. 12 The system of equations
z = 1,100
logw(2000xy) - log10 x • log10 y = 4
log10(2yz)-log10 y ■ log10 z =1 Zj = 1, z2 = 100
andlog10(zx)-log10 z-log10 x=0 Finally, Xj + x2 = 1.+100 = 101, yi +y2 = 5 + 20 = 25,
has two solutions (xv yv z}) and (x2, y2, Zi)> ^en X]X2 = 1X100 = 100 and zxz2 = 1 x 100 = 100

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Passage Based Questions ■
2t2-6 2
■ This section contains 2 solved passages based upon each 15. Ifx + y6'2( = 6, the value of t, t2t3 t4 is
of the passage 3 multiple choice examples have to be
answered. Each of these examples has four choices (a), (b), (a)1 (b) 2 (c)4 (d) 8
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. So/. (Ex. Nos. 13-15)
Passage I logio(x - 2) + log]0y = 0
(Ex. Nos. 13 to 15) x - 2 > 0, y > 0
Suppose that log 10(x - 2) + log 10 y = 0 and x > 2,y > 0 ...(0
Vx+7(y - 2) = 7(*+y)- and logio{(x-2)y} = 0
13. The value of x is => (x - 2)y = 10° = 1
(a) 2 + 41 (b) 1 + Vi (d)4-V2 (x-2)y = l ■(ii)

14. The value of y is Also, given that Vx + f(y - 2) = f(x + y)

(a) 2 (b) 2V2
x £ 0, y - 2 £ 0, x + y > 0
 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 325

=> x > 0, y > 2 -(Hi) Passage II

On squaring both sides, we get (Ex. Nos. 16 to 18)
x + y-2 + 2Vx ^(y - 2) = x + y
= land log,{log,(log, x)} = 0.
4xfy-2 = 1
16. The value of x is
=> x(y-2) = l (iv)
From Eqs. (i) and (in),we get (a)/ (b) r9 (c) rp (d)rq
10iogp(io&?(i°&-x)] _ j _ 10,o<
x > 2, y > 2 So/, (d) v
and from Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get y = x logp{log4?(logrx)} = 0
From Eq. (u), (x-2)x = l logq(logrx) = l => Iogrx = q
=> x2 - 2x - 1 = 0 x = r9 ...(i)

2 ± ^4 + 4 and log,{logr(logpx)} = 0
x= [neglect - ve sign, since x > 2] logr(logpx) = 1 => logpx = r
2
13. (b) x = (72 + 1). x = pr -(H)
14. (c) y = x = 'l + l From Eqs. (i) and (u), we get x = rq = pr
x2t2~6 + y6-2'1 = 6
15- (d)--
<a)r’" (b)rq (c) 1 (d)//<?
=> + (x-')2,!-‘=6
Sol. (a) r9 =pr ...(Hi)
=> (• x2\f2-3’+(x-2),2-j=6
2)''-

=> (3 + 2>/2),!'3 +(3-2-72 )'!‘3 =6

18. The value of q is
Now, we get t2 - 3 = ± 1
(a)rp/r (b)plogpr (c)rlog,p (d)/'”
=> tz=4,2 Sol. (c) From Eq. (Hi),

qlogr = r logp => q = r 'logpV Hog,?

h t2t3 t4=(2)(-2)(V2)(-V2)=8 < logr >

J EE Type Solved Examples:

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
• This section contains 2 examples. The answer to each • Ex. 20 //(31.6)a = (0.0000316)b - 100, the value of
example is a single digit integer ranging from 0 to 9 1 1 .
(both inclusive). -------- is
a b
• Ex. 19 If X] and x2 are the solutions of the equation
Sol. (3) v (31.6)a= (0.0000316)* = 100
^'°x =100x such that x, >1 and x2 <1, the value of^^~ is
alogio(31.6) = Mog10(0.0000316)= logi0100
So/.(5)v xlogl0I = i00x
alog10(31.6)= 61og10(31.6x 10“6)= 2
Taking logarithm on both sides on base 10, then we get
alog10(31.6) = b logi0 (31.6)- 6b = 2
logjo x • log10 x = log10100 + logi0 x 2
=> (logic x)2 - logi0 x - 2 = 0 - = log10(31.6)
a
=❖ (logio X - 2) (logic X + 1) = 0 2
and - = logi0(31.6)-6
log10 x = 2, - 1 => x = 10z, 10”1 b

X! = 100, x2 = —
1-1=6
a b
10
^1 = 5 l->=3 '
2 a b
326 Textbook of Algebra

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. Examples 24 and 25 . 1 „
have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and logs X = - -, 2
four statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any given
statement in Column I can have correct matching with x = 5-,/2 ,52 or x = 4=,25
V5
one or more statement(s) given in Column II.
.’. Product of the values of x = 4= X 25 = 5^5
• Ex. 21 V5 •
(C) v logfc a = - 3 and logfc c = 4
Column I Column II 1 3
logca = -- ■0)
(A) If X] and X2 satisfy the equation 4
(x + i)losioU+D _ 100(x + then (P) irrational /ix _ x-1
and a =c
the value oVi + 1) (*2 + 1) + 5 is 3xloga = (x - l)logc
(B) The product of all values of x 3x logc a = x - 1
which make the following (q) rational n 3
statement true 3x x - - = x - 1 [from Eq. (i)]
(r) prime 4
(log3x) (log59) - logx25 + log32 A . 4 4

= log354, is -9x = 4x - 4 or x = —
13
(C) If logfr a = -3, logfrc = 4 and if the (s) composite 9 = 13 [prime and rational]
value of x satisfying the equation
aix = c*"1 is expressed in the form
• Ex. 22
p/q, where p and q are relatively
prime, then q is Column I Column II
(t) i twin prime (A) If a and p are the roots of (P) divisible by 2
ax2 + bx + c = 0, where
So/. A -> (q, s, t), B ->(p), C —> (q, r) a = 2log2 3 - 3log3 2,
(A) (x + l)IoB,o(x + 1) = 100(x + 1) b=1+2 log2 3 _ o7,083 2

Taking logarithm on both sides on base 10, then we get

and c = log2 log2 , (q) divisible by 4
logI0(x + 1)- log10(x + 1) = log10100 + Iog10(x + 1)
=> {logio(x + I)}2 = 2 + log10(x + 1) then HM of a and p is
(B) The sum of the solutions of the (r) divisible by 6
=> {log10(x + l)}2 - log10 (x+ 1)-2 = 0
equation________
=> {log10(x + 1) - 2} {log10(x + 1) + 1} = 0 |x_11log2x2-21ogx4=(x_1)7 is (s) divisible by 8
logj0(x + 1) = 2, -1
(C) If5(logyx+ logxy) = 26, xy =64, (t) divisible by 10
(x + 1) = 102,10-1
then the value of | x - y | is
(Xi + l)(x2 +l) = 102 x 10’1 = 10
So/. A -> (p, q, r), B -> (p, r), C -> (p, r, t)
=> (xj + l)(x2 + 1) + 5 = 10 + 5
(A) ■: a = 3 - 2 = 1, b = 1, c = log2 log2 22
= 15 = 3x5
(B) v(log3 x) (log5 9) ~ logx 25 + log3 2 = log3 54 = log2(2"6) = -6
=> 2log5x - 21ogx5 = log354 - log32 ■ The equation reduces tox22 + x- 6 = 0
= log3(27) = 3 a + p = -1, aP = - 6
Let log5 x = X, then HM = ^L = ^ = 12
a+P (-1)
2X-- = 3
X (B) Obviously, x = 2 is a solution. Since, LHS is positive,
2X2 - 3X - 2 = 0 x - 1 > 0. The equation reduces to
2X2 - 4X + X -2 = 0 log2x2 -21ogx4 =7
2X(X - 2) + 1(X - 2) = 0 => X = --,2 4
2 2X - — = 7, where X = log2 x
A

I
 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 327

a 1 26
2X2 -7X-4=0 => X = 4,-- Let — = X, then X + — =
2 P X ’ 5

log2 x = 4, — - => x=24,2-1/2 5X2 - 26X + 5 = 0

2
5XZ - 25X - X + 5 = 0
=> x = 16, -L
(X - 5)(5X — 1) = 0
V2
x = 16, x # -L X = 5, -
=> [vx>l] 5
V2
a r 1 a
Solutions are x = 2,16 — = 5, - => — = 5
P 5 P
:. Sum of solutions = 2 + 16 = 18
a = 5P ...(i)
(C) If a = logx.P = logy
and a + 0 = logx + logy = log(xy) = log(64)
ii ii a
a P
logy x + logx
log =-
xy = —+- a+P = 61og2 ...(ii)
P a From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
5(logyX + logxy) = 26 P = log2 and a = 51og2
=> a 26 y = 2»x = 32ory = 32,x=2
P a 5 |x-y| = 30

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Statement I and II Type Questions
■ Directions Example numbers 23 to 24 are • Ex. 24 Statement-1 lfp,q£ N satisfy the equation
Assertion-Reason type examples. Each of these examples x^* = (Vx)x and q> p, then q is a perfect number.
contains two statements: Statement-2 If a number is equal to the sum of its factor,
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason)
then number is known as perfect number.
Each of these examples also has four alternative choices,
Sol.(d)-.- x7x=(V7)x
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select
the correct choice as given below. Taking logarithm on both sides on base e, then
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 In(x)77 = ln(V7)x
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 Vx In x = x InVx filnx = ~lnx
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true r- x 1 »
=> Inx x---- = 0
20 2)
' 1
• Ex. 23 Statement-1 IfN = — , then N contains / r^y
lnx-Vx • 1-------= 0
7 digits before decimal. ' 0.4 =>

Statement-2 Characteristic of the logarithm ofN to the

I 2J
base 10 is 7. In x = 0, Vx = 0,1----- — = 0
20 20 2
1_ 10
Sol. (d) •.• N=
0.4 22 x = 1,0, 4
xeN
=> logi0 N = 20(1 - 2 logio 2) = 20 (1 - 2 X 0.3010)
x = 1, 4 => p = 1 and q = 4
= 20x 0.3980-7.9660 .
4 = 1 x 2 X 2 => 4 * 1 + 2 + 2
Since, characteristic of Iog10 N is 7, therefore the number of
digits in N will be 7 + 1, i.e. 8. .'. q is not a perfect number.
Hence, Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true. Hence, Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true.
328 Textbook of Algebra

Subjective Type Questions

■ In this section, there are 21 subjective solved examples.
and 8>7
• Ex. 25 Prove that log3 5 is an irrational. => log8 > log7 ■<ii)
Sol. Let log3 5 is rational. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
log 11 • log8 > log7 • log5
log3 5 = —, where p and q are co-prime numbers.
9 logll log5 , ,, .
>tA- => log7ll>log85
=> 5 = 3p,<? => 3P =59 log 7 log8

which is not possible, hence our assumption is wrong.

• Ex. 30 Given, a2 +b2 = c2. Prove that
Hence, log3 5 is an irrational.
logh+c a + logc_fc a = 2 logc+h a • logc_h a,V a>Q,a*1
• Ex. 26 Find the value of the expression
c - b>0,c + b>0
(log 2)3 +Iog8 • Iog5 +(log5)3.
c - b 1, c + b 1.
Sol.log2 + log5 = log(2-5) = loglO = 1 ...(i) Sol. LHS = logh+cq + logc_fcq
=> (Iog2 + log5)3 = 1
1 1
=--------------- 4------------------
=> (log2)3 + (log5)3 + 31og21og 5(log2 + log5) = I3 loga(c + b) loga(c - b)
loga(c + b) + loga(c - b)
loga(c + &)loga(c - b)
=> (log2)3 + (log5)3 + log23 log5(l) = 1 [from Eq. (i)] loga(c2 - b2)
(log2)3 + Iog81og5 + (Iog5)3 = 1 loga(c + i)-loga(c-fe)
logaa2
• Ex. 27 If Xlog3 5 = 81, find the value o/X(log3 5)2. [vc2-b2=fl2]
loga(c + h)-logfl(c-fr)
Sol. v Xlog35=81 21ogaq
. (Xlog35)log35 = (81)log35 loga(c + t)-logfl(c-/>)

—> 2_0°g3 5)2 _ logj 5 _ <jlog3 5 4

=________ 2________
= 54 = 625 logfl(c + t)Toga(c ~ fe)
• Ex. 28 Find the product of the positive roots of the = 21ogc+frq-logc_J,q = RHS
equation >/(2009)(x)log2°°9 x =x2.
• Ex. 31 Leta>0,c>0,b = y[ac\a,c andac*l,N>Q.
Sol. Given, 7(2009)(x)log20O’x = x2 Provethat !gg^=!2.g£^-|og^
Taking logarithm both sides on base 2009, then logc^ log/, ^-logc N
log2009 -7(2009) + log2009 x ■ log2009 x = l°g2009 X2 __ 1_ 1
loga N - logh N logNq 10gN
Sol. RHS
logbN - IogcN 1 1
logN b logN c
1 H
=> ~ + (l°g2009 x)2 = 21og2009 x [forx >0] (logN - logN Q) log^C
(logN c - logN b) logNa
(log2009 x)2 “ 21og2009 x + -=0
2 i ' b
10gN ~
If roots are X] and x2, then log2009 xi + I°g2oo9 *2=2 yq logaN_ logflN_T
.2 logc N logc N
=> log2009(xi*2) = 2 or XjX2 = (2009)' logN 7
to
• Ex. 29 Prove that log711 is greater than log 8 5. , - ,2 be
':b = y/ac=^b =ac=>- = -
So/, v 11 >5 a b
=> logll>log5 (i)
 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 329

• Ex. 32 lfax = b,by =c, cz =a, x = log/,a<ri,y=logc bk2, (b + c)lna + (c + a)lnb + (a + b)lnc = 0

J = l°ga ck\find the minimum value of3k} +6k2 +12/r3. In a6+c + In bc + 0 + lncfl+fr = 0

Sol.-.- a = cz=(by)z [vc = by] In {ai{,+e.bc+a-cfl+k} = 0

[vb = aI] ab*e-bc +fl.ca + = e =1 ...(0

= byz = (ax)yz = a
xyz = 1 Again, AM > GM
+fc
Also, xyz = logfr akl • loge bk2 • loga ck3
=>
ab+c + b'ff ->(a‘ .bc+a
■ Ca + fc)1/3

3
= fc1-fc2-fc3-log()a-logcb-logac
= (1)1,3 = 1 [from Eq. (i)]
1 = kj2fc3
AM>GM or ?+c + bc+fl -a+b >3
. 3fc| + 6/c2 + 12fc3
>(3fcr6fc2-12fc3)1/3 x
3 • Ex. 35 Simplify 5log1/5(1/2) 4
= (3-6-12-fc1fc2fc3).1/3
1 ^x/7 + 77 y
= (3-612)1/3 [•/ kf2k3 = 1] /
1
= (23-33)1/3 =6
J0 + 2V2l/
or 3fc] + 6k2 + 12/c3 > 18 '(2) _5log5(2) _2
>Ogl/5
Minimum value of 3^ + 6k2 + 12fc3 is 18. Sol. 5
/
' 4 4(77 -77)
• Ex. 33 lfx=l + loga bc,y =1 + log6 ca,z =1 + logc ab, log^ = logyi
.77 + ^ j77 + 77)(77 - 77)y
prove that xyz = xy +yz + zx.
logb + logc
= l°gy2(77 - fi)
Sol. ■; x = 1 + loga be = 1 + =1+
loga log a = log21/2(T7-^)*

loga + logb + logc

= _L log2(77 -J5)
loga 1/2

or
2_ loga
—(0
= log2( 77 - 77)z = log2(10 - 2721)
X loga + logb + logc f 1
and log1/2 = log2(10 + 2T2T)
1 logb JO + 2771
Similarly, — = -(ii)
y loga + logb + logc
Hence,
1 logc x /
and .-(iii) 5i"8.«0'0 + log7- 4 1
z loga + logb + logc + logi/2
F + Tu JO+ 2771,
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
= 2 + log2(10 - 2771) + log2( 10 + 2771)
1 1 1
-+-+-=1 = 2 + log2 {(10 - 2771) (10 + 2771)}
xyz
or xyz = xy + yz + zx = 2 + log2(100 - 84) = 2 + log2(2)4 =2+4=6

• Ex. 34 = prove that • Ex. 36 Find the square of the sum of the roots of the
(6-c) (c-a) (a-b) equation log2 x- log3 x- log5 x = log2 x- log3 x
b+c Lc+a „a+b + log3 X • log 5 X + log 5 X • log 2 X.
a • b • C := 1
Sol. Let log2 x = A, log3 x = B and log5 x = C, then the given
„b+c
Also, prove that a b+c + bc+a + cfl+b >3.
a equation can be written as
Sol. Since, a>0, b>0,c >0 ABC = AB+ BC + CA = ABC - + — + -
Ina Inb Inc {CAB
(b - c) (c - a) (a - b) ABC|- + — + — -ij = 0
(b + c)lna + (c + a)lnb + (a + b)lnc VA B C J
0
or A = 0, B = 0, C = 0, — + — + — -1 = 0
[using ratio and proportion] ABC
330 Textbook of Algebra

log2 x = 0, log3 x = 0, logs x = 0. logx 2 + logx 3 + logT 5 = 0 2a + -

21og23+log27 _____ c
x>0 x > 0, x # 1
2+ log25 + log27 , 1
2 + ab + -
or x = 2°, x = 3°, x = 5°,logx(2-3-5) = 0 c
[from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii)]
or x = 1, x = 1, x = 1, x = 30
2ac + 1
Roots are 1 and 30.
v2c + abc +1J
Hence, the required value
= (l + 30)2 =(31)2 =961
• Ex. 39 Show that the sum of the roots of the equation
x+1 = 2log2(2x +3) - 2 log4(1980 - 2-x) zslog211.
• Ex. 37 Given that log2 a = X,log4 h = X2 and
Sol. Given,
<_2l5
2 a b x + 1 = 21og2(2x + 3) - 21og4(1980 - 2"x)
logc2 (8) = , write log 2 as a function of
X3 +1 c4
7 = 21og2(2x -+- 3) - 21og22 (1980 - 2-x)1
(a, b, c > 0, c * 1).
Sol. log2 a = X => a = 2,X‘ = 21og2(2x + 3) - 2--log2(1980 - 2-x)
2
=> log 4 b = X2 = log2(2x + 3)2 — log2(1980 — 2-x)
= 4 2 = 22x2
b. _.X (2X + 3)2
= Iog2
2 1980 - 2"x
and logc2 (8) =
X3 +1
(2> + 3)2
or2’M
2 1980-2“x
“l°gc2 =
X3 + l
1980(2x + 1) - 2 = 22x + 9 + 6-2x
4
logc2 = => 22x - 3954-2X+ 11 = 0 •(>)
3(X3 + 1)
3(X3 + 1)
If xb x2 are the roots of Eq. (i), then
3(X3 + 1) 4 2X1-2X2 =11 or 2X| + X2 =11
or log2c = or c = 2
4 => Xj + x2 = log2ll
(a2b5>
log2 =log2(o2fe5c-4)
U’ • Ex. 40 Solve the following equations for x andy
. 1 ,
= log2{22X
2A,2 10A*2'-2-3(x3tl>
-210 . |. = -
logiool* + y 2,log
- 10 y -log10|x|. = log100 4.
}
= log2{2n*10l2-3(X’4,)} 1 I ! 1
Sol. logioo|x + y| = -
= 2X + 10X2 - 3(X3 + 1)
|x + y| = (100)1/2 = 10
■(>)

• Ex. 38 Given that log 2 3 = a, log3 5 = b, log7 2 = c, => |x + y| = 10

express the logarithm of the number 63 to the base 140 in and log10y - Iog10| x| = log100 4, y > 0
terms ofa, b and c. ( y A 2 2
Sol. v log2 3 = a —(i) logio r; =1%o22 =71o8io2
kW 10 2
il=log35 = ^ = ^
=3 [from Eq. (i)]
log23 a logio 77 =l°gio2 => ^7 = 2
UXU l*|
log25 = ab (ii)
=> y = 2|x| .(ii>
and log72 = c
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),we get
1
= c or log2 7 = - (iii) |x + 2|x|| = 10 ...(iii)
log27 c
Case I If x > 0, then |x| = x
= l°g2 63 _ l°g;(32x7) From Eq. (iii),
Now, l°gi40 63
log2140 Iog2(22x5x7)
|x + 2x| = 10
 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 331

=> 3|x| = 10 => |x| = y log(x - !)• 21og3x - —-------7=0

log3 x
10 20 log(x - l){2(log3 x)2 - 7 log3 x - 4} = 0
x = — ,y = — [from Eq. (ii)]
3 3 log(x-l)(log3x- 4) (21og3 x + 1) = 0
CaseII If x < 0, then |x| = - x
log(x - 1) = 0, log3 x = 4, log3 x = -
From Eq. (iii),
|x-2x| = 10 x - 1 = (10)°, x = 34, x = 3,-1/2
=> |-x| = 10 => |x| = 10 x - 1 = 1, x = 81, x = -L
-x = 10 V3
x = -10 1_
x = 2,81 v x > 2, /. x #
From Eq. (ii), y = 20
Ji
10 201I , -10,20 .
Hence, solutions are • Ex. 43 Find all real numbers x which satisfy the
3 3
equation 2 log 2 log 2 x + log 1/2 log 2 (241x) = 1.

• Ex. 41 Solve the following equation for x Sol. Given,

t
°flloga*logioa loga5 _ glogjotx/IO) _ glogioo *+ I°g4 2
21og2 log2 x + log1/2 log2(2>/2x) = 1
5 => 21og2log2x- log2 log2(2^x) = 1
=> 21og2 log2 x - log2 {logz(2>/2) + log2 x} = 1
So/.v --a togflX-logioalogflS _ <jlog10(x/10) _ 9>og 100* + log4 2
5 (3
=> 21og2 Iog2 x - log2 j- + Iog2 xj- = 1
2 - logic X + -
=> *.x-logio 5 _ 3(>ogl0 X - 1) _ 2 .2 2. [by property]
5 3
Let log2 x = X, then 21og2 X - log2 - + X = 1
3logl0 x .2
=> 6.5loeio* _ _3'ogiox+i [by property]
3
5 3 log2X2 - log2 - + X = 1
2
Let log]0 x = X, then

=> -•5X — = 3-3x X2 X2

-A_ = 2‘
5 3 10g2 3 i 3 3
-+X -+X
=> -•5X =3X 11 + 3 = l?-3l 2 2
5 3 3 => X2 = 3 + 2X => X2 - 2X - 3 = 0
5X“2 = 3X"2 which is possible only, where X = 2. (X-3)(X + l) = 0
X = 3, -1
logi0 x = 2 or log2 x = 3, -1
x = 102 = 100 x = 23,2“’

x = 8,- (i)
• Ex. 42 Find the value ofx satisfying the equation 2
J
|x-1|lOg3X ’2l0g*9 =(X-1)7. But the given equation is valid only when,
Sol. The given equation is, x > 0,2 fix > 0, log2 x > 0, log2(2V2x) > 0

|x _ 1|1°g3*2-21ogI => x > 0, x > 0, x > 1, x > -4=

9=(x-l)7
2V2
This equation is defined for
Hence,x > 1
x2 > 0, x > 0, x # 1 and x - 1 > 1
From Eq. (i), the solution of the given equation is x = 8.
=> x > 2, then Eq. (i) reduces to
(x-l)10g3x2-210g'9=(x-l)7 • Ex. 44 Solve for x,
log 3/4 Iog8(*2 +7) + log i/2 logi/4(*2 +7) 1 ="2.
Taking log on both sides, then
(log3 x2 - 21ogx9)log(x - 1) = 7log(x - 1) Sol. Given,
=> log(x - l){log3 x2 - 21ogx9 - 7} = 0 log3/4 logs (x2 + 7)+log1/2 log1/4 (xz+7)"‘= -2
332 Textbook of Algebra

=>log3/4 log23 (x2 + 7)+ log2 log, (x2 +7)~l = -2 /

logab + -*- +2] 7l10ga&l ++ 7iiog1 afr| f
fl 2(*-2 +7»-log
=> log3/J-log 1 2 fl-log2(x2 + 7) =-2 logqfr
3 ■■ J [2 4 2

log2(x2 + 7) = 6X 7 7
Let ...(i)
/
Then, logs/4(2X) - log2(3X) - -2 1 1
= ; i/|logab| +
log2(2X) 2V i/i^gJiJ
- log2(3X) = - 2
log2(3/4) and yllogfl I a) + logb ^/(a/TJ
-(log, 3+ log2X) = -2
log23- log24 11. (b] 1.
1 faa
= J-Ioga " +?MZ
1 + log,j. 3 + lo^ = 2 V4 \a J 4 lbb
log23-2
= -(logfl&-l + logfrfl-1)
Again, let log2 X = A and log23 = B, then V4
1+A ..
——-(B +A) = -2 loga& + —----- 2
B—2 logqk
1 + A - B2 - AB + 2B + 2A = -2B + 4 4

A(3-B)=B2 -4B + 3 = (B-l)(B-3) 1___

A =-(B-l)
Vllogqfrl
2
[v B - 3 0, i.e. log2 3*3]
-Jlog^Vab + logb Vab - -Jlogfl tfbTa + logb I b)
A + B = 1 => log2 X + log2 3 = 1
log2(3X) = 1 P (say)
3X = 2 1___ 1___
= i. VihiJi + l/|l°ga^l "
3--log2(x2 + 7) = 2 [from Eq. (i)] Li
7llog«fei 7ilog^i
6
Case I If b > a > 1, then
log2(x2 +7) = 4
_1___
=> x22 +7 = 24 = 16 or x2 = 9 P^JifogJi + 7iS&Ji1___
Lt
TfiogJi
x = ±3
1
= —7
7lo&ifc
• Ex. 45 Prove that
(^oga^fab +logb %ab - ^/loga ^bla + log/, ^a7b) y]loga b 2P^oe“ b = 21 = 2
2
2,b>a>l Case II If 1 < b < a, then
[2logah,1<6<a 1 i
p=i bib£ti+ l/l logo
Sol. Since, JlogflVab + log^Vob = , -loga(ab) + -log/,(afc)
u
Vllog^i
V4 4
= 7ilog«fcl
= J-(l + logab + logba + l)
. 2P^°^a b — 2loga b
V4
" Logarithms and Their Properties Exercise 1:
" Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 20 multiple choice questions. 11. If log0 3(* “ 1)< l°go.O9(x “ 1). then x lies in the interval
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of
(a) (-«>, 1)
which ONLY ONE is correct
(b) (l,2)
1. If log10 2= 0.3010..., the number of digits in the number (c) (2, «>)
2OOO2000 is (d) None of the above
(a) 6601 (b) 6602 (c) 6603 (d) 6604 12. The value of a* -by is (where x = ^/loga b and
2. There exist a positive number X, such that y = <yiogb a, a > 0, b > 0 and a, b * 1)
log2 x + log4 x + log8 x = logx x> f°r positive real (a) 1 (b) 2
numbers x. (c) 0 (d) -1
If 1 = Va, where a, be N, the smallest possible value of
(a + b) is equal to 13. If x = 1 + loga be, y = 1 + logf, ca, z = 1 + logc ab, then
(a) 12 (b) 63 (c) 65 (d) 75 ------ — is equal to
3. If a, band c are the three real solutions of the equation xy + yz + zx
(a) 0---------- (b) 1
x log|Q x + logu, x’ + 3 _2
(c)-l (d)2
1 1
lo&(lo&N)
H -1 14. The value of a
logfcd
is
where, a > b > c, then a,b,c are in (a) loga N (b) logHV
(a) AP (b) GP (c) log,v a (d) logyb
(c) HP (d) a'1 + b =C
15. The value of 49 A + 5B, where A = 1 - Iog7 2 and
n-1 100
4. If /(n) = I] log, (i + 1), the value of V f(2k) equals B = -log5 4 is
i=2 k=i (a) 10.5 (b) 11.5
(a) 5010 (b) 5050 (c) 5100 (d) 5049 (c) 12.5 (d) 13.5

5. If log 3 27 • log x 7 = log 27 x ■ log 7 3, the least value of x, is 16. The number of real values of the parameter X for which
(a)7’3 (b) 3-7 (c)73 (d)37 (logI6 x)2 - log16 x + log16 X =0 with real coefficients

6. If x = log 5 (1000) and y = log 7 (2058), then will have exactly one solution is
(a) 1 (b) 2
(a) x > y (b) x < y (c) 3 (d) 4
(c) x = y (d) None of these
17. The number of roots of the equation xlog'<x + 3) = 16 is
1. If log5120 + (x - 3) - 2 log 5 (1 - 5X-3)
(a) 1 (b) 0
= — logs(0.2 — 5X~4). then x is (c) 2 (d) 4
‘ (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
18. The point on the graph y = log2 log6 {2V(2x+1) + 4},
8. Ifx„ > xn_j > ...> x2 > Xj > 1, the value of
whose ^coordinate is 1 is
y. ^n-1 (a) (1,1) (b) (6,1)
logx, logx, logXj...logXfl is
(c)(8,l) (d)(12,l)
(a)0 (b) l
(c)2 (d) undefined 19. Given, log 2 = 0.301 and log 3 = 0.477, then the number of
x(y + z-- x) _ y(z + x-y) _ z(x + y -z) digits before decimal in 312 x 28 is
9. If
logx logy logz (a) 7 (b) 8
thenxyyx =z yyz is equal to (c)9 (d)ll

(a)zxxz (b)x2y (c) xyy2 (d)xxyy 20. The number of solution(s) for the equation
i i 2 logx a + logax a + 3 loga:x a = 0, is
! 1 - log, x
10. Ify = a and z = a1"loga y, then x is equal to
(a) one (b) two
j__ i i i
(c) three (d) four
(a)Q1 + ,0g‘2 (b)n 2+I°8-2 irln
(c)a’’-
-|01068«
-21 (d)a2"log-‘’
334 Textbook of Algebra

g Logarithms and Their Properties Exercise 2:

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
■ This section contains 9 multiple choice questions. Each 26. If logu x = a, logb x = P, logc x = y and logd x = 8, x * 1
question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which and a, b, c, d 0, > 1, then logaW x equals
MORE THAN ONE may be correct. a +P+Y+8 a+p+y+a
21. Ifx(,oejX): “6!°Bjx + 11 = 64, then x is equal to 16 16
1 1
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8 (c) (d)
a~‘ + p-1 + y"1 + 8-1 ' aPyS
22. If logx. xlog5 X = logx 5, X * 1, X >0, then x is equal to
27. If log10 5 = a and logw 3 = b, then
(a) X (b) 5 (c) | (d) None of these
(a + b)
(a) log108 =3(1-a) (b)log4015 =
(3-2a)
23. If S = {x: ^\ogx fix, where log3 x > -1}, then 1 -a
(c) log243 3 2 = ~~b~ (d) All of these
(a) 5 is a finite set (b) S G 4>
1 28. If x is a positive number different from 1, such that
(c) S c(0, «>) (d) S properly contains | 00 |
3 loga x, logb x and logc x are in AP, then
(a)l°gt = 2n(l°g°)(,l0gC> (b)t = ^
24. If x satisfies log2(9 + 7) = 2 + log2(3 +1), then (log a + log c) 2
(a) x G Q (c)b = f^ (d)c2=(ac)Iog-b
(b) x G N
(c) x g{x g Q: x < 0} 29. If | a | < | h |, £> — a< 1 and a, b are the real roots of the
(d) x G Ne (set of even natural numbers) equation x2 -1 a | x -1P | = 0, the equation

25. logplogp , p > 0 and p * 1 is equal to log|b| “ -1=0has

a
n times (a) one root lying in interval (-«>, a)
(a)n (b) -n (b) one root lying in interval (b, «>)
(c) one positive root
(c)- (d) logI/p(pn)
n (d) one negative root

§ Logarithms and Their Properties Exercise 3:

u Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 4 passages. Based upon each of the 32. If Qj = 6, a2 = 4 and a3 = 3, the difference of largest and
passage 3 multiple choice questions have to be smallest integral values of N, is
answered. Each of these questions has four choices (a), (b),
(a) 2 (b) 8
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. (c) 14 (d) 20

Passage I Passage II
(Q. Nos. 30 to 32) (Q. Nos. 33 to 35)
Let log2 N = aj + b\, log3 N = a2 + b2 and Let ‘S' denotes the antilog of 0.5 to the base 256 and 'K'
log5 N = a3 + b3, where a}, a2, a3el and denotes the number of digits in 610 (given
b], b2, b3 e [0,1). logI0 2 = 0.301, log10 3 = 0.477) and G denotes the number of
30. If ax = 5 and a2 = 3, the number of integral values of N is positive integers, which have the characteristic 2, when the
base of logarithm is 3.
(a) 16 (b) 32 (c) 48 (d) 64
31. If ax = 6, a2 = 4 and a3 = 3, the largest integral value of 33. The value of G is
(a) 18 (b) 24 (c) 30 (d) 36
Nis
(a) 124 (b) 63 34. The value of KG is
(c) 624 (d) 127 (a) 72 (b) 144 (c) 216 (d) 288
 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 335

35. The value of SKG is Passage IV (Q. Nos. 39 to 41)

(a) 1440 (b)17280 Let G, O, E and L be positive real numbers such that
(c) 2016 (d) 2304
log (G-L) + log (G-E)= 3,log (EL) + log (£O) = 4,
Passage III log (OG)+ log (OL)= 5 (base of the log is 10).
(Q. Nos. 36 to 38) 39. If the value of the product (GOEL) is X, the value of
Suppose V' denotes the number of digits in the number ^logXTlogX^logX.'. is
(6O)100 and 'M' denotes the number of cyphers after decimal,
before a significant figure comes in (8)-296. If the fraction (a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 7
UIM is expressed as rational number in the lowest term as p/q
(given log I0 2 = 0.301 and log 10 3 = 0.477 ) 40. If the minimum value of 3G + 2L + 20 + E is 2^3g5v,
36. The value of p is where X, |1 and V are whole numbers, the value of
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c)3 (d)4 £(X^+gx)is
37. The value of q is (a) 7 (b)13
(c) 19 (d) None of these
(a) 5 (b)2
(c)3 (d) 4 fG^ j are the roots of the equation
41. If log — and log
38. The equation whose roots are p and q, is
(a)x2-3x + 2 = 0 (b)xz-5x + 6 = 0 (a) x2 + x = 0 (b) x2 - x = 0
(c) x2-7x + 12 = 0 (d) x2 - 9x + 20 = 0 (c) x2 - 2x + 3 = 0 (d) x2 - 1 = 0

0 Logarithms and Their Properties Exercise 4:

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 questions. The answer to each
question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9
(both inclusive). 46. If x > 2 is a solution of the equation
|log^ x - 2| +1 log3 x - 2| = 2, then the value of x is
42. If x, y g R+ and log10 (2x) + log10 y = 2 and
47. Number of integers satisfying the inequality
logio x2 ~ log10(2y) = 4 and x + y = —, where m and n
n log2 Vx -21og2/4 x +1 > 0, is
are relative prime, the value of m - 3n6 is
48. The value of b(> 0) for which the equation
43. A line x = X intersects the graph of y = log5 x and
21ogl/25(hx + 28) = -log5(12 - 4x - x2 )has coincident
y = log5(x + 4). The distance between the points of
intersection is 0.5. Given X = a + Jb, where a and b are roots, is
integers, the value of (a + b) is 2 _ 3 loggias -4 .
49. The value of — is
y4 2 _g
44. If the left hand side of the equation
a(b-c)x2 + b(c - a)xy + c(a - b)y2 = 0 is a perfect 50. If X! and x2 (x2 > Xj) are the integral solutions of the
square, the value of equation
2
log(a + c) + log (a - 2b + c) (log5 x)2 +log5x 1, the value of | x2 -4x 11 is
■ ,(a, b, c g R + , a> c) is
log(a-c)

45. Number of integers satisfying the inequality 51 Ifx = logx a = loga b = - log b c and
2
/ JX + 2I logx c = nx n+1, the value of n is
>9 is
336 Textbook of Algebra

g Logarithms and Their Properties Exercise 5:

“ Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 3 questions. Questions 52 to 54 have four statements (A, B, C and D) given in Column I and four
statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct matching with one or more
statement(s) given in Column II.

52. Column I Column II Column I i Column II

log:<243 (p) positive integer (D) If (52.6)fl = (0.00526)fc = 100, the value of |(s) 4
(A)
log2x/32 1 1 .
------- is
a b
2 log 6 (q) | negative integer
(B)
(log 12+ log 3)
54. Column I i Column II
1 (r) rational but not
(C) log)/3l
9 I
integer
(A) If logI/x- 2(x-2)
• > 1, then x can
j(p)
logs 16 - logs 4 (x+l)(x-5) I
(D) (s) prime
log5128 belongs to
3
(B) If log j x - log3 x < - log(1/2 72) 4, then x (q) (1,21
53. Column I Column II
(A) The expression -JlogosS has the value (p) i
J can belongs to I I
equal to (C) ; If log)/2(4 - x) > log1/22 - log1/2(x -1), i (r) [3,4)
i then x belongs to
(B) The value of the expression (q) 2
(logio2)3 + logi08 ■ log105 + (Iog105)3 + 3, is (D) i Let a and p are the roots of the quadratic (s) (3,8)
I equation I
(C) Let N = log215 • logj/62 - log3[ - The |w
i
|
3 , (X2 -3X + 4)x2 - 4(2X - l)x +16 = 0,
i if a and P satisfy the condition P > 1 > a, .
value of [N] is (where [■] denotes the i
greatest integer function) _L_ then p can lie in

H Logarithms and Their Properties Exercise 6:

“ Statement I and II Type Questions
■ Directions Question numbers 55 to 60 are Assertion- Statement-2 alo&*N = N, where a > 0, a * 1 and N> 0.
Reason type questions. Each of these questions contains
two statements: 57. Statement-1
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason)
Each of these questions also has four alternative choices,
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select „i I 1
7 log < 4 log - => 7<4
the correct choice as given below. A3
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is a correct explanation for Statement-1
58. Statement-1 The equation xlogx(1-x)' = 9 has two
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 distinct real solutions.
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false Statement-2 aloga b = b, when a > 0, a 1, b > 0.
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
59. Statement-1 The equation (log x)2 +logx2 — 3 = 0 has
55. Statement-1 log10 x< log3 x< loge x< log2 x two distinct solutions.
(x>0, x # 1). Statement-2 logx2 =21ogx.
Statement-2 If0< x< 1, then logxa> logxb=>0<a< b.
60. Statement-1 logx 31ogx /9 3 = log81(3)has a solution.
56. Statement-1 The equation 7log7<* +1) -x2 =1 has two
Statement-2 Change of base in logarithms is possible.
distinct real roots.
 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 337

“ Logarithms and Their Properties Exercise 7:

Subjective Type Questions
1 In this section, there are 27 subjective questions. 69. Find a rational number, which is 50 times its own
6f, (i) If log712 = a, log]2 24 = b, then find value of log54 168 in logarithm to the base 10.
terms of a and b. 70. Find the value of the expression
(ii) If log34 = a, log53 = b, then find the value of log310 in 2 3
terms of a and b. ------------------ 4--------------------- .
log4(2000)6 log5 (2000)6
g2 Ina _ lni> _ Inc
prove the following. 71. Find the value of x satisfying
b-c c-a a-b
loga {1 + l°gb {i + logc (1 + logp X)}} = 0.
(i) abc = 1
(ii) attbb-cc = l 72. Find the value
73. Solve the following inequations.
(iii) ab'+bc+cl'b'|c2 + ca + fl2 + +
(i) log(2x+3) x* < 1
(iv) a + b + c > 3
(ii) log2x(x2 - 5x 4- 6) < 1
(v) aa + bb + cc £ 3
(vi) ah’ + tc+eJ + y^ + ca + a1 i2 + ab + b2 >
(iii) log 2(2 - x) < log1/2(x 4-1)
(iv) logr2(x 4- 2) < 1
31ob> < 3iog>(x-6) + 3
63. Prove that log10 2 lies between - and — •
3 4 (vi) log]/2( 3x - I)2 < log] ,2(x 4- 5)2
64. If log 2 = 0.301 and log 3 = 0.477, find the number of (vii) log10 x 4- 2 < Iog20 x
integers in (viii) log]0(x2 - 2x - 2) < 0
(i) 5200 (ii) 620
( 3^
(iii) the number of zeroes after the decimal is 3-500. (be) logx 2x-- >2
\ 4/
65. If log 2 = 0.301 and log 3 = 0.477, find the value of (x) logI/3x<log1/2x
log (3.375). (xi) log2x+ 3 x2 < log2xT 3(2x 4- 3)
66. Find the least value of log 2 x - log x (0.125) for x> 1. 2 5
(xii) log2x4- 31ogzx > -log4^16
67. Without using the tables, prove that
(xiii) (x2 4- x 4- l)x < 1
1 4----------
-------- 1 > 2. (’hv)log()x.t,)2<l
log3 Tt log4 n
68. Solve the following equations. (xv) x(log” x)‘" 3log,“ x +1 > 1000

(i) x1+logloX = 10x (xvi) log4 {14 4- log6(x2 - 64)} < 2

(ii) log2(9 + 2X) = 3 (xvii) log2(9 - 2X) < I0logl«(3-X)
(iii) 2-xlog‘3 4-3log‘x =27 2x4-3
(xviii) loga > Ofor
x
(iv) log4iog3log2x = 0
(a) a > 1, (b) 0 < a < 1
t°gi<» x+ 5
(v) X ’ - io5+log,0 x (xix) 1 4- log2(x - 1) < logx_ 14
(xx) log5x+4(x2) < log5x+4(2x 4-3)
(vi) k>g3l log9x 4-- 4-9X = 2x
\2 J 74. Solve 7log* (ax)1/5 4-loga(ax)1/5
(vu) 4log,o x+1 _6log10 ' -2-3log|°x’ + 2 = 0 T7s 1/5
I i I <2
log,o(x-3) 1 +A loga I + logx - = a.
(viii)
log10(x2-21) 2
75. It is known that x = 9 is root of the equation,
(ix) x10g2X+4 =32
8ax
logn(x2 + 15a2) - logit (a-2) = logn
(x) logfl x = x, where a = x log4 X a-2
(») + cosx)=2 find the other roots of this equation.
338 Textbook of Algebra

76. Solve log4(log3 x) + log 1/4(log1/3 y) = 0and 83. Find the solution set of the inequality
9
2 2 21og1/4(x + 5)>-logj_(9)4-log^5j (2).
x +y = —
4 4 3J3

77. Find the real value(s) of x satisfying the equation 84. Solve log3(Vx + |5/x~-l|) = log9(4Vx- 3 + 4|Vx-1|)l
log2x(4x) + log 4x (16x) = 4.
85. In the inequality
78. Find the sum and product of all possible values of x 2
( x5>i
which makes the following statement true (log2 x)4 - log1/2 — -201og2 x + 148<0
( 4^
log6 54 + logx 16 = log72 x-log36l- I.
I 4/
holds true in (a, b), where a, be. N. Find the value of
ab(a + b).
79. Solve the equation
-log4(x + 2)3 +3 = log4(4 - x)3 + log4(x + 6)3. 86. Find the value of x satisfying the equation
2 V(log3 tfSx + logx V3x)-log3 x 3
(11
80. Solve log2 (4X+1 + 4)-log2(4x +l) = log1/V2 7
'8
\V8. + Iog3 + logx log3 x3 =2.
81. Solve the system of equations 2^+y^ = 256 and
87. If P is the number of natural numbers whose logarithm
log™ - log10 1. to the base 10 have the characteristic P and Q is the
number of natural numbers reciprocals of whose 3
82. Solve the system of equations logarithms to the base 10 have the characteristic - q,
log2 y = log4(xy-2), log9 x2 + log3(x-y) = 1. show that logio P - log10 Q = p - q +1.

g Logarithms and Their Properties Exercise 8:

Questions Asked in Previous 13 Year's Exam
a* Ji .htj.uh-1 i- ■ t. - /■ir jj ij r 11ii-~ 1. _-r» .1 inn—- 11^. *~ir

■ This section contains questions asked in IIT-JEE, 90. The value of

AIEEE, JEE Main & JEE Advanced from year 2005 to /
1 4--L 4-^ I 4-----1F... is
■
year 2017. 6 + log3/2
3>/2 3V2 3V2 3V2
88. Let a = log 3 log 3 2 and an integer k satisfying \ /
[IIT-JEE 2012,4M]
l<2('fc+3 a) < 2, then k equals to [IIT-JEE 2008,1.5M]
(a) 0 (b) 1 91. If 3X = 4X \ then x equals [JEE Advanced 2013,3M]
(c) 2 . (d) 3 2log32 2
(a) (b)
89. Let(x0,y0)be solution of the following equations 21og3 2 - 1 2-log23
(2x)ln2 =(3y)h13 and3lnx =2lny,thenx0 is 1
(c) (d) 21.°-fe3-
[IIT-JEE 2011.3M] l-log43 21og23-l
(b)l
(c4 (d)6
 Answers
Exercise for Session 1 69. 100 70.1 71. 1 72.9
6
l.(a) 2.(b) 3. (b) 4.(b) 5. (b)
73. (i)xe --,3 u{-l,0}(ii)xe 0,1 U (1, 2) u (3, 6)
V 2 J 1 2
Exercise for Session 2 1 + ~f5 2
l.(b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5.(c) (iii)xe
k ’ 2 2
Exercise for Session 3 (iv)xe (-2,1) u (2,00)~ {-1,0} (v)x>6
l.(c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) (vi) x e (- oo, - 5) u (- 5, -1) o (3, °°)
(vii) xe(0,10’1] u[102,oo)
Chapter Exercises (viii)xe[-l, 1-V3)u(l+V3,3]
l.(c) 2.(d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) (x)xe (0,1)
7-(a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c) H. (c) 12. (c)
13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (d) (xii)xefo,— o[2,«)
(xi)xe | — 1 J vj (-1, 3)
19.(c) 20. (b) \ 2 J \ 16.
21. (a, b, d) 22. (b, c) 23. (c, d) 24. (a, b) 25. (b, d) (xiii)xe (- oo, - 1) (xiv) xe (- - 1) u (1, oo)
26. (a, c) 27. (a, b, c, d) 28. (a, d) 29. (c, d) (xv)xe (1000, oo) (xvi)xe(- 10, - 8) u (8,10]
30.(b) 31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (d) (xvii) x e (- oo, 0]
36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (a) 41. (d) 3
(xviii) (a) xe (- oo, - 3] u (0, oo) (b)xe | -3,
42.(9) 43. (6) 44. (4) 45. (3) 46.(9) 47. (3) 2)
48.(4) 49. (7) 50.(1) 51.(2) (xx)xe ^-|,-lju[-l,0)u(0,3]
52. (A) -> (p, s), (B) -> (p), (C) -4 (q), (D) -> (r) (xix)xe (2, 3]
53. (A) -4 (r), (B) -4 (s), (C) -4 (q), (D) -4 (q)
74.x = a*'5,i 75.x =15 fora = 3
54. (A) -4 (q), (B) -4 (p), (C) -4 (q, r), (D) -4 (s)
55. (d) 56. (d) 57. (d) 58. (d) 59. (c) 60. (d) 1 0
76. x = 2 or -, y = — or 2
61. (j)-^?-1 (jj)fab6 + -2 64. (i) 140 (ii)16 (iii) 238 65. 0.528 2 2
(ii) 9
a (8 - 5b) 2b 77. x = 1, 2 78. Sum = Product = 2
2
- 1 (ii)xe 0
68.(1)10,-^
66.2V3 80.x= 0 81. (9, 25) and (25, 9)
10 79. x = 2
(iii) x= 16 (iv)x=8 (v) {10~5,103}' 83. xe (-5,-4) u (-3,-1)
82. x= 3, y= 2
(vii) x = -1- (viii) x = 5 (ix) x = 2 or —1 25
(vi)x = - 84. x = — 85.3456 86.X€(1,3] 88. (b)
3 100 32 64
(x).r = 2 (xi)x=^ 89. (c) 90. (4) 91. (a. b, c)
3
Solutions 4. /w=n
/(2t) = k
100
1=2

Then, £ f(2k) = £ k =
k=i
log (i + 1) _ log(n)

.w
log(i)

100

k=l
fc=1
log(2)

10Q.(100 + 1)
2
log2n

= 5050

1 log102 = 03010
2000 5. log327-logx7 = log27x-log73 ...(•)
Let y =2000
Eq. (i) valid for x > 0, x * 1
logio y = 2000 log,o 2000 = 2000 x (log10 2 + 3)
On solving Eq. (i),
= 2000x33010 = 6602
So, the number of digits in 2OOO2000 = 6602 + 1 = 6603. log 3(33) • logx7 = log3 x- log73

2. v X > 0 and X * 1 and x > 0 => 9-logx7 = log7x

log, X + log4 X + logs X = logx X => 9 = (log7x)2

=> log2x +-log, x+-log2x = logxX log7x = ±3

=> x = 73 or x = 7“3
111
=> — log2x = logxx
6 Then, the least value of x is — i.e., 7-3.
73
11 11
6. v x = log5(53 X8) = 3 + log58
6 log, 2 log.rX
=> x-3 = log58
=> lllogxX-61ogx2 =0
fxn) = 0 X"
and y = log7(73 x6) = 3 + log76
=> logx
kJ =$ — - 1
26 => y-3 = log76
8 > 6 and 7 > 5
...(ii)

X"=26 => X = 26/n

=> Iog8 > log6 and log7 > log5
X = (26)1/u ...(i)
or (Iog8)(log7) >(log6) (log5)
Given that, X = Va and a,beN
=> logs8>log76
i
=> x-3 >y-3 [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
=> X = cJ -(ii)
x>y
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 7. v log5120 + (x-3)-21og5(l -5x-3) =-log5(0.2-5x-<)
a=2,66 and b = ll
log5(5x24)+(x-3)
a + b =64 + 11 =75 1-5'-’)
3 xlog,20 x + lo8io x’ + 3 _ 2 = log5(1 -5X-3)2 - logs
5
1 1_____
7x +1 +i => 1+ log524 + (x-3) = logs {5 (1 -5X’3)}
Given, a, b and c are real solution Eq. (i) and a > b > c and for => l + logs(24.5x-3) = l + logs(l-5x-3)
Eq. (i) to be defined x > 0, x > -1 => x>0 from Eq. (i), 24- 5x" 3 = 1 -5X-3
xlog)20x+ 31og,0 x+ 3 _ 2x
25- 5x"3 = l
2
On taking logarithm both sides on base 10, then 5x-*=5°
(logfo x + 3 log 10 x + 3) logio x = logjo x x-l = 0=>x = l
8. Given, x„ > xn _j > ••■ > x2 > x, >1
=> (logfo x + 3 log10 x + 2) log10 x = 0
=>(Iog10x + l)(log10x + 2)log,0x = 0 logx, logx2 logxj -logxn Xn""1
.XI
logio x =-2,-1, 0 xn-f
= 10gx, 10gx2 10gx3 ‘ • • 10g X„.
x = 10'2,10"1,10'.0 = logXj x, = 1 (v logaa = l)
x = -L,l.l 9. Let
x(y + z - x) _ y(z + x - y) _z(x + y-z)_l
100 10 logx logy logz n
So, a,b,c can take values a = 1, b = —, c = — (v a > b > c) Then,, logx = nx(y + z — x) ...(i)
10 100
logy =ny(z + x-y) ...(ii)
a, b, c e GP
and logz = nz(x + y - z) ,..(iii)
 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 341

logj,(logl, N)
ylogx + xlogy = y logz + zlogy
= flloga(^V) = logfcN
14. a l^a
= zlogx + xlogz
log(xy-yx) = log(yz -zy) = log(xz-zx) 15. 49X + 5S=?

=>
A = 1 log 7 2
x-■y.yx=yz.zy = ZX-Xz
1
A = log77-log72
10.7 y=a1"lo^x 7 7
A = log7- => 7A = - => 49* = —
1 2 2 4
=> logay = ...(i)
1 - loga x and B = -log54 = log5|- «5«-i
1 \ 4, 4
and z = a1-loRa>’
49A + 5B = — + - = — = 125
1 4 4 4
or logflz = (ii)
1 -logay 16. (log16 x)2 - log16 x + IogI6 X = 0 (0
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get f iV
1 i
1_____ Eq. (i) defined for x > 0, X > 0 log]6 x — — + log16 X = 0
logaz =---- = 1----- — \ 2
2y 4
1___ logax For exactly one solution,
1-
I1 -logoX log16x-| = 0
1 1
=> = (1 -logflz)=>logflx =
logax (l-10gflz) 1 1 1
-7+ l°gi6X = 0
1 4 4
x = a*"lo6<,z or X = (16)1/4 = 2
11. log03(x-l)<log009(x-l) -(i) xiog,(x+3)2 =16
77. —(i)
Eq. (i) defined for x > 1, ••■(ii)
From Eq. (i), x > 0 and x /1 ...(ii)
=> logo.3(x-l)-log(03)2(x-l)<0 By Eq. (i), (x + 3)2 = 16
=> !ogo.3(x -1) - I logo.3(x -1) < 0
=> x + 3 = ±4
=> x = l or x = -7
=> |log0.3(* " 1) < 0
From Eq. (ii), no values of x satisfy Eq. (i).
Number of values of x satisfy Eq. (i)
logo.3(x -1) < 0
(x-1) >(03)° Number of roots = 0
18. Given, y = log2 log6(2^2r + 1 + 4) -(i)
[•/ base of log is lie in (0,1)]
=> x>2 -(iii) From Eq. (i) to be defined,
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get 2x + 1 > 0 => x>-- -(ii)
x>2 => xg(2, °o) 2
12. ax We find value of x for which y = 1
_ ^o&ab-ylloiabyllo^a _al°&i*7log|>a =by/\ogba _^y 1 = log 2 log 6 (2+ 4)
a1 — by = 0 => log6(2 + 4) = 2
13. 7 x= 1 + loga be - loga a + logfl be = loga(abc)
2' x * + 4=36
1 , 2V2x+1 _
- = logafc a —(i) 32 = 25 =>>/2x+ 1 =5
x
1 , , ’ 2x+ 1 = 25 => x = 12
Similarly, - = logflhcb •••(ii)
y So, required point is (12,1).

and 19. Given that, log2 = 0301

- = logai)Cc ...(iii)
z log3 = 0.477
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get Let y =312 x28
111,
- + - + - = iogabcabc = 1 logy = 12 log3 + 81og2
x y z
xy + yz + zx = 12 X (0.477) + 8(0301) = 8.132
=> = 1 or---------------- = 1
xy + yz + zx So, number of digits before decimal in 312x28 = 8 + 1= 9
342 Textbook of Algebra

20. Given, equation 2 logx a + logaxa + Slog^a = 0 ...(i) (3X-1 — 3) (3X —1 -l) = 0
2 1 3 x-l=lorx-l = 0
=> ------ + --------- +----------- =o -(H)
logax 1 + loga X 2 + loga x => x = 2 or x = 1
Let loga x = t 25. y = iogpiogp(^---Vp) [p > 0, p #1]
Then, Eq. (ii). n times
2 1 3
- +---- +----- =o => 6r + in + 4 = o
.2
i
t 1 +1 2 + t
= !og/>' Iogp(^-"VP )P ’ = log liog
4 1 p
t = — or — (n — I) times (n -1) times
3 2
So, x = a"473 or x = a -1/2
Two value of x possible for which Eq. (i) is defined and satisfy. = logp ~-i°g,0-4p)
21. Decimal on x > 0 and x # 1. (n - 2) times
/ >
Taking logarithm on both sides on base 2, we get 1
= logp — = -n, log1/ppn = -n
{(log2x)2 -61og2x+ ll}log2x = 6
Let log2x = t 26. logfl x = a, logb x = p, logc x = y, logrf x = 8
Z3 -6£2 4- lit — 6 = 0 => logxa = a-1 •••(>)
(f-l)(t-2)(t-3) = 0 => £ = 1,2,3 logxh = P-1 ..-(ii)
log2x = 1,2,3
logxc = Y-1 ...(iii)
x = 2,2z,23
logxd = 8”1 ...(iv)
22. logxx-log5X = logx5 -(i)
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get
X * 1, k > 0 and x > 0, x # 1
1 , l n 1 1 1 1
log5x = logx5 => (log5x)2 = l logx(abcd) = - + - + - + - ..(v)
a P y 8
=> log5x = ± 1 => x = 51 and 5 _____ 1_
legated
, 1 a + P-1 + Y + 8
x = 5 and -
5 For a, P, y, 8
23. S = {x: ^/logx VTx : log3 x > -1} a + p + y + 8 a______4
AM>HM=> -____
log3x>-l 4 a-1 + P"1 + y 1 + 8
1
or
1 <a + p + y + 8
=> x> — (i)
3 a-1 + P'1 + y + 6’1 16
Let y = ^logxA^x, x * 1 a+P+ y+ 8
or logflW x < [from Eq. (v)]
To be defined y, 3x > 0 => x > 0 •(ii) 16
and logxV3x>0 (iii) 27. v log105 = aand log103 = b (i)

From Eqs. (i) and (iii), 10

log102 = log10 =1 -a ...(ii)
5
for
Option (a)
log108 =31og102 = 3(1-a) [from Eq. (ii)]
3x < 1 x<-
3 Option (b) lOg4015 = ^ = -lo^(V-3)-
No solution for this case. log1040 log10(23x5)
Now, for x > 1, from Eq. (iii), VTx >1 => x > i _ log105 + logip3
log1023 + log105

24. Given equation, a+b _ (a + b)

3(l-a) + a ” (3 - 2a)
log2(9x’,+7)=2 + log2(3x“1 + l) .
{g2^-1) + 7} Option (c) log243 3 2 = log 5 25 = -log52 =
Iog2 =2 3 5 logI02
3(x-i) + j

_ 1 -a
32(x-1) + 7 = 4-{3(x-1) + 1} [from Eqs. (i) and (iii)
a
=> {3(x-,)
'•}}2 - 4-3(x-1) + 3 = 0 Hence, all options are correct.
 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 343

28. •: x > 0 and x * 1 Sol. (Q. Nos. 33 to 35)

Given, loga x, logt x and logc x are in AP. 5 = Antilog of (0.5) to the base 256
=> 21ogb x = loga x + logcx 10g 256 5 = 05
2 log* = ]ogxlogx S=(256)os = (28)1/2
=>
logb loga logc 5 = 2*
2 1 1 log x * 0 5 = 16 (i)
=> ----- = +
logb--- loga---- logc X*1 K = Number of digits in 610
_ 2(loga) (logc) [V log102 = 0301, logI03 = 0.477]
=> logb
(loga + logc) Let a = 6‘°
logb _ 21ogc loga = 10 logI06= 10(0301 + 0.477)
Also,
loga loga + logc = 10(0.778)
logc2 log(610) =7.78
=> logafe = log(flc)c2
log(ac) So, x = 7 + 1, x = 8
c2=(ac)loeafr Number of positive integers which have characteristic 2, when the
base of logarithm is 3
29. |a|<|b|, b-a <1
= 32+1 -32 = 18
a, b e x2-|a| x-|P| = 0 (i)
G = 18
a + b = |a|
So, -(ii) 33. The value of G = 18
ab = -|P|
34. The value of KG = 8 x 18 = 144
X X
Given equation, log^----- 1 = 0, log^ - = 1 35. The value ofSKG = 16 x8 x 18 = 16 x 144 = 2304
a aa
Sol. (Q. Nos. 36 to 38)
±a = IH‘ U = Number of digits in (6O)100
=> |x| = |at| Let a = (6O)100
1*1 = IPI [from Eq. (ii)] log10a = 1001og1060 = 100(1 + log102 + log103)
x = ±P = 100 (1.778)
Sol. (Q. Nos. 30 to 32) log10a = 177£
log2N = ax + bt So, U = 177 + 1 => U = 178 (i)
b, = log2N - M = Number of cyphers after decimal, before a significant
Given, 0<bi < 1 =>0 < log2N -fl] <1 figure comes in (8)-296
=> a! < log2N < 1 + Oj Let P = (8)-z%
=> 2°' <N<21 + fll —(i) log10P =(-296)log108 =(-296) X31og102
Similarly, 3‘2 <N 3> + fl2
••(ii) logioP=(-296)x3x(0301)
and 5flJ <N<51 + aj =-267288 =-267 — 0288
•(iii)
= -267 - 1 + (1 - 0288) = -268 + 0.712
30. Here, ^ = 5 and a2 = 3, then from Eqs. (i) and (ii),
log10P = 268.712
25<N<26 and 33<N<3*
M = 268-1 =267
Common values of N are 32, 33, 34..... 63 U _ 178
Now,
Number of integral values of N are 32. M ~ 267
31. Here, a1 = 6, a2 = 4 and a3 = 3, then from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), According to the question,
26<N<27,3* <N<35 and 53<N<5* £=2
Af 3
=> 64,65,66,.... 127,81,82,83,..., 242 and 125,126, 624
:. Largest common value = 127 => £-£
Af q
32. Here,^ — 6, q2 — 4 and q3 — 3
So, p=2
From question number 31, we get and q=3
64,65, 66... 127; 81, 82, 83,.... 242 and 125,126, ...,624 . 36. The value of p = 2.
Largest common value = 127
37. The value of q = 3.
and smallest common value = 125
:. Difference = 127 - 125 = 2 38. The equation whose roots are p and q is x2 - 5x + 6 = 0.
 344 Textbook of Algebra

Sol. (Q. Nos. 39 to 41) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), x3 = 106 => x = 100
According to question, G,O,E,L > 0 and are real numbers. 1
Such that, From Eq. (i). y=2
log10(G-L)+ log10(G£) =3 => log10G2L£ =3 1 201 m
x + y = 100 + - = (given)
=> G2LE = 103 (i) 2 2 ~ n
and log10£-L + logi0E-O = 4 m = 201 and n = 2
=> log10£z-L-O = 4 => m-3n6 =201 -3(2)6 =201 - 192 = 9
£2-LG = 104 (ii) 43. Solving, x = X and y = log5 x, we get
and logi0(O-G)+ log10(O-L) = 5 A = (X, log5X), X > 0
=> log10 O2 GL = 5 => O2 GL = 105 ...(iii) and solving x = X and y = log5(x + 4), we get
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get B = {X, log5(X + 4)}, X > - 4
g3o3e3l3 = IO12 Given,, AB = 05
GOEL = 104 -(iv) => :log5(X + 4) - log5 X = 05
X = 104
39. Now, let
i
=>
(75 + 1)
y = ^/log X^/iog X71og X • • • = (log X)2 4 X= -— = 4
8 5 -1 4
1/2 = 1 + 75 = a + T [given]
= (logA)'-,,2 = (logX) a = 1 and b = 5
= loglO4 = 4 log 10 = 4 Then, a+b=l+5=6
40. Minimum of 3G + 2L + 20 + £ = 2X3g5u 44. a(b - c)x2 + b(c - a)xy + c(a - b)y2 = b, y # 0
/ \2 z x
where X, p.v G W x
a(b - c) — + b(c - a) — + c (a - b) = 0
Apply AM > GM for 3G, 2L, 20, E y
---■2L +20 + £ > s/g3 x L2 x O2 x £ Let * =x
y
So, 8X Vg3L2O2£ =2X3g5u (v) => a(b - c)X2 + b(c - a)X + c(a - b) = 0
(equality hold, if G = L = O = £) a(b - c) + b(c - a) + c(a - b) = 0
From Eqs. (i) and (iii) of Q. 10, we get X=1
G3L2O2E = 108 Eq. (i) is perfect square.
Roots are equal.
From Eq. (v), 8 x (108)1/8 = 2X3g5u _ c(a - b)
1X1
8X10 = 2X3V a(b - c)
, 2ac
24 X 51 = 2X3g5u => b =------ •(ii)
a+c
X = 4, V = l,|l = 0 Now, log (a + c) + log (a - 2b + c)
E(XH + gX) = (4° + 04) + (01 + 1°) + (I4 + 41) * = log {(a + c)2 - 2b (a + c)}
= (1 + 0) + (0 + 1) + 1 + 4 = 7 = log {(a + c)2 - 4ac} [from Eq. (ii)]
i O , f G^ ,
41. log”fl) + logjo - = log10 - = log101 = 0
X.E)
E \EJ
= log(a - c)2 = 2log(a -c)
log(a + c)+ log(a-2b + c) _
[divide Eq. (iv) and Eq. (ii) of Q. 39] =>
log(<2 - c)
n . G , 0 = log^log(10) = -l 2
^ = logio--logio7 log(a + c) + log(a - 2b + c)
O E =4
[by dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii) and dividing Eq. (iii) by Eq. (iv) in log(a - c)
Q. 10] 45. According to the question, x G I
= x2 — 0 ■ x + (—1) = 0 = x2 — 1 |X+ 2|
Given equation, 2 |x| >9 [x*±2] 4)
• 42. log10(2x) + log10y =2 => 2xy = 102 „.(i) .
and logI0x2-log]02y = 4 l*+ 2|

^ = 104 => 32-M >32 =>-I^A>2

=> ...(u) 2-)x|
2y
 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 345

|x + 2| n a => y=2
'------ --2 > 0
|x|-2 => log3x = 2
|x + 2| -2|x| + 4 x = 32 =9 [impossible]
=> >0 -(ii)
|x|-2 Case III y > 2, then x > 9
x-2 + 2x + 4 From Eq. (ii), 2(y-l) + (y-2)=2
Case I If x <-2,- >0
-x-2 y=2, log3x = 2
x =9 [acceptable]
x---------- 1-------
— — i— — ’To­ 47. Given equation is
log2 Vx - 2 logf/4 x + 1 > 0
+ +; + +
x + 2- From Eq. (i), x>0
-/•-2
Eq. (i) =>|iog2*- -^1 log2 X + 1 > 0
■ y+2 > 0 => - 1 > 0 (-2)2
-(x + 2) 1 1 2
=> - log2 x - - log2 x + 1 > 0
which is not possible. 2 2
Case II -2 < x < 0, then Eq. (ii) (log2x)2 -(log2x)-2<0
x + 2 + 2x + 4 3x + 6 n (log2x-2) (log2 x+ l)<0
=> >0 => ---------- >0
-x-2 -(x + 2) - 1 < log2x <2
-3(x + 2)
> 0-3 > 0 => 2"1 < x <27
(x + 2)
=> -<x<4
which is not possible. 2
Case III when x > 0 => x e I, so x = 1,2,3
From Eq. (ii), So, number of integer value of x-is 3.
x + 2-2x + 4 -X + 6 . 48. Given that, b > 0
>0 => --------- > 0
x-2 x-2 2 log1/25 (bx + 28) = - logs (12 - 4x - x2) —(i)
x-6 „
------- < 0 —— logs (bx + 28) = - logs (12 - 4x - x2)
x-2 2)
2 < x <6 => bx + 28 = 12 - 4x - x2
So, the integer values of x = 3, 4, 5
and bx + 28 > 0
So, the number of integer values of x is 3.
and 12 - 4x - x2 > 0
46. x>2
x2 + (4 + b) x + 16 = 0 •••(ii)
|log^ x -2| + |log3x -2| = 2
— 28
|2 log3x-2| + |log3 x — 2| = 2 and x >----- and - 6 < x < 2
b
2|log3 x — 1| + |log3 x-2| =2
Since, Eq. (i) has coincident roots, so discriminant Eq. (ii) is zero.
Let log3 x = y —(i)
(4 + b)2-64 = 0
Then, Eq. (i) =>2 |y - 1| + |y - 2| = 2 ••(ii)
b+4=±8
/ + b = 4 or b = -12
y-2—4 2
_________ i Since, b > 0 so b = 4
+ ! + for this value x > - 7 and - 6 < x < 2
y-1 ■ 21o8i/4 2 _ 31o827 125 _ 4 2* *°g2 2 _ glog 35 53
-4
49. 74 1og«2-3 7'»'°g72 2’
Case I y < 1, then x < 3
24 - 5 - 4
Eq. (ii) becomes -2y + 2- y + 2= 2
y2l0g72
4^=7
22 -3
2
-3y=-2,y = i
3
, 2 50. (log5 x)2 + log 5; 1, x > 0, x # -
log3x = - [from Eq. (i)] 5

=> x = 32/3 logs

=> (logs x)2 + = 1 =>dog!xf + L^ = 1
which is less than 2, so not acceptable. logs (5*) 1 + logs *
Case II 1 < y < 2, then 3 < x < 9
.Let logs x = L then
From Eq. (ii), 2(y-l)-(y-2) = 2
346 Textbook of Algebra

V2 +-----
1 ~t = 1 9 <15 <27
2 < log3 15 <3
t3 4-12 - 2t = 0 So,[N] = 2(q)
(D) (52.6)a =(0.00526)fc =100
t(t4-2)(t-l) =0 => t = -2,0,1
=> x = 5-2,5°, 51 (52.6) a = 100 and (0.00526)* = 100
2
=> x = —, 1,5 52.6 = 10a .Ti)
25
xb x2 6 I (52.6)* X 10"4* = 102
Xj = 1, x2 = 5 (52.6) * = 102+ 4*
|x2-4x,|=|5-4| = l (24- 4b)

51. Given, x = logx a = logfl b = | logj, c and logx c = nx" +1 => 52.6 = 10^ * ' ...(ii)

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

x = logx a = logfl b = logb Vc and logx c = nxn+1 (i) 2 2+ 4b

From Eq. (i), logx a x loga b 4- logj, Vc = x3 10° =10 b

2 2
logx Vc = x3, J logx c = x 3 => — = — 4- 4
2 a b
logx c = 2x3
£ -i=2(q)
a 0
Compare with logx c = nxn +1 2(*-2) ■>!

54. (A) Given that, logI/x ...(i)

n =2 (x4-l)(x-5)
log3 243 = log3 35 5X2 . . (x-2)
52. (A)------- -y- = 2 (p.s) for log to be defined >0,
log2 V32 ,5 (x4-l)(x-5)
log2 2
then XG(-1, 2)u(5, oo)
2 log 6 = 2 log 6 = 2 log 6 = 1
(B) + +
log 12 4- log 3 log 36 2 log 6
2 5
(C) log„,Q I = - log3 34 = - 4 (q)
Let x > 0 and x * 1
So, XG(0,l)U(l, 2)u(5, oo)
logs 16 - log5 4 _ _ Iog5 (2)2 =2 Case I XG(0,l) ...(ii)
(D) log5(2)7 7 *
log5128 logs (2)'
->1
X
53. (A)^iog^(o5)> 8 8=>g2-i 23)2 2(x-2)
By Eq. (i), log >1
?2 ; (x+l)(x-5)
= j| log22 | = ^(— 3) = = 3 (r)
2(x-2)
-1 >1
(x+l)(x-5) x
(B) (log10 2)3 + logio 8Tog10 5 + (log10 5)3
= (logic2)3 + 3 logic 2 logw 5 + (logio 5)3
=> __ l>0
(x4-l)(x-5) x
= (logic2)3 + 3 • logio2 • logic 5 • (log10 2 + logw 5) 2x(x - 2) ~(x 4- 1) (x 4-5)
>0
x(x 4- l)(x -5)
+ (logic 5)3
2x2 - 4x - x2 4- 4x 4- 5
[•/ logio 2 + logjo 5 = log]010 = 1] >0
x(x+ l)(x-5)

= (log10 2 4- logio 5)3 = (logio 10)3 = (I)3 = 1 => ---- ^±1---- >0
x(x 4- 1) (x -5)
3 + (logm 2)3 4- logic 8- logi05 4- (log105)3
=> x(x 4- l)(x -5) > 0
= 3 4- 1 = 4(s)
4- \ +
(C) N = log215- logj/62-log3 |
6
0 5
= log2 15 (- log62) (- log3 6) XG(-1, 0)u(5, oo)
.. log 15 log 2 y log 6 _ But by Eq. (ii), x 6(0,1)
log315
log 2 log 6 log 3 So, no solution for this case.
 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 347

Case II Let x G (1,2) u (5, <») (iii) From Eqs. (ii) and (iii),
£ x G (1,2] u [3, 4) (q, r)
x
(D) Given equation is
Eq. (i) => log 2(y~2) >1 (X2 -3X+ 4) x2 -4(2X-1) x+ 16 = 0 •••(i)
; (x + l)(x-5)
X2-3X+4 = X2-3X +“Q) +4 = ^ 2 7
2 (x - 2)
si X-l +-
2. 4
(x + l)(x-5) X
2(x —2) So, X2 - 3X + 4 > 0, V X G R
=> -iso
(x+ l)(x-5) X
2+5
=> ---- x±_Z2 -----<0 [by case I]
x(x + l)(x -5)
x(x + 1) (x -5) < 0
xg(-~,-1)u(0,5) (iv) and D>0
Eq. (iii), xe(l,2)u(5,«) => We get X> — ...(ii)
8
+ \ +
Let /(x) = (X2 - 3X + 4) x2 = 4 (2X - 1) x + 16
0 5
/(I) < 0 by graph of /(x)
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), x G (1, 2] (q) X2 - 11X+ 24 < 0
Q

(B) log3 x - log2 x < - log j_ 4 —(i) (X-3)(X —8)<0

2 2/2
3 <X<8 (iii)
defined, when x > 0
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
1 i 2 3 -2
log3 X - log3 X > - X x2 xl 3 < X < 8 => X € (3,8) (s)
3
55. If 0 < a < b
=> log3 x - log2 x + 2 < 0
Statement-1 If x > 1
=> log2 x - log3 x - 2 > 0 =>. logx a < logx b
(log3 x - 2) (log3 x + 1) > 0 :. Statement-2 If 0 < x < 1
=> log3 x < - 1 => logxa>logx£>
or log3 x > 2 Statement-2 is true, also
=> x < - or x > 9 10>3>e>2
3
If x > 1,
From Eq. (i), x > 0
then logx 10 > logx 3 > logx e > Iogx 2
1 1111
So, x e 0, - u [9, oo) (p) <-------- <---------
3 - —
logx 10 logx 3 logx® logx 2
(C) logi (4 - x) > log! 2 - log! (x - 1) (i) => login X < log3 x < logf x < log2 x
2 2 2
and for 0<x<1
(4 - X) (X ~ 1) Q
logi We get, login x > log3 x > log, x > log2 x
2
2 It is clear that for x > 0, x * 1
(x-4)(x-l)r,i Statement-1 is false.
=>
2
(x-4) (x-l)>-2 yl0g7 (xs +1) _
x2 = l
56. Statement-1 (i)
=> x2-5x+4 + 2£0
.2
x3 + 1 - x" = 1 for this x3 + 1 > 0
=> x2-5x + 6>0
x3 - x2 = 0 => x3 > - 1
+ + x2 (x - 1) = 0 => x > — 1
2 3
x = 0 (repeated) or x = 1
(x-3)(x-2)>0 Thus, Eq. (i) has 2 repeated roots.
x < 2 or x > 3 -(ii) /. Statement-1 is false.
From Eq. (i) to be defined, 4 - x > 0 and x -1 > 0 Statement-2 aloga N = N, a > 0, a and N > 0
x < 4 and x > 1 ...(iii)
which is true.
348 Textbook of Algebra

7 4
[1 f1 61. (i) a = log, 12 = = 21og2+log3
57. Statement-1 < . Taking log on both sides,
k3 \3 log? log?
7 4
1 fl 2 + log;3
l°gj - I <loSrI “ •(i)
3, log27
1 , 1 log 24 3 log 2 + log 3
7 log, - < 4 log, - and b = log12 24
3 log 12 2 log 2 + log 3
Now, log, i < 0 [•.• 2 < e < 3] 3 + log2 3
•••(ii)
2 + log2 3
So, 7>4
Statement-1 is false. Let log2 3 = X and log2 7 = p.
(i)
Statement-2 ax < ay From Eq. (i), a = —+
and a <0, x > 0,y >0
Eq. (i) divide by a, we get x > y 3+X
and from Eq. (ii), b = ------ , we get
2+X----- 6
Statement-2 is true.
xiogr (1-x)2 _9 , 3-2b 1
58. Statement-1 X =------- andandpp= =-----------
b-1 a (b-1)
Eq. (i) is defined, if
(1 - x)2 = 9 log 168 Iog(23x3x7)
x 1, x > 0 login 168
log 54 log(33x2)
1 -x = ±3
3 log 2 + log 3 + log 7
.'. x = - 2 or 4
3 log 3 + log 2
x=4 [acceptable]
3 + log23 + log27 3+X+p
Eq. (i) has only one solution.
3 log2 3 + 1 3X + 1
Statement-1 is false.
Statement-2 aloeat = b, where a > 0, a 1, b>0 „ 3-2b I
3 +------- + -
b-1 a (b-1)
which is true.
~ 3 (3 - 2b)
59. Statement-1 (log x)2 + log x2 - 3 = 0
b-1
(log x)2 + 2 log x - 3 = 0 (ab + 1)
=> (log x + 3) (log x — 1) = 0 ” a (8 - 5b)
=> log x = - 3 or log x = 1
(ii) v a = log3 4 and b = log5 3
x = 10-3 or x = 10
ab = log5 4 ...(•)
Eq. (i) is defined for x > 0.
Now, loe,10=IOgi 10=21°g'1°
So, Eq. (i) has 2 distinct solutions.
logs 3 2 log5 3
Statement-2 log x2 * 2 log x
logs (100)^ logs (4X25)
LHS has domain x e R and RHS has domain x e (0,°°)
2b 2b
Statement-2 is false. log5 4 + 2 ab + 2
60. Statement-1 [from Eq. (i)]
2b 2b
logx3-log x/9 3 = log81 3 ...(i)
62. -.-Jill Inb In c
Eq. (i) holds, if x>0, x*l,x*9 [by using law of proportion]
b— c c-a a-b
By Eq. (i), —--------------------
£
log3 x (logjX + 2) 4 In a In b In c
(i) v
b —c c -a a-b
(logs x)2 + 2 l°g3x -4 = 0
Ina + In b + In c In (abc)
(logs x)2 + 21og3x+ 4=8
b-c+c-a+a-b 0
(logs x + 2)2 = 8
=> In (abc) = 0 => abc = 1
log3 x + 2 = ± 2V2
.... Ina Inb Inc alna+blnb+clnc
log3 x = 2(-l ± -J2) (u)------ +------- 4--------- =------------------------------------
b-c c-a a-b a(b-c) + b(c-a) + c(a-b)
x = 32{-1±'<2)
In aa + In bb + In c‘ In (aa ■ bb • cc)
Two values of x satisfying Eq. (i) 0 0
So, Statement-1 is false. => In (aabbcc) = 0
Statement-2 Change of bases in logarithm is possible. aabbcc = l
Statement-2 is true.
 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 349

..... In a In b In c (ii) a = 620

(in)-— =------ =--------
b-c c-a a-b log a = 20 log 6 = 20 (log 2 + log 3)
[(b2 + be + c2) In a + (c2 + ca + a2) In b = 20 (0.310+ 0.477)
___________________ + (a2 + ab + b2) In c] = 20x0.778= 15.560
[(b2 + be + c2) (b - c) + (c2 + ca + a2) (c - a) So, number of integers in 620 = 15 + 1 = 16

+ (a2 + ab + b2) (a - b)] (iii) Let a = 3-500

ln/ + k + c2 + lnbc2>ca + fl2 + lnca2*aMfc2 log a = - 500 log 3 = - 500 X (0.477) = - 238.5
= - 239+ 0.5 = 239.5
(b3-c3) + (c3-a3) + (a3-b3)
So, number of zeroes after the decimal in
to^b’ + fre+c2 bc2+ca + a2 ^a2+ab + b2^
3-5°° _ 239 _ i = 238
0
65. Given that, log102 = 0301
=> In (/ + bc + c2 e foe2 + ca + a2 ./+flb + fc2) = 0
and log]03 = 0.477
. „b2 + be + c2 lc2 + ca + a2 a2 + ab + b2_ ,
.. a -b •C = 1 log 3.375 = log(3375) - log 10 3 = log 5 3 x 3 3 - 3 log 5 X 2
(iv)vAM>GM = 3 log 5 + 3 log 3 - 3 log 5 - 3 log 2
a+b+c = 3 (0.477) - 3 (0.301) = 3 (0.176)
>(abc),/3 = (l),/3 = l [from Eq. (i)]
3 = 0.528
a+b+c 1
>1 => a + b + c >3 66. Let P = log2 x - logx (0.125) = log2x - Iogx
3 8
(v) VAM>GM
= log2 x + 3 logx 2
aa + bb + cc AM>GM
>(aa -bb -cc)1/3
3 logzx + 31ogx2
=> > 7(log2x)(3 1og, 2) = y/3
= (1)1/3=1 [from Eq. (ii)] 2
a“ + bb + cc
=> >1 => aa + b.bb + cc >3
3 2
b2 + be + c2 + b'2 a2 !2 4 ab + b2 => P>2y/3
a
(vi)-/AM>GM .'. Least value of log2 x - log, (0.125) is 2^3.
3
>(ab2+bc + c2-b‘2 + ca + a2 ^a2 + ab + b2 jl/3 1 1
67. Let y = -------- + = log, 3 + Iog„ 4
10g3 71--- 10g4 71
= (1)1/3 [from Eq. (iii)]
= log* 12
=1
Now, 12 >n2
b2 + bc+c2 + fec2+ca + a2 , a2 + ab + b2
a
-------- >i log„ 12>lognn2 y>2
3
Qb2 + be + c2 +ca + a2 , a2 + ab + b2 q 68. (i) /. x’ + Iogiox = 10x (i)
=> +C £3
1 1
’10 = lOx
63. To prove logw 2 lies between - and —
3 4 => xlx108-’ —10] = 0
212 = 4096 x * 0, so xloR‘®x -10 = 0
1000 < 4096 < 10000 log
103 <212 < 104 => X 1® = 10

Taking logarithm to the base 10, => log10 x = log, 10

logic103 <log10 212 < logiolO4 => (log10x)2 = l

1 1 logio x = ± 1
3 < 12 logI02 < 4 =>- < log10 2 < -
4 3 x = 10±1
64. log 2 = 0301
=> x = 10or — [vx>0]
log 3 = 0.477 10
(i) Leta = 5200 (ii) log2 (9 + 2X) =3

log a = 200 log 5 = 200 (log 10 - log 2) = 200 (1 - 0.301) => 9 + 2x=8
= 200X 0.699= 139.8 2X = -1
So, number of integers in 5 200 = 139 + 1 = 140. which is not possible, so x e <j>.
350 Textbook of Algebra

(iii) 2-xlog4 3 + 3log4 = 27 9g (2g + 1) - 4 (2g + 1) = 0

2.3,o8<x 4. 3,og< * = 27 log.- ' 1 4
va * =C r M = --.^ = -
2 9
jlog4 (x + 1) _ 1
H*--
10g4 (x+ 1)=3 4
log4 X = 2
>*-5
x = 16
(iv) log4 log3log2x = 0 ...(i) -V
2/
-I
2;
=> X = —2
Defined for x > 0, log2 x > 0 and log3 log2 x > 0
i
=> x>0,x>l, x > 3 Hence, x = 10 X = 10'2
100
x>3
log3log2 X = 1
(viii)j2gw(£j2L = i
l°gio(* -21) 2
log2x = 3,x = 8
which satisfy Eq. (i). is defined for x > 1 and x2 > 21.
login * + 5 x>721 (D
x 3 =1O5+1°81OX
(v) 21ogI0(x-3) = logi0 (x2-21)
Defined for x > 0 logic (x-3)2 = log10 (x2-21)
Let k>giox = y
=> (x-3)2 = x2-21
x = 10>'
x2 — 6x + 9 = x2 — 21

By Eq- (i). 10 3 J = IO5** x =5

satisfy Eq. (i), hence x = 5.
y2 + 5y = 15 + 3y
(ix)x10g2X+4 =32
=> y2 + 2y -15 = 0
Defined for x > 0,
(y+ 5)(y-3) = 0
log2x + 4 = logx25
y = -5ory=3
5
1 3 log2 x + 4 =
x = —- or x = 10 log2x
105
(log2x)2 + 41og2x-5 = 0
x = {10‘5,103}
(log2x + 5)(log2x -1) = 0
(vi) log3 [ log9 x + — + 9 x = 2x log2x = -5or log2x = l
\2
=> x = 2"5 orx = 2*
Defined for x > 0,
x = — or x = 2
log9 x+ - + 9X = 9 32
2 which satisfy Eq. (i).
i I
, 1 2 (x) loga x = x --(>)
log9 x = - - =$ x =9
and a = xlog4* ••(ii)
=> x = 3-1
Defined for x > 0
1 From Eq. (i),
x=-
3
a,x = x, a = xl/x
(vii) 4*ogl°x+ 1 _ gloglO X _ g.jlogio*2
+2=0 (i) i

£ 2 logl°,x+2 -(2 X3)log,ox — 2-32log10 x+2 = 0 From Eq. (ii), xx = xlog4X

1 ,
Let log10 x = X, then => - = log4 x
2zx+2 -(2x3)X -2-32X+2=0 X

X 2X => x = logx 4 => x =4

3 3
22 I -2-32- =0 x=2
2 2,
X (») 10gV5sinx (1 + cos x) = 2 ...(i)
'3
Let
<2 I =fl Defined for 1 + cos x > 0, -^2 sin x > 0
-
18g2 + g -4 = 0
1 + cos x = 2 sin2 x
=> 18g2 + 9g -8g - 4 = 0
1 + cos x =2-2 cos2 x
=
 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 351

2
2 cos x + cos x -1 = 0 x2 -2x-3>0
(2 cos x - 1) (cos x + 1) = 0 (x-3)(x + l)>0
1 + COS X * 0 x < - 1 or x > 3
1
So,

7t
COS x = -
2
xe
M
2 J
(ii)

x= Eq. (i) is defined for that value of x. CaseII 2x + 3>l => x>-1
Eq.(i), x2 <2x + 3
69. Let rational number be x, then
(x-3)(x+ 1) < 0 — 1 <x<3
x = 50 log10 x => 2x = 100 • logi0 x
xg(-1,3] ...(iii)
Taking logarithm to the base 10, then
Eq. (i). x*0 •••(iv)
log102 + log10x = 2 + logio (log]0x) ( 3 A
Let log10 x = X Eqs. (ii), (iii) and (iv), x 61 - - , 3 I U {- 1, 0}
log102 + A. = 2 + logio W
A (ii) log2x (x2 - 5x + 6) < 1 -(i)
logio = A —2
2 For Eq. (i) to be defined 2x > 0 and 2x * 1
which is true for A = 2.
So, x > 0 and x # -
log]0x = 2 2 -(ii)
=> x = 10z =100 and x2 -5x + 6 > 0 =>x <2orx >3
2 3
70. Lety = Case I 0 <2x < 1 => 0 < x < - ...(iii)
log4 (2000)6 log5 (2000)6 2
“ 2 1Og(2000)6 4 + 3 1OS(2000)4 5 From Eq. (i), log2x (x2 - 5x + 6) < 1
~ 1°®(2000)6 4 + l°S(2000)6 5 xz -5x + 6<2x

= low (42 x53) x2-7x + 5>0

(x -6)(x - 1) > 0
= 7 i°S2ooo 2000 = —
6 6 x < 1 or x > 6 (iv)
7f. loga [1 + logb {1 + log, (1 + logp x)}] = 0 From Eqs. (iii), (iv) and (ii)
=> 1 + logb {1 + logc (1 + logp x)} = 1
=> (A)
Iogb {1 + logc (1 + logpX)} = 0
=> 1 + logc (1 + 10gpX) = l
logc (1 + logp x) = 0 Case II 2x > 1 => x > - (v)
2
=> 1 + logp X = 1
From Eq. (i), log2x (x2 - 5x + 6) < 1
=> logp x = 0
=> x = p° => x2 -5x + 6 <2x
X=1 x2 -7x + 6<0
Eq. (i) is satisfied for this value of x.
1 < x <6 (vi)
72- V5 log4V2 (3 - 76) - 6 log8 (73 - -Ji)
From Eqs. (ii), (v) and (vi),
= 5 log2 5/2 (3 — 76) — 6 log23 (73 - 72) xe(l, 2)u(3,6) -(B)
From Eqs. (A) and (B), x e ^0,
= 5 X---- log2 (3 — — 6 X — log2 (73 — 72) U(l, 2) u(3,6)
5/ 2 3
= log2 (3 - y/6)2 - log2 (73 - y/2)2 (iii) log2 (2 - x) < log1/2 (x + 1) •••(i)
>2 2 From Eq. (i) to be defined 2-x>0 => x <2
"73(73 - 72) I =log23
= log2 = 10g2 and x+l>0=>x>-l
< (73 - 72) So, x G (-1,2) •••(ii)
... =451°84j2 (3-V6)-61og, (V3-V2) t
Now, from Eq. (i), log2 (2 - x) + log2 (x + 1) < 0
= 4lo82 3 _221og2 3 =2logz 9 =9 (2-x)(x+ 1)<1
(x-2)(x + 1) + 1 >0
73. (i) log2x+3x2<l —(i)
x2 -x-2+ 1 >0
3
Case 10 < 2x + 3 < 1, i.e. — < x < - 1 x2 -x-1 >0
2
Eq.(i), x2 > 2x + 3
352 Textbook of Algebra

1-^5 (vii) logI0 x + 2 < log^ x ...(i)

2 From Eq. (i), x>0 •••(ii)
or
1 + V5 logi20 x+ logi0x-2£0
...(iii)
2
(1010 x-2) (log10x+ 1) > 0
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii),
log10 x^-lorlog10x£2
( 1 1-^
X G - 1,------ u x < — or x > 100 ...(iii)
I 2 / 10
(iv) log *2 (x + 2) < 1 (i) From Eqs. (ii) and (iii),
From Eq. (i) to be defined, x + 2>0=>x>-2
•••(A) X G IO,
xg 0, u [100, ~)
— u[100,
and x G R, x * Oandx # 1 k ioj
Case I xG(-l,l)'j0} ...(ii) or x e(0,10-1] u[102, ~)
Eq. (i), (x + 2) > x2 (viii) log|0 (x2 - 2x - 2) < 0 •(>)
x2 - x - 2 < 0 From Eq. (i), x2 - 2x - 2 > 0
(x-2)(x + 1) <0 x2 - 2x+ 1 - 3 >0
x-1<x<2 ...(iii) (x-l)2-(V3)2>0
From Eqs. (ii), (iii) and (A), [x-(1 + 73)] [x-(1-V3)]>0
xg(-1, 0) u(0,1) ...(B) x e (- oo, 1 - 73) u(l + V3, ~) ••■(ii)
Case II x G (- 00, -1) u (1,«») -(iv) x2 - 2x-2 <1
Eq. (i), x + 2 < x2
x2 -2x-3<0
x2 - x - 2 > 0 (x-3)(x+ l)<0
x < - 1 or x > 2 (v) -1 <x<3 ...(iii)
From Eqs. (iv), (v) and (A), From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
xe(-2,-l)u(2,~) ...(C) xe[- 1,1 - >/3) u(l + V3,3]
From Eqs. (B) and (C), 3^
(ix) logx 2x-- >2 ...(>)
_ xg(-2,1)u(2,«)~{-1,0} 47
(v) 3log5^T* <3,ogj(x"6) +3 3
(i) From Eq. (i) to be defined x > 0, x * 1,2x — > 0
4
From Eq. (i) to be defined
3
x-1 > 0 => x > 1 ••(ii) x > 0, x 1, x> — -(ii)
8
and x-6>0 => x>6 (iii) f 3\
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), x > 6 From Eq. (i), logx 2x — >2
•(iv) k 4j
Eq. (i), yjx-1 - (x - 6) - 3 < 0
Jx-1 - x + 3 < 0 Case I 0 < x <1 ...(iii)

y]x -1 < (x -3) x - 1 < (x - 3)2 2x~ —<x2

4
xz+9-6x-x+l>0 8x-3 - 4x2 <0
x2 -7x + 10 > 0 4x2-8x + 3>0
(x-5) (x-2)>0 4x2 -6x -2x + 3 > 0
x < 2.or x > 5 (v) (2x - 1) (2x - 3) > 0
From Eqs. (iv) and (v), x > 6 1 3
(vi) log1/2 (3x -1)2 < log1/2 (x + 5)2 x < - or x > - ...(iv)
-(i) 2 2
From Eqs. (ii), (iii) and (iv),
From Eq. (i) to be defined x # x * -5 (ii)
<3 1^1
xe | - •(v)
Eq. (i),(3x — I)2 > (x + 5)2 k8 2J
(3x - 1 - x - 5) (3x -1 + x + 5) > 0 Case II x>l ■(vi)
A 3 2
(2x-6)(4x+ 4) > 0 Eq. (i) => 2x - - > x2
(x-3)(x+ l)>0 4
x < - 1 or x > 3 8x-3>4x2
(iii)
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), 4x2 -8x + 3 <0
x G (- oo, - 5) kj(- 5, - 1) u(3,«)
 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 353

1 3 1
- < x <- -(vii) log2x < - 4 or log2x > 1 => x < —
2 2 16
From Eqs. (ii), (vi) and (vii), we get or x>2 -(ii)
From Eq. (i), x>0 ..(iii)
xefl,-1 -(viii)
k 2J From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), x G [ 0, — G [2, 00)
From Eqs. (v) and (viii), we get k 16
<3 1 (xiii)'/ (x2 + x + l)x < 1
X G —, — k>[ 1. -
18 2 k 2 Taking logarithm on both sides, then
(x) log1/3 x < logI/2 x (x > 0) x log (x2 + x + 1) < 0
=> log3 x> log2x x2 + x + 1 > 0, V x G R
log X log X
=> >0 Case I If x> 0
log 3 log 2 ...(i)
Then. log (x2 + x + l)<0
log 3 - log 2^
log x <0 x2 + x + 1 < 1
< log 2 log 3 )
x(x + 1) < 0
log x < 0 => x < 1
=> -1<x<0 (ii)
So, xe(0,l)
(») l0g2x + 3 x
X2 < 10g2x + 3 (2x + 3)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), x G 0
-(0 Case II If x < 0 (iii)
From Eq. (i) to be defined, Then, log (x2 + x + 1) > 0
2x + 3 > 0
_3 x2 + x + 1 > 1
2 x (x + l)>0
2x + 3*l xg(-oo, -1)u(0, 00) -(iv)
x*-l From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
x G R - {0} -(A) XG(-oo.-l)
From Eq. (i), log2x+3 x2 <1 -(ii)
3 (xiv)log(Jx!il) 2<1
Case I 0 < 2x + 3 < 1 => - - < x < -1 -(iii) 2
2 2<(3x2 + I)1'2
From Eq. (ii), log2x + 3 x2 <1 (3x2 + 1 > 1, V x G R)
x2>2x + 3=> x2-2x —3>0 4 <3x2 + 1
=> (x-3)(x+ l)>0 3x2 >3
=> x<-lorx>3 -(iv) x2 >1
( 3 \ x<-lorx>l
From Eqs. (A), (iii) and (iv), x G —, - 1 —(B)
k 2 ) x e(- oo, -1) u(l, oo)
Case II If 2x + 3 > 1 => x > -1 (v) )2 -3 log
(xv)xMio
6,0 " ‘ >1000 -(i)
log2x+3x2<l
From Eq. (i) to be defined, x > 0 and x * 1
x2 < 2x + 3 Letlog10x = y => x = 10y
x2 -2x-3 <0
From Eq. (i), 10yly -3y+l) >103
(x-3)(x+ 1) < 0
y’-3yz + y- 3>0
=> - 1 < x <3 -(vi)
So, Eqs. (A), (v) and (vi), x G (- 1,3) -(C) y2 (y-3) + 1 (y-3) > 0
From Eqs. (B) and (C), (y-3)(y2 + l)>0
( 3 A
XG --,-1 kj(—1,3)
k2 J log10x>3
(xii) log2 x + 3 log2 x > log^ 16 => x > 1000
(i)
=> x 6 (1000, «>)
5 2 (xvi) log4 {14+ log6(x2 -64)} <2
log2 x + 3 log2 x - - x - log216 > 0 -(i)
2 5
14 + log6(x2 -64) < 16
log2 x + 3 log2 x - 4 > 0
Iog6 (x2 - 64) < 2
(log2x+ 4)(log2x-l)> 0
354 Textbook of Algebra

x2 - 64 < 36 x 4- 3
=> ------ <0
x2 <100 x
-3Sx£0
-lO^x^lO -(ii)
.2
xG[-3, 0]
From Eq. (i), x2 - 64 > 0
3
From Eqs. (ii) and (v), we get x G - 3, —
=> x<-8orx>8 -(iii) 2
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), (xix) 1 4-log2(x-l)<log(l_i) 4 •■•(i)
x G [-10, — 8) U(8,10] From Eq. (i) to be defined, x-1 > 0 => x > 1
(xvii) log 2 (9 - 2X) < lo‘°R 10 (3-x) —(i) and x - 1 * 1 => x / 2 •(ii)
From Eq. (i) to be defined, By Eq. (i), 1 4- log2 (x - 1) £ 2 log(x 2
9 -2X > 0 => 9 >2X Let log2 (x -1) = X, then
2
2X <9 => x < log2 9 1 4- X<-
A
3- x> 0 => x<3
X2 4- A - 2
Then, x <3 -(ii) <0
A
From Eq. (i), log2 (9 - 2X) < 3 - x (X + 2)(X -1)
=> <0
9-2x <23-x X
9-2x -8-2“x <0 /7\ +
-2 0 1
=> (2X)2 -92x 4- 8 > 0
(2X -8)(2X -l)>0 X<-2orO<X<l
=> 2X <lor2x >8 log2(x-l)<-2
x £ 0 or x > 3 ...(iii) or 0 < log2 (x - 1) < 1
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), x < 0 => x G (- °o, 0] => x-l<2-2or2°<x-l<21
2x + 3 5
(xviii) loga £0 ...(i) => x<-or2<x<3 •(iii)
x 4
From inequation (a), a > 1 From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
2x4-3 xG(2,3]
By Eq. (i), >0
X (XX) 10g5x+4 x2 £ log5x+ 4 (2x4-3) (i)
4
x- From Eq. (i) to be defined, 5x4-4>0=>x> —
5
=> >0
x-0 3
5x 4- 4 1 => x * —
5
3 3
x< — orx>0 •••(ii) 2x + 3>0=>x>--
2 2
( 3A and X G (- oo, oo) - {0}
From Eq. (i), Iogfl 2 4- - > 0
\ x) XG
f 4 -I Oj U(O, °°) ...(ii)
2 4- - >1
I 5* 5;
x From Eq. (i), log5x+4 x'.2 — k)gsx+4 (2x4-3)
>o ...(iii)
^>>0 log5x+4
2x4-3
Case I 0<5x+ 4<1
x-0
4 3
x<-3orx>0 (iii) => -~<x<-- •••Civ)
5 5
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii),
x2
x<-3orx>0 •••(iv) From Eq. (iii),-------- >1
2x4-3
=> x G(-00,-3] u(0,~)
x2 - 2x - 3
From inequation in (b), 0 < a < 1 £0
2x4-3
From Eq. (i), —---- £ 1
x
 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 355

(x-3)(x+l) 5 2
>o loga x = -a
x-
r 3Y 4
2 la2
3 x = a4
. ‘2 + + Case II 1 < x < a (V)
3
By Eq. (iii), y + — - y + — = Via
y y
t 3
x g I - -1 a [3, °°)
V 2 J
From Eqs. (ii), (iv) and (v), x G 0 ■•■(vi)
y
2
Case II 5x + 4>1 ...(vii) ~ Via
-^-Sl
From Eq. (iii),
2x + 3 , 4
!°ga X = —
5a
(x-3)(x+ 1) x=a
4/5a2
<0
( ( 3^
x- 75. Given equation,
2
logK (x2 + 15a2) - logs (a - 2) = log, ...(i)
3 a -2
=> x<--orxG[-l,3] ...(viii)
Eq. (i) is defined, ifa-2>0=>a>2 -(ii)
From Eqs. (ii), (vii) and (viii), 8ax
(■ 3 3^ ------- > 0
X G U[-1, 0) o(0,3] ...(ix) a-2
5 2)
By Eq. (ii), a>2
From Eqs. (vi) and (ix), we get
So, ax > 0, then x > 0
3 3^
xe U[- 1, 0)u(0,3] Eq. (i) for x = 9, a >0
D 4J
(x2 + 15a2) , 8ax
74. Given equation is 10g: = loS“---- T
(a-2) a-2
Vi°gx wl,/5 + logfl (ax)1/5 x2 + 15a2 =8ax .(iii)
I / _A>/5 1/5
1 f X (x - 3a)(x - 5a) = 0
+ Jloga - + 10gx =a (i)
V ka, x = 3a and x = 5a
1 /---- ;-------------- ;------ For a =3, x = 9 and x = 15
^V1 + iogxa + 1 + logax
x = 15 for a = 3
+ 4= Vloga X-1 + logxa -1 =a 76. Given that,
v5 log4 (log3x) + log1M (log1/3y) = 0 —(i)
| log2log3x-| log2(-log3y) = 0
1
logfl X + +2 + logax + —- ----- 2 = Via
logax 10gflX 1 log? X
=> - Iog2 =0
2 - log? yj
1 1___
Tl loga X| +
>/|10ga X|
+ THogTxi- = Via...(ii)
log? X 1
Vllogo xl
Let log3y
VI loga x| =y [y>0]
log3 x = -log3y
y + — + y - — = Via ...(Hi) i if1'
y y log3x = log3^-
1
Case I x > a > 1 Eq. (iii) =>y + — + y- — = Via i
y y x=— •••(ii)
y
2y = Via
2V|logfl x| = Via Also, given that, x2 + y 2 = —
4
2 1 17
VI l°ga x| X + “2 = —
x2 4
356 Textbook of Algebra

1 |2 17 o i.e., -2 <x <4 •TH)

x+ -
x 4 From Eq. (i),
5 3 1 1
[by Eq. (i) x > 0, y > 0] - X 2 X - log2 |(x + 2)| + 3 = - X 3 log2(4 - x)
X 2 2 2 2
1 „ 1 + - x 3 log2 (x + 6)
x + -=2 + - 2
x 2
=> log2 (x + 2) + 2 = log2 (4 - x) + log2 (x + 6)
x = 2 or -
2 => log2 {4 (x + 2)} = log2 {(4 - x) (x + 6)}
For these values of x, y = ± or 2 [by Eq. (ii)] =^ 4 (x + 2) = (4 - x) (x + 6)
4x + 8 = - x2 - 2x + 24
77. log2x 4x + log4x 16x = 4
x2 + 6x-16 = 0
From Eq. (i) is defined for x > 0, x # 1 , x*-1
-(ii)
4 (x + 8) (x - 2) = 0
log 4x log 16x _
------------- -j- ---------------- — 4 x = - 8, x = 2 ...(iii)
log 2x log 4x From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get x = 2
2 log 2 4- log x + 4 log 2 + log x _ 4 1 -(I)
=> 80. log2(4x + I + 4)-log2(4x + 1) = Iog1/V2 -f=
log 2 + log x 2 log 2 + log x J&J
On dividing by log 2, then Eq. (i) defined, for 4X + 1 > 0 which is true for all x e R.
2+ log2x + 4 + log2x _ 4 log2 [4(4X + 1)] • log2(4x + 1) = log^ 78 = 3
1 + log2x 2 + log2x
[2+ log2 (4X + 1)] log2(4x + l)=3
Let log2x = A, then
Let log2(4x + l) = y
(2 + A)2 + (1 + A) (4 + X) = 4 (1 + X) (2 + X)
(y + 2) y = 3
2X2 + 9X + 8 = 4X2 + 12 A + 8
y2 + 2y-3 = 0
=> 2X2 + 3X = 0
(y + 3) (y -1) = 0
A = 0, X = - - y=lory = -3
2
log2 (4X + 1) = 1 or log2(4x +l) = -3
3
log2x = 0, log2 x-~- + l=i
4X + 1 =2 or 4x
8
x = 2°, x = 2"3/2
4X = 1 or 4X=--1
or x = 1, x = 2“3/2 8
78. Given equation, 7 . .
x = 0 or 4X = — which is not possible.
log654 + logx16 = logyj x - log36 - (i) 8
x=0
Eq. (i) holds, if x > 0, x # 1 81. 27x + ^ = 256
From Eq. (i), => + =28
2
1 + log69 + 4 logx 2 = 2 log2x - log6 - =>
2 ___ 3
=> 1 + log69 + log6- + 4 logx 2-2 log2 x = 0 Also, given that, log10 Jxy - log10 - = 1 ...(«)
2
2 + 4 logx2 -2 log2x = 0 which is defined, xy > 0
/ 2^
(log2x)2 -log2x-2 = 0 So, Eq. (ii) => log^Jxy = Iog10 10 x -
\ 2;
log2 x = 2 or log2 x = -1
1 => Jxy = 15
x = 4 or x = -
2 => xy=225 ■(iii)
1 9 From Eq. (i), x + y + 2^[xy = 64
Sum of the values of x satisfy Eq. (i) = 4 + - = -
2 2
x + y =64 -30
Product of the values of x satisfy Eq. (i) = 4 X - = 2
2 x + y = 34
79. Let -log4(x + 2)3 + 3 = log4(4 - x)3 + log4 (x + 6)3 From Eq. (iii), xy = 225
(i)
After solving, we get x = 9 or x = 25, then y = 25 or y = 9
Eq. (i) holds, if 4 - x > 0 and x+0>0, x + 2>0 Hence, solutions are (9, 25) and (25, 9).
 Chap 04 Logarithms and Their Properties 357

82. Given, log2y = log4 (xy - 2) —(i) From Eqs. (ii), (iv) and (v),
Eq. (i) defined for y > 0 and xy - 2 > 0 xe(-5,-4)u(-3,-1)
.-(ii)
xy > 0 ...(iii) 84. log3 (Vx + |Vx - 1|) = log9 (4Vx-3 + 4 |Vx - 1|) ...(0
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii) y > 0, x > 0 From Eq. (i) is defined, if x > 0
ByEq. (i), y = 7xy-2 then log3 (Vx + |Vx - 11) = log32 (4Vx - 3 + 4 |Vx - 1|)
y2 -xy +2 = 0 -(iv) => 2(Vx + |Vx -1|) = 4Vx-3 + 4 |Vx - 1|
y(x-y) = 2 ...(v)
3-2>/x=2|Vx -1|
Also given that,
log9 x,2z + log3 (x -y) = 1 -(vi) On squaring both sides, then
which is defined for x G R - {0} and x - y > 0 9 + 4x - \2-Jx = 4x + 4 - 4-Tx
=> x>y => 8s/x=5
By Eq. (vi), x(x -y) = 3=>x2-xy=3 -(vii)
25
and x(x-y)=3 ••.(viii) x=—
64
Form Eqs. (iv) and (vii), y3 + 2 = x2-3 f v15> 2

xz-y2=5 -(ix) 85. (log2x)4 - logI/2 — -20 log2x + 148 < 0

4J
On dividing Eq. (v) by Eq. (viii),
y 2 2x From Eq. (i), x > 0
- = - => y = — ...(x)
x 3 3 => (log2 x)4 - (5 log2 x - 2)2 - 20 log2x + 148 < 0 ...(i)
From Eqs. (ix) and (x), (log2 x)4 - 25 log2 x - 4 + 20 logx x- 20 log2 x + 148 < 0
x = 3 and y = 2
83. Given that, (log2 x)4 - 25 log2 x + 144 < 0
9
2 logi/4 (x + 5) > - log1/3V3 9 + log^Tj 2 {(log2x)2 -16} {(log2x)2 - 9} < 0
9 < (log2 x)2 < 16
By Eq. (i), x + 5>0=>x>-5
x + 5 * 1 => x * - 4
3 < log2 x < 4 or - 4 < Iog2 x < - 3
So, x G (- 5, - 4) u(- 4, °°)
8 < x < 16 (ii)
(ii)
Now, by Eq. (i) 1 1
or —<x<- •(iii)
2 9 16 8
— log2 (x + 5) — — x log3 9 - 2 logx+5 2>0 According to the question in Eq. (i) holds, for x e (a, b)
-2 4
- log2 (x + 5) + 3 - 2 logx+5 2 > 0 where a, b G N
2 So, from Eq. (ii), a = 8, b = 16
~ Iog2 (x + 5) - + 3>0 ...(iii)
log2 (x + 5) ab (a + b) = 8 x 16(8 + 16)
= 144 x 24 = 3456
Now, let log2 (x + 5) = y, then Eq. (iii) becomes
86. 7(log3 V3x) + (logxV3x) logs x3
2
-y--+3>0
y
-y2 + 3y -2
>0
+ 10g 3 ’]I+lOgl^ 10g3X’=2 ...(i)

y
y2-3y + 2 Eq. (i) is defined for x > 0, x * 1
=> <0
y From Eq. (i), (1 + log3 x + 1 + logx3) 3 Iog3 x
(y-2)(y-l)
<0
y 1
+ (log3 x - 1 + logx3 -1)3 log3 x
+
/
0 1 2
=2 log3x + —-— + 2 + log3x + -1—2
log3x ) log3x
=> y<0orl<y<2
= 2^|logx3|
log2 (x + 5) < 0 or 1 < log2 (x + 5) < 2
=> x + 5 <lor2<x + 5<4 1 1
=> 7llog3Xl + , + V|log3x| - = 2^/|logx 3|
x< —4 •••(iv) Vl10g3X| 7l log3x|
or -3<x<-l ...(v) (ii)
358 Textbook of Algebra

1 Taking log with base e on both sides, then

Case I If x £ 3, ^/logjX - >o
Vlog3x In x ln3 = Iny-ln2 ...(«)
2^1ogjX =2,yiogx3 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
In x ln3
, 1 In2(ln2+lnx) = ln3 In 3 +
(log3x) =1 =>x = 3or-,so x = 3 ln2
2 ______ f(ln3y-- In 2
Case II If 1 < x < 3, /,■ — = 2>/logx 3 In x = - ((In 3)2 - (In 2)2)
5/logjX ln2 >
=> log3x-logx3 = 1 1
In x = -In2 = In
=> 1=1 2
which is true, for all x G (1,3). 1
x=-
So, x 6(1,3] 2
87. P = Number of natural numbers, whose logarithms to the base 1
10 have characteristic p. X° ~ 2
Let ‘x ’ represent the natural number, i.e. 1 ' 1
90. Let 5 = 4- * 4----- 7=
x = XxlOp [X = cq -a2-a3...] 3y/2 4 3^2
3y/2 3V2
So, P = Number of natural numbers which have (p + 1) digits
= 9 - 10p -1 + l = 910p =>
3V2
Q = Number of natural numbers which have (q) digits. or (3^2 5)2 = 4-5
Q = 910’“* -1 + 1 =910’-1
1852 + 5-4 = 0
So, log10 P - log10Q = log10(9 • 10p) - log10(9-10’ -*)
(95 - 4) (25 + 1) = 0
= (log109 + p)-(log109 + q-l) 95 - 4 = 0 [v25 +1 #0]
=p-9+l
3
88. a = log3 log3 2 or 5=1
9 2
=> 3a =log32 log3/25 = - 2 =>6 + log3/2 5 =6-2 = 4
3-0 = log2 3 Hence,
Now, 1 <2‘*+3'8 <2*
4-^= =4
6+logM 4 3^2 ■"
=> 2° < 2“* + 3‘ <2* 3V2 3V2 /
X.

0<-k + 3'a <1 91. (3/4)x =1/4

0 < - k + log2 3 < 1 Taking log with base 2
0 > k - log23 > - 1 =$> x(log23-2)=-2
log23 - 1 <k < log23 - 2 - 1
=> (b, c)
k=l 2-log23 1- log<3
89. v(2x)ln2 =(3y)'.In 3 and taking log with base 3
Taking log with base e on both sides, then => x(l-log34)=-21og32
In2(ln2 + In x) = In 3 (In 3 + in y) ...(i) x= 21og32
and 3lnx=2ln> 21og32-l
CHAPTER

Permutations and
Combinations
Learning Part
Session 1
• Fundamental Principle of Counting
• Factorial Notation
Session 2
• Divisibility Test
• Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion
• Permutation
Session 3
• Number of Permutations Under Certain Conditions
• Circular Permutations
• Restricted Circular Permutations
Session 4
• Combination
• Restricted Combinations
Session 5
• Combinations from Identical Objects
Session 6
• Arrangement in Groups
• Multinomial Theorem
• Multiplying Synthetically
Session 7
• Rank in a Dictionary
• Gap Method [when particular objects are never together]
Practice Part
• JEE Type Examples
• Chapter Exercises

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360 Textbook of Algebra

In everyday life, we need to know about the number of ways of doing certain work from given number of available .'
options. For example, Three persons A,B and C are applying for a job in which only one post is vacant. Clearly, vacant
post can be filled either by A or B or C i.e., total number of ways doing this work is three.
Again, let two persons A and B are to be seated in a row, then only two possible ways of arrangement is AB or BA.In
two arrangements, persons are same but their order is different. Thus, in arranging things, order of things is important.

Session 1
Fundamental Principle of Counting, Factorial Notation

Fundamental Principle (ii) Addition Principle

of Counting If an operation can be performed in ‘m’ different ways and
another operation, which is independent of the first
operation, can be performed in ‘ri different ways. Then,
(i) Multiplication Principle either of the two operations can be performed in (m + n)
If an operation can be performed in ‘m’ different ways, ways. This can be extended to any finite number of
following which a second operation can be performed in ‘n’ mutually exclusive operation.
different ways, then the two operations in succession can be Note ForOR->'+’ (Addition)
performed in m x n ways. This can be extended to any finite
number of operations.
i Example 3. There are 25 students in a class in which
Note For AND -+‘x’ (multiply) •
15 boys and 10 girls. The class teacher select either a
boy or a girl for monitor of the class. In how many
I Example 1. A hall has 12 gates. In how many ways ways the class teacher can make this selection?
can a man enter the hall through one gate and come Sol. Since, there are 15 ways to select a boy, so there are 10
out through a different gate? ways to select a girl.
Sol. Since, there are 12 ways of entering into the hall. After Hence, by the fundamental principle of addition, either a
entering into the hall, the man come out through a differ­ boy or a girl can be performed in 15 + 10 = 25 ways.
ent gate in 11 ways.
Hence, by the fundamental principle of multiplication, total I Example 4. There are 4 students for Physics, 6
number of ways is 12 x 11 = 132 ways. students for Chemistry and 7 students for Mathematics
gold medal. In how many ways one of these gold
I Example 2. There are three stations A, B and C, five medals be awarded?
routes for going from station A to station B and four Sol. The Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics student’s gold
routes for going from station B to station C. Find the medal can be awarded in 4, 6 and 7 ways, respectively.
number of different ways through which a person can Hence, by the fundamental principle of addition, number
go from A to C via B. ways of awarding one of the three gold medals.
Sol. Since, there are five routes for going from A to B. So, = 4+ 6 + 7 = 17 ways.
there are four routes for going from B to C.

A c
Factorial Notation
Hence, by the fundamental principle of multiplication, total Let n be a positive integer. Then, the continued product of
number of different ways first ln natural numbers is called factorial n, to be denoted
= 5X4 [i.e., A to B and then B to C ] by n! or n i.e., n! = n(n - l)(n - 2)... 3 ■ 2 • 1
= 20 ways Note When n is negative or a fraction, n\ is not defined.
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 361

Some Important Properties Exponent of prime p in n!

(i) n! = n(n-l)! = n(n-l)(n-2)! Exponent of prime p in n! is denoted by Ep(n!), where p is
(ii) 0! = l! = l prime number and n is a natural number. The last integer

(iii) (2n)! = 2"n![l-3-5...(2n-l)] amongst 1, 2, 3,.... (n - 1), n which is divisible by p is — p,

n> LpJ
(iv) - = n(n-l)(n-2)...(r + l) [r<n] where [ • ] denotes the greatest integer function.
Ep(n!) = Ep(l-2-3...(n-l)-n)
n! /
(v) = n(n -1) (n - 2)... (n - r +1) [r<n] n
(n-r)! p-2p-3p...(n-l)p- -
=EP P
, .v 1 , 1 A. Lp. /
(vi) —|--------- =---------- then A, =(n +2)2
n! (n + 1)! (n + 2)! [because the remaining natural numbers from 1 to n are
(vii) If x! =y! => x = y or x =0,y = 1 not divisible by p]
/
or x = ly =0 n n
1-2-3... ...(i)
_P. _P.
I Example 5. Find n,if (n+2)! = 60x(n-1)l.
Sol. v (n + 2)! = (n + 2)(n + l)n(n - 1)! Now, the last integer amongs 1, 2, 3,..., — which is
(n + 2)! . .. .
.P.
— = (n + 2)(n + l)n n

=> 60 = (n + 2)(n + l)n [given] divisible by p is P = -y . Now, from Eq. (i), we get
!
=> 5x4x3 = (n+2)x(n + l)xn P .P .
n=3
r -i ( r \
n n n
£p(n!)= - +Ep p,2p,3p,y p
I Example 6. Evaluate Jrxr!. LPJ
.PJ V LP Jr 'n
r=1 n
n [because the remaining natural numbers from 1 to — are
Sol. We have, X r! = £{(r + l)-l)r! = £(r + l)!-r!
not divisible by p]
Lp.
r=l r=l r=1
/
= (n + 1)! - 1! n
[ put r = n in (r + 1)! and r = 1 is r!]
= (n + l)!-l Similarly, we get
k
1-2-3...
bll
n
I Example 7. Find the remainder when £r! is divided
by 15, if n> 5.

Sol. Let
n
r=1

N = £r! = 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5! +6! +7! + ... + n!

Ef(n!)= - +
LpJ W-H..
where, s is the largest natural number such that
n

r=1 pJ<n<pl + l
= (1! + 2! + 3! + 4!) + (5! + 6! + 7! +... + n!) Note Number of zeroes at the end of nl = ^(nl).
= 33 + (5! + 6! + 7!+...+n!)
N_33 | (5! +6! +7! +...+ n!)
I Example 8. Find the exponent of 3 in 100!.
=> Sol. In terms of prime factors 100! can be written as 2U • 3b • 5C • / ...
15 15 15
3 Now, b=E3(100!)
= 2 + — + Integer [as 5!, 6!.... are divisible by 15]
fiool fiool fiool fiool
3 T
= — + Integer =M+H+M+H+- ■
= 33+11+ 3+ 1 + 0 + ...= 48
Hence, remainder is 3. Hence, exponent of 3 is 48.
362 Textbook of Algebra

Aliter 100! = 297 -3,bfc-524 -7a ... =2!73-3h(2x5)24-7‘f...

v 100! = 1 X 2 x 3 x 4 X 5 X ... x 98 x 99 x 100 = 273 - 3* (10)24 - 7d ...
= (1x2x4x5x7 X ... x 98 X 100)
Hence, number of zeroes at the end of 100! is 24.
(3 X6X 9 x... x96 x 99)
or Exponent of 10 in 100! = min (97, 24) = 24.
= k X 333(1 X 2 x 3 x... x 32 X 33)
Aliter
= [k(l x 2 x 4 x 5 x... x 31 x 32)]
Number of zeroes at the end of 100!
(3x6x9 X...X 30X33)
Fiool
= 333kj x3n(l X2X3X...X 10X11) = e5(1oo!)=[F1001
t] + [-] +...
= 344 [k| (1 X2x 4 X5X...X 10 x Il)](3x6x9)
= 20 + 4 +0 + ... = 24
-k2 X 344 X 34 X 2=k3 x 348
S Example 11. For how many positive integral values of
Hence, exponent of 3 in 100! is 48.
n does n! end with precisely 25 zeroes?
E Example 9. Prove that 33! is divisible by 219 and what Sol. Number of zeroes at the end of n! = 25 [given]
is the largest integer n such that 33! is divisible by 2n? => E5(x!) = 25
Sol. In terms of prime factors, 33! can be written as
2fl-3<’-5c •7d-...

It’s easy to see that n = 105 is the smallest satisfactory value

of n. The next four values of n will also work (i.e., n = 106,
= 16 +8+ 4 + 2+ 1 +0 + ... 107,108,109). Hence, the answer is 5.
= 31
i Example 12. Find the exponent of 80 in 180!.
Hence, the exponent of 2 in 33! is 31. Now, 33! is divisible
Sol. ••• 80 = 24 X 5
by 231 which is also divisible by 219.
Largest value of n is 31.

b Example 10. Find the number of zeroes at the end

of 100!.
Sol. In terms of prime factors, 100! can be written as
2°-3b-5c-7d ... = 90 + 45 + 22 + 11 + 5 + 2 + 1 = 176
100 100 100 100 100 100
Now, E2(100!) = + + + +
2 22 23 +IF 25 . 26 .
= 36 + 7 + 1 + 0 + ...
= 50 + 25+ 12 +6 +3 + 1 = 97
= 44
E5(i00!), = ^F100]
andJr/nnl —j + ^TlOOl
—J Now, exponent of 16 in 180! is
176
= 44, where [•] denotes the
4
= 20 + 4 = 24 greatest integer function. Hence, the exponent of 80 in 180! is 44.
1 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 363

J
g Exercise for Session 1
1. There are three routes: air, rail and road for going from Chennai to Hyderabad. But from Hyderabad to
Vikarabad, there are two routes, rail and road. The number of routes from Chennai to Vikarabad via
Hyderabad is
(a) 4 (b)5 (c)6 (d)7

2. There are 6 books on Mathematics, 4 books on Physics and 5 books on Chemistry in a book shop. The
number of ways can a student purchase either a book on Mathematics or a book on Chemistry, is
(a) 10 (b)11 (c)9 (d) 15
1 1 k
3. If a, b and c are three consecutive positive integers such that a < b < c and — + — = — , the value of fk is
a! bl cl'
(a) a (b)b (c)c (d)a + b + c

4. Ifni, 3 xnland(n + 1)1 are in GP, then n!, 5xnland(n + 1)1 are in
(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) AGP
n
5. Sum of the series £ (r2 + 1) d is
• r=1

(a)(n+1)l (b)(n+2)1-1 (c)n-(n+1)! (d)n(n+ 2)!

6. If 15! = 2w -3p 57-76 -11e13<>, the value of cc+ y-8 + 0 -<f> is

(a) 4 (b) 6 (c)8 (d)10

7. The number of naughts standing at the end of 125! is

(a) 29 (b) 30 (c)31 (d) 32

8. The exponent of 12 in 100! is

(a) 24 (b) 25 (c)47 (d)48

9. The number 24! is divisible by

(a) 624 (b) 246 (c) 1212 (d) 485

10. The last non-zero digit in 20! is

(a) 2 (b)4 (c)6 (d)8

11. The number of prime numbers among the numbers 105! + 2,105! + 3,105!+ 4 1051+104
and 105!+105 is •
(a) 31 (b)32 (c) 33 (d) None of these
Session 2
Divisibility Test, Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion,
Permutation
Divisibility Test Principle of Inclusion
In decimal system all numbers are formed by the digits 0, and Exclusion
1, 2, 3,..., 9. If a b c d e is a five-digit number in decimal
system, then we can write that. 1. If A and B are finite sets, from the Venn diagram (i), it
is clear that
abcde=104a +103-B + 102-c + 10-d + e.
Number abode will be divisible
(1) by 2, if e is divisible by 2.
(2) by 4, if 2d + e is divisible by 4.
(i)
(3) by 8, if 4c + 2d + e is divisible by 8.
n(A vB) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A n B)
(4) by 2*, if number formed by last t digits is divisible by 2'.
and n(>T nB') = n(U) -n(A u B)
For example, Number 820101280 is divisible by 25
2. If A, B and C are three finite sets, then from the Venn
because 01280 is divisible by 25.
diagram (ii), it is clear that
(5) by 5, if e =0 or 5.
(6) by 5f, if number formed by last t digits is
divisible by 51.
For example, Number 1128375 is divisible by 53
because 375 is divisible by 5 .
(7) by 3, if a + b + c + d + e(sum of digits) is divisible
by 3. (ii)
(8) by 9, if a + b + c + d + e is divisible by 9. n(A kj B uC) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) -n(AnB)
(9) by 6, if e = even and a + B + c + d + e is divisible by 3. -n(BnC)-n(Cn A) + n(A C\BnC)
(10) by 18, if e = even and a + B + c + d + eis divisible and n(A' n B' n C') = n(U) - n(AuBuC)
by 9. '
Note If A'4'^3' •••■ A are finite sets, then
(11) by 7, if abed - 2e is divisible by 7.
n(A)vA2u...uAn) = lji(A,')-'Ln(A,r\A/)+'£n(A,r'\Alc\Af)-
For example, Number 6552 is divisible by 7 because ... +(-1)nDX^i r>A2c\...r>Ari)
655 - 2 x 2 = 651 = 93 x 7 is divisible by 7. andnf/V, n At2 r>... n A'n) = n(U) - n(/\ u ^<j...u 4,).
(12) by 11, if a +c+e - b +d
Sum of digits at Sum of digits I Example 13. Find the number of positive integers
odd places at even places from 1 to 1000, which are divisible by atleast 2, 3 or 5.
is divisible by 11. Sol. Let Ak be the set of positive integers from 1 to 1000,
For example, Number 15222163 is divisible by 11 which is divisible by k. Obviously, we have to find
because n (A2 U A3 kj As). If [ • ] denotes the greatest integer
(14-2+2+6) -(5 +2 + 1 +3) =0 is divisible by 11. function, then
1000
(13) by 13, if abed + 4e is divisible by 13. n(A2) = = [500] = 500
2
For example, Number 1638 is divisible by 13 because 1000"
163 + 4x8 = 195 = 15 x 13 is divisible by 13. n(A3) = = [333.33] = 333 •
3
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 365

1000 Note
n(A5) = = [200] = 200
5 (i) The number of permutations of n different things taken all at
1000 a time = nPn = nl
n(A2 r'i A3) — = [166.67] = 166
6 (ii) np0 = 1,^ =nand nPn_y = nPn = n!
iooo~ (iii) nPr =rXn-'Pf-i) = n(n-1)(n-2Pf_2)
n(A3 n A5) = = [66.67] = 66
15 . = n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3Pr_3) = ...
1000
n(A2 A5) = = [100] = 100 (iv) "-'p, =(n-r)n~'Pr_y
. !0
Tooo' nP, = (n-r + 1)
and n(A2 n A3 n A5) = = [33.33] = 33 (v)
. 30 . nPr-,

From Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion

I Example 14. If 56 rp)fr + 6 • 54
• Pr = 30800:1,find rP2.
n(A2 uA3 u A5) = n(A2) + n(A3) + n(A5)
56 n
- n (A2 n A3) rr + 6 30800
Sol. We have,
-h(A3 n A5)- n(A2 n A5)+ h(A2 n A3 n A5) MPr + 3 1
= 500 + 333 + 200 - 166 - 66 - 100 + 33 = 734 54
Pr + 4 30800
Hence, the number of positive integers from 1 to 1000, => (56)(55) [from note (iii)]
1
which are divisible by atleast 2, 3 or 5 is 734.
Note ^Pr+4
The number of positive integers from 1 to 1000, which are not => 54 p
= 10
•*r + 3
divisible by 2,3 or 5 isn(4 nAj).
:AA'2 n A'3 n A'5) = n(U) - n(A^ Aju /%) [here . n(U) = 1000] => 54 — (r 4- 4)4-1 = 10 [from note (v)]
= 1000 - 734 =266 r = 41
rP2 = 41P2 = 41-40= 1640
Permutation 11(n-1)
Each of the different arrangements which can be made by I Example 15. if n + 5rpn+1 n + 3Pn, find n.
taking some or all of a number of things is called a
2
n+ 5 n
permutation. In permutation, order of the arrangement is rn 4-1 = ll(n-l)
Sol. We have,
important. " + 3Pn 2

Important Results (n + 5)(n + 4)-n + 3 Pa-1 ll(n-l)

=> [from note (iii)]
" + 3Pn 2
1. The number of permutations of n different
things, taking r at a time is denoted by " Pr or (n + 5)(n + 4) H(n-l)
[from note (v)]
P(n, r) or A (n, r), then (n + 3 — n + 1) 2

nPr = n(n-l)(n-2)...(n-r + l) (n + 5)(n + 4) = 22(n-l)

n! => n2 - 13n + 42 = 0
"(n-r)!
(n-6)(n—7) = 0
where, ne N,r eW and 0 < r < n. n =6,7
Proof LHS = " Pr = Number of ways of filling up r
I Example 16. If m+nP2 =90 and m~nP2 = 30, find the
vacant places simultaneously from n different things
values of m and n.
1 2 3 r
Sol. m + np2 =90 = 10x9= 10p2
Hi
nways
t
(n-1)ways (n-2)ways
t
(rw+1)ways m + n = 10 ...(i)

= n(n - l)(n - 2)...(n - r +1) and m-nP2 = 30 = 6X5= 6P2

n(n-l)(n-2)...(n-r + l) x(n-r) m-n =6 (ii)

, (n - r)! From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= ---- = RHS m = 8 and n = 2.
(n-r)!
366 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 17. Find the value of r, if Note Total number of letters in English alphabet =26

(i) 11 Pr =990 (i) Number of vowels = 5

i.e.,A E, I, O,U [strong vowels]
(ii) 8P5 +5- 8P4 = 9Pr (ii) IV and Y an half vowels. [weak vowels]
(iii) 2!Pr+1:20Pr+2 = 11:52 (iii) Number of consonants = 21 [except vowels]
i.e., B,C, D, F, G Y, Z
Sol. (i) v 11 Pr = 990 = 11 X 10 x 9 = nP3 (iv) Words which contains all vowels are
.*. r=3 EDUCATION, EQUATION,...
8P5 + 5-8P4 = 9Pr (iv) Words which do not contains any vowels are
(ii) v
'8 p 5
SKY, FLY, TRY,...
s P4 -p- + 5 = 9Pr
IJ I Example 20. How many different signals can be
given using any number of flags from 4 flags of
8
P, (8 - 5 + 1 + 5) = 9Pr [from note (v)]
different colours?
=> 9 • 8P4 = 9Pr Sol. The signals can be made by using one or more flags at a
=> 9P5 = 9Pr [from note (iii)] time. Hence, by the fundamental principle of addition, the
total number of signals
r=5
= + 4P2 + 4P3 + 4P4
. 20 p
(iii) v 22 Pr + 1 • rr + 2 = 11:52
= 4 + (4 x 3) + (4 x 3 X 2) + (4 X 3 X 2 X 1)
22fi + l 11 = 4 + 12 + 24 + 24 = 64
=>
20 p 52
I Example 21. Find the total number of 9-digit
22-21- 20Pr_} n numbers which have all different digits.
(19-r)-(20-r)-(21-r)- 20Pr_! 52 Sol. Number of digits are 10 (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
[from note (iii) and (iv)] Total number of 9-digit numbers = 10P9
(21 - r)-(20 - r)-(19 - r) = 52 X 2 X 21 Out of these, the number of numbers having zero at the
= 14X13X12 first place = 9P8
r=7 Hence, required number of numbers = ,0P9 - 9P8

E Example 18. Prove that = 10 x 9P8 - 9P8 = 9 x 9P8

1Pl+2-2P2 + 3-3P3 + ...-i-n-nPn = n + 1n
Hn+1 -1. 9'
= 9 x — =9 x 9!
1!
Sol. LHS = ’P, + 2- 2P2 + 3- 3P3 +... + n • nP„
Note Total number of ndigit numbers (1 $ n< 10),
which have all different digits = 10Pn - 9Pn_y
r=1 r=1

n I Example 22. A 5-digit number divisible by 3 is to be

= £((r + I)rP, -'/>)) formed using the numbers 0,1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 without
r=1
repetition. Find total number of ways in which this can
= £(r“Pr + 1-'P,) [from note (iii)]
be done.
r=1 Sol. A number will be divisible by 3, if sum of the digits in
n+1n ip — n +1 p
number be divisible by 3.
*n + 1 rl ~ rn + 1 -1
Here, 0+1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15, which is divisible by 3.
= RHS Therefore, the digit that can be left out, while the sum still
is multiple of 3, is either 0 or 3.
I Example 19. Determine the number of permutations If 0 left out
of the letters of the word ‘SIMPLETON’ taken all at Then, possible numbers = 5P5 = 5! = 120
a time.
If 3 left out
Sol. There are 9 letters in the word ‘SIMPLETON’ and all the
9 letters are different. Hence, the number of permutations Then, possible numbers = 5P5 -4P4 = 5! - 4! = 120- 24 = 96
taking all the letters at a time Hence, required total numbers = 120 + 96 = 216
= 9 P9 =9! = 362880
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 367

I Example 23. A 5-digit number is formed by the digits Proof Let the required number of permutations be x .
1,2,3,4,5 without repetition. Find the number of the Since, p different things can be arranged among
numbers, thus formed divisible by 4. themselves in p! ways, therefore if we replace p
identical things by p different things, which are also
Sol. Let a 5-digit number be abcde.
different from the rest of things, the number of
It will be divisible by 4, if 2d + e is divisible by 4.
permutations will become x x p!
=> 2d + cis divisible by 4 e must be even.
Again, if we replace q identical things by q different
Even
things, the number of permutations will become
I 6 i
=> 2 Id + - I is divisible by 4 (x xp!) xql
Again, if we replace r identical things by r different
Should be even
things, the number of permutations will become
Then, e = 2,d = l,3,5 (x x p! x q!) x r!. Now, all the n things are different
> Total four cases
and e = 4, d = 2 and therefore, number of permutations should be n!.
Required number of ways = 4 x 3!, = 24 Thus, x xp! xg! xr! = n!
Number of ways _ n*
filling abc after filling de. p! q! r!
Aliter A number will be divisible by 4, if the last two digits Remark
of the number is divisible by 4, then for divisible by 4, last
The above theorem can be extended further i.e. if there are
two digits 12 or 24 or 32 or 52
n things taken all at a time, pt are alike of one kind, p2 are alike of
second kind,p3 are alike of third kind.... pr are alike of rth kind
such that p} + p2 + p3 + ... + pr = n. the number of permutations
------------ 3! ways-------------- *------ 4 ways ------- h of these n things is-------- —-------- .
Pi!p2!p3!...p,l
Hence, the number formed is divisible by 4 = 3! x 4 = 24.
I Example 25. How many words can be formed with
I Example 24. Find the number of permutations of
the letters of the word ‘ARIHANT by rearranging them?
lettersabcdefg taken all together if neither 'beg7
Sol. Here, total letters 7, in which 2A’s but the rest are
nor 'cod' pattern appear. 7!
Sol. The total number of permutations without any restriction is 7! different. Hence, the number of words formed = — = 2520
2!
n(L7) = 7! = 5040
Let n(A) be the number of permutations in which ‘beg’
I Example 26. Find the number of permutations of the
pattern always appears letters of the words ‘DADDY DID A DEADLY DEED'.
b egac d f Sol. Here, total letters 19, in which 9D’s, 3A’s, 2Y’s, 3E’s and
Le., n(A) = 5! = 120 rest occur only once.
19!
and let n(B) be the number of permutations in which ‘cad’ .'. Required number of permutations =
pattern always appears 9!x3!x2!x3!
ca db e f g I Example 27. How many words can be formed with
Le., n(B) = 5! = 120 the letters of the words
Now, n (A n B) = Number of permutations in which ‘beg’
(i) HIGH SCHOOL and
and ‘cad’ pattern appear
(ii) INTERMEDIATE by rearranging them?
b e gc a df
Le., n(AnB) = 3! = 6 Sol. (i) Here, total letters are 10, in which 3H’s and 2O’s, but
Hence, the number of permutations in which 'Beg’and ‘cad’ the rest are different. Hence, the number of words
patterns do not appear is n(A' n B'). r > 10!
formed =-----
or n(A'nB')=n([J)-n(AuB) 3! 2!
= n (LT) - [n (A) + n(B) - n(A n B)] (ii) Here, total letters are 12, in which 2l’s, 2T’s and 3E’s
= 5040-120-120 + 6=4806 but the rest are different. Hence, the number of words
2. The number of permutations of n things taken all 12!
formed =----- — Note [For Remember]
at a time, p are alike of one kind, q are alike of 2! 2! 3!
second kind and r are alike of a third kind and High School = 10 th class = Total number of letters are 10
n! Intermediate = 12 th class = Total number of letters
the rest n - (p + q + r) are all different is
p!qlr! are 12
368 Textbook of Algebra

3. The number of permutations of n different I Example 31. In how many ways can 4 prizes be distributed
things taken r at a time when each thing may be among 5 students, if no student gets all the prizes?
repeated any number of times is nr. Sol. The number of ways in which the 4 prizes can be given
Proof Since, the number of permutations of n away to the 5 students, if a student can get any number
different things taken r at a time = Number of ways in of prizes = 54 = 625.
which r blank places can be filled by n different Again, the number of ways in which a student gets all the 4
things. prizes = 5, since there are 5 students and any one of them
may get all the four prizes.
Clearly, the first place can be filled in n ways. Since,
Therefore, the required number of ways in which a student
each thing may be repeated, the second place can be does not get all the prizes = 625 - 5 = 620.
filled in n ways. Similarly, each of the 3rd, 4th,.... rth
place can be filled in n ways. B Example 32. Find the number of n-digit numbers, which
By multiplication principle, the number of contain the digits 2 and 7, but not the digits 0,1, 8, 9.
permutations of n different things taken r at a time Sol. The total number without any restrictions containing digits
when each thing may be repeated any number of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 is n(U) = 6n.
times The total number of numbers that contain 3,4, 5,6,7 is
n(A) = 5".
= nxnxnx...xr factors
The total number of numbers that contain 2, 3,4,5,6 is
= nr
n(B) = 5".
Corollary When r = n The total number of numbers that contain 3,4, 5, 6 is
i.e., the number of permutations of n different things, . n(AnB) = 4".
taken all at a time, when each thing may be repeated The total number of numbers that do not contain digits 2
any number of times in each arrangements is nn. and 7 is n(A u B)
i.e., n(A u B) = n(A') + n(B') - n(A n B)
I Example 28. A child has four pockets and three = 5" +5" -4” =2(5")-4”
marbles. In how many ways can the child put the Hence, the total number of numbers that contain 2 and 7 is
marbles in its pockets? n(A' D B')
Sol. The first marble can be put into the pocket in 4 ways, so .*. n(A/nB') = n((/)->n(AuB)=6" - 2-(5n) + 4"
can the second. Thus, the number of ways in which the
child can put the marbles = 4x4x4 = 43=64 ways I Example 33. Show that the total number of
permutations of n different things taken not more than
! Example 29. There are m men and n monkeys r at a time, when each thing may be repeated any
(n> m). If a man have any number of monkeys. In how . c,. . n(nr-1)
many ways may every monkey have a master? number of times is---------- .
(n-1)
Sol. The first monkey can select his master by m ways and Sol. Given, total different things = n
after- that the second monkey can select his master again
by m ways, so can the third and so on. The number of permutations of n things taken one at a time
All monkeys can select master = m x m x m... upto n = "?, = «, now if we taken two at a time (repetition is
factors = (m)n ways allowed), then first place can be filled by n ways and second
place can again be filled in n ways.
I Example 30. How many four digit numbers can be The number of permutations of n things taken two at a time
formed by using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, if atleast
= "P1xnP1=nxn = n2
one digit is repeated ?
Similarly, the number of permutations of n things taken
Sol. The numbers that can be formed when repetition of digits
three at a time = n3
is allowed are 74 = 2401.
The numbers that can be formed when all the digits are
The number of permutations of n things taken r at a
distinct when repetition is not allowed are 7 P4 = 840.
time = nr. Hence, the total number of permutations
Therefore, the numbers that can be formed when atleast = n + n2 + n3 +.,. + nr
one digit is repeated = 74 - 7 P4
_ n(nr -1)
= 2401 -840 = 1561 [sum of r terms of a GP]
(n-1)
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 369

§ Exercise for Session 2

1. If nP5 = 20 • nP3, then n equals
(a) 4 (b)8 (c)6 (d)7
2. If 9P5 + 5- 9P4 = nPr, then n + r equals
(a) 13 (b) 14 (c)15 (d)16
nip
3. ifm+n'P
, 2 = 56 and m~nP3 =24, then equals
^2

(a) 20 (b) 40 (c) 60 (d) 80

4. if2n+!lPrt_1: 2n~'Pn = 7:10, then nP3 equals
(a) 60 (b) 24 (c) 120 (d)6
5. In a train, five seats are vacant, the number of ways three passengers can sit, is
(a) 10 (b)20 (c)30 . (d) 60
6. If a denotes the number of permutations of x + 2 things taken all at a time, b the number of permutations of x
things taken 11 at a time and c the number of permutations of (x -11) things taken all at a time such that
a = 182 be, the value of x is
■

(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 15 (d)18

7. The number of nine non-zero digits such that all the digits in the first four places are less than the digit in the
middle and all the digits in the last four places are greater than that in the middle, is
(a) 48 (b)7560 (c) 10080 ' (d) 576
8. Total number of words that can be formed using all letters of the word ‘DIPESH’ that neither begins with T nor
ends with ’D’ is equal to
(a) 504 (b)480 (c)624 (d)696
9. The number of all five digit numbers which are divisible by 4 that can be formed from the digits 0,1, 2, 3, 4
(without repetition), is
(a) 36 (b) 30 (c) 34 (d) None of these
10. The number of words can be formed with the letters of the word ‘MATHEMATICS’ by rearranging them, is
(a)— (b)— (c)-H_ (d)11!
2!2! 2! 2I212!
11. Six identical coins are arranged in a row. The number of ways in which the number of tails is equal to the
number of heads, is
(a) 9 (b)20 (c)40 (d) 120
12. A train time table must be compiled for various days of the week so that two trains twice a day depart for three
days, one train daily for two days and three trains once a day for two days. How many different time tables can
be compiled?
(a) 140 (b)210 (c) 133 (d) 72
13. Five persons entered the lift cabin on the ground floor of an 8 floor house. Suppose each of them can leave
the cabin independently at any floor beginning with the first. The total number of ways in which each of the five
persons can leave the cabin at any one of the floor, is
(a) 57 (b) 75 (c) 35 (d) 2520
14. Four die are rolled. The number of ways in which atleast one die shows 3, is
(a) 625 (b)671 (c)1256 (d) 1296
15. The number of 4-digit numbers that can be made with the digits 1, 2, 3,4 and 5 in which atleast two digits are
identical, is
(a)45-5! (b)505 (c) 600 (d) 120

16. There are unlimited number of identical balls of three different colours. How many arrangements of atmost 7
balls in a row can be made by using them?
(a) 2187 (b)343 (c) 399 (d)3279
Session 3
Number of Permutations Under Certain Conditions,
Circular Permutations, Restricted Circular Permutations

Number of Permutations Sol. The word ‘INSURANCE’ has nine different letters,
combine the vowels into one bracket as (IUAE) and treat­
Under Certain Conditions ing them as one letter we have six letters viz.
(i) Number of permutations of n different things, taken r (IUAE) N S R N C and these can be arranged among
at a time, when a particular thing is to be always 61
themselves in — ways and four vowels within the bracket
included in each arrangement, is r • " "1 Pr _ j 2!
can be arranged themselves in 4 ! ways.
Corollary Number of permutations of n different 6!
Required number of words = — X 4 ! = 8640
things, taken r at a time, when p particular things is
to be always included in each arrangement, is
p!(r-(p-l))”-,’Pr.p. I Example 36. How many words can be formed with
the letters of the word ‘PATAU PUTRA’ without
(ii) Number of permutations of n different things, taken r
changing the relative positions of vowels and
at a time, when a particular thing is never taken in
consonants?
each arrangement, is
n -1 Sol. The word ‘PATALIPUTRA’ has eleven letters, in which
Pr- • 2P’s, 3A’s, 2T’s, 1L, 1U, 1R and II. Vowels are AAIUA
(iii) Number of permutations of n different things, taken 5!
These vowels can be arranged themselves in — = 20 ways.
all at a time, when m specified things always come
together, is The consonants are PTLPTR these consonants can be
m ! x(n -m +1)! 6!
arranged themselves in----- - 180 ways
(iv) Number of permutations of n different things, taken 2! 2!
all at a time, when m specified things never come .*. Required number of words
together, is = 20 X 180 = 3600 ways.
n!-m!x(n-m + l)’
I Example 37. Find the number of permutations
0 Example 34. How many permutations can be made that can be had from the letters of the
out of the letters of the word 'TRIANGLE' ? How many word ‘OMEGA’
of these will begin with T and end with E ? (i) 0 and A occuping end places.
Sol. The word ‘TRIANGLE’ has eight different letters, which (ii) E being always in the middle.
can be arranged themselves in 8! ways.
.*. Total number of permutations = 8! = 40320 (iii) Vowels occuping odd places.
Again, when T is fixed at the first place and E at the last (iv) Vowels being never together.
place, the remaining six can be arranged themselves in Sol. There are five letters in the word 'OMEGA'.
6! ways. (i) When O and A occuping end places
.‘.The number of permutations which begin with T and end with i.e., MEG (OA)
E = 6! = 720. the first three letters (M, E, G) can be arranged
themselves by 3! = 6 ways and last two letters (0, A)
[ Example 35. In how many ways can the letters of can be arranged themselves by 2! = 2 ways.
the word ‘INSURANCE’ be arranged, so that the vowels
Total number of such words
are never separate?
= 6x2 = 12 ways.
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 371

(ii) When E is the fixed in the middle, then there are four Similarly, if n different things are arranged along a circle
places left to be filled by four remaining letters 0, M, for each circular arrangement number of linear
G and A and this can be done in 4 ! ways. arrangements is n.
Total number of such words = 4 ! = 24 ways. Therefore, the number of linear arrangements of n
(iii) Three vowels (0, E, A) can be arranged in the odd different things = n X number of circular arrangements of
places in 31 ways (1st, 3rd and 5th) and the two n different things
consonants (M, G) can be arranged in the even places
in 2! ways (2nd and 4th) (ii) Arrangements of beads or flowers
Total number of such words (all different) around a circular
= 3 ! x 2 ! = 12 ways. necklace or garland
(iv) Total number of words = 5 ! = 120 Consider five beads A, B, C, D and E in a necklace or five
Combine the vowels into one bracket as (OEA) and flowers A, B, C, D and E in a garland, etc. If the necklace or
treating them as one letter, we have garland on the left is turned over, we obtain the
(OEA), M, G and these can be arranged themselves in arrangement on the right i.e. anti-clockwise and clockwise
3! ways and three vowels with in the bracket can be order of arrangement is not different we will get
arranged themselves in 3 ! ways. arrangements as follows:
.’. Number of ways when vowels come together We see that arrangements in figures are not different.
= 3 ! x 3 ! = 36 ways.
' Flip to right
Hence, number of ways when vowels being
never together - 120 - 36 = 84 ways. o c .

Circular Permutations E B B

A
(i) Arrangements round a circular table
Consider five persons A, B, C, D and E on the Then, the number of circular permutations of n different
circumference of a circular table in order which has no things taken all at a time is -(n -1)!, if clockwise and
head now, shifting A, B, C, D and E one position in anti-clockwise orders are tafcen as not different.
anti-clockwise direction we will get arragements as
follows I Example 38. Find the number of ways in which 12
different beads can be arranged to form a necklace.
D
Sol. 12 different beads can be arranged among themselves in a
A E C circular order in (12 — 1)! = 11! ways. Now, in the case of
necklace, there is no distinction between clockwise and
B A B E anti-clockwise arrangements. So, the required number of
(") arrangements = -(11!).
A 2
C B E 3 Example 39. Consider 21 different pearls on a
necklace. How many ways can the pearls be placed in
D C D
on this necklace such that 3 specific pearls always
(v) remain together?
We see that, if 5 persons are sitting at a round table, they So/. After fixing the places of three pearls, treating 3 specific
can be shifted five times and five different arrangements. pearls = 1 unit. So, we have now
Thus, obtained will be the same, because anti-clockwise 18 pearls + 1 unit = 19 and the number of arrangement will
order of A, B, C, D and E does not change. be(19 - 1)! = 18!
Also, the number of ways of 3 pearls can be arranged
But if A, B, C, D and E are sitting in a row and they are
between themselves is 3! = 6.
shifted in such an order that the last occupies the place of
Since, there is no distinction between the clockwise and
first, then the five arrangements will be different. Thus, if
anti-clockwise arrangements.
there are 5 things, then for each circular arrangement
number of linear arrangements is 5. So, the required number of arrangements = ^18!-6 = 3(18!)l
372 Textbook of Algebra

Restricted Circular I Example 42. In how many different ways can five
boys and five girls form a circle such that the boys and
Permutations girls alternate?
Case I If clockwise and anti-clockwise orders are taken as Sol. After fixing up one boy on the table, the remaining can be
arranged in 4 ! ways but boys and girls are to alternate.
different, then the number of circular permutations of n There will be 5 places, one place each between two boys
different things taken r at a time. these five places can be filled by 5 girls in 5! ways.
Bi
-251 n!
r r (n-r)l
Note For checking correctness of formula, put r = n. then we get
(n—1)1 [result (5) (i)]

I Example 40. In how many ways can 24 persons be

seated round a table, if there are 13 sets ?
Hence, by the principle of multiplication, the required
Sol. In case of circular table, the clockwise and anti-clockwise
number of ways = 4 ! x 51 = 2880.
orders are different, the required number of circular
24P13= 24! I Example 43. 20 persons were invited to a party. In
permutations =
13 13X111’. how many ways can they and the host be seated at a
=> n ! = n x number of circular arrangements of n circular table ? In how many of these ways will two
different things particular persons be seated on either side of the host?
=> Number of circular arrangements of n different things Sol. I Part Total persons on the circular table
= 20 guest + 1 host = 21
= — = ("-!)!
n They can be seated in (21 - 1)! = 20! ways.
Hence, the number of circular permutations of n different
things taken all at a time is (n - 1) 1, if clockwise and II Part After fixing the places of three persons
anti-clockwise orders are taken as different. (1 host + 2 persons).
Treating (1 host + 2 persons) = 1 unit, so we have now
I Example 41. Find the number of ways in which three
{(remaining 18 persons + 1 unit) = 19} and the number of
Americans, two British, one Chinese, one Dutch and
arrangement will be (19-1)1 = 18! also these two particular
one Egyptian can sit on a round table so that persons
persons can be seated on either side of the host in 21 ways.
of the same nationality are separated.
^20 // P
Sol. The total number of persons without any restrictions is
P19.
n(l/) = (8-l)l
= 71 = 5040
Pis/
VY3 4
When, three Americans (Ab A2, A3) are sit together, P16l
n(A) = 51x3!
A A6
hi
= 720
P13
When, two British(Bj, B2)are sit together P12 p. ^9
’11 Pio
n(B) = 61x2!
Hence, the number of ways of seating 21 persons on the
= 1440 circular table such that two particular persons be seated on
When, three Americans (Ab A2, A3) and two British (Bj, B2) either side of the host = 18! x 2! = 2 X 181
are sit together n(A n B) = 4! x 3! X 2! = 288
Case II If clockwise and anti-clockwise orders are taken as
n(A u B) = n(A) + nB) - n(A n B) not different, then the number of circular permutations ofn
= 720 + 1440-288= 1872 nP 1 n!
different things taken r at a time = —- =--------- -—
Hence, n(A n B') = n(U) - n(A B) 2r 2r (n-r)l
Note
= 5040- 1872
For checking correctness of formula put r = n, then we get
= 3168
[result (5) (ii)]
2
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 373

I Example 44. How many necklace of 12 beads each can be made from 18 beads of various colours?
So/. In the case of necklace, there is no distinction between the clockwise and anti-clockwise arrangements, the required
number of circular permutations.
18Pt2 _ 18! 18 X 17 x 16 X 15 x 14 x 13! 119 x13!
2x12 6!x24 6x5x4x3x2x1x24 2

@ Exercise for Session 3

1. How many words can be formed from the letters of the word ‘COURTESY’ whose first letter is C and the last
letter is Y ?
(a) 6! (b)8! (c) 2(6)1 (d) 2(7)1

2. The number of words that can be made by writing down the letters of the word ‘CALCULATE’ such that each
word starts and ends with a consonant, is
(a) | (7)! (b)2(7)l (c)|(7)! (d) 3(7)1

3. The number of words can be formed from the letters of the word ‘MAXIMUM’, if two consonants cannot occur
together, is
(a) 4! (b) 3!x 4!
41
(c)3! (d)-
3!
4. All the letters of the word ‘EAMCET’ are arranged in all possible ways. The number of such arrangements in
which two vowels are not adjacent to each other, is
(a) 54 (b) 72
(c)114 (d) 360
5. How many words can be made from the letters of the word ‘DELHI’, if L comes in the middle in every word?
(a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 24 (d) 60
6. In how many ways can 5 boys and 3 girls sit in a row so that no two girts are sit together?
(a) 51x3! (b)4P3x5! (c) 6P3 x 5! (d) 5P3 x 3!

7. There aren numbe'red seats around a round table. Total number of ways in which n, (n, <n) persons can sit
around the round table, is equal to
(a)nCn, (b)nPn, (c) "C (d) "P

8. In how many ways can 7 men and 7 women can be seated around a round table such that no two women can
sit together?
(a) 7! (b)7!x 6! (c){6!)2 (d)(7!)2

9. The number of ways that 8 beads of different colours be string as a necklace, is

(a) 2520 (b) 2880 (c)4320 (d)5040
10. If 11 members of a committee sit at a round table so that the President and secretary always sit together, then
the number of arrangements, is
(a)9!x2 (b) 10! (c)10!x2 (d) 11!
11. In how many ways can 15 members of a council sit along a circular table, when the secretary is to sit on one
side of the Chairman and the deputy secretary on the other side?
(a) 121x2 (b)24 (c)15!x2 (d) 30
Session 4
Combination, Restricted Combinations
Combination (iii) "C0 = "Cn=l,"C1=n
Each of the different groups or selections which can be (iv) nPr = nCr, ifr = 0 or 1
made by some or all of a number of given things without
reference to the order of the things in each group is called (v) "C, = "C„.„ifr>j
a combination.
(vi) If "C„ = nCy =>x=yorx+y = n

Important Result (vii) "Cr + "Cr-i="+1C, [Pascal’s rule]

(1) The number of combinations of n different
n-l/o
things taken r at a time is denoted by " Cr or (yiii)nCr =-• cr-l
r
C(n, r) or | — I
I rJ
(ix)„- n-lz-.Cr_j = (n-r + l)-nCr^

Then, "c'-'r n-r + 1

(x)
ncr = r!(n -r)!
n!
[0<r <m]
nc r

n
n Pr (xi) (a) If n is even , " Cr is greatest for r = —
2
n-1 n+1
_ n(n-l)(n-2),..(/i-r + l) (b) If n is odd , " Cr is greatest for r = or-----
,neN and re IF 2 2
r(r-l)(r-2)...21
(xii) "Co+ "C1+"C2=2"
Proof Let the number of combinations of n different things
(xiii)"C0 + "C2 + "C4+...
taken r at a time be " Cr.
= "Cj +"C3 + "C5 + ...=2"-1
Now, each combination consists of r different things and
these r things can be arranged among themselves in r! ways. (xiv) 2n + 1 Co + 2n + 2n + 1C„ = 22n
‘ + ,Ci d-2" + 1C2 +... +
Thus, for one combination of r different things, the
(xv) nCn •+ n +1lCn +n+2C2 + " + 3Cn +...
number of arrangements is r!.
+ 2n-l
Hence, for " Cr combinations, number of arrangements is
r!x"Cr ...(i) I Example 45. if15 c 3r ~ 15 C, find rC2.
But number of permutations of n different things taken r at Sol. We have, 15C3r _
— 15r
c. +
a time is " Pr. ...(ii)
3r = r + 3
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get or 3r + r + 3 = 15
n!
r!x nCr = nPr = 2r = 3or4r = 12
(n-r)! 3
=> r = - or r = 3
n! 2
ncr = r’(n-r)! ,reW and n e N 3
but r e W, so that rt-
2
Note the following facts:
r=3
(i) " Cr is a natural number
Then, rC2 = 3C2 = 3C1=3
(ii) " Cr = 0, if r > n
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 375

I Example 46. If nC9 = nC7, find n. => *- = 2

r
Sol. We have, nC9 = n c7 =>n= 9 + 7 [v9#7]
=> n = 2r ...(ii)
n = 16 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get n = 10 and r = 5.

I Example 47. Prove that I Example 50. If nCr_} = 36, nCr =84 and
fn} n ( n ' <0 + 2^1 nC = 126, find r.
+2 +
V) 7-1 J r 7 nCr 84
Sol. Here,
n ncr-t 36
Sol. .-. = nCr

n-r+1 7 ncr n-r+ 1

n n n i
:. LHS = +2 + r 3 "Cr-! r
r r-1 /-2j
=> 3n-3r +3 = 7r
= " Cr + 2 " Cr - 1 + n Cr - 2
lOr-3n =3 (0
= <?Cr + nCr _1) + (nCr_1 + nCr_2) n
Cr + l n -(r + 1) + 1 _ 126 ncr n -r + 1
and -
= n + ICr + n+xcr_.= n + 2Cr
ncr (r + 1) ” 84 r
(n + 2^ n-r 3
= RHS =$>
r r+1 2
2n r . n => 2n -2r =3r +3
I Example 48. If c3 • C3 =11:1, find the value of n.
=> 5r-2n = -3
Sol. We have,
or lOr - 4n = - 6 ...(ii)
2"C3 : ”C3 =11:1
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
2nC3 11
=> n =9
1
From Eq. (i), we get
2n(2n-l)(2n -2)
10r-27=3 => lOr = 30
1-2-3 4(2n-l)_u
=> = 11 => r =3
n(n — 1)(n — 2) (n-2)
1-2-3 I Example 51. Prove that product of r consecutive
=> 8n -4 = lln -22 => 3n = 18 positive integers is divisible by r!.
n =6 Sol. Let r consecutive positive integers be (m),
(m + 1),(m + 2)........ (m + r - 1), where me N.
I Example 49. If n+1c,r + 1 • <-r • n~]cr _! =11:6:3, Product = m(m + l)(m + 2)...(m + r - 1)
find the values of n and r. _ (m - 1)! m (m + 1) (m + 2)...(m + r - 1)
n+1cr+1 11 (m-1)!
Sol. Here,
nc
'-'r 6 (m + r - 1)! r! -(m + r - 1)!

n +1 nc 11 (m - 1)! r! (m - 1)!
=> -:nCr = ~-n~iCr.l
r+1 nCr' 6 r [•: m + r ~ *Cr is natural number]

=>
n +1 n = r!- ’’C,

r+1 6 which is divisible by r!.

6n+6 = llr + ll
=>
I Example 52. Evaluate
6n - Hr = 5 (i)

and
Cr 6 «c4+i5<)-'c3+i“-‘ ^53-k-
3 j = 0k = 0
3 5
56 -kr
n 6 Sol. We have, 47 C4 + £50’ >C, + <-53 -k
=> -nCr =--B-1Cr_1
r n - 1/^
3 r J=o k =0
<-r-l
376 Textbook of Algebra

5
=47c4 + t5°-7c3 “-lC,[v"Cr = "Cn.r]
Restricted Combinations
y=0 k=0
(i) The number of selections (combinations) of r objects
= 47C4 + (50C3 + 49C
‘ 3+ 48c3 + 47c3)
out of n different objects, when
+ (S6C3 + 55 C3 + 54c3 + 53 c3 + 52c3 + 51C3) (a) k particular things are always included= n -k ^r-k-
47c4 + 47c3 + 48c3 + 49c3 + S0C3 + C3
(b) k particular things are never included = n~kcr.
56
+ 52 C3 + 53c3 + 54c3 + 55c3 + U3
(ii) The number of combinations of r things out of n
= (47C4 + 47C3)+ 48'C3 + 49c3 + 50c3 + 51/”*
C3
different things, such that k particular things are not
together in any selection = nCr - n~k CT_k
56z->
+ 52c3 + 53c3 + 54c3 + 55C3 + C3
(iii) The number of combinations of n different objects
56^
48c4 +48c3 + 49c3 + 50C3 + 51c3 + ...+ C3 taking r at a time when, p particular objects are
49c4+ 49c3 + 50c3 + ...+ 56 rc3 always included and q particular objects are always
excluded = n~p~q Cr_p
Note
S6c4 + 56c3 = 57C4 (i) The number of selections of r consecutive things out of
n things in a row = n - r + 1.
I Example 53. Prove that the greatest value of (ii) The number of selections of r consecutive things out of
n, if r < n
2nCr (0< r < 2n) is 2nCn (for!<r<n). nthings along a circle =
1, if r = ri
2ncr 2n - r + 1 ncr n-r + 1
Sol. We have,
2ncr_1 r ncr.x r 8 Example 55. In how many ways can a cricket, eleven
players by chosen out of a batch 15 players, if
_ 2(n - r) + (r + 1) _ l + 2(n -r) + l
>1 (i) a particular is always chosen.
r r
2n p
(ii) a particular player is never chosen?
=> [forl<r<n] Sol. (i) Since, particular player is always chosen. It means
2nCr_1 that 11-1 = 10 players are selected out of the
2ncr_1< 2ncr remaining 15 - 1 = 14 players.
Required number of ways = 14Ci0 = 14C4
On putting r =1, 2, 3,.... n,
then 2nC0< 2nC1,2flC1< 22nHz-*
C2* ,...,
C-
2nz-> =“■131211=)W.
t-n - 1 '-n
1-2-3-4
On combining all inequalities, we get
(ii) Since, particular player is never chosen. It means that
=> 2nc0< 2nC1< 2nc2< 2nc3<...< 2nc -1 < 2nzi
11 players are selected out of the remaining 15 -1 = 14
players.
but 2nCr = 2nC2n_r, it follows that
2iiz-» - 2nz-»- 2nz-* 2ns>
.*. Required number of ways = 14Cn = 14C3
C2n C2n-1 < c2n-2<; 2n_3<...< "C„ + 1 2ncn
14-13 12
Hence, the greatest value of 2nCr is 2n =----------- = 364
1-2-3

I Example 54. Thirty six games were played in a I Example 56. How many different selections of 6
football tournament with each team playing once books can be made from 11 different books, if
against each other. How many teams were there?
(i) two particular books are always selected.
Sol. Let the number of teams be n.
(ii) two particular books are never selected?
Then number of matches to be played is nC2 = 36 Sol. (i) Since, two particular books are always selected. It
nn 9X8 means that 6-2=4 books are selected out of the
C2 = = 9c2 remaining 11-2 = 9 books.
1x2
. . , - 9 9-8-7-6
=> n =9 Required number of ways = C4 = —= 126
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 377

(ii) Since, two particular books are never selected. It I Example 59. A question paper consists of two
means that 6 books are selected out of the remaining sections having respectively, 3 and 5 questions. The
11-2 = 9 books. following note is given on the paper “It is not
Required number of ways = 9C6 necessory to attempt all the questions one question
9-8-7 ot
from each section is compulsory”. In how many ways
= 9C3 = -------- = 84. can a candidate select the questions?
1-2-3
Sol. Here, we have two sections A and B (say), the section A
I Example 57. A person tries to form as many different has 3 questions and section B has 5 questions and one
question from each section is compulsory, according to
parties as he can, out of his 20 friends. Each party the given direction.
should consist of the same number. How many friends :. Number of ways selecting one or more than one question
should be invited at a time? In how many of these from section A is 23 - 1 = 7
parties would the same friends be found?
and number of ways selecting one or more than one
Sol. Let the person invite r number of friends at a time. Then,
question from section B is 25 -1=31
the number of parties are 20 Cr , which is maximum,
when r = 10. Hence, by the principle of multiplication, the required
number of ways in which a candidate can select the
If a particular friend will be found in p parties, then p is the
questions
number of combinations out of 20 in which this particular
friend must be included. Therefore, we have to select 9 = 7 x31 = 217.
more from 19 remaining friends.
Hence, p = 19C9 I Example 60. A student is allowed to select atleast
one and atmost n books from a collection of (2n + 1)
(2) The number of ways (or combinations) of n books. If the total number of ways in which he can
different things selecting atleast one of them is select books is 63, find the value of n.
2" -1. This can also be stated as the total
Sol. Given, student select atleast one and atmost n books from
number of combinations of n different things. a collection of (2n + 1) books. It means that he select one
book or two books or three books or ... or n books.
Proof For each things, there are two possibilities, whether
Hence, by the given hypothesis.
it is selected or not selected. 2n + l . 2n + 1 , 2n > 1/-, , ,1
Cj + C2 + C 3 + ... + 2fl + 1C„ =63 (i)
Hence, the total number of ways is given by total
possibilities of all the things which is equal to Also, the sum of binomial coefficients, is

2x2x2 x...xn factors = 2" 2n + 1C0 + 2n + 1C1+...+ 2B + ,Cn + 2"*’Cn( + 1

2n + lz-»
+ ...+ +1
But, this includes one case in which nothing is selected. ,2n + 1
= (l + l)2n + 1 = 2
Hence, the total number of ways of selecting one or more 2n + iCn)
=> 2n + ,C0 +2( 2n + 1C! + 2n + 1C2 + ...+
of n different things = 2" -1
+ 2n + l,Iz“» _ r\2 n + 1
c2n + 1 “ z [•••"c, = C„_r]
Aliter Number of ways of selecting one, two, three,..., in
things from n different things are 1 + 2 x 63 + 1 = 2!2n + 1 =>128 = 22n + 1
27 = 22n + 1 => 7 = 2n + 1
"Q, "C2, "C3,...» nCn, respectively.
n =3
Hence, the total number of ways or selecting atleast one
thing is I Example 61. There are three books of Physics, four
BCI + "C2 + "C3 + ...+ "C„ of Chemistry and five of Mathematics. How many
= ("C0 + "Cl + "C2 + ...+ "CJ- "C0=2" -1
different collections can be made such that each
collection consists of
I Example 58. Mohan has 8 friends, in how many (i) one book of each subject,
ways he invite one or more of them to dinner? (ii) atleast one book of each subject,
So/. Mohan select one or more than one of his 8 friends. So, (iii) atleast one book of Mathematics.
required number of ways Sol. (i) 3C] x 4Cj x 5C, = 3 x 4 x 5 = 60
= 8C1 + 8C2 + 8C3+...+ 8C8 (ii) (23 - 1) x (24 - 1) x (25 - 1) = 7 X 15 X 31 = 3255
= 28 - 1 = 255. (iii) (25 - 1) x 27 = 31 X 128 = 3968
378 Textbook of Algebra

§ Exercise for Session 4

1. If 43Cf-6 =43zx
_6 = 43C 3f + i,1. the value ofr is
u3r+

(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d)12

2. If 18C15 + 2(18Ci6)+ 17C16 + 1= nC3, the value ofn is
(a) 18 (b) 20 (c)22 (d)24
3. If20Cn + 2 = nCi6 > the value ofn is
(a) 7 (b)10 (c)13 (d) None of these
5
4. if47c„ + £52-' C3 is equal to
r=l

<a),7Ce (b) “c5 (c) 52C4 (d) None of these

n+ 1‘C3
5. if "c3 + "c4 > then
(a)n> 6 (b)n< 6 (c) n > 7 (d)n<7
6. The Solution set of 10C. _1 >2.1OCX is
(a) {1,2, 3} (b){4.5,6) (c){8, 9,10} (d) {9,10,11}
7. if 2nC2 : nC2 =9:2 and nCr =10, then r is equal to
(a) 2 • (b)3 (c)4 (d)5
8. If2" C3: nC2 =44 :3, for which of the following value ofr, the value of nCr will be 15.
(a)r = 3 (b)r = 4 (c)r = 5 (d)r = 6
9. if ncr = ncr. and nPr = nPr + \, the value ofn is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c)4 (d)5
10. If nPr= 840,, nCr = 35, the value of n is
(a)1 (b)3 (c)5 (d)7
11. If nP3 + nCn 2 = 14n, the value of n is
(a) 5 . (b) 6 (c)8 (d)10
12. There are 12 volleyball players in all in a college, out of which a team of 9 players is to be formed. If the captain
always remains the same, in how many ways can the team be formed ?
(a) 36 (b)99 (c)108 (d)165
13. In how many ways a team of 11 players can be formed out of 25 players, if 6 out of them are always to be
included and 5 are always to be excluded
(a) 2002 (b)2008 (c) 2020 (d) 8002
14. A man has 10 friends. In how many ways he can invite one or more of them to a party?
(a) 10! (b)210 (c) 101-1 (d) 210 - 1

15. In an examination, there are three multiple choice questions and each question has four choices. Number of
ways in which a student can fail to get all answers correct, is
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c)27 (d) 63
16. In an election, the number of candidates is 1 greater than the persons to be elected . If a voter can vote in
254 ways, the number of candidates is
(a) 6 (b)7 (c)8 (d) 10
17. The number of groups that can be made from 5 different green balls, 4 different blue balls and 3 different red
balls, if atleast one green and one blue ball is to be included
(a) 3700 (b) 3720 (c) 4340 (d) None of these
78. A person is permitted to select atleast one and almost n coins from a collection of (2n + 1) distinct coins. If the
total number of ways in which he can select coins is 255, then n equals
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 16 (d) 32
 Session 5
Combinations from Identical Objects
Combinations from The total number of selections when all the three kinds of
fruits are selected =5x6x7 = 210
Identical Objects But, in one of these selection number of each kind of fruit is
(i) The number of combinations of n identical objects zero and hence this selection must be excluded.
taking r objects (r < n) at a time = L Required number = 210 - 1 = 209
(ii) The number of combinations of zero or more objects
from n identical objects = n + L
Combinations when both Identical
(iii) The total number of combinations of atleast one out
of a, + a2 + a3 +... +an objects, where ax are alike of and Distinct Objects are Present
one kind, a2 are alike of second kind, a3 are alike of The number of combinations (selections) of one or more
third kind,..., an are alike of nth kind objects out of a t +a2 + a3 + ...+an objects, where a j
= (ai A-1)(a2 4-1)(a3 4-1)... (a„+l)-l are alike of one kind, a2 are alike of second kind, a3 are
alike of third kind,.... anare alike of nth kind and k
I Example 62. How many selections of atleast one red are distinct.
ball from a bag containing 4 red balls and 5 black - {(fli + i) (°2 + i) (a3 + i) (an + 01
balls, balls of the same colour being identical? (kC0 + kCi + kC2 +... + kCk)-l
Sol. Number of selections of atleast one red ball from 4 identi­
cal red balls = 4 = (ai +1)(a2 +1)(a3 +l) + ...+(a„ +1)2* -1
Number of selections of any number of black balls from 5
identical black balls I Example 65. Find the number of ways in which one
=5+1=6 or more letters can be selected from the letters
AAAAA BBBB CCC DD EFG.
Required number of selections of balls
Sol. Here, 5A’s are alike, 4 B’s are alike, 3 C’s are alike, 2D’s
= 4 x6=24
are alike and E, F, G are different.
I Example 63. There are p copies each of n different /. Total number of combinations
books. Find the number of ways in which a non-empty = (5 + 1) (4 + 1) (3 4- 1) (2 4- 1)2 3 — 1
selection can be made from them.
= 6-5-4-3-8 —1
Sol. Since, copies of the same book are identical.
= 2879
Number of selections of any number of copies of a book
is p +1. Similarly, in the case for each book. [excluding the case, when no letter is selected]
Therefore, total number of selections is (p + 1)". Explanation Selection from (.AAAAA) can be made by 6
ways such include no A, include one A, include two A,
But this includes a selection, which is empty i.e., zero copy include three A, include four A, include five A. Similarly,
of each book. Excluding this, the required number of selections from(BBBB) can be made in 5 ways, selections
non-empty selections is (p + I)" - 1. from (CCC) can be made in 4 ways, selections from (DD)
can be made in 3 ways and from E, F, G can be made in
I Example 64. There are 4 oranges, 5 apples and 2x2x2 ways.
6 mangoes in a fruit basket and all fruits of the same
kind are identical. In how many ways can a person make
a selection of fruits from among the fruits in the basket? Number of Divisors of N
Sol. Zero or more oranges can be selected out of 4 identical Every natural number N can always be put in the form
oranges = 4 + 1 = 5 ways.
N = Px' 'Pi' -P“3 ...p“i,wherepi,p2,pj,...,pJk are
Similarly, for apples number of selection = 5 + 1 = 6 ways
and mangoes can be selected in 6 + 1 = 7 ways. distinct primes and a n Ct ,a3, ...,ak g Vf.
380 Textbook of Algebra

(i) The total number of divisors of N including 1 and N = (3 + 1) (2+1) (2 + 1) (1 + 1)-2

= (a, +l)(a2 + l)(a3 +l)...(afc +1) = 72 - 2 = 70
(ii) The total number of divisors of N excluding 1 and N And sum of all these divisors (proper)
= (oci + i)(a2 +l)(a3 +l)...(afc +i)-2 = (2° + 21 +2z + 23)(3° + 3l + 32)

(iii) The total number of divisors of N excluding either 1 (7° + 71 + 72) (11° + ll1) - 1 -38808
or N=(aj + l)(a2 +l)(a3 +1) ...(ak +1) — 1 = (15) (13) (57) (12)-38809
(iv) Sum of all divisors =(p? + p\ +p? + pi + ... + p~‘) = 133380 - 38809
(p2 +p2 +p2 + p2 +... +p“2 )••• = 94571
(Pt°+Pl+Pt+P*+-+P?) I Example 67. Find the number of even proper divisors
at +1 of the number 1008.
^-pra, +1 > (i-prn ^P? Sol. v 1008 = 24 X32 X7l.
1 “ p2
V 1-P1
1 1 7 7 1 — PAc 7 Required number of even proper divisors
(v) Sum of proper divisors (excluding 1 and the = Total number of selections of atleast one 2 and
expression itself) any number of 3’s or 7’s.
= Sum of all divisors - (N +1) = 4 X (2 + 1) X (1 + 1) — 1 = 23

(vi) The number of even divisors of N are possible only if I Example 68. Find the number of odd proper divisors
pi =2, otherwise there is no even divisor. of the number 35700. Also, find sum of the odd
Required number of even divisors proper divisors.
=a, (a2 + i)(a3 +i) + ...+(afc +1) Sol. v 35700 = 22 X 31 X 52 X 71 X 171

(vii) The number of odd divisors of N Required number of odd proper divisors
Case I If pi = 2 , the number of odd divisors = Total number of selections of zero 2 and any
number of 3’s or 5’s or
= (a2 +i)(a3 +1) ...(ak +1) 7’s or 17’s
Case II If pi # 2, the number of odd divisors = (1 + 1) (2 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) - 1 = 23
= (<Xi + i)(a2 + l)(a3 +l)...(afc +1) The sum of odd proper divisors
= (3°+3,)(5° +51+52)(7° +71)(17°+7I)-1
(viii) The number of ways in which N can be resolved as a
product of two factors = 4x31x8x18 —1
= 17856- 1 = 17855
i(aj +i)(a2 +i)...(afc +1), if TV is not a
perfect square I Example 69. If N = 10800, find the
Lt
=«
(i) the number of divisors of the form
~{(ai +l)(a2 + l)...(aJt + !) + !}, lf^.lsa 4m+2, VmeW.
2 perfect square
(ii) the number of divisors which are multiple of 10.
(ix) The number of ways in which a composite number N (iii) the number of divisors which are multiple of 15.
can be resolved into two factors which are relatively
Sol. We have, N = 10800 = 24 x 33 x 52
prime ( or coprime) to each other is equal to 2” "1,
(i) (4m + 2) = 2(2m + 1), in any divisor of the form
where n is the number of different factors (or different
4 m + 2, 2 should be exactly 1.
primes) in N.
So, the number of divisors of the form
I Example 66. Find the number of proper factors of (4m + 2) = 1 X (3 + 1) X (2 + 1) = 1 X 4 X 3 = 12
the number 38808. Also, find sum of all these divisors. (ii) .‘. The required number of proper divisors
Sol. The number 38808 = 23-32-72 ■ 11 = Total number of selections of atleast one 2 and one
5 from 2,2,2,2,3,3,3,5,5
Hence, the total number of proper factors (excluding 1 and
itself i.e., 38808) = 4 X (3 + 1) X 2 = 32
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 381

(iii) .*. The required number of proper divisors Proof The number of ways in which (m + n) distinct
= Total number of selections of atleast one 3 and one objects are divided into two groups of the size m and n
5 from 2,2,2,2,3,3,3,5,5
= The number of ways m objects are selected out of
= (4 +1) x 3 X 2 = 30 (m + n) objects to form one of the groups, which can
be done in m +n Cm ways. The other group of n objects
I Example 70. Find the number of divisors of the
is formed by the remaining n objects.
number N = 2 3-35 ■ 5 7-7 9 -911, which are
perfect square.
Sol. vN = 23-35-57-7 9-9 n
= 23-3s-57-7 9-322
= 23-327-57-7 9
For perfect square of N, each prime factor must occur even
number of times. (Tree diagram)
2 can be taken in 2 ways (i.e., 2° or 22) m+nr n - J”1 + ”)
3 can be taken in 14 ways (i.e., 3° or 32 or 34 or 36 or 38 or m' n mln!
3’° or 312 or 314 or316 or318 or320 or322 or324 or326)
Corollary I The number of ways to distribute (m + n)
5 can taken in 4 ways (i.e., 5° or 52 or 54 or 56)
distinct objects among 2 persons in the groups
and 7 can taken in 5 ways
(i.e.,7°or72 or?4 or74 or76 or78) containing m and n objects
Hence, total divisors which are perfect squares = (Number of ways to divide) x (Number of groups)
= 2x 14 x 4 X 5 = 560 (m + n)
= ------- -x2!
mln!
I Example 71. In how many ways the number 10800
can be resolved as a product of two factors? Corollary II The number of ways in which (m + n + p)
So/. Let N = 10800 = 24 X 33 x 52 distinct objects can be divided into three unequal
groups containing m, n and p objects, is
Here, N is not a perfect square [v power of 3 is odd]
Hence, the number of ways = - (4 + 1) (3 + 1) (2 + 1) = 30
2 m +n +p

I Example 72. In how many ways the number 18900

can be split in two factors which are relatively prime
(or coprime)? m P
(n )
So/. Let N = 18900 = 22 -33 -52 -71 (Tree diagram)
Relatively prime or coprime Two numbers not neces­
sarily prime are said to be relatively prime or coprime, if min+p^ n+p p (m + n + p)!
their HCF (highest common factor) is one as 2, 3, 5, 7 are '-'m ' cp ~
relatively prime numbers.
•*. n=4 [number of different primes in N] Corollary III The number of ways to distribute
Hence, number of ways in which a composite number N (m + n + p) distinct objects among 3 persons in the
can be resolved into two factors which are relatively groups containing m, n and p objects
prime or coprime = 24"1 = 23 = 8
= (Number of ways to divide) x (Number of groups)
Division of Objects Into Groups _ (m + n + p)!
x3!
m! n! p!
(a) Division of Objects Into Groups of Unequal Size
Theorem Number of ways in which (m + n) Corollary IV The number of ways in which
(x, + x2 + x3 +••• + xn) distinct objects can be
distinct objects can be divided into two unequal
. ,. . (m + n)! divided into n unequal groups containing xn
groups containing m and n objects is----------- . x2,x3,...,x„ objects, is
mln!
 382 Textbook of Algebra

52
Xi + x2 + X3 +...4-Xn

13. 13.
(13) (13)
*1 A (Tree diagram)
fey 52! , 52!
(Tree diagram)
-------- -X4!
X 4! =
= -
4!(13!)4 (13!)4
(x, + x2 + x3 + --- + xn)! Aliter Each player will get 13 cards. Now, first player can
Xj lx2 !x3 !-x„ 1 be given 13 cards out of 52 cards in 52 C13 ways. Second
Corollary V The number of ways to distribute player can be given 13 cards out of remaining 39 cards (i.e.,
(Xj + x2 + x3 +... + xn) distinct objects among n 52 — 13 = 39) in 39 C13 ways. Third player can be given 13
persons in the groups containing Xj, x2,..., x„ cards out of remaining 26 cards (i.e., 39 - 13 = 26) in 26C13
objects ways and fourth player can be given 13 cards out of
remaining 13 cards (i.e., 26 - 13 = 13) in 13C13 ways.
= (Number of ways to divide) X (Number of groups)
_(xi +x2 +x3 +... + xn)! Hence, required number of ways
xn! — ^2/— v 39/- v 26/- v 13r
Xj !x2 !x3 !...x„ ! — 13 '“'13 ^-*11
13 '-'13

(b) Division of Objects Into Groups of Equal Size 52! 39! 26! 52!
x------- x-------- x 1 =------
13!39! 13! 26! 13! 13! (13!)4
The number of ways in which mn distinct objects can
I be divided equally into m groups, each containing n (ii) Here, order of group is not important, then the
objects and number of ways in which 52 different cards can be
(i) If order of groups is not important is. divided equally into 4 groups is
_ ((mn)!’1 1 52
x—.
TO*!)", ml
(ii) If order of groups is important is. 13.
13.
f(mn)! 1 (mn)! (13, 13.
-------- x— xm! =
rnl) (n!)m (Tree diagram)

Note Division of 14n objects into 6 groups of 2n, 2n, 2n, 2n, 3n, 3n, 52!
( (14n)l 1 4!(13!)4
(2n)!(2n)!(2n)l(2n)!(3n)!(3n)!j _ (I4n) 1 Aliter Each group will get 13 cards. Now, first group can be
size is
4!2! ((2n)l)4 ((3n)!)2 4!2! given 13 cards out of 52 cards in 52C13 ways. Second group
Now, the distribution ways of these 6 groups among 6 persons is can be given 13 cards out of remaining 39 cards (i.e.,
(14n)l - „«!_x 6!=d
1x — 4^ ---------- - x15 52 - 13 = 39) in 39C13 ways. Third group can be given 13
-------
[(2n)!)]4 [(3n)!]2 4I2! [(2n)!]4 [(3n)!]2 cards out of remaining 26 cards
(i.e., 39 - 13 = 26) in 26CI3 ways and fourth group can be
I Example 73. In how many ways can a pack of 52 given 13 cards out of remaining 13 cards (i.e., 26 - 13 = 13)
cards be in 13C13 ways. But the all (four) groups can be interchanged
in 4! ways. Hence, the required number of ways
(i) distributed equally among four players in order?
_ 52 /->
(ii) divided into four groups of 13 cards each? Cj3 v
x 39/>
C!3 v
x 26,—
C]3 x
v 13/-.
c]3
4!
(iii) divided into four sets, three of them having 17 cards 52! 39! 26! 1 52!
X--------- x-------- x 1 x — =----- -—
each and fourth just one card? 13!39! 13!26! 13!13! 4! (13!)44!
Sol. (i) Here, order of group is important, then the numbers
of ways in which 52 different cards can be divided (iii) First, we divide 52 cards into two sets which contains
1 and 51 cards respectively, is
equally into 4 players is
• 52!
1! 51!
-
a
Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 383
=

= 12! x 2 121110-9-8-7!-2
52 =-------- =------------------------= 1584.
5!x7! 5-4-3-21-7!
II Part Here, order is not important, then the number of
17 1 ways in which 12 different balls can be divided into three
17, 17. groups of 5,4 and 3 balls respectively, is
12! 1211-10-9-8-7-6-5!
Now, 51 cards can be divided equally in three sets each =-------- =---------------------------= 27720
contains 17 cards (here order of sets is not important) 5!4!3! 5!-4-3-2-1-3-2-1
> 51!
in--------- ways.
3! (17!)3
Hence, the required number of ways
52! 51!
— _______ X _________
1151! 3!(17!)3
52! 52!
1!3!(17)3 (17!)33! (Tree diagram)

Aliter First set can be given 17 cards out of 52 cards in Aliter First group can be given 5 balls out of 12 balls in
S2C17. Second set can be given 17 cards out of remaining 35 12 C5 ways. Second group can be given 4 balls out of
cards (i.e., 52 - 17 = 35) in 35C17. Third set can be given 17 remaining 7 balls (12 - 5 = 7) in 7 C4 and 3 balls can be
cards out of remaining 18 cards (i.e., 35 —17 = 18) in 18Cj7 given out of remaining 3 balls in 3C3.
and fourth set can be given 1 card out of 1 card in *Cj. But
Hence, the required number of ways (here order of groups
the first three sets can interchanged in 3! ways. Hence, the are not important)
total number of ways for the required distribution
= 12C5 x 7C4 x 3C3
_ 52 v 35/-> 18/-. lr v 1 |
" v^i7 a C17
'-'17 x ^**17 *■*! ~" •
12! 7!
=----- x------ x 1
52! 35! 18! , 1 (52)! 5! 7! 4! 3!
X-------- x-------- x i x — = ’
17135! 17! 1! 17! 18! 3! (17!)33! 12!
5! 4! 3!
I Example 74. In how many ways can 12 different balls
be divided between 2 boys, one receiving 5 and the other I Example 75. In how many ways can 16 different
7 balls? Also, in how many ways can these 12 balls be books be distributed among three students A,B,C so
divided into groups of 5, 4 and 3 balls, respectively? that B gets 1 more than A and C gets 2 more than B ?
Sol. I Part Here, order is important, then the number of ways Sol. Let A gets n books, then B gets n + 1 and C gets n + 3.
in which 12 different balls can be divided between two
boys which contains Now, n + (n + 1) + (n + 3) = 16
5 and 7 balls respectively, is => 3n = 12
n=4
12
16

(5J (7)
(Tree diagram)

12! nl 12-1110-9-8-7! n irOi<

4
J 0 ( 7

=----- X 2! =----------------------- 2 = 1584 (Tree diagram)

5!7! (5-4-3-2-1)7!
Aliter First boy can be given 5 balls out of 12 balls in 12 C5. => A, B, C gets 4, 5 and 7 books, respectively.
Second boy can be given 7 balls out of 7 balls (i.e., Hence, the total number of ways for the required
12-5 = 7) but there order is important boys interchange by distribution
(2 types), then required number of ways 16!

= ’2C5 x 7C7 x2! = —X1X2! 4! 5! 7!

5 5!7!
384 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 76. In how many ways can 9 different The number of division ways for tree diagrams (i), (ii) and
books be distributed among three students if each (iii) are
receives atleast 2 books? 9! 19!
1 9! 9! 1
---- ----- xx——,-,---------
------- and —v x —, respectively.
Sol. If each receives atleast 2 books, then the division as (2!)2 (5!) 2!2! 2!2!3!3! 4!4! (3!)3 3!
shown by tree diagrams Hence, the total number of ways of distribution of these
groups among 3 students is
9! 1 9! 91 1
X—+ + —-x- x3!
_(2!)2 (5!) 2! 2! 3! 4! (3!)3 3!

= [378 + 1260 + 280] X 6

= 11508

§ Exercise for Session 5

1. There are 3 oranges, 5 apples and 6 mangoes in a fruit basket (all fruits of same kind are identical). Number of
ways in which fruits can be selected from the basket, is
(a) 124 (b) 125 (c) 167 (d) 168
2. In a city no two persons have identical set of teeth and there is no person without a tooth. Also, no person has
more than 32 teeth. If we disguard the shape and size of tooth and consider only the positioning of the teeth,
the maximum population of the city is
(a) 232 (b) (32)2 - 1 (c) 232 -1 (d) 231

3. If at az a3,..., an + ! be (n + 1) different prime numbers, then the number of different factors (other than 1) of
af"’ a2 a3> > an+ 1,'s

(a)m +1 (b) (m + 1)2" (c)m-2" + 1 (d) None of these

4. Number of proper factors of 2400 is equal to

(a) 34 (b) 35
(c) 36 (d)37 •

5. The sum of the divisors of 2 5 • 3* • 52 is

(a) 32 • 71 -112 (b) 32 • 71 • 112 31
(c) 3-7-11 31 (d) None of these

6. The number of proper divisors of 2P • 6Q - 21r, V p,q,r &N, is

(a) (p + q + 1) (q + r + 1) (r + 1) (b)(p + q + 1)(q + r+1)(r+1)-2
(c)(p + q)(q + r)r-2 (d) (p + q) (q + r)r
7. The number of odd proper divisors of3p •6<’ -15r, V p,q,r eN, is
(a) (p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) - 2 (b) (p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) - 1
(c)(p + q + r+1)(r+1)-2 (d)(p + q + r+1)(r+1)-1
8. The number of proper divisors of 1800, which are also divisible by 10, is
(a) 18 (b) 27 (C)34 (d)43
9. Total number of divisors of 480 that are of the form 4n + 2, n> 0, is equal to
(a) 2 (b)3 (C)4 (d) 5
10. Total number of divisors of/V = 25-34 -510-76 that are of the form4n + 2,n > 1 is equal to
(a) 54 (b) 55 (c) 384 (d) 385
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 385

11. Total number of divisors of N =35-5 7-79 that are of the form4n + 1, n >0 is equal to
(a) 15 (b) 30 (c)120 (d) 240
12. Number of ways in which 12 different books can be distributed equally among 3 persons, is
(a)-lZL (b)2* (c)-4 (d)J*
(4!)3 (3!/ (4I)4 (3!)3

13. Number of ways in which 12 different things can be distributed in 3 groups, is

, . 12! MX 12! MX 12! MX 12!
(4!)3 3!(4!)3 4!(3!)3 (31)4

14. Number of ways in which 12 different things can be distributed in 5 sets of 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, things is
(g) 12! {b) 12!5! (c) 12! 12! 5!
(3!)2(2!)3 (3!)2(2!)3 * (3!)3(2!J* ' (3!)2(2!)4

15. Number of ways in which 12 different things can be divided among five persons so that they can get 2, 2, 2, 3,
3 things respectively, is
12! 5!
(a)- 12! (b) 12!5!— (c) —1-2L_
(c) (d)
(3!)2(2!)3 (3!)2(2!)3 (3!)2(2!)4 (3!)2(2!)4

16. The total number of ways in which 2n persons can be divided into n couples, is
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
(n!)2 (2n\)n n!(2n!)2

17. n different toys have to be distributed among n children. Total number of ways in which these toys can be
distributed so that exactly one child gets no toy, is equal to
(a)n! (b)n!"C2 (c) (n-1)!% (d)n!fl-1C2

18. In how many ways can 8 different books be distributed among 3 students if each receives atleast 2 books?
(a) 490 (b)980 (c)2940 (d) 5880
 Session 6
Arrangement in Groups, Multinomial Theorem,
Multiplying Synthetically

Arrangement in Groups All 5 balls can be arranged by 5! ways and boxes can be
3!
(a) The number of ways in which n different things arranged in each system by —.
can be arranged into r different groups is 3’ 3!
r(r + l)(r+2)...(r + n-l)orn!"-,Cr_1 Hence, required number of ways = 5! x — + 5! x —
2! 2!
according as blank groups are or are not admissible. = 120 X 34- 120X3 =720
Proof A . (b) The number of ways in which n different things
(i) Let n letters Oj, a2, a3,.... an be written in a row can be distributed into r different groups is
in any order. All the arrangements of the letters rn-r C1(r-l)rt+rC2(r-2)n -... + (-l)r-1-rCr_,
in r, groups, blank groups being admissible, can Or
be obtained thus, place among the letters (r -1)
f (-I)'• (r-p)"
marks of partition and arrange the (n + r -1)
p=O
things (consisting of letters and marks) in all Or
possible orders. Since, (r -1) of the things are
Coefficient of xn inn!(ex -l)r.
alike, the number of different arrangements is
(n + r-1)! , w v , Here, blank groups are not allowed.
Proof In any distribution, denote the groups by
(ii) All the arrangements of the letters in r groups, gi, g2, g3,.... gr and consider the distributions in
none of the groups being blank, can be obtained which blanks are allowed.
as follows: The total number of these is rn.
(I) Arrange the letters in all possible orders. This can be The number in which gj is blank, is (r -1)”.
done in n! ways.
Therefore, the number in which gj is not blank, is
(II) In every such arrangement, place (r -1) marks of
partition in (r -1) out of the (n -1) spaces between r"-(r-l)n
the letters. This can be done in n ”1 Cr _, ways. of these last, the number in which g2 is blank, is

Hence, the required number is n! • (r-l)"-(r-2)"

Therefore, the number in which gj, g2 are not blank, is
I Example 77. In how many ways 5 different balls can r" -2(r-l)n + (r-2)n
be arranged into 3 different boxes so that no box of these last, the number in which g3 is blank, is
remains empty? (r-1)” -2(r-2)n +(r-3)n
. So/. The required number of ways =5!- 5-’C3_i = 5!-4C2
Therefore, the number in which g], g2, g3 are not

=(120,(ri)= 720 blank, is

rn -3(r-l)n +3(r-2)n — (r-3)n
Aliter
This process can be continued as far as we like and it
Each box must contain atleast one ball, since no box
is obvious that the coefficients are formed as in a
remains empty. Boxes can have balls in the following
systems binomial expansion.
Hence, the number of distributions in which no one
Box £ n in Box I II m
of x assigned groups is blank, is
Number of 1 i 3 Or Number of 1 2 2
balls balls rn - xCj(r - l)n + xC2(r - 2)n -... + (-l)x(r - x)n
1

Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 387

when x = r, then Box n in Box £ £ m

rn-rC1(r-l)n+rC2(r-2)n-...+(-l)'-1-rCr_1 Number of 1 i 3 Or Number of 1 2 2
balls balls
(r-(r-1))"+(-l)r • rCr(r-r)”
Or The number of ways to distribute the balls in I system
r"-rC1(r-l)" + rC2(r-2)n-... + (-l)r = 5C, X 4C, x 3C3
Aliter /.The total number ofways to distribute 1,1,3 balls to the boxes
, . , 31
By Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion = C x C. x C3 x - = 5 x 4 x 1 X 3 = 60
2!
Let A, denotes the set of distribution of things, if ith and the number of ways to distribute the balls in II system
group gets nothing. Then, n(A,) =(r - l)n = 5C] x 4C2 x 2C2
[as n things can be distributed among (r -1) groups The total number of ways to distribute 1, 2, 2 balls to the
in(r-l)" ways] boxes 31
= 5C] x 4C2 x 2C2 x —
Then, n(A, n Aj) represents number of distribution 2!
ways in which groups i and j get no object. Then, = 5x6x1x3 = 90
.*. The required number ofways = 60 + 90 = 150
n(A( n A;) =(r-2)"
Also, n(A, nAj nAk)=(r-3)n I Example 79. In how many ways can 5 different
This process can be continued, then the required books be tied up in three bundles?
number is Sol. The required number of ways = “(35 ~ 3^i ‘2s + 3C2 - I5)
n(A1'A2'n...nAr')
150
= n(l7)-n(A1 uA2 U...UAJ =----= 25
= rn -{ ^n(A,)-^n(Ai nAJ 6

+ £n(Af nAj riAk)...

I Example 80. If n(A) = 5and n(B) = 3, find number of
onto mappings from A to B.
+ (-l)n£n(A1 nA2 n...nAr)}
Sol. We know that in onto mapping, each image must be
n
= rn-{rC1(r-l)n-rC2(r-2)n assigned atleast one pre-image.
This is equivalent to number of ways in which 5 different
+ rC3(r-3)n-...+ (-l)r-rCr_1 } balls (pre-images) can be distributed in 3 different boxes
= rn -rC1(r-l)n + rC2(r-2)n (images), if no box remains empty. The total number of
onto mappings from A to B
- rC3(r-3)n +...+(-l)r = 35 - 3Cj(3 - I)5 + 3C2(3 - 2)5
Note Coefficient of xr in = —. = 243-96 + 3= 150
rl
(c) The number of ways in which n identical things
I Example 78. In how many ways 5 different balls can be can be distributed into r different groups is
distributed into 3 boxes so that no box remains empty? n+r—1
Cr-i or
n-1
Cr~i
Sol. The required number of ways
According, as blank groups are or are not
= 35 - 3Cj(3 - l)5 + 3C2(3 - 2)5 - 3C3(3 - 3)5 admissible.
= 243-96 + 3-0= 150 Proof
Or If blank groups are not allowed Any such
Coefficient of x5 in 5!(ex - l)3 distribution can be effected as follows: place the n
things in a row and put marks of partition in a
= Coefficient of x5 in 5!(e3x - 3e 2x + 3ex — 1)
selection of (r -1) out of the (n -1) spaces between
3s 25 i them. This can be done in “ "1 Cr _ j.
= 5!-3X —+ 3X — =35 -3-25 +3= 243-96 + 3= 150
1^5! 5! 5! J
If blank groups are allowed The number of
Aliter distribution is the same as that of (n + r) things of the
Each box must contain atleast one ball, since number box same sort into r groups with no blank groups. For
. remains empty. Boxes can have balls in the following such a distribution can be effected thus, put one of the
systems
388 Textbook of Algebra

(n + r) things into each of the r groups and distribute Hence, total number of Sols = 20 + 4 - lC
r
4-l
the remaining n things into r groups, blank lots being *
23/-. _
allowed. Hence, the required number is n + r ~1 Cr j. c3 “
1-2-3
Aliter The number of distribution of n identical (ii) Since, x+y + z + w = 20 -0)
things into r different groups is the coefficient of x" Here, x>l, y>l, z>l, w>l
in(l + x + x 2 +... + 00) r or in or x-l>0,y-l>0,z-l>0, w - 1 > 0
Let X! = X - 1 => X = Xj + 1
2 + x3 4-... + 00)r according as blank groups
Ti = y “ 1 => y = y, + 1
are or are not allowed. Z] = Z - 1 => Z = Z] + 1
Wj = w -1 => w = wt + 1
These expressions are respectively equal to
Then, from Eq. (i), we get
(1 - x)-r and xr(l - x)-r
Xj + 1 + y, + 1 + z, + 1 + W] + 1 = 20
Hence, coefficient of xn in two expressions are => x, + yj + Zj + Wj = 16
" + r ~1 Cr -1j and " "1 Cr j, respectively. and Xj > 0, yi > 0, zx > 0, w, > 0
Hence, total number of Solutions = 16 + 4-1C4_1
I Example 81. In how many ways 5 identical balls can 19-18-17 „ „
be distributed into 3 different boxes so that no box = ”C3 = ------------ = 57 • 17 = 969
1-2-3
remains empty? Aliter
Part (ii) v x + y + z + w = 20
Sol. The required number of ways = 5" *C3 j = 4CZ = —= 6
1-2 x > 1, y > 1, z > 1, w > 1
Hence, total number of solutions
Aliter Each box must contain atleast one ball, since no
box remains empty. Boxes can have balls in the following = 2°-1c,;_! = % = 969
systems.
I Example 84. How many integral solutions are there
Box 1 n m Box i n m
Number i i 3 Or Number of i 2 2 Sol. Since, x + y + z + t= 29 •(')
of balls balls
and x, y, z, t are integers
Here, balls are identical but boxes are different the number x>l,y>2,z>3, t>0
of combinations will be 1 in each systems.
x - 1> 0,y - 2> 0, z -3> 0, t > 0
3! 31
Required number of ways = lx — + lx-j = 3 + 3= 6 Let X] = x - 1, x2 = y - 2, x3 = z - 3
or x = Xj + 1, y = x2 + 2, z = x3 + 3 and then x, > 0, x2 > 0,
I Example 82. Four boys picked up 30 mangoes. In x3 > 0, t > 0
how many ways can they divide them, if all mangoes From Eq. (i), we get
be identical? Xj + 1 + x2 + 2 + x3 + 3 + t = 29
Sol. Clearly, 30 mangoes can be distributed among 4 boys such => X] + x2 + x3 + t = 23
that each boy can receive any number of mangoes. Hence, total number of solutions = 23 + 4" ’C4 i
Hence, total number of ways = 30 + 4 “ ]C4 1 26/. 26-25-24
C3 - ----------- = 2600
33-32-31 „ „ 1-2-3
% = ----------- = 5456 Aliter
1-2-3 x + y + z + t= 29
and x>l,y-l>l,z-2>l,t + l>l
I Example 83. Find the positive number of solutions of
Let Xj = x, yi = y - 1, Zj = z - 2, A = t +1
x + y + z + w = 20 under the following conditions
or x = xi> y = yi +1. z = + 2, t = tj -1
(i) Zero value of x, y, z and w are included.
and then Xj > 1, y! > 1, Zj > 1, tj > 1
(ii) Zero values are excluded.
From Eq. (i), Xj + yj + 1 + Zj + 2 + tj - 1 = 29
Sol. (i) Since, x + y + z + w = 20
=> Xj + yi + Z! + A = 27
Here, x > 0, y > 0, z > 0, w > 0 Hence, total number of solutions = 27 “ *C4 j = 26/.
c3
The number of Sols of the given equation in this case 26-25-24
is same as the number of ways of distributing 20 ----------- = 2600
1-2-3
things among 4 different groups.
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 389

I Example 85. How many integral Solutions are there = Coefficient of xn in the expansion of
to the system of equations x, + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 20 x‘r(i+x+x2 +... + xm-‘y
and x, + x2 = 15, when xk > 0?
= Coefficient of xn~ " in the expansion of
Sol. We have, Xj + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 20 —(i) (i+x+x2 + +xm-,y
and Xj + x2 = 15 ...(ii)
= Coefficient of xn lr in the expansion of
Then, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get two equations
ri-(l-x
x3 + x4 + x5 = 5
Xj + x2 = 15 .(iv) V
(T^x)
"• 7
and given Xj > 0, x2 > 0, x3 > 0, x4 > 0 and x5 > 0
[sum of m -1 +1 terms of GP]
Then, number of solutions of Eq. (iii)
= Coefficient of xn ~lr in the expansion of
5 + 3 - 1£ 3-1 “ 7^2
(l-xm-' + ,)r(l-x)"r
=™=21
1-2 I Example 87. In how many ways can three persons,
and number of solutions of Eq. (iv) each throwing a single dice once, make a sum of 15 ?
15 + 2 - 2 -1 — 16Ci - 16 Sol. Number on the faces of the dice are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (least
number 1, greatest number 6)
Hence, total number of solutions of the given system of
equations Here, I = 1, m = 6, r = 3 and n = 15
= 21 X 16 = 336 /. Required number of ways = Coefficient of x15 -1 x 3 in the
expansion of(l - x6)3(l - x)-3
I Example 86. Find the number of non-negative
= Coefficient of x12 in the expansion of
integral solutions of 3x + y + z = 24.
(l-3x6 +3xi2)(1+ 3CjX+ 4C2x2 + ...+ 8C6x6 + ...
Sol. We have,
+ l4C12x12+...)
3x + y + z = 24 and given x>0, y>0, z>0
Let x = fc = ,4C12 - 3x 8C6 + 3= 14C2 - 3x 8C2 +3
y + z = 24 - 3k ...(i) = 91-84 + 3 = 10
Here, 24 > 24 - 3k > 0[v x > 0]
Hence, 0 < k < 8 I Example 88. In how many ways in which an
The total number of integral solutions of Eq. (i) is examiner can assign 30 marks to 8 questions, giving
24 - 3k + 2 - lCz J = 25 - 3kC) = 25 — not less than 2 marks to any question.
Sol. If examiner given marks any seven question 2 (each)
Hence, the total number of Sols of the original equation marks, then marks on remaining questions given by
88 8 examiner = — 7 x 2 + 30 = 16
= £(25 - 3k) = 25^1-3 £k
If Xj are the marks assigned to ith question, then
k=0 k=0 k=0
X] + x2 + x3 + ... + x8 = 30and2< x, < 16
8-9 for i = 1, 2, 3,.., 8.
= 25 9 — 3----- = 225 - 108 = 117
2 Here, I = 2, m = 16, r = 8 and n = 30
(d) The number of ways in which n identical things Required number of ways
can be distributed into r groups so that no group = Coefficient of x30 ’2 *8 in the expansion of
contains less than I things and more than m
things (Z < m) is coefficient of xn~lr in the (1-X ,6~2 + 1)8(l-x)‘

expansion of (1 -xm-, + 1)r(l -x)-r. = Coefficient of x14 in the expansion of

(l-x15)8(l + 8C,x + 9C2x2 + ...+ 2,C14x14 +...)
Proof Required number of ways
= Coefficient of x14 in the expansion of
= Coefficient of xn in the expansion of
(l+8C1x+9C2x2+...+ 21Cl4x14 + ...)
(x'+x/ + 1+xz+2+... + xm)r
21r 21r
“ U14 “ C7
[•.• no group contains less than I things and Note Coefficient of xr in the expansion of (1 - x)~n is -'cr.
more than m things, here r groups]
390 Textbook of Algebra

(e) If a group has n things in which p are identical, [*.• the remaining (n -1) letters can be placed in (n -1)
then the number of ways of selecting r things envelopes is (n -1)! ]
from a group is and n(Af n A}r) = 1X 1 X (n - 2)! [v i and j can be placed in
r r
their corresponding envelopes and remaining (n -2)
Xn'PCror n~pCr,accordingasr < por
letters can be placed in (n - 2) envelopes in (n — 2) 1 way]
r=0 r = r-p
Also, n(At nAj nAJt) = lxlxlx(n-3)!
r> p.
Hence, the required number is
I Example 89. A bag has contains 23 balls in which 7 n(A/ nA2 nA3'n...nA/)
are identical. Then, find the number of ways of
= n(U)-n(A1 uA2 <jA3 U...UAJ
selecting 12 balls from bag.
= n!-{£n(Ai)-£n(AI nA;)
Sol. Here, n = 23, p = 7, r = 12 (r > p)
12 + ^n(Aj nA;- nA/ -...+(-!)"
Required number of selections = X16 Cr
r=5 Xn(Ai nA2 nA3 n...rMn)
16^
= 16C5 + ,6C6 +16 C7 + 16C8 + ,6c
C9 + 16iC10 + 16Cn + e12 = n!-{"C1 x(n-l)!-nC2 x(n-2)l
= (16C5 + 16C6) + (,6C7 + 16C8) + (16C9 + 16C10) + nC3 x(n-3)!-...+(-l)"-1 x"Cnxl!}
+ (,6Cn + 16C12) nx(n-l)! n(n-l)
= n! - • x(n-2)!
= 17c6 +17 c8 + ,7c10 + 17c12 [v"Cr + "Cr_1 = n + 1Cr] 1! 2!
n(n - l)(n -2)
= ,7Cn + 17C9 + 17C]() + 17C12 ncr = "cn_r] + x(n-3)! -...+(-l) "-’xl
3!
= (17ch + 17c12) + (17c9 + 17c10)
— J8x> i 18z-* _ 18z-» | 18z-> = n!-<
"" ^12 ‘ C10 “ ^6 ‘ ^8 1! 2! 3!
Derangements Any change in the order of the things in 1 1 1 (-1)"
= n! 1------ 1------------F... +
a group is called a derangement. 1! 2! 3! n!
Or
When ‘n things are to be placed at ‘n specific places but Maha Short Cut Method
none of them is placed on its specified position, then we _ .fill (-1)"
say that the 'n things are deranged.
If Dn — n! 1-----H-------------F... +
1! 2! 3! n!
Or
Then, Dn + 1 = (n + l)Dn -l)n+1, VxeN
Assume alta2,a3...... an be n distinct things such that
and Dn + l = n(Dn +Dn_x ),VxgN-{1}
their positions are fixed in a row. If we now rearrange ax,
where D} =0
a2, a ....... an in such a way that no one occupy its original
position, then such an arrangement is called a For n = 1, from result I
derangement. D2 =2r»! + (-l)2 =0 + 1 = 1

Consider ‘ri letters and ‘n corresponding envelops. The For n = 2, from result I
number of ways in which letters can be placed in the D3 = 3D2 + (-l)3 =3x1—1=2
envelopes (one letter in each envelope) so that no letter is
placed in correct envelope is For n =3, from result I
D< = 4D3 + (-l)4 =4X2+1=9
1! 2! 3! nlj For n = 4, from result I
Proof n letters are denoted by 1, 2, 3,..., n. Let Af denote D5 = 5D4 + (-l)5 =5x9-1 = 44
the set of distribution of letters in envelopes (one letter in For n = 5, from result I
each envelop) so that the
i th letter is placed in the corresponding envelope, then D6 =6D5 + (-l)6 =6 x44 + 1 = 265

n(Aj) = 1 x(n -1)! Note D, = 0, D? = 1,0, = 2, £>4 = 9, £% = 44,06 = 265 [Remember]

 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 391

Remark The number of ways to put 2 letters in 2

If r tnings goes to wrong place out of n things, then (n - r) things addressed envelopes so that all are in wrong
goes to original place (here r < n). envelopes
WDn = Number of ways, if all n things goes to wrong places,
= The number of ways without restriction - The
and Dr = Number of ways, if r things goes to wrong places.
number of ways in which all are in correct envelopes
If r goes to wrong places out of n, then (n - r) goes to correct
places. - The number of ways in which 1 letter is in the
Then, Dn = nCn_fDf correct envelope
where, r 1 = 21-1-0 = 2-1
I 11 21 3! n
rlj =1 ...(ii) [from Eq. (i)]
ifatleastp things goes to wrong places, then Dn = ^nCn.r -Df
The number of ways to put 3 letters in 3
' =p
addressed envelopes so that all are in wrong
I Example 90. A person writes letters to six friends envelopes
and addresses the corresponding envelopes. In how = The number of ways without restriction - The
many ways can the letters be placed in the envelopes number of ways in which all are in correct envelopes
so that (i) atleast two of them are in the wrong - The number of ways in which 1 letter is in the
envelopes, (ii) all the letters are in the wrong correct envelope - The number of ways in which 2
envelopes. letter are in correct envelope
Sol. (i) The number of ways in which atleast two of them in = 3!-1 - 3Ci xl-0 [from Eqs. (i) and(ii)]
the wrong envelopes
=2
= i‘C6_,-Dr [ 3Ci means that select one envelope to put the letter
r= 2
correctly]
= 6C4 x D2 + 6C3 x O3 + 6C2 x + 6Cj
The number of ways to put 4 letters in 4
x D5 + 6C0 x D6 addressed envelopes so that all are in wrong
= 15D2 + 20D3 + 15D4 + 6D5 + D6 [from note] envelopes
= 15 x 1 + 20 x 2 + 15 x 9 + 6 x 44 + 265 = The number of ways without restriction - The
number of ways in which all are in correct envelopes
= 719
-The number of ways in which 1 letter is in the
(ii) The number of ways in which all letters be placed in correct envelope - The number of ways in which 2
wrong envelopes = D6 = 265 [from note] letters are in correct envelopes - The number of ways
Aliter in which 3 letters are in correct envelopes

(i) The number of all the possible ways of putting 6 = 4!-l - 4Cj X2- 4C2 XI - 4C3 X0
letters into 6 envelopes is 6!. [from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii)]
Number of ways to place all letters correctly into = 24-1-8-6-0 = 9 ...(iv)
corresponding envelopes = 1 The number of ways to put 5 letters in 5
and number of ways to place one letter in the wrong addressed envelopes so that all are in wrong
envelope and other 5 letters in the write envelope = 0 envelopes
[v It is not possible that only one letter goes in the =The number of ways without restriction - The
wrong envelope, when if 5 letters goes in the right number of ways in which all are in correct envelopes -
envelope, then remaining one letter also goes in the The number of ways in which 1 letter is in the correct
write envelope] envelopes - The number of ways in which 2 letters are
Hence, number of ways to place atleast two letters in correct envelopes - The number of ways in which 3
goes in the wrong envelopes letters are in correct envelopes - The number of ways
in which 4 letters are in correct envelopes
= 61-0-1 = 61-1 =720-1 = 719
= 5!-l- 5Ci X9 - 5C2 x2- 5C3 xl - 5C4 x0
(ii) The number of ways 1 letter in 1 address envelope, so
that one letter is in wrong envelope = 0 ...(i) [from Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)]
[because it is not possible that only one letter goes in = 120-1-45-20-10-0 = 44
the wrong envelope]
392 Textbook of Algebra

The number of ways to put 6 letters in 6 addressed I Example 91. In how many ways the sum of upper
envelopes so that all are in wrong envelopes faces of four distinct die can be five?
= The number of ways without restriction - The Sol. Here, the number of required ways will be equal to the
number of ways in which all are in correct envelopes number of solutions of x, + x2 + x3 + x4 = 5 i.e., 1 < x( S 6
- The number of ways in which 1 letter is in the for i = 1, 2, 3, 4.
correct envelope - The number of ways in which 2 Since, upper limit is 6, which is greater than required
sum, so upper limit taken as infiite. So, number of Sols is
letters are in correct envelopes - The number of ways
equal to coefficient of a5 in the expansion of
in which 3 letters are in correct envelopes - The
(1 + a + a2 +... + °o)4
number of ways in which 4 letters are in correct
envelopes - The number of ways in which 5 letters = Coefficient of a5 in the expansion of(l - a)~*
are in correct envelopes. = Coefficient of a5 in the expansion of
= 61-1- 6Cj x44 — 6C2 x9- 6C3 x2
(1+ 4Cja+ sC2a2 + ...)
- 6C4 XI - 6C5 X0 8-7-6
= 'c, = "c, = ------- = 56
[from Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v)] 1-2-3
= 720 -1 - 264 - 135 - 40 -15 = 720 - 455 = 265 Case II If the upper limit of a variable is less than
the sum required and the lower limit of all variables
Multinomial Theorem is non-negative, then the upper limit of that variable
is that given in the problem.
(i) If there are I objects of one kind, m objects of second
kind, n objects of third kind and so on, then the I Example 92. In an examination, the maximum marks
number of ways of choosing r objects out of these each of three papers is 50 and the maximum mark for
objects (i.e., I +m + n +...) is the coefficient of xr in the fourth paper is 100. Find the number of ways in
the expansion of which the candidate can score 60% marks in
(1 + x+x2+x3 2+... + xm) aggregate.
x + x2+... + x") So/. Aggregate of marks = 50 x 3 + 100 = 250
Further, if one object of each kind is to be included, „ , 60
.’. 60% of the aggregate = — x 250 = 150
then the number of ways of choosing r objects out of 100
these objects (i.e., I + m + n +...) is the coefficient of Let the marks scored by the candidate in four papers be xt,
xr in the expansion of x2, x3 and x4. Here, the number of required ways will be
(x + x2 +x3 + ... + x')(x + x2 +x3 +...4-xm) equal to the number of Sols of Xi + x2 + x3 + x4 = 150 i.e.,
(x + x2 +x3 +... + x")... 0 < xb x2, x3 < 50 and 0 < x4 < 100.
Since, the upper limit is 100 < required sum (150).
(ii) If there are I objects of one kind, m objects of second
The number of solutions of the equation is equal to
kind, n objects of third kind and so on, then the
number of possible arrangements/permutations of r coefficient of a150 in the expansion of
objects out of these objects (i.e., I + m + n +...) is the (a0 +a‘ +a2 +... + a50)3(a° +a’ +a2 +... + a100)
coefficient of xr in the expansion of
= Coefficient of a150 in the expansion of
( 2 /A
XX X f x x2 xm>
(i-a51)3(l-a10)(l-a)H
r! 1 + —+ — + ... + — 1 + — + — + ... +----
I 1! 2! "J '
I 1! 2!
..X x .. 2
ml
x") = Coefficient of a150 in the expansion of
1 + — + — + ... + — . (1 - 3a51 + 3a102)(i - a101)(i + 4Cja + 5C2a2 +...+«)
1! 2! n! J
= Coefficient of a150 in the expansion of

Different Cases of (1 -3a51 - a101 •+ 3cc102)(1 + ‘1C1a+ sC2a2 + ... + «)

Multinomial Theorem _ 153zl

— '-'150

_ 153/-,
150 —
q v 102zn
-3X x

w 102^.
'-'99 — C4,+3x51C48
•52'-'49

C3 - o3x 102/-. _ 52^ | 3 x 51r

c3 ~ C3
Case I If upper limit of a variable is more than or
equal to the sum required, then the upper limit of = 110556
that variable can be taken as infinite.
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 393

Very Important Trick ... on multiplying by 1 + a + a2 +a3 —> To each coefficient

On multiplying p0 + pxa + p2 a2 + p3a3 + ... + pnan add 3 preceding coefficients

by (1 +a), we get 1 4 7 8 7 4 1

Po+(Po+Pi)a+(p, + p2)a2 +(p2 + p3)a3 + ... ...on multiplying by 1 + a + a2 -> To each coefficient add 2
+ (Pn-2 +Pn-l)a'”’ +(Pn-l +Pn)a" + pna preceding coefficients.
i.e., we just add coefficient of ar with coefficient of ar ”1 1 5 12 19 22 19 12
(i.e., previous term) to get coefficient ar in product. ...on multiplying byl+a + a2-»To each coefficient add 2
Now, coefficient of ar = pr-x +pr preceding coefficients.
On multiplying p0 +piOC + p2 a2 + p3a3 +-... +p„a" by 53
(1+a+a2)
Hence, required coefficient is 53.
weget, p0 +(p0 +pi)a + (p0 +Pi +p2)a2
+ (pl + p2 +P3)tt3 +(P2 + p3 +P4)a4 +•••
I Example 94. Find the number of different selections
of 5 letters which can be made from
i.e., to find coefficient of ar in product and add this with 2 5A’s, 48’s, SC’s, 20's and 1E
preceding coefficients. Sol. All selections of 5 letters are given by 5th degree terms in
Now, coefficient ofar = pr_2 +pr-i +Pr (1 + A + A2 + A3 + A4 + As)(l + B + B2 + B3 + B4)
Similarly, in product of p0 + p}a + p2 a2 +... with (1 + C + C2 + C3)(l + D + D2)(l + E)
(1+a +a2 +a3), the coefficient of ar in product will be Number of 5 letter selections
Pr-3 + Pr-2+ Pr-1 + Pr = Coefficient of a5 in (1 + a + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5)
3 preceding coefficients (1 + a + a2 + a3 +a4)(l + a + a2 + a3)
and in product of p0 + pxa + p2 a2 +... with (1+ a + a2)(l+a)
(1+a + a2 +a3 + a4), the coefficient ofar in product Multiplying synthetically
willbepr_4 +pr_3 +pr_2 + pr_l+pr 2 a a2 a3
a a4 a 5 ...
4 preceding coefficients i 1 1 11 _______ 1 1___________________

Finally, in product ofp0 + pla+ p2a2 + ... with --------xi + a + a + a2 + a3+ a4

(1+a+a2 +-a3 + ... + upto°°), the coefficient ofar in 1 2 3 4 5______ 5...

-x 1 + a + a2 + a3
product will be p0 + p, + p2 +...+ pr_x +pr
1 3 6 10 14 17...
all preceding coefficients
---- xi + a + a
I Example 93. Find the coefficient of a6 in the 1 4 10 19 30 41...
product (1+a + a2)(1 + a + a2)(1 + a + a2 + a3) ---- xi + a
(1+a)(1+a)(1+a). 1 5 14 29 49 71
Sol. The given product can be written as
Hence, required coefficient is 71.
(1 + a + a2)(i + a + a2)(i + a + a2 + a3)(i + a)3
or(i+ a + a2)(i + a + a2)(i + a + a2 + a3) I Example 95. Find the number of combinations and
(1 + 3a + 3a2 +a3) permutations of 4 letters taken from the word
EXAMINATION.
Sol. There are 11 letters

Multiplying Synthetically A, A, N, N, X, M, T, 0.
Then, number of combinations
a = coefficient of x4 in (1 +• x + x2)3(l + x)5
1 a2 £ a4 a5 a6
1 3 3 1 o o 0 [v 2A’s, 21 ’s, 2N’s, IE, IX, 1M, IT and 10]
394 Textbook of Algebra

= Coefficient of x4 in {(1 + x)3 + x6 + 3(1 + x)2x2 For example, [for arrangements]

+ 3(1 + x)x4}(l + x)5 A x A 0__
= Coefficient of x4 in , 7 7 X6
,8 6., .5 „ 2/ \7 „ 4/, x6i Q x 7C2 =3
;. Number of selections = 3C, =3 X
x ------=63
{(1 + x)8 + x6(l + xf + 3x2(l + x)7+3x4(l + x)6} 1 2 ix2
4!
7-6
= *C, + 0 + 3’C2+3 = 52±A + 3----- and number of permutations = 63 • — = 756
+ 3=70 + 63 + 3 2!
1-23-4 1-2
From Case I, II and III
= 136
and number of permutations The required number of combinations = 70 + 3 + 63 = 136
and number of permutations = 1680 +18 + 756 = 2454
(
= Coefficient of x4 in 4! 1 + — + —
22 V 1+—
5

Note Number of combinations and permutations of 4 letters

I 1! 2!J 1!
taken from the word MATHEMATICS are 136 and 2454
/ 2V respectively, as like of EXAMINATION.
= Coefficient of x4 in 4! 1 + x + — (1 + x),5:
< 2 /
= Coefficient of x4 in
Number of Solutions with the
r8 3 3 Help of Multinomial Theorem
4! (1 + x)3 + — + -(1 + x)2x2 + -x4(l + x)Ml + x)5
8 2 4 Case I If the equation
= Coefficient of x4 in a+2p + 3y + ... + g9 = n ...(i)
r6 3 3 (a) If zero included, the number of solution of Eq. (i)
4!- (1 + x)8 + —(1 + x)5 + -x2(l + x)7 + -x4(l + x)6 - = Coefficient ofx" in(l + x + x2 + ...)
8 2 4
(1 + x2 + x4 +...)(l + x3 +x6 +...)...
3 31 8-7-6-5 3 7-6 3
= 4!< 8C4 +0+--7C2 + —> =24^ ----------- 4. —------ 4. — ,
2 4 1-2-3-4 2 1-2 4 (l + xq +X29 +...)
= 8-7 -6-5 + 6(3-7 -6) + 6-3= 1680 + 756 + 18 = 2454 = Coefficient of x" in
Aliter There are 11 letters:
A, A, I, I.N.N, E,X,M,T,0 (b) If zero excluded, then the number of solutions of Eq. (i)
The following cases arise:
= Coefficient of x" in(x + x2 + x3 +...)
Case I All letters different The required number of
(x2+x4+x6+...)(x3+x6+x9+...)
choosing 4 different letters from 8 different (A, I, N, E, X,
... (xq + x 2<+...)
M, T, O) types of the letters
<. 8-7-6-5 = Coefficient of x" in x1+2 + 3 + "'+<?(l-x)-1
= 8C4 =-----------=70
12-3-4 (l-x2)'-1(l-x3)-1...(l-x9)
and number of permutations = 8 P4 = 8 ■ 7 ■ 6 • 5 = 1680
n- <?(<? +1)
= Coefficient of x 22 in
Case II Two alike of one type and two alike of
another type This must be 2A’s, 21’s or 2I’s, 2N’s, or (l-x)-1(l-x2)_1(l-x
2N’s, 2A’s.
Number of selections = C2 = 3 I Example 96. Find the number of non-negative
integral solutions of x, + x2 + x3 + 4x4 = 20.
For example, [for arrangements]
Sol. Number of non-negative integral solutions of the
A A I I given equation
= Coefficient of x20 in (1 - x)-1(l - x)-1(l - x)-1(l - x4)’1
4!
and number of permutations = 3 ■ ----- .= 18 = Coefficient of x20 in(l - x)-3(l - x4)-1
2’2!
= Coefficient of x20 in (1 + 3C^ + 4C2 x2 + 5C3x3 + 6C4x4
Case III Two alike and two different This must be
2A’s or2I’s or 2N’s + ...+ ,0C8x8+...+ ,4C12x12 + ...+18Ci6x16+...

and for each case 7 different letters. . + 22C20x20 +...)(!

+ ...)(! + 1 + x16+x20+...)
+ x4 + x8 + x12
For example, for 2A’s, 7 differents’s are I, N, E, X, M, T, 0 = 1 + 6C4 + 10C8 + ,4
14C12 + ,8C16 + 22C20
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 395

= 1 + bC2 + ,0C2 + 14
14C2 + 18C2 + 22,
C2 Sol. The number of ways of distributing blankets is equal to
the number of solutions of the equation 3x + 2y + z = 15,
18-17 <22-21
=1+
1-2 H— where x>l, y>l, z>l which is equal to coefficient
of a15 in
= 1 + 15 + 45 + 91 + 153 + 231 = 536 (a3 +a6 +a9 +a'2 +a15
15 + ...)

I Example 97. Find the number of positive unequal x(a2 +a4 +a6 +a8 +a10 +a ,2+a14+...)
integral solutions of the equation x + y + z + w = 20. x(a+a2 +a3 + .... + a15 + ...)
So/. We have, x+y+z+w= 20 ...(i) = Coefficient of a9 in (1 + a3 + a6 + a9)
Assume x < y < z < w. Here, x,y, z, w > 1 x(i + a2 +a4 +a6 +a8)
Now, let x = xb y - x = x2, z - y = x3 and w - z = x 4 x (1 + a + a2 + a3+a4 + a5 + a6 + a7 + a8 + a9)
x = xb y = X! + x2 , z = X] + x2 + x3 and [neglecting higher powers]
W = Xj + x2 + x3 + x4 = Coefficient of a9 in (1 + a2 + a4 + a6 + a8 + a3
From Eq. (i), 4X] + 3x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 20
+ a5 + a7 + a9 + a6 + a8 + a9) x (1 + a + a2
Then, xb x2, x3, x4 > 1
a3 + a4 + a5 + a6 + a7 + a8 + a9)
*■’ 4Xj + 3x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 20 ...(ii)
[neglecting higher powers]
Number of positive integral solutions of Eq. (ii)
= 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 12
= Coefficient of x20"10 in
Case II If the inequation
(i-x'r'd-x’r'd-x’r’fl-x)-
Xi + x2 +x3 +... + xm <n ...(i)
= Coefficient of x10 in
[when the required sum is not fixed]
(1-x4)-i(1-x3)-i(1-x2)-i(1-x)-
In this case, we introduce a dummy variable xm +,.
= Coefficient of x10 in(l + x4 + x8 + x12 + ...)
So that,
x(l + x3 + x6 + x9 + x 12 + ...)x
m + *m+l = ">
(1 + x2 +x4 + x6 + x8 + x10 +...)x (1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4
Xm + 1 >0 ...(ii)
+ x 5 + x6 + x
x'7 + x8 + x9y + x10 +...)
+x°
Here, the number of Sols of Eqs. (i) and (ii) will be same.
= Coefficient of x10 in
(1 + x3 + x6 + x9 + x4 + x77 + x10 + x8) I Example 99. Find the number of positive integral
x (1 + x2 + x4 + x6 + x8 + x10)(l + x + x2 + x3 solutions of the inequation 3x +y + z< 30.
+ x4 + x5 + x6 + x7 + x8 + x9 + x10) Sol. Let dummy variable w, then
[neglecting higher powers] 3x + y + z + w = 30, w>0 (i)
= Coefficient of x10 in Now, let a = x — 1, b = y - 1, c = z - 1, d = w, then
• 3a + b + c + d = 25, where a, b, c, d > 0 -(ii)
~6 + X,88 + X10 + X3 + Xs + X7 + X9 + X6
(1 + x2 + x’4 + x°
Number of positive integral solutions of Eq. (i)
+± x° +. X10
10 + X9 + X4 + X6 + X8 + x10 + X7 + x9 + x10
= Number of non-negative integral solutions of Eq. (ii)
+ x8 + x10)(l + X + X2 + X3 + X4 + X5 + X6 + X7 = Coefficient of a25 in (1 + a3 +a6 + ...)
+ x8 + x9 + x10) [neglecting higher powers] (1 + a + a2 + ...)3
=1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1 = Coefficient of a25 in (1 + a3 +a6 + ...)(!-a)-3
+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1=23 = Coefficient of a25 in
But x, y, z and w can be arranged in 4 P4 = 4! = 24 (1 + a3 + a6 + ...)(! + 3Cta + 4C2a2 + ...)
— 27z-» i 24/0 | 21/o , 18/o , 15/o , 12/o , 9/0
Hence, required number of Sols = (23)(24) = 552 ” 25 +’
'-'25 22 “+*■ '-'19
'-'22 ’ '-'16
19 + + '-'13 + '-'10 * '-'7
'16 T

+ 6C4 + 3C1
I Example 98. In how many ways can 15 identical
blankets be distribted among six beggars such that 24C2 + 21C2 + ,8c2 + 1SC2 + 12 c2 + 9c2
everyone gets atleast one blanket and two particular + 6c2 + 3C1
beggars get equal blankets and another three
= 351 + 276 + 210 + 153 + 105 + 66 + 36 + 15 + 3= 1215
particular beggars get equal blankets.
396 Textbook of Algebra

Aliter Here, 1 < x, < 6, i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

From Eq. (ii), 3a + b + c + d = 25, where a, b, c, d £ 0 Total number of cases = 66 = 26 x 36 = 64 x 729 = 46656
Clearly,0<a<8,ifa = fc, then and number of ways to get the sum less than or equal to 15,
b + c + d = 25 - 3fc (iii) which is 4501 [from Example 100]
Hence, number of non-negative integral solutions of Hence, the number of ways to get a sum greater than 15 is
Eq. (iii) is 46656- 4501 = 42155
25 -3*.- + 3 -1£ _27-3t-r _ (27 - 3k)(26 - 3fc)
3->- C2- - Case IV If the equation
Q *1*2*3 ... xn = 2“' ■3°'2 -5“’...
= -(3fc2 — 53fc + 234)
2 wherea1,a2,a3, ••• are natural numbers.
Therefore, required number is In this case number of positive integral solutions
3 8 (xj, x2, x3,.... x„) are
- £(3k2 “ 53k + 234)
2j. = o / ex i + n — 1 a2 +n -1
\ cn-l Cn-l
_3 8x9 X 17 8x9
3- -53- + 234 x 9 =1215
~ 2 6 2
I Example 102. Find the total number of positive
integral solutions for (x,y,z) such that xyz =24.
I Example 100. In how many ways can we get a sum
Sol. ■: xyz = 24 = 23 X 31
of atmost 15 by throwing six distinct dice ?
Sol. Let xb x2 , x3, x4, x5 and x6 be the number that appears Hence, total number of positive integral solutions
on the six dice. = (3 + 3-1C3_1)(1 + 3-1C3
3-_1)
The number of ways = Number of solutions of the inequation = 5C2 x 3CZ =30
X] + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 < 15 Aliter
Introducing a dummy variable x7(x7 > 0), the inequation xyz = 24 = 23 X 31
becomes an equation
Now, consider three boxes x, y, z.
X] + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x7 = 15
3 can be put in any of the three boxes.
Here, 1 < xf < 6 for i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and x7 > 0.
Also, 2, 2, 2 can be distributed in the three boxes in
Therefore, number of solutions
3+3-1C3_1 = 5C2 = 10 ways. Hence, the total number of
= Coefficient of x15 in (x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6)6 positive integral solutions = the number of distributions
which is given by 3 x 10 = 30.
= Coefficient of x9 in (1 - x6)6(l - x)-7
= Coefficient of x9 ip £1 - 6x6)(1 + 1Cxx + 8C2 x2 +...)
[neglecting higher powers]
Geometrical Problems
(a) If there are n points in a plane out of these points no
= ,5C9 - 6x 9C3 = 15>C6 - 6 x 9C3
three are in the same line except m points which are
= 5005-504= 4501 collinear, then
Case III If the inequation (i) Total number of different lines obtained by
*i +x2 +x3 +... + x„ >n joining these n points is ” C2 - mC2 +1
[when the values of xlf x2,..., xn are restricted] (ii) Total number of different triangles formed by
In this case first find the number of solutions of joining these n points is " C3 - mC3
Xj +x2 +x3 + ... + x„ <n -land then subtracts (iii) Total number of different quadrilateral formed
from the total number of solutions. by joining these n points is
n /tn fy n . m
I Example 101. In how many ways can we get a sum u4 C3 • C] + C4-"CO)
greater than 15 by throwing six distinct dice?
I Example 103. There are 10 points in a plane out of
Sol. Let xb x2, x3, x4, x5 and x6 be the number that appears
these points no three are in the same straight line
on the six dice.
except 4 points which are collinear. How many
The number of ways = Number of solutions of the
inequation (i) straight lines (ii) trian-gles
(iii) quadrilateral, by joining them?
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 397

Sol. (i) Required number of straight lines Sol. Let number of sides of the polygon = n, then nC2 - n =77
n(n -1) _ n(n-3) 14X11
= 10C2 - 4C2 + 1 = - — + 1 = 45-6 + 1 = 40 =s —-------- - n = 77 => —------ - ----------
-n=77
1-2 1-2 2 2 2
we get, n = 14
(ii) Required number of triangles
(c) n straight lines are drawn in a plane such that no two
= 10C - % = 1^1*- 4Cj = 120 - 4 = 116 of them are parallel and no three of them are
1-2-3 concurrent. Then, number of parts into which these
(iii) Required number of quadrilaterals lines divides the plane is equal to
14.V1. tf+n + 2)
= 10C4-(4C3-6C1 + 4C4-6C0) 1+ k, .e.----------------
= im±7 . , *=i 2

1-2-3-4
I Example 107. If n lines are drawn in a plane such
= 210 - (4 X 6 + 1) = 210 - 25 = 185 that no two of them are parallel and no three of them
(b) If there are n points in a plane out of these points no are concurrent, such that these lines divide the plane
any three are collinear, then in 67 parts, then find number of different points at
(i) Total points of intersection of the lines joining which these lines will cut..
these n points = PC2, where p = nC2 Sol. Given number of straight lines = n, then
(ii) If n points are the vertices of a polygon, then tL , n2 + n + 2
1+ 2/=67 => ------------- = 67
i i , n n(n-3) k=l 2
total number of diagonals = C2 - n =----------
2 => n2+n —132 = 0 => (n + 12)(n — 11) = 0

I Example 104. How many number of points of n = 11, n * -12

1110
intersection of n straight lines, if n satisfies Hence, required number of points = "C2 = nC2 =
2
n+3p 2 = 55
hi+1 — X
2 (d) If m parallel lines in a plane are intersected by a
n+5 n ll(n-l) n+3pn family of other n parallel lines. Then, total number of
Sol. We have, *n+l x
2 parallelograms so formed
=>
(n + 5)! ll(n - 1) x (n + 3)! = mC "C ie mn(rn~Wn-V
4! 2 3! 2 2 • 4
(n + 5)(n + 4) ll(n-l)
=>
4 2 I Example 108. Find number of rectangles in a chess
=> n2 - 13n + 42 = 0 => (n - 6) (n - 7) = 0 board, which are not<a square.
Sol. Number of rectangles = 9C2 x QC2 = (36)2 = 1296
=> n = 6 or n = 7
The number of points of intersection of lines is 6C2 or 7C Number of squares = 8x8 + 7x7+6x6 + ...+ lxl
= 204
= 15 or 21
Required number = 1296 — 204 = 1092
I Example 105. The interior angles of a regular 123456789
polygon measure 150° each. Then, find the number of 2 -----------------------------------
diagonals of the polygon. 3 -----------------------------------
Sol. Each exterior angle = 30° 4 -------------------------------
5 -------------------------------
360 X —
XT L r 360° 6----------------- --------------
.. Number of sides =----- ------- IM = 12
30° 7 -------------------------------
30 X —
180 8 -------------------------------
Number of diagonals = 12C2 -12 = 66-12 =54 91 I I I I I I 1
Square can be formed as follows :
I Example 106. In a polygon the number of diagonals is To form the smallest square, select any two consecutive
77. Find the number of sides of the polygon. lines from the given (here 9) vertical and horizontal lines.
This can be done in 8 x 8 ways (1-2, 2-3, 3-4,.... 8-9)
 398 Textbook of Algebra

Again, to form the square consists of four small squares, Sol. The required number of ways
select the lines as follows (1-3, 2-4, 3-5,..., 7-9) from both = Coefficient of xb in (2CjX + 2C 2x2)(4C1X + 4C2x2
vertical and horizontal lines, thus 7x7 squares are
obtained. Proceed in the same way) + 4C3x3 + 4C4x4)(2CiX + 2C2?)
Note If n parallel lines are intersected by another n parallel lines, = Coefficient of x3 in (2 + x)2 (4 + 6x + 4x2 + x3)
.. u x u u v/ (n - T) n (2n — 1)
then number of rhombus = £(n - 1) = ------- ------------ -
= Coefficient of x3 in (4 + 4x + x2) (4 + 6x + 4x2 + x3)
(e) Number of Rectangles and Squares = 4 + 16 + 6
(i) Number of rectangles of any size in a square of = 26
n
n x n is £ r3 and number of squares of any Aliter
r=l In the given figure there are 8 squares and we have to place
n 6X’s this can be done in
size is £r2. 8-7
8C6 = 8CZ = —y = 28 ways

(ii) In a rectangle of n x p (n < p) number of

But these include the possibility that either headed row or
rectangles of any size is — lowest row may not have any X. These two possibilities are
4 (n +1) (p +1) and
to be excluded.
number of squares of any size is Required number of ways = 28 - 2 = 26
n
/
£(n + l-r)(p + l-r).
r=l x x

I Example 109. Find the number of rectangles x x X x OR X X x x

excluding squares from a rectangle of size 9x6.
Sol. Here, n = 6 and p = 9 X X

:. Number of rectangles excluding square

z n 6
= —(6+l)(9 + l)-£(7-r)(10-r) I Example 111. In how many ways the letters of the
4 word DIPESH can be placed in the squares of the
6
adjoining figure so that no row remains empty?
= 945 - £(70 - 17r + r2) = 945 - 154 = 791

(f) If there are n rows, first row has squares, 2nd row
has a2 squares, 3rd row has a3 squares,... and nth
row has a„ squares. If we have to filled up the
squares with P Xs such that each row has atleast
one X. The number of ways = Coefficient of x in
(“> Cjx + “2C2 x2 +... + a,Caix“’)
x(a2CjX+a2C2x2+...+ “2C,./■)

X(“3CiX+ “5C;•2x2+... + a’Ca, x“3 ) X

...x(“n C,x + C2x2+... + °-Ca< x“") Sol. If all letters are same, then number of ways
= Coefficient of x6 in( 3Cxx + 3C2 x2 + 3C3x3)3 (tjx)1
I Example 110. Six X's have to be placed in the = Coefficient of x in (3 + 3x + x2)3
squares of the figure below, such that each row
contains atleast one X. In how many different ways = Coefficient of x in (3 + 3x)3
can this be done? _____ [neglecting higher degree term]
= 27 x 3C] = 81

But in DIPESH all letters are different.

Required number of ways = 81 X 6!
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 399

§ Exercise for Session 6

1. If number of ways in which 7 different balls can be distributed into 4 different boxes, so that no box remains
empty is 100 X, the value of X is
(a) 18 (b)108 (c) 1008 (d) 10008
2. If number of ways in which 7 different balls can be distributed into 4 boxes, so that no box remains empty is
48 X, the value of X is
(a) 231 (b) 331 (c) 431 (d) 531
3. If number of ways in which 7 identical balls can be distributed into 4 boxes, so that no box remains empty is 4X,
the value of X is
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d)11
4. Number of non-negative integral solutions of the equation a + b + c = 6 is
(a) 28 (b) 32 (c) 36 (d) 56
5. Number of integral solutions of a +b + c =0, a >-5,b >-5andc £-5, is
(a) 272 (b) 136 (c)240 (d) 120
6. If a, b and c are integers and a > 1, b > 2 and c > 3. If a + b + c = 15, the number of possible solutions of the
equation is
(a) 55 (b) 66 (c) 45 (d) None of these
7. Number of integral solutions of 2x + y + z = 10 (x > 0, y > 0, Z > 0) is
(a) 18 (b) 27 (c) 36 (d) 51 ’
8. A person writes letters to six friends and addresses the corresponding envelopes. Let x be the number of ways
so that atleast two of the letters are in wrong envelopes and y be the number of ways so that all the letters are
in wrong envelopes. Then, x - y is equal to
(a) 719 (b) 265 (c)454 (d) None of these
9. A person goes for an examination in which there are four papers with a maximum of m marks from each paper.
The number of ways in which one can get 2 m marks, is
(a) 2/n+3C3 (b)[- |(m+ 1)(2m2 + 4m+ 1)
3
(c) + 1) (2m2 + Am + 3) (d) None of these
\ 3/
10. The number of selections of four letters from the letters of the word ASSASSINATION, is
(a) 72 (b) 71 (c) 66 (d) 52
11. The number of positive integral solutions of 2Xf + 3x2 + 4x3 + 5x4 =25, is
(a) 20 (b) 22 (c) 23 (d) None of these
12. If a, b, and c are positive integers such that a + b + c < 8, the number of possible values of the ordered triplet (
a,b,c) is
(a) 84 (b)56 (c) 83 (d) None of these
13. The total number of positive integral solutions of 15 < Xi + x2 + x3 < 20 is equal to
(a) 685 (b) 785 (c) 1125 (d) None of these
14. The total number of integral solutions for (x,y,z) such that xyz =24, is
i (a) 36 (b) 90 (c) 120 (d) None of these
15. There are 12 points in a plane in which 6 are collinear. Number of different straight lines that can be drawn by
joining them, is
(a) 51 (b)52 (c) 132 (d)18
400 Textbook of Algebra

16. 4 points out of 11 points in a plane are collinear. Number of different triangles that can be drawn by joining
them, is
(a) 165 (b) 161 (c) 152 (d) 159
17. The number of triangles that can be formed with 10 points as vertices, n of them being collinear, is 110. Then.n
is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
18. ABCD is a convex quadrilateral. 3, 4, 5 and 6 points are marked on the sides AB, BC, CD and DA, respectively.
The number of triangles with vertices on different sides, is
(a) 270 (b) 220 (c)282 (d) None of these
19. There are 10 points in a plane of which no three points are collinear and 4 points are concyclic. The number of
different circles that can be drawn through atleast 3 points of these points, is
(a) 116 (b) 120 (c)117 (d) None of these
20. 4 points out of 8 points in a plane are collinear. Number of different quadrilateral that can be formed by joining
them, is
(a) 56 (b) 60 (c)76 (d) 53
21. There are2n points in a plane in which m are collinear (n >m >4). Number of quadrilateral formed by joining
these lines
(a) is equal to 2nC4 - (b) is greater than 2nC4 - X4
(c) is less than 2nC4 - "C4 (d) None of these

22. In a polygon the number of diagonals is 54. The number of sides of the polygon, is
(a) 10 (b) 12 (c)9 (d) None of these
23. In a polygon no three diagonals are concurrent. If the total number of points of intersection of diagonals interior
to the polygon be 70, then the number of diagonals of the polygon, is
(a) 20 (b) 28 (c)8 (d) None of these
24. n lines are drawn in a plane such that no two of them are parallel and no three of them are concurrent. The
number of different points at which these lines will cut, is
(a)"fk (b)n(n-1) (c)n2
(b)n(n- 1) (d) None of these
k=1

25. Six straight lines are drawn in a plane such that no two lines are parallel and no three lines are concurrent. Then,
the number of parts into which these lines divide the plane, is
(a) 15 (b) 22 (c) 29 (d) 36
26. A parallelogram is cut by two sets of m lines parallel to its sides. The number of parallelogram thus formed, is
(a)(%)2 (b)(/n+t2)2 (c)('"+2C2)2 (d) None of these

27. The number of rectangles excluding squares from a rectangle of size 11 x 8 is 48X, then the value of X is
(a) 13 (b)23 (c)43 (d)53

28. The number of ways the letters of the word PERSON can be placed in the squares of the figure shown so that
no row remains empty, is

«2

*3

(a) 24 x 6 ! (b) 26x6! (c) 26 x 7 ! (d) 27 x 7!

 Session 7
Rank in a Dictionary, Gap Method

Rank in a Dictionary I Example 113. If letters of the word are arranged as in

The dictionary format means words are arranged in dictionary, find the rank of the following words.
alphabetical order. (i) INDIA (ii) SURITI (iii) DOCOMO
Following Examples will help you learn how to find the Sol. (i) The letters in alphabetical order are A, D, I, I, N
rank in the dictionary. The first word is ADIIN
41
Number of words beginning with A = — = 12
I Example 112. If the letters of the word are arranged
as in dictionary, find the rank of the following words. 4!
Number of words beginning with D = — =12
(i) RAJU (ii) UMANG 21

(iii) AIRTEL Number of words beginning with LA = 3! = 6

Sol. (i) In a dictionary, the letters in alphabetical order are Number of words beginning with ID = 3! = 6
A.J.R.U Number of words beginning with II = 3! = 6
.'. The first word is AJRU. Number of words beginning with INA = 2! = 2
Number of words beginning with INDA = 11 = 1
Number of words beginning with A = Number of Number of words beginning with INDIA = 1
ways arranging J, R, U = 3! = 6
Rank of the word INDIA
Number of words beginning with J = 31=6
= 12+12 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 2 + 1 + 1= 46
The next word begin with R and it is RAJU.
(ii) The letters in alphabetical order are I, I, R, S, T, U
Number of words before RAJU = 12 .*. The first word is IIRSTU
Rank of word RAJU = 13 Number of words beginning with I = 5! = 120
5I
(ii) The letters in alphabetical order are A, G, M, N, U ' Number of words beginning with R = — = 60

The first word is AGMNU Number of words beginning with SI = 4 ! = 24

Number of words beginning with A = 4 I = 24 4!
Number of words beginning with SR = — = 12
Number of words beginning with G = 4 ! = 24 2.
Number of words beginning with M = 4 ! = 24 4!
Number of words beginning with ST = — = 12
Number of words beginning with N = 4 ! = 24
Number of words beginning with UA = 3! = 6 Number of words beginning with SUI = 3! = 6
Number of words beginning with UG = 31 = 6 Number of words beginning with SURII = 1! = 1
Number of words beginning with UMAG = 1! = 1 Number of words beginning with SURITI = 1
Number of words beginning with UMANG = 1 Rank of the word SURITI
Rank of the word = 120 + 60 + 24 + 12 + 12 + 6+1 + 1 = 236
UMANG = 24 + 24 + 24 + 24 + 6 + 6 + 1 + 1 = 110 (iii) The letters in alphabetical order are C, D, M, O, O, O
(iii) The letters in alphabetical order are A, E, I, L, R, T The first word is CDMOOO
I 5!
The first word is AEILRT Number of words beginning with C = — = 20
Number of words beginning with AE = 4 ! = 24 4!
Number of words beginning with DC = — = 4
Number of words beginning with AIE = 3 ! = 6 3!
Number of words beginning with AIL = 3! = 6 4!
Number of words beginning with DM = — = 4
Number of words beginning with AIRE = 21 = 2
Number of words beginning with AIRL = 2! = 2 2!
Number of words beginning with DOCM = — = 1
Number of words beginning with AIRTEL = 1 2!
Number of words beginning with DOCOMO = 1
.‘.Rank of the word AIRTEL= 24+6 + 6 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 41
Rank of the word DOCOMO = 20+4 + 4 + 1 + 1 = 30
402 Textbook of Algebra

Gap Method I Example 117. Find the number of ways in which 5

girls and 5 boys can be arranged in a row, if boys and
[when particular objects are girls are alternate.
never together] Sol. First five girls can be arranged in 5! ways
i.e., xGxGxGxGxG or GxGxGxGxGx
I Example 114. There are 10 candidates for an
Now, if girls and boys are alternate, then boys can occupy
examination out of which 4 are appearing in places with * x ’ as shows above.
Mathematics and remaining 6 are appearing in
Hence, total number of arrangements is
different subjects. In how many ways can they be ,2
5!x5! + 5!x5! = 2x(5!)
seated in a row so that no two Mathematics
candidates are together? Use of Set Theory

Sol. In this method first arrange the remaining candidates A set is well defined collection of distinct objects.
Here, remaining candidates = 6 Subset
xOxOxOxOxOxOx If every element of a set A is also an element of a set B,
x: Places available for Mathematics candidates then A is called the subset B, we write
0: Places for others A c B <=> {x g A => x g B}
Remaining candidates can be arranged in 6! ways. There Union
are seven places available for Mathematics candidates so The union of two sets A and B is the set of all those
that no two Mathematics candidates are together. Now, elements which are either in A or in B or in both. This set is
four candidates can be placed in these seven places denoted by A u B or A + B.
in 7 P4 ways. •
Symbolically, AuB = {x:xGAorxGB}
Hence, the total number of ways = 6! X 7P4 = 720 X 840
Intersection
= 604800
The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of all
I Example 115. In how many ways can 7 plus (+) and 5 elements which are common in A and B. This set is denoted
minus (-) signs be arranged in a row so that no two by A n B or AB.
minus (-) signs are together? Symbolically, AhB = {x:xgA and x g B}
Sol. In this method, first arrange the plus (+) signs. I Example 118. A is a set containing n elements. A
Here, minus (-) signs = 5 subset P1 of A is chosen. The set A is reconstructed by
0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0 replacing the elements of Pb Next, a subset P2 of Ais
We can put minus (-) sign in any of the 8 places in the chosen and again the set is reconstructed by replacing
above arrangement i.e., we have to select 5 places out of 8 the elements of P2 . In this way m (> 1) subsets
which can be done is 8C5 ways = 8C3 ways = 56 ways. pbp2>--->Pm of A are chosen. Find the number of ways
of choosing PbP2,...,Pm, so that
i Example 116. Find the number of ways in which 5
(i) B nP2 nP5 n...nPm =0
girls and 5 boys can be arranged in a row, if no two
boys are together. (ii) P, uP2uP5 u...uPm =A
Sol. In this example, there is no condition for arranging the Sol. Let A = {ab a2, a3,.... a„}
girls. Now, 5 girls can be arranged in 5! ways. (i) For each a, (1 < i < n), we have either a g Pj or
xGxGxGxGxGx at g Pj (1 < j < m). i.e., there are 2m choices in which
When girls are arranged, six gaps are generated as shown <2,(1 < i < n) may belong to the P/s.
above with ‘x ’.
Out of these, there is only one choice, in which a, e P7
Now, boys must occupy the places with ‘x’ marked, so that
for all j = 1,2,..., m which is not favourable for
no two boys are together.
P] n P2 n P3 n... n Pm to be 4>. Thus,
Therefore, five boys can be arranged in these six gaps in
<2j g Pj n P2 n ... n Pm in (2m - 1) ways. Since, there
6 P5 ways.
are n elements in the set A, the total number of
Hence, total number of arrangement is 5! X 6P5.
choices is (2m - 1)".
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 403

(ii) There is exactly one choice, in which, at g Pj for all I Example 120. Find the sum of the digits in the unit’s
j = 1,2,3,.... m which is not favourable for place of all numbers formed with the help of 3, 4, 5, 6
P] U P2 u P3 u ... u Pm to be equal to A. Thus, a, can taken all at a time.
belong to u P2 u P3 u ... u Pm in (2m - 1) ways. Sol. Sum of the digits in the unit’s place
Since, there are n elements in the set A, the number of = (4 - 1)! (3 + 4 + 5 + 6) = 6 X 18 = 108
ways in which P, u P2 u u ... U Pm can be equal to (ii) The sum of all digit numbers that can be formed using
A is(2m -1)". the digits ab a2...... a„ (repetition of digits not allowed)
(10'’ - 1)
is = (n — 1)! (^ + a2 + ... + a„)-—------
I Example 119. A is a set containing n elements. A
subset P of A is chosen. The set A is reconstructed by
I Example 121. Find the sum of all five digit numbers
replacing the elements of P. A subset of A is again
that can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
chosen. Find the number of ways of choosing P and Q, (repetition of digits not allowed)
so that "10s - 1
Sol. Required sum = (5 - 1)! (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)
(i) P n Q contains exactly r elements. 9
(ii) PnQ contains exactly 2 elements. =24■1511111=3999960
Aliter
(iii) PnQ=0
Since, one of the numbers formed with the 5 digits a,b,c,d
Sol. Let A = {ab a2, a3,
and e is 104a + 103b + 102c + lOd + e ;
(i) The r elements in P and Q such that P n Q can be Hence, 104a will occur altogether in 4 ! ways similarly each
chosen out of n is " Cr ways a general element of A of 104b, 104c, 104d, 104e will occur in 4 ! ways.
must satisfy one of the following possibilities [here,
general element be a,(l < i < n)] Hence, if all the numbers formed with the digits be written
one below the other, thus
(i) a, g P and a, g Q
(ii) a, g P and a, G Q
104-a + 103 -b + 102 c + 10-d + e
(iii) a( g P and a, g Q 104-h + 103-c + 102-d + 10-e + a
(iv) a( G P and a, G Q 104-c + 103-d + 102-e + 10 a + b
Let ab a2,..., ar g P n Q
There is only one choice each of them (i.e., (i) choice)
104 d + 103-e + 102 a + 10 b + c
and three choices (ii), (iii) and (iv) for each of 104 e + 103 a + 102 b + 10 c + d
remaining (n - r) elements.
Hence, the required sum
Hence, number of ways of remaining elements = 3n “r
= 4!x(a + b + c + d + e)x (104 + 103 + 102 + 10+ 1)
Hence, number of ways in which P n Q contains
exactly r elements = nCr x 3n ”r = 4 ! X (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) (11111) = 3999960
(i) Put r = 2, then n C2 x 3" “2 Difference between Permutation and Combination
(iii) Put r = 0, then " Co X 3n = 3" Problems of permutations Problems of combinations
1. Arrangements Selections, choose
Sum of digits
2. Standing in a line, seated in a row Distributed group is formed
(i) The sum of the digits in the unit’s place of all numbers
3. Problems on digits Committee
formed with the help of a„ a2,.... an taken all at a time
is (n - 1)! (aj + a2 +... + an) 4. Problems on letters from a word Geometrical problems
(repetition of digits not allowed)

I
404 Textbook of Algebra

§ Exercise for Session 7

1. The letters of the word "DELHI” are arranged in all possible ways as in a dictionary, the rank of the word
"DELHI" is
(a) 4 (b)5
(c)6 (d)7

2. The letters of the word "KANPUR" are arranged in all possible ways as in a dictionary, the rank of the word
"KANPUR" from last is
(a) 121 (b) 122
(c) 598 (d) 599

3. The letters of the word “MUMBAI" are arranged in all possible ways as in a dictionary, the rank of the word
"MUMBAI" is
(a) 297 (b) 295
(c) 299 (d) 301

4. The letters of the word “CHENNAI" are arranged in all possible ways as in a dictionary, then rank of the word
“CHENNAI" from last is
(a) 2016 (b) 2017
(c) 2018 (d) 2019

5. If all permutations of the letters of the word "AGAIN" are arranged as in a dictionary, then 50th word is
(a) NAAGI (b) NAGAI
(c) NAAIG (d) NAIAG
 I
Shortcuts and Important Results to Remember
1 When two dice are thrown, the number of ways of getting 11 Highest power of prime p in nCr , since
a total r (sum of numbers on upper faces), is n!
"Cr =
(i) r-1, if2 <r <7 r ! (n - r)!
(ii) 13-r, if 8r < 12
If Wp(n!) = a,
2 When three dice are thrown, the number of ways of
getting a total r (sum of numbers on upper faces), is Hp(r!) = P
(i) r-1C2,if 3<r<8 and Hp{(n-r)!}= Y

(ii) 25, if r = 9 Then, Wp(nCf) = a-(P + Y)

(iii) 27, if r = 10,11 12 Highest power of prime p in nPr, since

(iv) 25, if r = 12 n!
(v) “"'Cg,if 13Sr <18 nPr =
(n - r) I
3 The product of k consecutive positive integers is divisible If Hp (n I) = X, Hp {(n - r) I} = g. Then, Hp (nPr) = X - g
by k I.
4 Number of zeroes in n! = E5(n!) 13 If there are n rows. 1st row has ^squares. Ilnd row has m2
squares. Hird row has m3 squares and so on. If we placed
5 n straight lines are drawn in the plane such that no two X X’s in the squares such that each row contains atleast
lines are parallel and no three lines are concurrent. Then, one X. Then the number of ways = Coefficient of xx in
the number of parts into which these lines divides the
(m,C1x+'n,C2x2 +...+m'Cmixm')
plane is equal to +n+2\
2 xpQx+^C;, x2 + m2C3x3 +...+ m}Cm2 xf2)x
6 nCf is divisible by n only, if n is a prime number C3Qx +m3C2 x2 +... + m3Cmj xmj) x...
(1<rsn-1).
7 The number of diagonals in n-gon (n sides closed 14 If- + - = -, V x, y,n eN
x y n
polygon) is -n~ 3\
=> (x-n)(y-n) = n2

8 In n-gon no three diagonals are concurrent, then the total x = n + X,

number of points of intersection of diagonals interior to n2
I the polygon is nC4. y =n + —,
Ar
9 Consider a polygon of n sides, then number of triangles in where X is divisor of n2.
which no side is common with that of the polygon are
^n(n-4)(n-5). Then, number of integral solutions (x, y) is equal to
o number of divisors of n2.

10 If m parallel lines in a plane are intersected by a family of If n = 3, n2 = 9 = S2, the equation has 3 solutions.
other n parallel lines. The total number of parallelograms (x,y) = (4.12). (a 6), (12. 4)
so formed =
4
JEE Type Solved Examples:
Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 multiple choice examples. So/. (c) v a is a factor of b and c => a divides 60
Each example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of a = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 30 [v a *60]
which ONLY ONE is correct. and b = ma, c = na, when m, n > 1
V a + b + c = 60 . s
• Ex. 1 Number of words of 4 letters that can be formed f 60
=> a + ma + na = 60 => m + n =----- 1
with the letters of the word I IT JEE, is a
“-i-i
(a) 42 (b) 82 (c) 102 (d) 142
.’. Number of solutions = a i^2-1 — “-2
Sol. (c) There are 6 letters I, I, E, E, T, J .a J
The following cases arise: Hence, total number of solutions for all values of a
Case I All letters are different = 58+ 28+ 18+ 13 4- 10+ 8 + 4+ 3 + 24-0= 144
aPa =4! = 24
• Ex. 4 The number of times the digit 3 will be written
Case II Two alike and two different
when listing the integers from 1 to 1000, is
2C. X 3C, X —= 72 (a) 269 (b) 271 (c) 300 (d) 302
1 2!
Sol. (c) Since, 3 does not occur in 1000. So, we have to count
Case III Two alike of one kind and two alike of another the number of times 3 occurs, when we list the integers
kind _ 41 from 1 to 999.
2C2 x —= 6
2! 2! Any number between 1 and 999 is of the form xyz, where
Hence, number of words = 24 + 72 + 6 = 102 0 < x, y, z < 9.
Aliter Let us first count the number in which 3 occurs exactly
once. Since, 3 can occur at one place in 3CX ways, there are
Number of words = Coefficient of x4 in
/ 2\2 3 C, x 9 x 9 = 243 such numbers. Next 3 can occur in exactly
.2
4! 1 + — + — (1 + x): two places in 3C2 X 9 = 27 such numbers. Lastly, 3 can
t 1! 21J
occur in all three digits in one number only. Hence, the
= Coefficient of x4 in 6[(1 + x)2 + 1]2(1 + x)2 number of times, 3 occurs is 1 x 243 + 2 x 27 + 3x1=300
= Coefficient of x4 in 6[(1 + x)6 + 2(1 + x)4 + (1 + x)2 ]
• Ex. 5 Number of points having position vector
= 6[6C4 +2-4 C4 + 0] =6(15 + 2) = 102 ai + bj + ck, where a,b,ce {1,2,3,4,5} such that 2a + 3b +5f

• Ex. 2 Lety be element of the set A = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, is divisible by 4, is

30} andxv x2, x3 be integers such that x,x2 x3 = y, the (a) 70 (b) 140
number of positive integral solutions of xyx2 x3 = y, is (c) 210 (d) 280
(a) 27 (b) 64 (c) 81 (d) 256 Sol. (a) 2fl + 36 + 5C = 2* + (4 - l)fc + (4 + l)e
Sol. (t) Number of solutions of the given equations is the same = 2a + 4fc+(-l)fc+(l)c
as the number of solutions of the equation
= 2a + 4k + (-1)6 + 1
Xj x2 x3 x4 = 30 = 2 X 3 X 5
Here, x4 is infact a dummy variable. I. a = 1, b = even, c = any number
II. a * 1, b = odd, c = any number
If Xj x2 x3= 15, then x4= 2 and if x,x2 x3= 5, then x4= 6, etc.
/. Required number of ways = 1x2x5+4x3x5 = 70
Thus, Xj x2 x3 x4 = 2 X 3 X 5
[•.• even numbers = 2, 4; odd numbers = 1,3,5 and any
Each of 2,3 and 5 will be factor of exactly one of xp x2, x3, numbers = 1,2,3,4,5]
x4 in 4 ways.
• Required number = 43 =64 • Ex. 6 Number of positive unequal integral solutions of
the equation x + y + z -12 is
• Ex. 3 The number of positive integer solutions of (a) 21 (b) 42 (c) 63 (d) 84
a + b + c = 60, where a is a factor of b and c, is Sol. (b) We have, x + y + z = 12 •(i)
(a) 184 (b) 200 (c) 144 (d) 270 Assume x < y < z. Here, x, y, z > 1
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 407

'• Solutions of Eq. (i) are Therefore, for one element a, of A, we have four choices (i),
(1,2,9), (1,3,8), (1,4, 7), (1, 5, 6), (2, 3, 7), (2,4, 6) and (3,4, 5). (ii), (iii) and (iv).
Number of positive integral solutions of Eq. (i) = 7 but Total number of cases for all elements = 4"
x, y, z can be arranged in 3! = 6
and for one element a, of A, such that at e P u Q, we have
Hence, required number of solutions = 7 x 6 = 42 three choices (i), (ii) and (iii).
Aliter
Number of cases for all elements belong to P o Q = 3”
Let x = a, y - x = 0, z - y = y
x = a,y = a + 0,z = a + 0 + y Hence, number of ways in which atleast one element of A
From Eq. (i), 3a + 20 + y = 12; a, 0, y > 1 does not belong to
Number of positive integral solutions of Eq. (i) PuQ = 4n -3”.
= Coefficient of X12 in
(A.3 + X6 + X9 + A?2 + ...) • Ex. 9 Let N be a natural number. If its first digit (from the
(X2 + X4 + X6 + X8 + X10+X12+...) N
left) is deleted, it gets reduced to —. The sum of all the digits
(X + X2 + X3+... + X12)
ofN is
= Coefficient of A.6 in(l + A.3 + A6)(l + X2 + X4 + X6)
(a) 14 (b) 17
(1 + X + X2 + A3 + X4 + X5 + X6) (c) 23 (d) 29
= Coefficient of A6 in (1 + X2 + X4 + X6 + X3 + Xs + X6) Sol. (a) Let N = an an_x an_2... a3 a2 al a0
x (1 + X + X2 + X3 + X4 + X5 + X6) = a0 + 10a, + 102a2 +... + 10n-1an_I + 10" an ...(i)
= 1+1 +1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 7 N
but x,y, z can be arranged in 3! = 6 Then, — = an-lan-2an-3-a3 a2 a0
29 .......................... ' ' ’ ‘
Hence, required number of solutions = 7 X 6 = 42 = a0 + 10a, + 102a2 + ... +10" ‘2on-2 + 10"‘,aB-1
• Ex.' 7 12 boys and 2 girls are to be seated in a row such or N =29(a0 + 10a, + 102a2 + ...
that there are atleast 3 boys between the 2 girls. The number
+ IO"-2 + -(ii)
of ivays this can be done /s X x 12!, the value ofX is
(a) 55 (b) 110 (c) 20 (d) 45 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
So/. (/>) Let P = Number of ways, 12 boys and 2 girls are 10" a„ = 28(a0 + 10a, + 102a2 +... + lO"-1^.,)
seated in a row
=> 28 divides 10" • an => an = 7, n £ 2 => 52 = a0 + 10a!
= 14! = 14X13X12! = 182X12!
Pt = Number of ways, the girls can sit together The required N is 725 or 7250 or 72500, etc.
= (14 -2 + 1) x 2! x 12! = 26x 12! /. The sum of+he digits is 14.
P2 = Number of ways, one boy sits between the girls
= (14 — 3 + 1) X 2! X 12! = 24 X 12! • Ex. 10 If the number of ways of selecting n cards out of
P3 = Number of ways, two boys sit between the girls unlimited number of cards bearing the number 0,9, 3, so that
= (14 — 4 4-1) x 2! X 12! = 22 X 12! they cannot be used to write the number 903 is 93, then n is
.’. Required number of ways = (182 - 26 - 24 - 22) X 12! equal to
= 110 x 12! = X X 12! [given] (a) 3 . (b) 4
X = no (c)5 (d) 6
Sol. (c) We cannot write 903.
• Ex. 8 A is a set containing n elements. A subset P of A is If in the selection of n cards, we get either
chosen. The set A is reconstructed by replacing the elements
(9 or 3), (9 or 0), (0 or 3), (only 0), (only 3) or (only 9).
ofP. A subset Q of A is again chosen, the number of ways of
choosing so that(P u Q) is a proper subset of A, is For (9 or 3) can be selected = 2 x 2 x 2 x... x n factors = 2"

(a) 3" (b) 4" (c) 4" - 2n (d) 4" - 3" Similarly, (9 or 0) or (0 or 3) can be selected = 2"
So/, (d) Let A = {ap a2,a3.....an} In the above selection (only 0) or (only 3) or (only 9) is
repeated twice.
a general element of A must satisfy one of the following
possibilities. Total ways = 2"+2"+2"-3 = 93
[here, general element be a((l < i < n)] => 3-2" =96 => 2" =32 = 2s
(i) a( g P, a, 6 Q (ii) a, g P, at G Q n=5
(iii) a, G P, a, g Q (iv) af G P, a, G Q
 JEE Type Solved Examples:
More than One Correct Option Type Questions
n—3
■ This section contains 5 multiple choice examples. Each (a)"-2C, (b)"-3 C3 + c2
example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which (n - 2)(n - 3)(n - 4)
more than one may be correct. (d)"C2

• Ex. 11 In a plane, there are two families of lines

Sol. (a, b, c) Let (Jo be the number of objects to the left of the
y = x + r,y = - x +r, where r 6 {0,1,2,3,4}. The number of
first object chosen, al be the number of objects between
squares of diagonals of the length 2 formed by the lines is the first and the second, a2 be the number of objects
(a) 9 (b) 16 (c)--4C22 (d)5Cz + 3P2
between the second and the third and a3 be the number of
objects to the right of the third object. Then,
Sol. (a, c) There are two sets of five parallel lines at equal a0,a3 >0and ava2 > 1
distances. Clearly, lines like /lpv I./3, m} and m3 form a square —ao—--—31—►—— a2 a3—
whose diagonal’s length is 2.
♦Y also a0 + Oj + a2 + a3 = n ~ 3
Let a = a0 + 1, b = a3 + 1, then a > 1, b> 1 such that
1 a + a1+a2+i> = n- l
I 4 / /
The total number of positive integral solutions of this
3
equation is"-1"1^., = n~2C3 = n~3C3 + n-3C2
2
_ (n-2)(n-3)(n - 4)
1
1-2-3
X> X
• Ex. 14 Civen that the divisors ofn =3P -5q - lr are of the

form 4A, 4-1, X > 0. Then,

(a) p + r is always even (b) p + q + r is even or odd

3 4
The number of required squares = 3x3 = 9 = - C2 (c) q can be any integer (d) if p is even, then r is odd

[•<• choices are(/p l2),(l2, l4) and (l3, /5) for one set, etc.] Sol. (a, b, c)
3p=(4-l)p=4X1+(-l)p,
• Ex. 12 Number of ways in which three numbers in AP
5’ = (4 + l)fl = 4X2 +1
can be selected from 1,2,3,..., n, is
and 7r = (8 — l)r = 8X3 4- (—l)r
/ \2
| n - 1 ] .c . ... n(n - 2)
(a) even (b)
----- , ,ififn nisiseven (b) , if n is even Hence, both p and r must be odd or both must be even. Thus,
k 2 ) 4
p + r is always even. Also, p + q + r can be odd or even.
———I2 , if n is odd (d) n^n + --, if n is odd
(c) —, if n is odd (d) • Ex. 15 Number of ways in which 15 identical coins can be
4 2
put into 6 different bags
Sol. (b, c) If a, b, c are in AP, then a + c = 2b
(a) is coefficient of x15 in oo)6, if no bag
a and c both are odd or both are even. remains empty
Case I If n is even (b) is coefficient of x15 in (1 - x)-6
Let n = 2m in which m are even and m are odd numbers. (c) is same as number of the integral solutions of
m(m -1) a + b + c+d + e + f = 15
Number of ways = mC2 + mC2= 2- mC2=2-
2 ■ (d) is same as number of non-negative integral solutions of
n n(n -2) 6
——1 = [’.* n = 2m] = 15
2<2 ) 4
/=!
Case II If n is odd
Let n = 2m + 1 in which m are even and m + 1 are odd numbers.
Sol. (a, b, d) Let bags be xp x2, x3, x4, x 5 and x6, then
Xj + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 = 15.
Number of ways = mC2 + zn+lz-. C2
For no bags remains empty, number of ways
m(m-l) (m + l)m_ 2 (n -1)2
=mm2—_—---------- [v n = 2m + 1]
=------------ 1------------ = ____ = Coefficient of x15 in (x1 + x2 + x3 +
2 2 4
= Coefficient of x15 in x6(l + x + x2 + ...eo)6
• Ex. 13 Ifn objects are arranged in a row, then number of
ways of selecting three of these objects so that no two of
= Coefficient of x9 in (1 - x)-6
them are next to each other, is
In option (c), it is not mentioned that solution is positive integral
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 409

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 3 solved passages based upon each Hence, required number of ways
of the passage 3 multiple choice examples have to be 3! [4! 4! 4! 4!
answered. Each of these examples has four choices (a), (b), = C, x — x-l — + — +-----
2! 3! 3! 2! 2!
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
= 30(4 + 4 + 6) = 420
Passage I
(Ex. Nos. 16 to 18) Passage II (Ex. Nos. 19 to 21)
All the letters of the word ‘AGAIN’ be arranged and the Consider a polygon ofsides ‘n ’ which satisfies the equation
words thus formed are known as 'Simple Words Further 3-nP4 = n~lP5.
two new types of words are defined as follows:
19. Rajdhani express travelling from Delhi to Mumbai
(i) Smart word: All the letters of the word ‘AGAIN’ are
has n stations enroute. Number of ways in which a
being used, but vowels can be repeated as many times
train can be stopped at 3 stations if no two of the
as we need.
stopping stations are consecutive, is
(ii) Dull word: All the letters of the word 'AGAIN' are (a) 20 (b) 35 (c) 56 (d) 84
being used, but consonants can be repeated as many
20. Number of quadrilaterals that can be formed using the
times as we need.
vertices of a polygon of sides ‘n’ if exactly 1 side of the
16. If a vowel appears in between two similar letters, the quadrilateral is common with side of the n-gon, is
number of simple words is (a) 96 (b) 100 (c) 150 (d) 156
(a) 12 (b) 6 (c) 36 (d) 14
21. Number of quadrilaterals that can be made using the
17. Number of 7 letter smart words is
vertices of the polygon of sides ‘n’ if exactly two
(a) 1500 (b) 1050 (c) 1005 (d) 150 adjacent sides of the quadrilateral are common to the
18. Number of 7 letter dull words in which no two vowels sides of the /7-gon, is
are together, is (a) 50 (b) 60 (c) 70 (d) 80
(a) 402 (b) 420 (c) 840 (d)42 Sol.-.- 3-"P4 = ”P5
Sol. It is clear that n > 6.
16. (b) .'. 3n(n - l)(n - 2)(n - 3)=(n - l)(n - 2)(n - 3)
N A-I-A G (n - 4)(n -5)
(n - l)(n - 2)(n - 3)(n2 - 12n + 20) = 0
Required number of simple words = 3! = 6
=> (n - 1 )(n - 2)(n - 3)(n - 10)(n - 2) = 0
17. (b) ____ ____ ___________________ __
n = 10, n * 1,2,3 [■•' n > 6]
A G A I N A A
=> n = 10
I I
19. (d) Let a0 be the number of stations to the left of the
A I station I chosen, a, be the number of stations between the
station I and station II, a2 be the number of stations
Number of 7 letter smart words
between the station II and station III and a3 be the
71 71 71
= — + — + — = 210 + 420 + 420 = 1050 number of stations to the right of the third station. Then,
4! 2! 3! 3! 2!
18. (b) Now, 3 vowels A, I, A are to be placed in the five Also, a0 + ax + a2 + a3 = n + 1 - 3
available places. Let a = a0 + 1, b = a3 + 1, then a, b > 1 such that
x Nx Gx Nx Nx a + al + a2+b = n
9<.
OR .’. Required number of ways = C. = C3 [here, n = 10]
< x Nx Gx Gx Gx = 84
OR 20. (c) Number of quadrilaterals of which exactly one side is
x Nx Gx Gx Nx the side of the n-gon
= n x "■•*C2 = 10 x 6C2 = 150 [vn = 10]
 410 Textbook of Algebra

21. (a) Number of quadrilaterals of which exactly two adjacent Sol.

sides of the quadrilateral are common to the sides of the 2016r (2016)!
22. (c) NC
^N/2 u1008
n-gon [(1008)!]2
=nx [vn = 10]
2016J F2016 2016
= 50

Passage III
E5(2016!) =
2016
5
+

= 403 + 80+ 16 + 3 = 502

rk +
54

(Ex. Nos. 22 to 23) 1008' 1008 10081 f10081

and Es(1008!) = + +
Consider the number N - 2016 5 52 .

22. Number of cyphers at the end of Nc is = 201 + 40 + 8 + 1 = 250

^N/2
2016r
Hence, the number of cyphers at the end of '-1008
(a) 0 (b)1
(c)2 (d) 3 = 502 - 250 - 250 = 2

23. Sum of all even divisors of the number N is 23. (b)'.’ N =2016=25-32-71
(a) 6552 (b) 6448 :. Sum of all even divisors of the number N
(c) 6048 (d) 5733
= (2 + 22 + 23 + 24 + 25)(1 + 3 + 32)(1 + 7*) = 6448

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. The answer to each • Ex. 25 Ifk be the number of 3-digit numbers are of the
example is a single digit integer ranging from 0 to 9
(both inclusive). form xyz with x <y, z <y and x 0, the value of— is

f 18 f 18 18^ '20' Sol. (8) Since, x > 1 , then y > 2 [vx<y]

• Ex. 24 If + 2 [r-1 + > , then the
rJ If y = n, then x takes values form 1 to n - 1 and z can take
number of values ofr are the values from 0 to n - 1 (i.e., n values).
Thus, for each values of y(2< y < 9), x and z take n(n -1)
18 ' 18 fl8' '20 values.
Sol. (7) We have, +2 + >
r -2 /-I <13. Hence, the 3-digit numbers are of the form xyz
9 9
It means that 18C, + 2- 18Cr . + ,8Cr > 20C13
= £n(n-l)= ^n(n-l) [v at n = 1, n (n -1) = 0]
n =2 n =1
=> (18C, + 18Cr_!) + (18C, + 18Cr)> 20C7
. 9 9

19c, + 19cr > 20 Cc7 = I-2 - L"

n=1 n=1
=> 20cr> 20r
C7 9(9+ 1)(18 + 1) 9(9 + 1)
or 20 cr> 20z~»u13 6 2
= 285 - 45
7^r<13
= 240= X [given]
r = 7,8,9,10,11,12,13
— =8
Hence, the number of values of r are 7. 30
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 411

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. Examples 26 and 27 have four statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and four
statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct matching with one or more
statement(s) given in Column II.

• Ex. 26 • Ex. 27
Column I Column II
Column 1 Column II
(A) Four dice (six faced) are rolled. The number of (P) 210
(A) The sum of the factors of 8! which are odd (P) 384 possible outcomes in which atleast one die shows
and are the form 3X + 2, X e N, is 2, is
(B) The number of divisors of n = 27 • 35 • 53 (q) 240 (B) Let A be the set of 4-digit numbers ala2aJa4, where (q) 480
which are the form 4 A. + 1, X e N, is a, > a2 > a3 > a4. Then, n(A) is equal to

(C) Total number of divisors of 11

(C) The total number 3-digit numbers, the sum of (0 671
(r) whose digits is even, is equal to
n = 25 ■ 34 • 510 • 76 which are the form
(D) The number of 4-digit numbers that can be formed (s) 450
4X + 2, X > 1, is
from the digits 0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, so that each
(D) Total number of divisors of n = 35 • 57 • 7 9 (s) 40 number contains digit 1, is
which are the form 4X + 1, X > 0, is Sol. (A)-4 r, (B)-4 p; (C)-> s (D)-> q
(A) The number of possible outcomes with 2 on atleast one die
Sol. (A) 4 s; (B) 4 r, (C) -4 p; (D) -4 q
= The total number of outcomes with 2 on atleast one die
(A) Here, 8! = 27-32-51-71 = (The total number of outcomes) - (The number of
outcomes in which 2 does not appear on any dice)
So, the factors may be 1, 5, 7, 35 of which 5 and = 64 — 54 = 1296 - 625 = 671
35 are of the form 3A. 4- 2.
(B) Any selection of four digits from the 10 digits 0, 1, 2, 3,..., 9
:. Sum is 40. gives one number. So, the required number of numbers
(B) Number of odd numbers = (5 + 1)(3 + 1) = 24 is 10 C4 i.e., 210.

Required number = 12, but 1 is included. (C) Let the number be n = pqr. Since, p + q + r is even, p can
be filled in 9 ways and q can be filled in 10 ways.
Required number of numbers = 12-1 = 11 of
r can be filled in number of ways depending upon what is
the form 4 A. + 1.
the sum of p and q.
(C) Here, 4 A. + 2 = 2(2A. + 1) If (p + q) is odd, then r can be filled with any one of five
odd digits.
Total divisors = 1-5-11-7 — 1=384
If (p + q) is even, then r can be filled with any one of five
[•.’ one is subtracted because there will be case even digits.
when selected powers of 3, 5 and 7 are zero] In any case, r can be filled in five ways.
(D) Here, any positive integer power of 5 will be in Hence, total number of numbers is 9 x 10 x 5 = 450
the form of 4 A, 4-1 when even powers of 3 and (D) After fixing 1 at one position out of 4 places, 3 places can
7 will be in the form of 4A. + 1 and odd powers of be filled by 7 P3 ways. But for some numbers whose fourth
3 and 7 will be in the form of 4 A. - 1. digit is zero, such type of ways is 6 P2. Therefore, total
Required divisors = 8(3 • 5 + 3 • 5) = 240 number of ways is 7 P3 - 6 P2 = 480
412 Textbook of Algebra

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Statement I and II Type Questions
■ Directions Example numbers 28 and 29 are • Ex. 29 Statement-1 lff:{ava2,a 3,a4,a5}->
«3.
Assertion-Reason type examples. Each of these examples
contains two statements: a3,a
{a1,a2,a ,a< 4,a55}, f is onto and/(x) * x for each
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) xE {ava2,a,>a33’,a 4,a5}, is equal to 44.
a4»
Each of these examples also has four alternative choices,
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select • Statement-2 The number of derangement for n objects is
the correct choice as given below.
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 r=0 1 ’
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
Sol. (a)
f ! !
Dn = nl£ (~l)r = n! 1---- 4---------- +
i +ht'
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false r=0 r! k 1! 2! 3! n! >
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
.’. D5 =51(1—--1
5
• Ex. 28 Statement-1 Number of rectangles on a chess­ V 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! J
board is 8C2 x 8C2. Jl 11 1
= 120------+-----------
Statement-2 To form a rectangle, we have to select any two 1.2 6 24 120 J
of the horizontal lines and any two of the vertical lines. = 6-20 + 5-1
Sol. (d) In a chessboard, there are 9 horizontal lines and 9 = 65-21
vertical lines. = 44
:. Number of rectangles of any size are 9C2 x 9C2. Hence, Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and
Hence, Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true. Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.

Subjective Type Examples

■ In this section, there are 17 subjective solved examples. From wavy curve method
x G (-2,2) u (3,11)
• Ex. 30 Solve the inequality
. 5 but xeN
X-'CA 4
-X’'C 3 A2 <Q,xeN.
4 x = l,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 •(>)
From inequality,
Sol. We have, C<~ C3--x~2A2
2 <0
3 4 x-l> 4,x-l>3,x-2>2
(x-l)(x-2)(x —3)(x-4) (x - l)(x-2)(x-3) or x > 5, x > 4, x > 4
1-2-3-4 1-2-3 Hence, x>5 •••(“)
——-(x —2)(x —3)< 0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), solutions of the inequality are
4 x = 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
<=> (x - l)(x — 2)(x -3)(x - 4) - 4(x - l)(x - 2)(x -3)
-30(x-2)(x-3)<0 • Ex. 31 Find the sum of the series
<=> (x -2)(x -3){(x - l)(x - 4) - 4(x -1) - 30} < 0 (12 + 1)1!+(22 + 1) 2! + (32 4-1)3!+...+(/?2 +1)nL
Sol. Let Sn =(l2 + l)l! + (22 + l)2! + (32 + l)3!+...+(n2+l)n!
:. nth term T„=(n2+l)n!

(x-2)(x-3){x2-9x-22}< 0 = {(n + l)(n + 2)-3(n +1) + 2}n I

<=> (x-2)(x-3)(x + 2)(x-ll)<0 Tn = (n + 2)!-3(n + l)! + 2n!
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 413

6
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4,...,n '1 - x >0 \
= Coefficient of x18 in
Then, T, = 3!-3-2!+2-l! < l~x )
T2 = 4! — 3 • 3! 4-2 ■ 2!
= Coefficient of x18 in (1 - x,0)6(l - x)
f3 = 5!-3-4! + 2-3!
= Coefficient of x18 in (1 - 6x10)(l + bC\x + 7C2 x2+...
T4 = 6!-3-5! + 2-4!
+ 13C8x8 + ...+ 23C18x!,8+...)
23 r
*-18 -6-13Cg=23 C5 -6-i3C5
Tn-i =(n + l)!-3n! + 2(n-l)!
23-22-21-20-19 — g.
, ------------------
13-12-11-10-9
Tn = (n +2)! — 3(n + l)! + 2n!
1-2-3-4-5 1-2-3-4-5
= ^i + f2 + f3+...+f„
= 33649 - 7722 = 25927
= (n+2)!-2(n + l)! [the rest cancel out]
= (n+2)(n + l)!-2(n + l)!
• Ex. 34 How many different car licence plates can be
= (n+ l)!(n+2 —2)
constructed, if the licences contain three letters of the
= n(n + l)l English alphabet followed by a three digit number,

• Ex. 32 Find the negative terms of the sequence (i) if repetition are allowed?
n+UPn 143 (ii) if repetition are not allowed?
4
*n = Sol. (i) Total letters = 26 (i.e., A, B, C,..., X, Y, Z)
^n+2
and total digit number = 10 (i.e., 0,1, 2,..., 9)
Sol. We have, If three letters on plate is represented by, then first
n+4 place can be filled = 26
Xn =
p
A 143
xn + 2 4P„n Second place can again be filled = 26
[’.* repetition are allowed]
. (n + 4)(n+3)(n+ 2)(n+ 1) 143
" (n+2)! 4n! and third place can again be filled = 26

_(n + 4)(n+3)(n+2)(n + l) 143

(n+2)(n + l)n! 4n!

(n + 4)(n+3) 143 (4n2 4-28n T95) Hence, three letters can be filled = 26 x 26 x 26
n! 4n! 4n! = (26)3 ways
xn is negative and three digit numbers on plate by 999 ways
. (4n2 + 28n -95) (i.e., 001, 002,..., 999)
<0
4n! Hence, by the principle of multiplication, the required
which is true for n = 1,2. number of ways = (26)3(999) ways
u 63 , 23 (ii) Here, three letters out of 26 can be filled = 26 P3
Hence, xi = ~~ ana x2 = —— are two negative terms.
[v repetition are not allowed]
• Ex. 33 How many integers between 1 and 1000000 have
and three digit can be filled out of 10 = 10 P3
the sum of the digits equal to 18?
Sol. Integers between 1 and 1000000 will be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 [•/ repetition are not allowed]
digits and given sum of digits = 18 Hence, required number of ways = (26 P3) (10 P3) ways.
Thus, we need to obtain the number of solutions of the
equation
• Ex. 35 A man has 7 relatives, 4 of them are ladies and 3
X) + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 = 18 gentlemen, has wife, has also 7 relatives, 3 of them are ladies
where, 0< x( <9, i = l,2,3, 4,5,6 and 4 are gentlemen. In how many ways can they invite a
Therefore, the number of solutions of Eq. (i), will be dinner party of 3 ladies and 3 gentlemen so that there are
= Coefficient of x18 in (x° + x1 + x2 + x3 +... + x9\6
9)' 3 of them man’s relatives and 3 of the wife’s relatives?
414 Textbook of Algebra

So/. The four possible ways of inviting 3 ladies and 3 gentle­ and last digit can be filled in 3 ways.
men for the party with the help of the following table :
:. By the principle of multiplication, the required
Man’s relatives Wife’s relatives number of ways

4 3 3 4
= 120X3 = 360
Number of ways
Ladies Gentlemen Ladies Gentlemen (iii) For the number exactly divisible by 4, then last two
digit must be divisible by 4, the last two digits are viz.,
0 3 3 0 4C0x3C3x3C3x4C0 = 1
12, 16, 24, 32, 36, 52, 56, 64, 72, 76. Total 10 ways.
1 2 2 1 4Cj x 3C2 x 3C2 x 4q =144 Now, the remaining two first places on the left of
4- digit numbers are to be filled from the remaining
5- digits and this can be done in 5 P2 = 20 ways.
2 1 1 2
4C2 x 3q x 3C, x 4C2 =324
Hence, by the principle of multiplication, the required
number of ways
3 0 0 3 4C3 x 3C0 x 3C0 x 4C3 = 16 = 20x10 =200
(iv) For the number exactly divisible by 25, then last two
Required number of ways to invite = 1 + 144 + 324 + 16 digit must be divisible by 25, the last two digits are
= 485 viz., 25, 75. Total 2 ways.
Now, the remaining two first places on the left of
• Ex. 36 A team often is to be formed from 6 male doctors
4- digit number are to be filled from the remaining
and 10 nurses of whom 5 are male and 5 are female. In how
5- digits and this can be done in 5P2 = 20 ways.
many ways can this be done, if the team must have atleast 4
doctors and atleast 4 nurses with atleast 2 male nurses and Hence, by the principle of multiplication, the required
atleast 2 female nurses? number of ways
Sol. = 20 X 2 = 40

6 5 Male 5 Female Number of ways of

Doctors nurses nurses selection • Ex. 38 India and South Africa play One Day Interna­
tional Series until one team wins 4 matches. No match ends
4 4 2 6C4 x 5C4 x 5C2 = 750
in a draw. Find in how many ways the series can be won?
4 3 3 6C4 x 5C3 x 5C3 = 1500 Sol. Taking I for India and S for South Africa. We can arrange
I and S to show the wins for India and South Africa,
4 2 4 6C4 x 5C2 x SC4 = 750
respectively.
5 3 2 6CS x 5C3 x 5C2 = 600 For example., ISSSS means first match is won by India which
is followed by 4 wins by South Africa. This is one way in
5 2 3 6C5 x 5C2 x SC3 = 600 which series can be won.
6 2 2 6C6 x SC2 x 5C2 = 100 Suppose, South Africa wins the series, then last match is
always won by South Africa.
/. Total ways = 4300
Wins of / Wins of S Number of ways

• Ex. 37 A number offour different digits is formed with 1

(i) 0 4
the help of the digits 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 in all possible ways.
(ii) 1 4
(i) How many such numbers can be formed? —=4
3!
(ii) How many of these are even?
(iii) How many of these are exactly divisible by 4? (in) 2 4 — = 10
(iv) How many of these are exactly divisible by 25? 2!3!
Sol. Here total digit = 7 and no two of which are alike
(iv) 6! nA
3 4 — = 20
(i) Required number of ways = Taking 4 out of 7
3’3!
= P4 =7X6X5X4 = 840
(ii) For even number last digit must be 2 or 4 or 6. Now Total number of ways = 35
the remaining three first places on the left of 4-digit In the same number of ways, India can win the series.
numbers are to be fillled from the remaining 6-digits Total number of ways in which the series can be won
and this can be done in
= 35x2 = 70
6P3 = 6-5-4 = 120 ways
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 415

• Ex. 39 Letn and k be positive integers such that Sol. 12, 21 ... 122222222 are form the required numbers we can
M+l) assume all of them to be nine digit in the form
—-—. Find the number of solutions(xvx2,...,xk), aJ,a2,a3,a4,a5,a6,a7,a8,a9 and can use 0 for ay,a2 and a0 and
a0 apa2 and a3... and so on to get 8-digit, 7-digit, 6-digit
>1,x2 >2,...,xk >k all numbers etc. a, can assume one of the 2 values of 0 or 1.
integers satisfying x} + x2 +...+ xk = n. a2,a3,a4,a5,a6,a7,a8 can assume any of 3 values 0, 1, 2.
So/. We have, Xj + x2 +...+ xk = n (i) The number for which
Oj = a2 = a3 = a4 = a5 = a6 = a7 = a8 = a9 = 0 must be
Now, lety, = xl -1, y2 = x2 -2,...,yk = xk-k ■
eleminated. The sum of first 8-digits i.e., Oj + a2+...+a8 can
yt > 0, y2 > 0, ...,yk > 0 be in the form of 3n - 2 or 3n -1 or 3n.
On substituting the values xl,x2,...,xk in terms of ylty2,...,yk In each case a9 can be chosen from 0,1,2 in only 1 way so
in Eq. (i), we get that the sum of all 9-digits in equal to 3n.
yj +1 + y2 + 2 +...+ yk + k = n :. Total numbers = 2 X 37 x 1 -1 = 4374 -1 = 4373.
=> yi y2 +...+yk = n — (1+2+3 +...+ k)
k(k + l) • Ex. 42 There are n straight lines in a plane such thatn, of
y,+y2 +...+ yk=n- = A (say) ...(ii)
2 them are parallel in one direction, n2 are parallel in different
The number of non-negative integral solutions of the Eq. direction and so on, nk are parallel in another direction such
(ii) is thatn} +n2 + ... + nk =n. Also, no three of the given lines
meet at a point. Prove that the total number of points of
_ k+A-1 _ (k + A-l)l
intersection is
A'.(k-1)\
1
k(k + l) -■ n
where, A = n- 2
2 r=1 ]
Sol. Total number of points of intersection when no two of n
• Ex. 40 Find the number of all whole numbers formed on given lines are parallel and no three of them are concur­
the screen of a calculator which can be recognised as rent, is nC2. But it is given that there are k sets of
numbers with (unique) correct digits when they are read nt, n2, n3,..., nk parallel lines such that no line in one set is
inverted. The greatest number formed on its screen is 999999. parallel to line in another set.
So/. The number can use digits 0, 1, 2, 5, 6, 8 and 9 because Hence, total number of points of intersection
they can be recognised as digits when they are see
= nC2-(n,C2 + n2C2+...+ n‘C2)
inverted.
A number can’t begin with .therefore all numbers having __n(n-l) fn^n, - 1) [ n2(n2 - 1) [ | nk(nk - 1)
at unit’s digit should no be counted, (when those numbers 2 2 2 2
will be read inverted they will begin with).
n(n - 1) “ ~ {(ni2 + n2 +--- + nk)~(nl + n2 +••■+ nt)}
No. of digits Total numbers 2
1 7 n (n -1) 1

2 62 =36 2
2 . k , k
n 1 2 1
3 6X7X6 = 252 =-------- >n=-<n 2 Vn2
2 2r~ 2 r=1
4 6X72X6 = 1764

5 6x73 x6 = 12348 • Ex. 43 There are p intermediate stations on a railway line

from one terminus to another. In how many ways a train can
6 6x74 X6 =86436
stop at 3 of these interediate stations, if no two of these stop­
Total = 100843 ping stations are to be consecutive?

Sol. A -B
• Ex. 41 How many different numbers which are smaller $1 s
S-.2 S3 Sn_! Sn Sn+1 Sp_i
S, sp
than 2 X108 and are divisible by 3, can be written by means Let there be p intermediate stations between two terminus
of the digits 0,1 and 2? stations >1 and B as shown above.
416 Textbook of Algebra

Number of ways the train can stop in three intermediate • Ex. 45 There are 2n guests at a dinner party. Supposing
stations = PC3 that the master and mistress of the house have fixed seats
These are comprised of two exclusive cases viz. opposite one another and that there are two specifedguests
(i) atleast two stations are consecutive. who must not be placed next to one another. Find the
(ii) now two of which is consecutive. number of ways in which the company can be placed.
Now, there are (p -1) pairs of consecutive intermediate Sol. Let the M and M' represent seats of the master and
stations. mistress respectively and let ap a2, a3...... a2n represent the
2n seats.
In order to get a station trio in which atleast two stations an + i
are consecutive, each pair can be associated with a third an >2

station in (p - 2) ways. Hence, total number of ways in an + 3/

which 3 stations consisting of atleast two consecutive
stations, can be chosen in (p - 1) (p - 2) ways. Among
these, each triplet of consecutive stations occur twice. “3

For example, the pair (Sn, Sn _,) when combined with Sn + j

and the pair (Sn, Sn +,) when combined with Sn _, gives the
same triplet and is counted twice. So, the number of three
consecutive stations trio should be subtracted. Let the guests who must not be placed next to one another
be called P and Q.
Now, number of these three consecutive stations trio is
Now, put P at O] and Q at any position, other than a2, say at
(P-2).
a3, then remaining (2n - 2) guests can be arranged in the
Hence, the number of ways the triplet of stations consisting remaining (2n - 2) positions in (2n - 2)! ways. Hence, there
of atleast two consecutive stations can be chosen in will be altogether (2n - 2) (2n - 2)! arrangements of the
= {(P - 1) (p - 2) - (p - 2)} ways guests, when P is at av
= (p - 2)2 ways The same number of arrangements when P is at an or an + j
Therefore, number of ways the train can stop in three or a2n. Thus, for these positions (ap an, an + p a2n) of P, there
consecutive stations are altogether 4 (2n - 2) (2n - 2)! ways. -(i)
= PC3-(p-2f=P^-^P^ -(P-2)2 If P is at a2, then there are altogether (2n - 3) positions for
1-2-3 Q. Hence, there will be altogether (2n - 3) (2n - 2) 1
arrangements of the guests, when P is at a2.
p2 - p - 6p + 12 _(p-2)(p2 -7p + 12)
= (p-2) The same number of arrangements can be made when Pis
6 6 at any other position excepting the four positions
= (p — 2) (p — 3) (p - 4) = (p _ 2)c Al’ Ai + 1> &2n‘

1-2-3 3 Hence, for these (2n - 4) positions of P, there will be

altogether
• Ex. 44 How many different 7-digit numbers are there and (2n - 4) (2n — 3) (2n - 2)! arrangements of the guests ...(ii)
sum of whose digits is even? Hence, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), the total number of ways of
Sol. Let us consider 10 successive 7-digit numbers arranging the guests
aia2<23a4fl5a6
= 4 (2n - 2)(2n - 2)! + (2n - 4)(2n - 3) (2n - 2)!
UjU2^3^4^5^6 h = (4n2 -6n + 4)(2n -2)!
A^2^3^4^5^6 2>
• Ex. 46 Find the number of triangles whose angular points are
at the angular points of a given polygon ofn sides, but none of
flia2a3fl4fl5a6 9
whose sides are the sides of the polygon.
where, av a2, a3, a4, a5 and a6 are some digits. We see that
half of these 10 numbers, i.e. 5 numbers have an even sum Sol. A polygon of n sides has n angular points. Number of
of digits. triangles formed from these n angular points = nC3.
The first digit a, can assume 9 different values and each of These are comprised of two exclusive cases viz.
the digits a2, a3, a4, a5 and a6 can assume 10 different (i) atleast one side of the triangle is a side of the polygon.
values. (ii) no side of the triangle is a side of the polygon.
The last digit a7 can assume only 5 different values of
which the sum of all digits is even.
There are 9 x 105 x 5 = 45 x 105, 7-digit numbers the sum
of whose digits is even.
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 417

Let AB be one side of the polygon. If each angular point of _ (m + p-1)!

m (m + l)(m + 2)...(zn + p - 1)
the remaining (n - 2) points are joined with A and B, we get (m - 1)1
a triangle with one side AB.
(m + p - 1)!
Number of triangles of which AB is one side = (n - 2) = p!
(m - 1)1 p !
Likewise, number of triangles of which BC is one side
= (n - 2) and of which atleast one side is the side of the = p!.”*P-'Cp
polygon = n (n - 2).
Since, " * p ~ 'Cp is an integer.
Out of these triangle, some are counted twice. For example,
the triangle when C is joined with AB is AABC, is taken m+p— , _ tn (m + l)(m + 2)...(m + p - 1)
when AB is taken as one side. Again triangle formed when P~
A is joined with BC is counted when BC is taken as one
side. Now, (n !)! is the product of the positive integers from 1 to
n !. We write the integers from 1 to n ! is (n - 1)! rows as
Number of such triangles = n
follows:
So, the number of triangles of which one side is the side of
the triangle 1 2 3 n
= n (n - 2) - n = n (n -3) n+1 n+2 n+3 2n
Hence, the total number of required triangles
2n + 1 2n + 2 2n + 3 3n
= "C3 - n(n -3) = -n (n - 4)(n - 5)
6
n!-n+ 1 n!-n+2 n!-n+3 n!
• Ex. 47 Prove that (n!)! is divisible by (n!) ^!.
Each of these (n - 1)! rows contain n consecutive positive
Sol. First we show that the product of p consecutive positive
integers. The product of the consecutive integers in each
integers is divisible by p !. Let the p consecutive integers
row is divisible by n !. Thus, the product of all the integers
be m, m + 1, m + 2,..., m + p - 1. Then,
from 1 to n ! is divisible by (n !)(B ~1)!.
g Permutations and Combinations Exercise 1:
Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 30 multiple choice questions. 10. If the permutations of a,b,c,d and e taken all together
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of are written down in alphabetical order as in dictionary
which ONLY ONE is correct and numbered, the rank of the permutation debac is
1. A lady gives a dinner party to 5 guests to be selected (a) 90 (b) 91 (c) 92 (d) 93
from nine friends. The number of ways of forming the 11. Ona railway there are 20 stations. The number of
party of 5, given that two of the friends will not attend different tickets required in order that it may be possible
the party together, is to travel from every station to every station, is
(a) 56 (b) 126 (c) 91 (d) None of these (a) 210 (b) 225 (c) 196 (d) 105
2. If a, b,c and d are odd natural numbers such that 12. A set containing n elements. A subset P of A is chosen.
a + b + c + d = 20, the number of values of the ordered The set A is reconstructed by replacing the element of P.
quadruplet (a, b, c, d) is A subset Q of A is again chosen the number of ways of
(a) 165 (b) 455 (c) 310 (d) None of these choosing P and Q, so that P n Q = 0, is
3. If I = LCM of 8!, 10! and 12! and h = HCF of 8!, 10! and (a)2Zn-2nCn (b)2" (c) 2n — 1 (d)3n

12!, then is equal to 13. The straight lines Ix, I2,13 are parallel and lie in the
same plane. A total number of m points on fj; n points
(a) 132 • (b) 11800
on 12 ; k points on /3, the maximum number of triangles
(c) 11880 (d) None of these
formed with vertices at these points is
4. The number of positive integers satisfying the inequality (a) m + " + *C3 (b) m + n + *C3 - mC3 - "C3 - lC3
,
n + lrCn-2 ~ n + 1Cn_1<100is (c) mC3 + "C3 + kC3 (d) None of these
(a) 9 (b)8
14. Let A be a set of n(> 3) distinct elements. The number of
(c)5 (d) None of these
triplets (x, y, z) of the set A in which atleast two
5. The number of ways in which a score of 11 can be made coordinates are equal to
from a through by three persons, each throwing a single (a)nP3 (b)n3-"P3
die once, is
(c) 3n2 - 2n (d) 3n2(n -1)
(a) 45 (b) 18 (c) 27 (d) 68
15. The total number of five-digit numbers of different
6. The number of positive integers with the property that
digits in which the digit in the middle is the largest, is
they can be expressed as the sum of the cubes of 2
(a)22-32-72 (b)23-3-73
positive integers in two different ways is
(c) 22-33-72 (d) 23-32-73
(a) 1 (b) 100 (c) infinite (d) 0
16. The total number of words that can be formed using all
7. In a plane there are 37 straight lines, of which 13 pass
letters of the word ‘RITESH’ that neither begins with I
through the point A and 11 pass through the point B.
nor ends with R, is
Besides, no three lines pass through one point, no line
(a) 504 (b) 480
passes through both points A and Band no two are parallel, (c) 600 (d) 720
the number of intersection points the lines have, is
(a) 535 (b) 601 (c) 728 (d) 963 17. A man has three friends. The number of ways he can
invite one friend everyday for dinner on six successive
8. If a denotes the number of permutations of x + 2 things
nights, so that no friend is invited more than three
taken all at a time, b the number of permutations of x times, is
things taken 11 at a time and c the number of (a) 360 (b) 420 (c) 170 (d) 510
permutations of x - 11 things taken all at a time such
18. The number of three digit numbers of the form xyzsuch
that a = 182bc, the value of x is
(a) 15 (b) 12 (c) 10 (d) 18 that x < y, z < y and x * 0, is
(a) 240 (b) 244 (c) 276 (d) 285
9. The number of numbers less than 1000 that can be
formed out of the digits 0,1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, no digit being 19. The letters of the word ‘MEERUT’ are arranged in all
repeated, is possible ways as in a dictionary, then the rank of the
(a) 130 (b) 131 (c) 156 (d)158 word ‘MEERUT’ is
(a) 119 (b) 120 (c) 121 (d) 122
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 419

20. The number of ways in which 10 candidates AJt A 2,..., 27. Let xlt x2, x3,..., xk be the divisors of positive integer
A10 can be ranked so that A i is always above A 2, is 'n (including 1 andx). If x{ + x2 + ...+ xk =75, then
10' k 1
(a) 10! (b) — Y — is equal to
2
(c) 9! (d) None of these
k2 ,,n2
21. Let A be the set of four digit numbers o3a4, where (a) — (di­
75 (c)?i rt
fl] > a2 > a3 > a4, then n(A) is
(a) 126 (b) 84 28. The total number of functions ‘f ’ from the set {1, 2, 3}
(c) 210 (d) None of these into the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} such that f(i)< f( V i < j, is
(a) 35 (b) 30 (c) 50 (d) 60
22. The number of distinct rational numbers x such that
29. Ten persons numbered 1, 2, 3,.... 10 play a chess
0< x < 1 and x = — , where p,qe {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} is
tournament, each player playing against every player
<7
(a) 15 (b) 13 (c) 12 . (d) 11 exactly one game. It is known that no game ends in a
draw. Let wlt w2, w3,..., w10 be the number of games
23. The total number of integral solutions of xyz = 24 is won by player 1, 2, 3,.... 10 respectively and llt l2, l3,...,
(a) 30 (b) 36 (c) 90 (d) 120 ll0 be the number of games lost by the players 1, 2, 3,....
24. If ABCD is a convex quadrilateral with 3, 4, 5 and 6 10 respectively, then
points, marked on sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively, (a) £w(2 =81- El,2 (b) Iw2 = 81 + El2
then the number of triangles with vertices on different (c) Zw(2 = El2 (d) None of these
sides, is
30. In the next world cup of cricket there will be 12 teams,
(a) 220 (b) 270 (c) 282 (d)342
divided equally in two groups. Teams of each group will
play a match against each other. From each group 3 top
25. The number of ways can a team of six horses be selected teams will qualify for the next round. In this round each
out of a stud of 16, so that there shall always be three team will play against others once.
out of A B, C, D, E, F but never AD, BE or CF together, is Four top teams of this round will qualify for the semi- final
(a) 720 (b) 840 (c) 960 (d) 1260 round, where each team will play against the others once.
26. The number of polynomials of the form Two top teams of this round will go to the final round,
x3 + ax2 + bx + c that are divisible by x2 +1, where a, where they will play the best of three matches. The
t,ce{l,2, 3, 4,5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, is minimum number of matches in the next world cup will be
(a) 10 (b) 15 (c) 5 (d) 8 (a) 54 (b) 53 (c) 38 (d) 37

| Permutations and Combinations Exercise 2:

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 multiple choice questions. 34. Let n be 4-digit integer in which all the digits are
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of different. If x is the number of odd integers and y is the
which MORE THAN ONE may be correct.
number of even integers, then
31. If300! =3m xan integer, then
(a) X < y (b) x > y
(a)m = 148 (b)m = 150 (c) x + y = 4500 (d) | x - y | = 56
(c) It is equivalent to number of n in 150! = 2" "2 x an integer
(d) m = ,5OC2 35. LetS = {1,2, 3,...,n}. If X denotes the set of all subsets of
32. If 102! = 2“ -3P -5y -75 ....then S containing exactly two elements, then the value of
(a) a =98 (b)P = 2y+1 (c)a =2p (d)2y = 3S y, (min. A) is given by
33. The number of ways of choosing triplet (x, y, z) such AeX
thatz> max {x,y} and x,y, z e {1,2,3,..., n, n +1}, is (a)" + ,c3 (b) "C3
(a)" + 1C, + 2C, ^nfn + Wn+1) rt(n2 — 1) n(n2 -3n + 2)
(b) (c) (d)
. 6 6 6
(c) I2 + 22 + 32 +... + n2 (d) 2(n+2 C3) - n + IC2
420 Textbook of Algebra

36. Let p = 2520, x = number of divisors of p which are (b) maximum number of fights is 191
(c) maximum number of fights occur when x = 7
multiple of 6, y = number of divisors of p which are
(d) maximum number of fights occur when x = 8
multiple of 9, then
(a)x = 12 (b)x = 24 (c)y = 12 (d)y = 16 39. Let N denotes the number of ways in which 3n letters
37. If N denotes the number of ways of selecting r objects can be selected from2nAs, 2nB’sand2nC’s.Then,
out of n distinct objects (r > n) with unlimited repetition (a) 3|(N-l)
but with each object included atleast once in selection, (b) n|(N-l)
then N is (c) (n + l)|(N-l)
(a)r-'C,_. (b)r-'C„ (d) 3n(n + 1)|(N-1)
(c)r"'C.-i (d)'-'C,.,., 40. If a = x,x2 x3 and 0 = y}y 2y3 are two 3-digit numbers,

38. There are three teams x, x + 1 and y childrens and total then the number of pairs of a and 0 can be formed so
that a can be subtracted from 0 without borrowing, is
number of childrens in the teams is 24. If two childrens
(a) 2! x 10! x 10! , (b)(45)(55)2 .
of the same team do not fight,then
(a) maximum number of fights is 190 (c)32-53 112 (d) 136125

g Permutations and Combinations Exercise 3:

u Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 5 passages. Based upon each of 46. The number of words in which the consonants appear in
the passage 3 multiple choice questions have to be alphabetic order, is
answered. Each of these questions has four choices (a), (a) 42 (b) 40 (c) 420 (d) 480
(b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
Passage III (Q. Nos. 47 to 49)
Passage I (Q. Nos. 41 to 43)
Different words are being formed by arranging the letters
Consider the word PT = TERRORIST. of the word ‘ARRANGE’.
41. Number of four letter words that can be made using 47. The number of words in which the two R’s are not
only the letters from the word W, if each word must together, is
contains atleast one vowel, is (a) 1260 (b) 960
(a) 588 (b) 504 * (c) 294 (d) 600 (c) 900 (d) 600
42. Number of arrangements of the word W, if no two R’s 48. The number of words in which neither two R’s nor two
are together, is A’s come together, is
(a) 11460 (b) 10400 (a) 1260 (b)900
(c) 12600 (d)9860 . (c) 660 (d) 240
43. Number of arrangements of the word W, if R’s as well as 49. The rank of the word ‘ARRANGE’ in the dictionary is
T’s are separated, is (a) 340 (b) 341 (c) 342 (d) 343
(a) 9860 (b)1080 (c) 10200 (d)11400
Passage IV (Q. Nos. 50 to 52)
Passage II (Q. Nos. 44 to 46) Let S (/?) denotes the number of ordered pairs (x, y)
Different words areformed by arranging the letters of the
word ‘SUCCESS’. ' satisfying - + - = Vx, y, n g N.
x y n
44. The number of words in which C’s are together but S’s 50. 5 (10) equals
are separated, is (a) 3 (b) 6 (c)9 (d)12
(a) 120 (b) 96
(c) 24 (d) 420 51. 5(6) + 5(7) equals
(a) 5(3) + 5(4) (b) 5(5) + 5(6) (c) 5(8) + 5(9) (d) 5(1) + 5(11)
45. The number of words in which no two C’s and no two
io
S’s are together, is 52. ^5(r) equals
(a) 120 (b) 96 r=l
(c) 24 (d) 180
(a) 47 (b) 48 (c) 49 (d) 50
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 421

Passage V (Q. Nos. 53 to 55) 54. The number of solutions of the equation f(n) = n, where
Let f (//) denotes the number of different ways, the positive n e N is
integer n can be expressed as the sum of the 1 's and 2’s. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c)3 (d) 4
For example, /(4) = 5 55. In a stage show, /(4) superstars and /(3) junior artists
ie.. 4=1+1+1+1 participate. Each one is going to present one item, then
the number of ways the sequence of items can be
= 1 + 1+2=14-2 + 1 = 2 + 1 + 1=2 + 2
planned, if no two junior artists present their items
53. The value of f{f(6)} is consecutively, is
(a) 376 (b) 377 (c) 321 (d)370 (a) 144 (b) 360 (c) 4320 (d) 14400

| Permutations and Combinations Exercise 4:

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 questions. The answer to each question is a single digit integer, ranging from
0 to 9 (both inclusive).
56. The ten’s digit of 11 + 2! + 3!+... + 97! is 62. If 2X is the number of ways of selecting 3 member
subset of {1, 2, 3, .... 29}, so that the numbers form
57. The exponent of 7 in 100 C50 is
of a GP with integer common ratio, then the value of
58. Let Pn denotes the number of ways in which three people X is
can be selected out of n people sitting in a row, in two of 63. In a certain test, there are n questions. In this test, 2" ” k
them are consecutive. If Pn + j - Pn =15, the value of n is students gave wrong answers to atleast k questions,
59. If the letters of the word are arranged as in a dictionary. where k = 1, 2, 3,..., n. If the total number of wrong
answers given is 127, then the value of n is
m and n are the rank of the words BULBUL and NANNU
respectively, then the value of m - 4n is 64. A 7-digit number made up of all distinct digits 8, 7, 6, 4,
2, x and y, is divisible by 3. The, possible number of
60. An n-digit number is a positive number with exactly n
ordered pair (x, y) is
digits. Nine hundred distinct n-digit numbers are to be
formed using only the three digits 2, 5 and 7. The 65. There are five points A, B, C, D and E. No three points
smallest value of n for which this is possible, is are collinear and no four are concyclic. If the line AB
intersects of the circles drawn throught the five points.
61. lfa,b,c are three natural numbers in AP such that
The number of points of intersection on the line apart
a4-b4-c=21 and if possible number of ordered triplet
from A and B is
(a, b, c) is X, then the vlaue of (X - 5) is

| Permutations and Combinations Exercise 5:

Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 5 questions. Questions 66 to 70 have four statements (A, B, C and D) given in Column I and
four statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct matching with one
or more statement(s) given in Column II.
66.________ _______________________
______Column I_________ Column II
n+ 3. 19
(A) n + 4C„ + 1 ~ ’C
1 n = 15 (n + 2), then n equals (P)

(B) 11 •" P4 = 20 "2 P4, then n equals (q) 27

(C) 2,1 C3 = 11 " C3, then n equals (r) 16

n+ 2 ✓> n—2
(D) P4 = 57:16, then n equals
j (s) 6
422 Textbook of Algebra

67. 69. Consider a 6 x 6 chessboard. Then, match the following

Column I Column II columns.
(A) Number of increasing permutations of (p) nm
m symbols are there from the n set Column I Column II
numbers (a,, a2, where the
order among the numbers, is given by
(A) Number of rectangles is (p) 10C5
fl1<a2<a3<...<aw 1<amis
(B) Number of squares is (q) 441
(B) There are m men and n monkeys. (q) mCn
Number of ways in which every (C) Number of ways three squares can be (r) 91
monkey has a master, if a man can selected, if they are not in same row
have any number of monkeys is or column is
(C) Number of ways in which r red balls (r) ncm (D) In how many ways eleven '+’ sign (s) 2400
and (m - 1) green balls can be can be arranged in the squares, if no
arranged in a line, so that no two red row remains empty
balls are together is (balls of the same
colour are alike)
70. 5 balls are to be placed in 3 boxes. Each box can hold all
(D) Number of ways in which'm' (s) m the 5 balls. Number of ways in which the balls can be
different toys can be distributed in n
children, if every child may received placed so that no box remain empty, if
any number of toys is
Column I Column 11

68. (A) balls are identical but boxes are (P) 2

Column I Column II different
Number of straight lines joining any two of (P) 30 (B) balls are different but boxes are (q) 25
10 points of which four point are collinear is identical
(B) Maximum number of points of intersec­ (q) 60
(C) balls as well as boxes are identical 50
tion of 10 straight lines in the plane is (r)

(C) Maximum number of points of intersection (r) 40 (D) balls as well as boxes are identical (s) 6
of 6 circles in the plane is but boxes kept in a row
(D) Maximum number of points of intersection (s) 45
of 6 parabolas is

g Permutations and Combinations Exercise 6:

w Statement I and II Type Questions
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 71 to 82) are Assertion-Reason Statement-2 Product of three consecutive integers is
type questions. Each of these questions contains two divisible by 6.
statements:
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) 72. Statement-1 A number of four different digits is
Each of these questions also has four alternative formed with the help of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 in all
choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You possible ways. The number of ways which are exactly
have to select the correct choice as given below. divisible by 4 is 200.
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 Statement-2 A number divisible by 4, if units place
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 digit is also divisible by 4.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 73. Statement-1 The number of divisors of 10! is 280.
(c) Statementl is true, Statement-2 is false Statement-2 10! =2P •3q -5r -7s, wherep,q,r,se N.
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
74. Statement-1 Number of permutations of 'n dissimilar
71. Statement-1 The smallest positive integer n such that things taken ‘n’ at a time is n!.
n I can be expressed as a product of n-3 consecutive
Statement-2 If n( A) = n(B) = n, then the total number
integers, is 6.
of functions from A to B are n!.
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 423

75. Statement-1 If N the number of positive integral 79. Statement-1 The sum of the digits in the ten’s place of
solutions of X] x2 x3 x4 = 770, then N is divisible by 4 all numbers formed with the help of 3, 4, 5, 6 taken all at
distinct prime numbers. a time is 108.
Statement-2 Prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7,11,13,.... Statement-2 The sum of the digits in the ten’s places =
The sum of the digits is the units’s place.
76. Statement-1 The total number of ways in which three
80. Statement-1 There are p > 8 points in space no four of
distinct numbers in AP, can be selected from the set {1,
2,3,.... 21}, is equal to 100. which are in the same with exception of q > 3 points
1 which are in the same plane, then the number of planes
Statement-2 If a, b, c are in AP, then a + c = 2b.
I 77. Statement-1 The number of even divisors of the
each containing three points ispC3 - qC3.
Statement-2 3 non-collinear points always determine
numbers N = 12600 is 54. unique plane.
Statement-2 0, 2, 4, 6, 8,... are even integers. 81. Statement-1 The highest power of 3 in 50 C10 is 4.
78. Statement-1 A 5-digit number divisible by 3 is to be Statement-2 If p is any prime number, then power of
formed using the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5 and 6 without p in n! is equal to 2 + n + n + where [•]
repetition, then the total number of ways this can be done is -_P.- Lp\ .. _ 7
denotes the greatest integer function.
216.
82. Statement-1 A convex quindecagon has 90 diagonals.
Statement-2A number is divisible by 3, if sum of its
Statement-2 Number of diagonals in a polygon is
digits is divisible by 3.
nC2-n.

n Permutations and Combinations Exercise 7:

Subjective Type Questions
• In this section, there are 17 subjective questions. 91. Every man who has lived on earth has made a certain
number of handshakes. Prove that the number of men
83. Given that nC„_r +3" Cn_r+1 +3.
who have made an odd number of handshakes is even.
"Cn_r+2+nCn.r+3=xCr.Findx 92. A train is going from Cambridge to London stops at nine
intermediate stations. Six persons enter the train during
84. Solve the equation 3 X+IC2 + P2x = 4X A2,xe N. the journey with six different tickets. How many
85. How many positive terms are there in the sequence (x„) different sets of tickets they have had?
195 n+3A3 93. n different things are arranged around a circle. In how
lfx„ = - 3 ,neN?
4Pn T’n+l many ways can 3 objects be selected when no two of the
selected objects are consecutive?
86. Prove that n"1C3+n“1C4>nC3 ifn>7.
94. A boat’s crew consists of 8 men, 3 of whom can only
87. In how many ways can a mixed doubles game in tennis row on one side and 2 only on the other. Find the
be arranged from 5 married couples, if no husband and number of ways in which the crew can be arranged.
wife play in the same game? 95. In how many different ways can a set A of3n elements
be partitioned into 3 subsets of equal number of
88. In how many ways, we can choose two teams of mixed elements ? (The subsets P, Q, R form a partition if
double for a tennis tournament from four couples such Pu Q o R = A, Pr> R = §, Q n R = Q, R n P = $.)
that if any couple participates, then it is in the same
96. A square of n units by n units is divided into n2 squares
team? each of area 1 sq unit. Find the number of ways in which
89. A family consists of a grandfather, 5 sons and daughters 4 points (out of(n + 1)2 vertices of the squares) can be
and 8 grand child. They are to be seated in a row for chosen so that they form the vertices of a square.
dinner. The grand children wish to occupy the 4 seats at
97. How many sets of 2 and 3 (different) numbers can be
each end and the grandfather refuses to have a grand formed by using numbers between 0 and 180 (both
child on either side of him. In how many ways can the including) so that 60 is their average?
family be made to sit?
98. There are n straight lines in a plane, no two of which are
90. A tea party is arranged for 16 people along two sides of parallel and no three passes through the same point. Their
a large table with 8 chairs on each side. Four men sit on point of intersection are joined. Show that the number of
one particular side and two on the other side. In how
many ways can they be seated? fresh lines thus introduced, is - n (n -1) (n - 2) (n - 3).
8
424 Textbook of Algebra

99. 6 balls marked as 1,2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are kept in a box. If this sum is even, then 1 point is given to the player.
Two players A and B start to take out 1 ball at a time The first player to get 2 points is declared winner. At the
from the box one after another without replacing the start of the game, the sum is 0. If A starts to take out the
ball till the game is over. The number marked on the ball ball, find the number of ways in which the game can be
is added each time to the previous sum to get the sum of won.
numbers marked on the balls taken out.

g Permutations and Combinations Exercise 8:

u Questions Asked in Previous 13 Year's Exam
■ This section contains questions asked in IIT-JEE, 105. The set S = {1,2,3,..., 12} to be partitioned into three sets
AIEEE, JEE Main & JEE Advanced from year 2005
A, B, C of equal size. Thus,
to year 2017.
A u B u C = S, AnB = Br\C = AnC = <f>- The
100. There is a rectangular sheet of dimension number of ways to partition S, is [AIEEE 2007,3MJ
(2m -1) x (2n - 1), (where m > 0, n > 0). It has been < \ 12! zia 12!
(a)------- (b)----- -
divided into square of unit area by drawing line 3!(4!)3 3!(3!)4
perpendicular to the sides. Find the number of rectangles < \ 12! 12!
having sides of odd unit length. [IIT-JEE 2005, 3M] (4!)’ d (3!)"
2m -1
106. Consider all possible permutations of the letters of the
word ENDEANOEL. Match the statements/ expressions
in Column I with the statements/ expressions in
2n-1
Column II. [IIT-JEE 2008,6M]
Column I Column II
(A) The number of permutations (p) 5!
(a) (m + n + I)2 (b) mn(m + 1 )(n + 1)
containing the word ENDEA is
(c)4m+n-z (d) m2n2
(B) The number of permutations in (q) 2x5!
101. If the letters of the word SACHIN arranged in all which the letters E occurs in the
possible ways and these words are written out as in first and the last positions, is
dictionary, then the word SACHIN appears at series (C) The number of permutations in (r) 7x5!
number [AIEEE 2005, 3M] which none of the letters D, L, N
(a) 603 (b) 602 (c) 601 (d) 600 occurs in the last five positions, is
102. If r,s,t are prime numbers and p, q are the positive (D) The number of permutations in (s) 21x5!
which the letters A, E, O occur only
integers such that LCM of p,q is r2t4s2, then the
in odd positions, is
number of ordered pair (p, q) is [IIT-JEE 2006, 3M]
(a) 252 (b) 254 (c) 225 (d) 224 107. How many different words can be formed by Jumbling
103. At an election, a voter may vote for any number of the letters in the word MISSISSIPPI in which no two S's
candidates, not greater than number to be elected. There are adjacent? [AIEEE 2008,3M]
are 10 candidates and 4 are to be selected. If a voter (a)6-7-8C4 (b)68-7C4
votes for atleast one candidate, then number of ways in (c)7-6C4-8C4 (d)8-6C4-7C4
which he can vote, is [AIEEE 2006, 4.5M]
108. In a shop, there are five types of ice-creams available. A
(a) 5040 (b) 6210
(c) 385 (d) 1110 child buys six ice-creams. [AIEEE 2008,3M]
Statement-1 The number of different ways the child
104. The letters of the word COCHIN are permuted and all
can buy the six ice-creams is 10 C4.
the permutations are arranged in an alphabetical order
as in English dictionary. The number of words that Statement-2 The number of different ways the child
appear before the word COHIN is [IIT-JEE 2007, 3M] can buy six ice-creams is equal to the number of
(a) 360 (b) 192 different ways to arranging 6A’s and 4B’s in a row.
(c) 96 (d) 48 [AIEEE 2008,3M]
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 425

(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a 115. The value of b6, is [IIT-JEE 2012, 3+3M]
correct explanation for Statement-1 (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 11
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is
not a correct explanation for Statement-1 116. Which of the following is correct?
(c) Statement-1 true, Statement-2 is false (a) aI7 = alb + a15 (b) c17 # cI6 + c15
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true (c) b]7 # bxf, + cl6 (d) a17 = c17 + b16

109. The number of 7-digit integers, with sum of the digits 117. Assuming the balls to be identical except for difference
in colours, the number of ways in which one or more
equal tolO and formed by using the digits 1, 2 and 3
only, is [IIT-JEE 2009, 3M] balls can be selected from 10 white, 9 green and 7 black
(a) 55 (b) 66 (c) 77 (d) 88 balls, is [AIEEE 2012, 4M]
(a) 630 (b) 879 (c) 880 (d) 629
110. From 6 different novels and 3 different dictionaries, 4
novels and 1 dictionary are to be selected and arranged
118. Let Tn be the number of all possible triangles formed
in a row on a shelf so that the dictionary is always in the by joining vertices of an n-sided regular polygon. If
middle. Then, the number of such arrangements is Tn +1 - Tn = 10, the value of n is [JEE Main 2013, 4M]
[AIEEE 2009, 4M] (a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 8 (d)7
(a) atleast 1000 119. Consider the set of eight vectors
(b) less than 500 V = [a i + b j + c k: a, b, c e {-1,1}] .Three non-coplanar
(c) atleast 500 but less than 750
(d) atleast 750 but less than 1000 vectors can be chosen from V in 2P ways, then p is
[JEE Advanced 2013, 4M]
111. There are two urns. Urn A has 3 distinct red balls and
urn B has 9 distinct blue balls. From each urn, two balls 120. Let H] < n2 < n3 < nA < n5 be positive integers such that
are taken out at random and then transferred to the ni +n2 +n3 +n4 +n5 = 20, the number of such distinct
other. The number of ways in which this can be done, is arrangements (n1,n2,n3,n4,n5)is
[AIEEE 2010, 4M] [JEE Advanced 2014, 3M]
(a) 36 (b) 66 (c) 108 (d) 3
121. For n > 2 be an integer. Take n distinct points on a circle
112. Statement-1 The number of ways distributing 10 and join each pair of points by a line segment. Colour
identical balls in 4 distinct boxes such that no box is the line segment joining every pair of adjacent points by
empty, is 9C3. blue and the rest by red. If the number of red and blue
line segments are equal, the value of n is
Statement-2 The number of ways of choosing any 3
[JEE Advanced 2014, 3M]
places from 9 different places is 9 C3 [AIEEE2011,4M]
122. Six cards and six envelopes are numbered 1,2,3,4,5,6 and
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a
correct explanation for Statement-1 cards are to be placed in envelopes, so that each
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is envelope contains exactly one card and no card is placed
not a correct explanation for Statement-1 in the envelope bearing the same number and moreover
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false the card numbered 1 is always placed in envelope
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true numbered 2. Then the number of ways it can be done, is
[JEE Advanced 2014, 3M]
113. There are 10 points in a plane, out of these 6 are (a) 264 (b) 265
collinear. If N is the number of triangles formed by (c) 53 (d) 67
joining these points, then [AIEEE 2011,4M]
123. The number of integers greater than 6000 that can be
(a) N > 190 (b) N < 100 formed using the digits 3,5,6,7 and 8 without repetition,
(c)100<N<140 (d) 140 < N < 190 is [JEE Main 2015,4M]
114. The total number of ways in which 5 balls of different (a) 120 (b) 72
colours can be distributed among 3 persons, so that each (c) 216 (d) 192
person gets atleast one ball is [IIT-JEE 2012, 3M] 124. Let n be the number of ways in which 5 boys and 5 girls
(a) 75 (b) 150 (c) 210 (d) 243 can stand in a queue in such away that all the girls stand
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 115 to 116) Let an denotes the consecutively in the queue. Let m be the number of ways
number of all n-digits positive integer formed by the in which 5 boys and 5 girls can stand in a queue in such
digits 0, 1 or both such that no consecutive digits in a way that exactly four girls stand consecutively in the
them are 0. Let bn be the number of such n-digit queue, the value of — is
integers ending with digit 1 and cn be the number of n [JEE Advanced 2015, 3M]
such n digits integers ending with digit 0.
426 . Textbook of Algebra

125. If all the words (with or without meaning having five • (a) 380 (b) 320
letters, formed using the letters of the word SMALL and (c) 260 (d) 95
arranged as in a dictionary, then the position of the 127. A man X has 7 friends, 4 of them are ladies and 3 are
word SMALL is [JEE Main 2016,4M] men. His wife Y also has 7 friends, 3 of them are ladies
(a) 59th (b) 52nd (c) 58th (d) 46th and 4 are men. Assume X and Y have no common
126. A debate club consists of 6 girls and 4 boys. A team of 4 friends. Then the total number of ways in which X and Y
members is to be selected from this club including the together can throw a party inviting 3 ladies and 3 men,
selection of a captain (from among these 4 members) for so that 3 friends of each of X and Y are in this party, is
the team. If the team has to include at most one boy, [JEE Main 2017,4M]
then the number of ways of selecting the team is (a) 484 (b) 485
[JEE Advanced 2016, 3M] (c) 468 (d) 469

Answers
Exercise for Session 1 Chapter Exercises
l.(c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (b) l.(c) 2- (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c)
7. (c) 8.(c) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11.(d) 7- (a) 8.(b) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (d)
13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (c)
Exercise for Session 2
19. (d) 20. (b) 21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24.(d)
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4.(d) 5. (d) 6- (b) 25. (c) • 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (b)
7. (d) 8- (a) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (b) 31. (a, c) 32. (a,b,c,d)33. (a,b,c,d) 34. (a,d) 35. (a, c)
13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (d) 36. (b,d) 37. (a, c) 38. (b,c) 39. (a,b,c,d) 4O.(b,c,d)

Exercise for Session 3 41-(a) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (b) 46. (a)
47. (c) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (c) 51. (c) 52. (b)
l.(a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (C)
9-(a) 10. (a) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (d) 56.(1) 57. (0) 58. (8)
7- (b) 8- (b) U. (a)
59. (3) 60.(7) 61.(8) 62. (6) 63. (7) 64.(8)
Exercise for Session 4 65. (8) 66. (A) (q); (B) -> (r); (C) (s); (D) -> (p)
l.(d) 2.(b) 3-(d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c) 67. (A) ->(r); (B) -> (s); (C) -> (q); (D) -> (p)
7. (a) 8. (b) 9- (b) 10. (d) 11-(a) 12. (d) 68. (A) -»(r); (B) -> (s); (C) -> (p); (D) -> (q)
16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 69. (A) ->(s); (B) -> (r); (C) -> (s); (D) -» (p)
13. (a) 14. (d) 15- (d)
70. (A) ->(s); (B) -> (q); (C) -> (p); (D) -» (s)
Exercise for Session 5 71. (b) 72. (c) 73. (d) 74. (c) 75. (d) 76. (b)
l.(c) 2. (c) 3.(d) 4- (a) 5.(b) 6. (b) 77. (b) 78. (d) 79. (a) 80. (d) 81. (d) 82. (a)
7. (d) 9.(c) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (a) 83. x = n + 3 84. x = 3 85.4 87. 60 88.42
8- (a)
89. 11520 90. 8P4x x 10! 92 . 45C6
13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c)
93 n(/i-4)(n-5) (3/Q! n2(n+l)
94.1728 95. 96.
Exercise for Session 6 6 6(n!)3 2
•l.(c) . 2.(c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) 97. 4530 99. 96 100.(d) 101. (c) 102. (d)
7. (c) 8. (c) 9.(c) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (b) 103. (c) 104. (c) 105. (c)
13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (d) 106. (A) -> (p); (B) -» (s); (C) -> (q); (D) -> (q)
19. (c) 20. (d) 21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (a) 107. (c) 108. (a) 109. (c) 110. (a) lll.(c) 112. (a)
25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (b)
113. (b) 114. (b) 115. (b) 116. (a) 117. (b) 118. (a)
Exercise for Session 7 H9.(5) 120. (7) 121.(5) 122. (c) 123. (d) 124.(5)
125. (c) 126. (a) 127. (b)
l.(b) 2.(d) 3. (a) .4. (c) 5. (c)
■

Solutions
b-+41 = 24 dc-+3! = 6
c-+41 = 24 dea-> 2! = 2
da 3! = 6 debac -» 1
The rank of debac = 24+ 24+ 24 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 2 + 1= 93
11. Number of different tickets
= 20 + 19 + 18 + 17+ ... + 3+ 2 + 1=210
1. ’cs - 9 - 2r _
C5-2 - - <-3 12. Let A = {ab a2, a3..... a„}
= 126 -35 =91 (i) ai e P, a,e Q (ii) a, € P, a, e Q
2. Let a = 2x -1, b = 2y - 1, c = 2z - 1, d = 2w - 1 (iii) a,£ P, a, e Q(iv) at e P, a{ g Q, where 1 i < n
where, x,y,z,we N
v P nQ=0 [cases in favour 3 i.e., (ii), (iii), (iv)]
/. Required number of ways = 3"
Then, a + b + c + d =20
=> 13. Total points on all three lines = m + n + k
x + y + z + w = 12
;. Maximum number of triangles = + " * kc3 - mC3 - "C3 - kC3
Number of ordered quadruplet = I2-1q-i
14. Required number of triplets = Total number of triplets without
= "c3 = 11^
1-2-3
= 165 restrictions - Number of triplets with all different coordinates
= n3 - nP3
3. I = LCM of 81,10! and 12! = 12!
15. Let middle largest digit be r, then digits available for remaining
and/i = HCFof 8!, 10! and 12! =8! four places are 0,1, 2, 3..... r -1.
I 12! Number of ways filling remaining four places
- = — = 12-11-10-9 = 11880
h 8!
= ZCP4-r-lP3)= i(r-l)xr-’P3
4. " + Ilic„_2-n+1'Cn-^lOO
-
n+1
=> C3-n + 1C2 <100 = 3 x 3P3 + 4 x 4P3 + 5 x 5P3
(n + l)n(n - 1) (n + l)n + 6 x 6P3 + 7 x 7P3 + 8 x 8P3
=> <100 = 5292 = 22-33-72
6 2
=$ n(n + l)(n - 4) <600 16. Required number of words = 6! - 5! - 5! + 4! = 504
It is true for n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 17. Let x, y, z be the friends and a, b, c denote the case when x is
5. Coefficient of x11 in(x + x2 + x3 + x■4 + x5 + x6)3 invited a times, y is invited b times and z is invited c times.
Now, we have the following possibilities (a, b, c) = (1, 2,3) or (2,
= Coefficient of x8 in 2, 2) or (3, 3, 0) [grouping of 6 days of week]
(1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5)3 Hence, the total number of ways
6! x 3o,
—_____ 6! x 3!
1 +--------
6!
— + ------ x —
3!
= Coefficient of x8 in(l - x6)3(l - x)-3
1!2!3! ’ 2!2!2! 3! 3!3!0! 2!
= Coefficient of x8 in(l -3x6)(l + 3C}x +...) = 360 + 90 + 60 = 510
= l0C2-3 x 4CZ = 45 - 18 = 27 18. If y = n, then x takes values from 1 to n - 1 and z can take
6. nC2, n e N, infinite numbers. values from 0 to n (i.e., (n + 1) values). Thus, for each value of
y (2 < y < 9), x and z take (n - l)(n + 1) values.
7. v 13 lines pass through A and 11 lines pass through B. Hence, the 3-digit numbers are of the form xyz
:. Number of intersection points
— Lz2 _ "r* 4. ?
= L (n - l)(n + 1) = E (n2 - 1) = 276
— — '“'2 ’ “ [’.• two points A andB]
= 535 19. The letters in alphabetical order are EEMRTU
8. v a =182fec E—> 5! = 120
MEERTU—>1! = 1
(x + 2)! = 182 x xPn X(x-ll)!
MEERUT-> 1
=> (x + 2)! = 182 x x! /. Rank of MEERUT = 120 + 1 + 1 = 122
=> (x + 2)(x + 1) = 14X13 20. The candidates can be ranked in 10! ways. In half of these
x + 1 =13 ways, A t is above A2 and in another half, A2 is above Ab So,
x = 12 required number of ways = —.
9. 6 + 5x5 + 5x5x4 = 131 21. Any selection of four digits from the ten digits 0,1, 2, 3,.... 9
10. The letters in alphabetical order are abcde gives one number.
a-> 41 = 24 db -> 3! =6 So, the required number of numbers = 10C4 =210
428 Textbook of Algebra

22. As 0 < x < 1, we havep <q = 9 - li => w(2 = 81 - 184 +

The number of rational numbers = 5+ 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 15 => Z w2 = Z 81 -18 Z 4 + Z 42
When p, q have a common factor, we get some rational = 81 x 10-18X45 + Z/2 = Z/2
numbers which are not different from those already counted.
2 2 3 4 30. The number of matches in the first round = 6C2 + 6C2 = 30
There are 4 such numbers -, -, -.
4 6 6 6 The number of matches in the next round = 6C2 = 15
.'. The required number of rational numbers = 15-4 = 11 and the number of matches in the semi-final round = 4C2 =6
23. We have, .’. The required number of matches = 30+ 15 + 6 + 2 = 53
24 = 2X3X4=2X2X6
[’.• for ‘best of three’ atleast two matches are played]
= 1 X6 X 4 = 1 X3 X8
300 300 300 300 300
= 1X2X12 = 1X1X24 31. E3(300!) = + + + +
3 . 32 . . 33 . . 3 4 . . 35 .
The number of positive integral solutions of xyz = 24 is
= 100 + 33 + 11 + 3 + 1 =148
31 3'
31+ — + 3! + 3! + 3! + — = 30 m = 148
2! 2!
150 150 150
and number of integral solutions having two negative andE2(150!)= + + + ... +
. 22 . _23. _27 .
factors is 3C2 x 30 = 90.
= 75 + 37 + 18 + 9+ 4 + 2+ 1 =146
Hence, number of integral solutions = 30 + 90 = 120
n -2 = 146
24. Total number of triangles = Number of triangles with vertices
n = 148
on sides [(AB, BC, CD) + (AB, BC, DA) + (AB, CD, DA)
32. v E2(102!) = 98 , E3(102!) = 49,
+ (BC, CD, DA)]
E5(l02!) = 24 and E7(102!) = 16
= 3Cj x x 5Cj + 3q x 4c, x 6c, + 3q x 5Cj x 6c,
:. a = 98, [3 = 49, y - 24 and 8 = 16
+ T, x 5C1 x 6Cj
33. Triplets with
= 60 + 72 + 90+ 120=342 (i) x = y < z (ii) x < y < z
25. 16 horses = 10 horses + {A, B, C, D, E, F) (iii) y < x < z
.’. The number of ways = 10C3 x (Number of ways of choosing can be chosen in +,C3/
C2,""+1 . + 1C3ways.
out of A, B, C, D, E, F, so that AD, BE and CF are not together)
n + 1C2 + " + ,C3 + n + 1£» _n +
!c3 +| n+
= WC3 X (One from each of pairs AD, BE, CF)
= 2(n + 2C3)-nn ++ 1.1C2
= ,0C3 x 2Cj x 2C> x 2Q = 960
_ n (n + l)(2n + 1)
26. We have, i3 + ai2 + bi + c = 0
6
and (-i)3 + a(-i)2 + b(-i) + c = 0
34. When x is odd
=> (c - a) + (b - l)i = 0 Unit’s place filled by 1, 3, 5, 7, 9.
and (c - a) - i(b - 1) = 0 X=8x8x7x5 = 2240
=> b = 1, a = c When x is even
Thus, total number of such polynomials = 10Cj =10 Unit’s place filled by 0, 2, 4, 6, 8.
k y=8x8x7x4+9x8x7xl= 2296
*
± + ±1
+„.+± Z«
=i-_ 75 => x < y and | x - y | = 56
27-L? = X] x2
1=1 x‘ xk n n 35. ^TminA
AeX
[as LCM of x1( x2, x3,...»x* is n] n -1 n-1 n-1

28. Let T’ be associated with r’, r 6 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, then ‘2’ can be
associated with r, r + 1,... A Let ‘2’ be associated with ;’ then r=1 r=l r=l

3 can be associated with j, j + 1,.... 5. Thus, required number _n(n-l)n (n-l)n(2n-l)

of functions
2 6
S (5 1 5
(6-r)(7-r)
£
r=l >
=Z
r=l
2
= 35 _ (n + l)-n-(n -1)
1-2-3
fl + 1C3 =
n(n2-l)
6
29. Clearly, each player will play 9 games. 36. V p = 2520 = 23-32-5*-71
:. Total number of games = 10C2 = 45 = 6 • 22-31-51-71 =9- 23-51-7*
Clearly, = 9 and Zw( = I If = 45 x = (2 + 1)(1 + 1)(1 + 1)(1 + 1) = 24
and y =(3 + 1)(1 + 1)(1 + 1) = 16.
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 429

37. •: Xj + x2 + x3 +... + xn = r, Vx, > 1,(1 < i < n) 43. xExTTxQxIxSx

Total number of such solutions = r ~ ’C„ _, = r ~ lCr _ „ Number of ways having TT together and RRR separated
= bC3 x 5! = 2400
38. 7 x + x + 1 + y = 24
Hence, number of arrangements of the word W, if R’s as well
=> y=23-2x as T’s are separated = 12600 - 2400 = 10200
Let N = Total number of fights subject to the condition that 44. x U * CC x E x
any two children of one team do not fight. Hence, required number of ways = 4C3 x 3! = 24
N = 24C2-(XC2+ J 'C2+ yC2) 45. xUxCxCxEx
= %-(xC2+ J *C2+ 23-2xC2) There are five available places for three SSS. t,
£ •

= 23 -3x2 + 45x Total number of ways no two S’s together = C3 x -j = 120

dN Hence, number of words having CC separated and SSS
— = 0 - 6x + 45
dx separated = 120 - 24 = 96
d • • • dN = n0 => x = 75 7!
ror maximum or minimum, put — 46. Total number of ways = —- = 420
dx 213!
x=7 [-.-XEl] Consonants in SUCCESS are S, C, C, S, S
c/2N n Number of ways arranging consonants = = 10
Now, —7<0
dx2 Hence, number of words in which consonants appear in
N will be maximum when x = 7 420
alphabetic order = -jy = 42
and N = 23-3(7)2 + 45 x7 = 191
39. •.■ x + y + z = 3n 47. *Ax A«N»G«E«
Hence, required number of ways = 6C2 x — = 900
=> N = Coefficient ofa3" in(l + a + a2 +... + a2n\3
2")
= Coefficient ofa3" in(l -a2n"TO-a)
+ 1'3/1 -«'-3 48. The number of ways in which two A’s are together
Le., x A A * N x G * E x is 5C2 x 4! = 240
= Coefficient of a3" in (1 - 3 a 2" + ‘) (1 + 3Cta + ...)
_ 3n + 2s~> q n+ 1 Hence, number of ways in which neither two R’s no two A’s
t-3n J‘ <-n -1
come together = 900 - 240 = 660
= 3R + 2C2-3" + 1C2=3n2 + 3n+l 49. The letters in alphabetical order are AAEGNRR
N - 1 = 3n (n + 1)
AA —> — = 60ARA —» 4! = 24
40. Since, a can be subtracted from p without borrowing, if yf > xt, 2!
for i = 1,2,3. 51
AE —» — = 60 ARE —> 4! = 24
Let x, = X 2!
Iff = 1, then X = 1,2,3,..... 9 5!
and if i = 2 and 3, then 1 = 0,1, 2, 3,..., 9 AG —> — = 60ARG —> 4! = 24
2!
Hence, total number of ways of choosing the pair a, p
' 9 w 9 y AN —> — = 60ARN —> 4! = 24
2!
= £(10-X) £(10-X) =(45)(55)2
ARRAE—>2!=2 ARRAG—>2! = 2
=1 /V=0 y
ARRANEG—> 1 ARRANGE->1
41. There are 9 letters
.'. Rank in dictionary
T.T.R, R, R, E, O, I.S
= 60 + 60 + 60 + 60 + 24 + 24 + 24 + 24 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 342
X = Number of four lettered words (no restriction)
= Coefficient of x4 in ■ So/. (Q. Nos. 50-52)
.. f x x2 X x2 3^ 1
+ -= - => ,(x - n) (y - n) = n2
-ill
4! 1 + - + — 1 + — + — + — (1 + x)4 =626 x y n
1! 2! 1! 2! 3! J . n
x = n + A, y = n + —
U = Number of four lettered words (no vowels) A
= Coefficient of x4 in where, X is divisor of n2.
/ 2V 2 3\
, x x 1: + I + 1_ + £.|(1 + x) = 38 The number of integral solutions (x ,y) is equal to the number
4! 1 + - + —
< 2Ul 1! 2! 3! J of divisors of n2.
If n = 3,n2 = 9 = 32, then the equation has 3 solutions.
Required ways (atleast one vowel) = 626 - 38 = 588
42. x t xExOxI*S *Tx (x,y) = (4,12), (6,6), (12. 4)
There are 7 available places for RRR. 50. v 102 =22-52
_ v 6! S(10)=3x3=9
Required ways = C3 x — = 12600
430 Textbook of Algebra

51. v 62 =22-32 A —> — = 4 NANNU —> 1

S(6) =3 x3 =9and72 => 5(7) =3 3!
n = 4 + 1 =5
5(6) + 5(7) = 12
Hence, m - 4n = 23 - 20 = 3
Also, 82 =26
60. Each of the n digits can be anyone of the three 2, 5 or 7.
=> S(8)=7and92 =34 => 5(9) = 5
The number of n-digit numbers is 3".
5(8) + S(9) = 12
=$ 3" > 900
=> 5(6) + 5(7) =5(8) + 5(9) = 12
=> 71 =7, 8, 9 ...
52. v l2 -> 5(1) = 1,22 —> 5(2) = 3,32 -> S(3) = 3,
Hence, smallest value of n is 7.
42 -> 24 -> 5(4) = 5,52 -> 5(5) = 3,5(6) = 9 61. a + b+ c = 21=$3b=21=t>b=7 [v a + c = 2h]
S(7) = 3, S(8) = 7,5(9) = 5 and 5(10) = 9 [from above] => a + b + c= 21 =>a + c = 14
10
£S(r) = 5(1) + 5(2) + 5(3) + 5(4) + S(5) =$ X = 14 _,C2_j = 13Cj = 13
1 + 5(6) + 5(7) + S(8) + 5(9) + 5(10) Hence, 1-5 = 13-5=8
= 1 + 3 + 3 + 5 + 3 + 9 + 3 + 7 + 5 + 9 = 48 62. 21 = Number of selecting 3 member subsets of {1, 2,3.... 29}
53. v /(6) = 6C0 + 5q + *C2 + 3C3 = 13 which are in
••• 7W)) = /(13) =”Co + ”0, + "c, + “C, +’C, + "Cs + ’C. GP with common ratio (2 or 3 or 4 or 5).
‘29 29 29 29
= 1 + 12 + 55 + 120 + 126 + 56 + 7 = 377 + + +
=l? 32 42 52
54. v f(1) = ’Co = 1, /(2) = 2C0 + ’Q = 2, /(3) = 3C0 + 2C, = 3,
= 7 + 3 + 1 + 1 = 12
/(4) = 5 [given] 1=6
and/(5) = 5C0 + 4Q+ 3C2=8
63. The number of students answering exactly i(l < i < n -1)
Thus, we say that f(n) > n for n = 4, 5, 6, ... questions wrongly is 2" “1 - 2"“’ “ ’. The number of students
Hence, number of solutions for f(n) = n is 3. answering all n questions wrongly is 2°.
55. Number of superstars = /(4) = 5 Hence, the total number of wrong answers
and number of junior artists = /(3) = 3 n—1

xSj xS2 xS3 xS4 xS5 x [S, for superstars] £i(2n"''-2"-'-1 + n(2°) = 127
i=l
/.Required number of ways = 6C3 x 5! x 3! = 14400
=>2n-’+2n-2 + 2"-3 + ... + 21 + 2° = 127
56. For n > 10, the number of zeros in n! 2
2" - 1 = 127
:. l! + 2! + 3!+ 4! +... + 97! = ... 13
.’. Ten’s digit = 1 2n = 128=27

57. V n =7
(50!)2 64. The sum of digits is divisible by 3.
100 100 i.e., 8 + 7 + 6 + 4 + 2+ x + yor27+x + yis divisible by 3
£7(100!) = + = 14 + 2 = 16
. 7 .72 . x + y must be divisible by 3.
50 50 Then, possible ordered pairs are
and E7(50!) = — + -2 =7+1=8
.7 . (0, 3), (3, 0), (1, 5), (5,1), (0, 9), (9, 0), (3, 9), (9, 3)
:. E7 in(100C50) = 16 — 2 x8 = 0 :. Number of ordered pairs = 8
65. Number of circles through ACD, ACE, ADE intersect the line
58. "~1C3-"'2C3 = 15 AB =3 and
=> n=8 [•■•ft="-2CJ] Number of circles through BCD, BCE, BDE intersect the line
59. For BULBUL, the letters in alphabetical order are BBLLUU AB =3 and
Number of circles through CDE intersects the line AB = 2
BB-4 —=6BULBLU->1
2!2! Hence, number of points of intersection = 3 + 3 + 2= 8

BL -> - = 12 BULBUL-> 1
cnn+1
66. (A)',+ 4C - B+3C„=15(n + 2)
+ 1-
2! n + 3/-»
=> en + 1 + n+3Cn-n + 3Cn=15(n + 2)
3'
BU—> — =39 => n+3Cn + 1 = 15(n + 2)
2!
m=6+12 + 3 + l + l=23 => n+3C2 =15(n + 2)
For NANNU (n + 3)
=> = 15 => n=27
The letters in alphabetical order are ANNNU 2
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 431

(B)11-"P4 = 20. "-2P4 71. Statement-1 is True

=>ll.n(n - l)(n -2)(n -3) = 20(n -2)(n -3)(n - 4)(n -5) •/ 61 = 720 = 8x9x10 i.e.. Product of 6-3 =3 consecutive
integers and Statement-2 is also true, but Statement-2 is not a
=> 1 ln(n - 1) = 20(n - 4)(n - 5) [v n 2,3] correct explanation for Statement-1
=> 9n,22 - 169n + 400 = 0 72. For the number exactly divisible by 4, then last two digits must
25 be divisible by 4, the last two digits are 12, 16, 24, 32, 36, 52, 56,
n = 16 => nt — 64, 72, 76. Total 10 ways.
9
(C)a,C3 = ll-"C3 Now, the remaining two first places on the left of 4 digit
numbers are to be filled from remaining 5 digits and this can
2n(2n-l)(2n-2) ll-n(n-l)(n-2) be done in 5P2 = 20 ways.
1-2-3 1-2-3
Required number of ways = 20 x 10 = 200
n =6
Hence, Statement-1 is true and Statement-2 is false.
(D) B+2(cs:n~2!P. 4 = 57 :16 =>
n + 2,
a = 5716
n-2p4
73. v10! = 2s-34-52-7‘
:. Total number of divisors
(n + 2) n + 1 (n) (n - 1) "~2c4 57 = (8 + 1)(4 + 1)(2 + 1)(1 + 1) = 270
=>
8 7 6 5 n-2p4 16 Hence, Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true.
=> (n + 2)(n + l)n(n-l) = 21-20-19-18 74. Number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken n at a
time =nP„ = n!
n = 19
.*. Statement-1 is true and Statement-2 is false.
67. (A)^ = "C„ number of function = nn]
m! 75. ,.‘x1x2xJx4 =2-5-7-11
(B) Required ways = mxmxmx...xm = m',n Each of 2, 5,7,11 can assign in 4 ways.
n times :. Required number of solutions = 4x 4x4x4 = 44 = 28 = 256
(C) xGxGxGxGx...xGx Hence, Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true.
Here, number of gaps for red balls = m- l + l = m
76. v a + c = 2b
Required ways = mCn
i.e., sum of two numbers is even, then both numbers are even
nxnxnx...xn or odd. In {1,2,3,4,....21], 11 numbers are odd and 10 numbers
(D) Required ways = = nm
m times are even.
68. (A) Required lines = 10C2 - 4C2 + 1 = 40 Then, total number of ways =nC2+10C2 = 55 + 45 = 100

(B) Maximum number of points = 10C2 = 45 Hence, both statements are true but Statement-2 is not a
correct explanation for Statement-1.
(C) Maximum number of points = 6C2 X 2 = 30
77. v N = 12600 = 23-32-52-71
(D) Maximum number of points = 6C2 x 4 = 60
Number of even divisors = 3 (2 + 1) (2+ 1)-(1 +1) =54
69. (A) Number of rectangles = 7C2 x 7C2 = 441 Both statements are true but Statement-2 is not a correct
[select two vertical and two horizontal lines] explanation for Statement-1.

(B) Number of squares = I2 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + 62 = 91 78. We know that a number is divisible by 3, if the sum of its digits
is divisible by 3. Now, out of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 if we take 1,2,4,5,6
(C) First square can be selected in 36 ways, second square or 1,2,3,4,5 or 0,3,4,5,6 or 0,2,3,4,6 or 0,1,3,5,6 or 0,1,2,4,5 or
can be selected in (36 - 6 - 5) =25 ways and third 0,1,2,3,6
square can be selected in (25 - 5 - 4) = 16 ways. Total number of ways = 2 x 5P5 + 5 x( 5P5-4P4)
Required ways = 36 X 25 x 15 = 2400
= 240+480
(D) a( + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6 = 11
= 720
where, ab a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, > 1
Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
.'. Required ways = n-1C6_j = 10C5
79. The sum of the digits in the ten’s place
70. (aiRT]or Illi Required ways = The sum of the digits in the unit’s place
3! 3!
= lxixix — + 1X1X1X —=6 = (4 — l)!(3+4 + 5 + 6)= 108
2! 2! Both statements are true and Statement-2 is a correct
(B) | | | | or | | | [Required ways explanation for Statement-1.
_5C3x2C1x1C1 [ ^x^x1^
= 25 80. Number of planes each containing three points
~ 2 2
= ?c3-’c3 + i
(C) |||| or | | | | Required ways =1X1X1+1X1X1=2
;. Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is always true.
(D) [||| or [||| Required ways = 3 + 3=6
432 Textbook of Algebra

50r _ 50! n! n!
81. *.* '-10 “
10!40! 4!(n-4)! 3!(n-3)!
50 50 50 1 >-----------------
1
E3(50!) = — + + + <=> --------- (•.•m! = m(m-l)!]
[3 . .9 J [27 81 4(n- 4)! (n-3)(n-4)!
= 16 + 5 +1 + 0+...= 22 n-3 > 4 <=> n >7
40 40 40 40 87. Now, let sides of game be A and B. Given 5 married couples,
£3(40!)= y-.+ + +
.9 J [27 .81. i.e., 5 husbands and 5 wives. Now 2 husbands for two sides A
and B be selected out of5=5C2 = 10 ways.
= 13 + 4 + 1 + 0 = 18
After choosing the two husbands their wives are to be
10 10
and £3(10!) = y + + +... =3+l+0=4 excluded (since no husband and wife play in the same game).
.9 . 27 So, we are to choose 2 wives out of remaining 5 -2 =3 wives
Hence, highest power of 3 in 50C]0 = 22 -(18 + 4) = 0 i.e., 3C2 = 3 ways. Again two wives can interchange their sides
A and B in 2! = 2 ways.
Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
By the principle of multiplication.
82. Number of diagonals in quindecagon =15C2 -15 = 105 -15 = 90 The required number of ways = 10x3x2 = 60.
Both statements are true and Statement-2 is a correct 88. Case I When no couple is chosen
explanation for Statement-1.
We can choose 2 men in 4C2 = 6 ways and hence two teams
83. We have, +3nC„_r+1 +3"Cn_r+2+nCn_r+3=nCr can be formed in 2 x6 = 12 ways.
<=>(ncn_r+ncn_r+1) + 2(nc;_r+1+nc^+2)+(ncn_r+2+ncn_r+3)=xcr Case II When only one couple is chosen
. . n+lz*» , q/i+Ix'* .n+lz"* _ Xz-» A couple can be chosen in 4Q = 4 ways and the other team can
'-n-r+1 + l-n-r+2't' '-n-r+3 — '-r
be chosen in 3C]x2C1 = 6 ways. Hence, two teams can be
w (",c„t,+"*,c„.2)+r1c„t2+"1c„.,) = 'C, formed in 4 x6 = 24 ways.
n+2/-» . /i+2x> _Xr»
'-n-r+2+ '-n-r+3~ (-r Case III When two couples are chosen
n+3z^ _x/~»
<=> cn-r+3_ '-t Then team can be chosen in 4C2 = 6 ways.
n+3Cr=Cr [•.•flcr=ncn_r] Hence, total ways = 12 + 24 + 6 = 42.
Hence, x= n+3 89. The total number of seats
84. We have, 3x+,C2 + P2-x=4xA2 = 1 grandfather +5 sons and daughters +8 grand children = 14
3(x+l)x The grand children with to occupy the 4 seats on either side of
<=> + 2!x = 4-x(x-l) the table 4! ways = 24 ways
1-2
and grandfather can occupy a seat in (5 -1) ways = 4 ways
3x2 + 3x+4x=8x2-8x [Since 4 gaps between 5 sons and daughters]
5x2-15x = 0 and the remaining seat can be occupied in 5! ways
5x(x-3) - 0 = 120 ways [5 seats for sons and daughters]
x#0 [•/ x e N] Hence, required number of ways, By the principle of
Hence, x = 3 is the solution of the given equation. multiplication law = ^4 x 4 x 120 = 11520
195 n+3A3 90. There are 8 chairs on each side of the table. Let sides be
85. We have, xn =------- represented by A and B. Let four persons sit on side A, then
4Pn PB+i number of ways arranging 4 persons on 8 chairs on side
195 (n + 3)(n + 2)(n + 1) A = 8P4 and then two persons sit on side B, then number of
4-n! (n + 1)! ways arranging 2 persons on 8 chairs on side B = SP2 and
195 (n + 3)(n + 2) arranging the remaining 10 persons in remaining 10 chairs in
10! ways.
4n! n!
Hence, the total number of ways in which the persons can be
195 —4nz—20n-24 171-4n2 — 20n
—----------------------- arranged = 8P4 x 8P2 x 10 ! =
4-n! 4-n!
v xn is positive.
91. The total number of handshake participations by all men what
171-4n22-20n so ever is an even number, which is twice the number of
------------------ > 0
4-n! handshakes.
=> 4n2 + 20n —171 <0 The sum of all participations by men having an even number
of handshakes is an even number, which is the sum of several
which is true for n = 1,2,3,4
even numbers.
Hence, the given sequence (x„) has 4 positive terms.
The sum of all participations by men having an odd number of
86. We have, "-1C3+"_,C4>dC3 (v dCr+dCr_1=d+1Cr] handshakes is an even number, which is an even number
<=> minus an even number.
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 433

The number of men having an odd number of handshakes 95. The required number of ways = The number of ways in which
must be even for the sum of the odd numbers of their 3n different things can be divided in 3 equal groups =The
participations be even. number of ways to distribute 3n different things equally among
. 3n! 3n!
C—•—•—•—♦—•—•—•—•—♦—L three persons =------ r =----- 7
Si Sg S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 Sg S9 3!(n!)3 6(n!)3
For Slt 9 different tickets are available, one for each of the 96. Number of squares of area n2 square units = I2
remaining 9 stations, similarly at S2, 8 different tickets are Number of squares of area (n -1)2 square units = 2 2
available and so on.
Number of squares of area (n -2)2 square units = 32
Thus, total number of different tickets
= 9 + 8 + 7 +64-5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 45
So, the six different tickets must be any six of these 45 and Number of squares of area I2 square units = n2
there are evidently as many different sets of 6 tickets as there n(n + l)(2n + 1)
Adding gives Nj = I2 + 22 +32+...+n2 =
are combinations of 45 things taken 6 at a time. 6
Hence, the required number = 45C6. When n is even
93. Let the object be denoted by ab a2, a3,.... an arranged in a circle, n2 2
Number of squares of area — square units = 1
we have to select 3 objects so that no two of them are
consecutive. For this, we first find the number of ways in (n-2):
which 2 or 3 objects are consecutive. Now, number of ways in Number of squares of area - square units = 32
which 2 or 3 objects are consecutive, is obtained as follows 2
with aj. The number of such triples is
ala^4 • ala2P5’ •••• alfl2an - !• 2Z 2
Number of squares of area — square units = (n -1)
(Since, we have excluded so it will be repeated again. If
we start with a„, then we shall get triples : a„aia2, 0^03] n(n — l)(n + 1)
Adding gives N2 = I2 + 32 + 52+...+(n-l)2 =
So, number of such triples when we start with ab is (n - 3). 6
Similarly, with a2, a3, a4,.... we shall get the numbers of triples When n is odd
that is (n - 3). [2
(n-1)-
But total number of triples is nC3. Number of squares of area - square units = 22
2
Hence, required number of ways = nC3 -n(n- 3) (n-3):
Number of squares of area - square units = 42
. !L<a - D (" - 2> - „ - 3) - 3„ + 2 - 6n + 18] 2
(n-5)
Number of squares of area - square units = 62
2
= -(n2-9n + 20) = -(n-4)(n-5)
6 6
94. Let the men P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W and suppose P,Q,R remain only 22
Number of squares of area — square units = (n -1)2
on one side and S,T on the other as represented in figure. 2
n(n-l)(n + l)
P Q R Adding gives N2 = 22 + 42 + 6z+...+(n -1)2 =
6
[
S T .’.Total number of squares formed which can be obtained by
taking 4 points out of (n + I)2 points = + N2
Then, since 4 men must row on each side, of the remaining 3, _ n(n + l)(2n +1) n(n - l)(n + 1) _ n 2(n + l)
one must be placed on the side of P,Q,R and the other two on
the side of S, T and this can evidently be done in 3 ways, for we 6 6 2
can place any one of the three on the side of P,Q,R. 97. (i) Set of 2 numbers
Now, 3 ways of distributing the crew let us first consider one, Let a and b be 2 numbers -+^~ = 60 => a + b = 120
say that in which U is on the side of P,Q,R as shown in figure. 2
a and b both cannot be equal to or greater than 60
P 0 R U
c S T V W Let0<a $59and61 b <120
[’.’ 60 cannot be used twice]

Now, P,Q,R,U can be arranged in 4! ways and S,T,V,W can be The total number of ways in which a can be chosen
arranged in 4! ways. Hence, total number of ways arranging = % = 60
the men = 4!x4! = 576
Hence, the number of ways of arranging the crew The value oft depends on the value of a and there is 1
= 3X576 value of b corresponding to 1 of a.
= 1728 Total number of sets having 2 numbers = 60
434 Textbook of Algebra

(ii) Set of 3 numbers (n - 1) straight lines in (n -1) different points. So, the
Let a,b,c be the three numbers aggregate number of points contained in the n straight lines is
a+b+c n(n -1). But in making up this aggregate, each point has
Then, = 60 =>a + b + c = 180 evidently been counted twice. For instance, the point P has
3
been counted once among the points situated on AB and again
Case I Let 0 £ a < 59, 0 5 b < 59 and c > 60 among those
a can be chosen in 60C1 = 60 ways on CD.
b can be chosen in 59C] = 59 ways n(n-l)
Hence, the actual number of points =
[v b cannot use the value of a] 2
Number of ways in which a and b can be chosen Now, we have to find the number of new lines formed by
= 60x59 = 3540 joining these points. The number of new lines passing through
P is evidently equal to the number of points lying outside the
Now, 1 ^a + bS117 and there is only one value of c for 1
value of a + b so that a + b + c = 180. lines AB and CD for getting a new line joining P with each of
these points only.
Number of ways in which a,b,c can be chosen
Since, each of the lines AB and CD contained (n - 2) points
= 60X59 = 3540
besides the point P, the number of points situated on AB
Case II a =60 and CD
b + c = 120
= 2 (n - 2) - 1
The number of ways in which b and c can assume values
= 60 [from Eq. (i)] = (2n-3)
Number of ways in which a, b, c can be chosen = 60 The number of points outside AB and CD
Case III 61 <a <90,61 <b <90 and c <60
a can assume values in 30C] = 30 ways - (2n - 3)
2
b can assume values in 29C, = 29 ways The number of new lines passing through P and similarly
The value of c depends on the value of a and b through each other points.
Number of ways in which a,b,c can be chosen /.The aggregate number of new lines passing through the
= 30X29=870 poin,s [n(n—1)
.■.Total number of ways in which sets of 3 numbers can be — (2n — 3)
2 2
chosen
= 3540 + 60 + 870 = 4470 But in making up this aggregate, every new line is counted
Total number of ways in which sets of 2 and 3 numbers twice. For instance, if Q is one of the points outside AB and CD,
can be chosen the line PQ is counted once among the lines passing through P
and again among these passing through Q.
= 4470 + 60 = 4530
Hence, actual number of fresh lines introduced
98. Let AB be any one of n straight lines and suppose it is
intersected by some other straight line CD at P. 1 n(n - 1) Jn (n - 1)
zs — ~(2n -3)
P 2 2 2
A-------------------------- --------------------------- B
= ^n(n-l)(n-2)(n-3)
Then, it is clear that AB contains (n -1) of the points of o
intersection because it is intersected by the remaining (n -1)

99. Denoting Ap B}, A2 and B2 for their taking out the ball, a chart is made to denote the winner.

S. Bi a2 B2 Number of ways
No.

1. Points Number on 1 Even (1 of 3) Even 1 Even OOdd (1 of 3) Odd 2 Odd (1 of 2) Even ’CjX^x’Cjx’C^
the ball Sum (1 of 2) Even
2. Points Number on -1 Odd (1 of3)Odd 1 Odd 0 Even (1 of 3)Even 2 Even (1 of 2) Even 3C1x2C,x3C1x2C1 = 36
the ball Sum (1 of 2) Even
3. Points Number on 1 Even (1 of 3) Even 2 Odd 0 Odd (1 of 3) Even ^x’CjX^IS
the ball Sum (1 of 3) Odd
4. Points Number on 1 Even (1 of 3) Even 1 Even 2 Even (1 of l)Even 3C1x2C1x1C1=6
the ball Sum (1 of 2) Even

Total number of ways in which the game can be won when A starts the game = 36 + 36 + 18 + 6 = 96
 Chap 05 Permutations and Combinations 435

7
100. Along horizontal side one unit can be taken in (2m -1) ways 'l-x3>
=> Coefficient of x3 in = (l-x3)7(l-x)
and 3 unit side can be taken in (2m -3) ways. The number of
ways of selecting a side horizontally is
=> Coefficient of x3 in (1 -7x3)(l+ 7Qx+ 8C2x2+ ’C3x3+...)
(2m-l + 2m-3 + 2m-5+...+ 3 + l) = —(2m-l + l) = m2
2 „ 9-8-7
2m-1 = C3-7 = -7 = 77
1-2-3
Aliter
The digits are 1, 1,1,1, 1, 2, 3, or 1,1,1,1, 2, 2, 2
2n-1
7! 7!
Hence, number of seven digit numbers formed = — +

= 42 + 35 =77
Similarly, the number of ways along vertical side is 110. 4 novels can be selected from 6 novels in 6C4 ways. 1
(2n-l + 2n-3+...+5 + 3 + l) = -(2n-l + l) = n dictionary can be selected from 3 dictionaries in 3Q ways.
As the dictionary selected is fixed in the middle, the remaining
Total number of rectangles = m22n22 4 novels can be arranged in 4! ways.
101. Words starting with A, C, H, I, N are each equals to 5.! The required number of ways of arrangement.
Total words = 5x5! = 600 =6C4x 3Cj x 4! = 1080
The first word stajting with S is SACHIN. 9 x8
111. Total number of ways =3C2 x 9C2 =3C, x ’C2 = 3 x-----
:. SACHIN appears in dictionary at serial number 601. 1X2
102. Required number of ordered pair (p,q) is = 3X9X4 = 108
112. The number of ways of distributing 10 identical balls in 4
(2 X3 —1)(2 X5 —1)(2 X3 — 1) — 1 =224
different boxes such that no box is empty =1O1C4_1=9C3
103.10C]+ 10C2 + 10C3+ 10C4 = 10+ 45 + 120 + 210 = 385
Statement-1 is true.
104. In a word COCHIN, the second place can be filled in 4C, ways The number of ways of choosing any 3 places from 9 different
and the remaining four alphabets can be arranged in 4! ways in places =9C3
four different places. The next 97th word will be COCHIN. Statement-2 is true.
Hence, the number of words that appear before the word Both statements are true but statement-2 is not a correct
COCHIN is 96. explanation for statement-1.
105. 12 different objects are to be divided into 3 groups of equal • Aliter Let a, b, c, d are the balls in four boxes, then
size, which are named as A, B and C. a + b + c + d = 10 and a > 1, b £ 1, c > 1, d £ l(v no box is empty]
12f .’.Number of solutions = 10-IC4_1=,C3
Number of ways =I2C4 x 8C4 X4 C4 = ——
113. Number of triangles = 10C3-6C3
106. (A) —> (p);(B)-» (s);(C)-> (q);(D)-> (q) =} W = 12±l_LLi=> N = 120-20 => N = 100
(A) ENDEA, N, O,E,L are five different letters, then 1-2-3 1-2-3
permutations = 5!. N < 100
(B) If E is in the first and last position, then permutations 114. v Each person gets atleast one ball.
7! 7X6X5! nt 3 persons can have 5 balls in the following systems
= - =----------=21x5!
2! 2
4’ Person I II ill Person I ii in
(C) For first four letters = — = 4X3 = 12 and for last five No of balls 7 1 7 or
No of balls 1 7 7
2!
5! 5! 5!
letters = — = —, then permutations = 12 x — =2 X5!
3! 6 6 The number of ways to distribute the balls in first system
5' 4! =5Cjx4CiX3Cj
(D) For A, E and O = — and for others = — = 12, then
3! 2! :. The total number of ways to distribute 1,1,3 balls to the
5' 5' 3!
permutations = — x 12 = — x 12 = 2x5!. persons =sC1x4C1x3C3 X^j = 60
3! 6
107. Other than S seven letters M,I,I,I,P,P,Ican be arranged in and the number of ways to distribute the balls in second
7! 7-6-5 A A system =5Cj x 4C2 x 2C2
— =------ =7-6C2 = 7-6C4
2!4! 1-2
Hence, the total number of ways to distribute 1,2,2 balls to the
Now, four S can be placed in 8 spaces in 8C4 ways. 3’
persons =5C1x4C2x2C2 x — = 90
Hence, required number of ways = 7 • 6C4 -8C4
The required number of ways = 60 + 90 = 150
108. x, + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 6 => 64 = ,0C4
Aliter The required number of ways
109. Coefficient of x10 in (x + x2 + x3)7 = 35-3C1(3-l)5+3C2(3-2)5-3C3(3-3)5
=> Coefficient of x3 in (1 + x + x2)7
= 243-96 + 3-0 = 150
436 Textbook of Algebra

115.’: an = number of all n-digit positive integers formed by the 121. Number of adjacent lines = n
digits 0,1 or both such that no consecutive digits in them n(n-3)
are zero. Number of non-adjacent lines ="C2 - n =
2
and b„ = number of such n-digit integers ending with 1 n(n-3) n(n-5)
—------ - = n => —------ - = 0=>n = 0or5
cn = number of such n-digit integers ending with 0. 2 2
Clearly an =bn + cn [v an can end with 0 or 1] But n > 2 => n = 5
Also, bn = an_, and cn ^n-2 122. Card numbered 1 is always placed in envelope numbered 2,
[v if last digit is 0, second last has to be 1] we can consider two cases.
We get an =an_i + an_2,n>3 Case I Card numbered 2 is placed in envelope numbered 1,
then it is derangement of 4 objects, which can be done in
Also, Qj — 1, a2 = 2
By the recurring formula a3 = a2 + =3
1 1 + 1— = „9 ways
4! 1----1 +--------
I 1! 2! 3! 41J
a4 = a3 + a2 = 3 + 2= 5
Case II Card numbered 2 is not placed in envelope numbered
a5 = a4 + a3 = 5 + 3 = 8
1, then it is derangement of 5 objects, which can be done in
Also, b6 = as = 8 / 1 11 1 n
5! 1---- +-------- +-------- = 44 ways
116. By recurring formula, a17 = a16 + a]5 is correct. V 1! 2! 3! 4! 5!J
Also, C]7 C16 + Cj5 fli4 + Oj3 [ Cn = an_2] .’. Total ways = 9 + 44 = 53 ways
.‘.Incorrect. Similarly, other parts are also incorrect.
123. Four digit numbers can be arranged in 3 x 4! = 72 ways and five
117. Required number of ways digit numbers can be arranged in 5! = 120 ways
= (10 + 1)(9 + 1)(7 + 1) -1 = 880 -1 =879
/. Number of integers = 72 + 120 = 192
118. ■: Tn+]-T„=10 =>"+1C3-"C3 = 10 => "C2+nC3-"C3 = 10
124. n=5!x6!
=> nC, = 10 = - = —= 5C2 => n = 5 For m: 5 boys can stand in a row in 5!, creating 6 alternate
2 2 1-2 2
space for girls. A group of 4 girls can be selected in 5C4 ways.
119. Given 8 vectors are (1,1,1),(-1,1,1),(1,-1,1),(1,1,-1), (-1-1,1), A group of 4 and single girl can be arranged at 2 places out of
(1,-1,-1),(—!, 1,-1),(—!,—1,-1) there are 4 diagonals of a cube. 6 in 6P2 ways. Also, 4 girls can arrange themselves in 4! ways.
Now, for 3 non-coplanar vectors first we select 3 groups of
m = 5!x6P2x5C4 x4! = 51x30x5X4! = 5!X6!X5
diagonals and its opposite in 4C3 = 4 ways. Then one vector
from each group can be selected in2x2x2=8 ways. m _ 51x61x5
=>
:. Total ways = 4 x8 = 32 = 25 = 2P (given) n ~ 51X6!
Hence, p=5 4' 4*
125. Words starting with A, L, M = — + 4!+ — = 48
120. If nj,n2,n3,n4 take minimum values 1,2,3,4 respectively, then n5 2* 2!
will be maximum 10. 3'
Words starting with SA, SL = — + 3! = 9
.*. Corresponding to n5 = 10, there is only one solution 2!
zij = l,n2 = 2,n3 = 3,n4 = 4 Rank of the word SMALL = 48 + 9 + 1 = 58
Corresponding to n5 = 9, we can have, 126. Either one boy will be selected or no boy will be selected. Also
out of four members one captain is to be selected.
rti = l,n2 = 2,n3 = 3,n4 =5 i.e., one solution
.’. Required number of ways = (4Q x 6C3 + 6C4) x 4Ci
Corresponding to n5 = 8, we can have,
= (4X20+ 15)X4 = 95X4=38O
n, = l,n2 =2,n3 = 3,h4 =6
127. X y
or 0] = l,n2 = 2,n3 = 4,n4 =5 i.e., two solutions
Corresponding to n5 = 7, we can have
4L 3M 3L 4M
0! = l,n2 = 2,n3 = 4,n4 =6 = 4C3 x 3C0 x 3C0 x 4C3 = 16
3 0 0 3
or H] = 1, n2 = 3, n3 = 4, n4 =5 i.e., two solutions
2 1 1 2 = 4C2 x 3C, x 3Cj x 4C2 =324
Corresponding to n5 = 6, we can have
1 2 2 1 = 4C] x 3C2 x 3C2 x 4C, = 144
H] = 2, n2 = 3, n3 = 4, n4 =5 i.e., one solution
Thus, there can be 7 solutions. 0 3 3 0 = 4CoX3C3x3C3x4Co = 1
7s?
CHAPTER

Binomial Theorem
Learning Part
Session 1
• Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Index
• Pascal’s Triangle
Session 2
• General Term
• Middle Terms
• Greatest Term
• Trinomial Expansion
Session 3
• Two Important Theorems
• Divisibility Problems
Session 4
• Use of Complex Numbers in Binomial Theorem
• Multinomial Theorem
• Use of Differentiation
• Use of Integration
• When Each Term is Summation Contains the Product of Two Binomial Coefficients or Square of Binomial
Coefficients
• Binomial Inside Binomial
• Sum of the Series
Practice Part
JEE Type Examples
Chapter Exercises

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Session 1
Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Index,
Pascal's Triangle
j

n
An algebraic expression consisting of two dissimilar terms 2. LetS = (x + a)n = £ nCr x n-r ar
with positive or negative sign between them is called a r=0
binomial expressions. Replacing r by n - r, we have
n n
a
For example, x + a, x2 a---- -L-±. 5-x S = (x + a)n= ^nCn.fxn-{n~r} an~r =
x X2 x4 ’ r=0 r=0

1 = nCn an + nCn_, an~'x+ nCn_2 a”'2 x22 + ... +

(x2+l)1/3 etc., are called binomial
7(^) Thus, replacing r by n - r, we are infact writing the binomial
expansion in reverse order.
expressions.

Remarks Some Important Points

1. An algebraic expression consisting of three dissimilar terms 1. Replacing a by (- a) in Eq. (i), we get
3
is called a trinomial, e.g. a + 2b + c, x - 2y + 3?, 2a - - + v,
P (x-a)"="C0 x"'’a0-"C, x"’1 a1
etc. are called the trinomials.
+ nC2 xn~2 nCr xn~rar
2. In general, expressions consisting more than two dissimilar
terms are known as multinomial expressions. Cn x° a" (ii)
n
or (x-a)n = £(-l)r nCr x n-r ajt
Binomial Theorem for r=0

Positive Integral Index 2. On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

(x + a)n +(x-a)n = 2{"C0 xn"° a°
If x, a G C and n E N, then
+ nC2 xn~2 a2 + nC4 xn~4 ?+...}
(x + a) = Co x„n-0 a +, nr
/__ . ~\n _
C] x a1+”C2x""2 a2 +...
= 2 {Sum of terms at odd places}
+ "Cr x n-rar
The last term is nCn an or "(?„_] x an-1,
+... + nCn_j x1 a n-1 + nCnx 0 a" ...(i)
according as n is even or odd, respectively.
n
or (x+a)" = X"Crx n-r a
r 3. On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
r=0 (x + a)" -(x-a)n =2{nC1 x""1 a1
Hence, ”C0," C]C2,...,” Cn are called binomial coefficients. + nC3 x"~3a3 + nC5 xn'5 a5 +...}

Remark = 2 {Sum of terms at even places}

1. In each term, the degree is n and the coefficient of xn ar is The last term is ”Cn_i xa"’1 or nC„ an,
equal to the number of ways x, x, x..... x, a a, a..., a according as n is even or odd, respectively.
can be arranged, which (n - r) wr« r times
nl 4. Replacing x by 1 and a by x in Eq. (i), we get
is given by ——— = nCr
(n- r)l r!
(n-r)lr! (l + x)" = /’C0 x° + nC1 x’ + ^x2
r________ /- /.. , b!
For example, (x + a)5 = 5jo! / a0 + / a + J?— x3 a2 + ...+ "Cr xr+... + nCn_1x*’*
510! 4111 3! 2!
+ "Cnxn ...(iii)
+A
+ 5! x2 a3 + 5! x a4 + 5! x
n
2! 3! 114! 0I5!
or (l + x)" = £"Crx'
= 5Qx5 + 5q / a+ 5Q>x3a2 + 5C3 x2 a3+ x a4 + 5Q a1
r=0
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 439

5. Replacing x by (- x) in Eq. (iii), we get = P + Q (given) —(i)

and (x - a)n = nC0 x"’° a° nC1xn“1a1 +n C2 x n-2fl2
(l-x)n =nC0 x° -nC} x* + nC2 x2
nC3x " "3 a3 +... + "Cn x an
n
-... + (-l)r nCr xr +...+ "Cn(-l)"x
= (nC0 x" +nC2 xnn—“22 a2 + "C44 x"
X -4 a4 +...)
n
or (l-x)" = £(-l)' nCr xr - ("Cj x"“* a + ”C3 x"“3 a3 + x"n"5 a5 +...)
+"n C5 x
r=0
= P ~ Q (given) ...(ii)
5
I Example 1. Expand [ 2o - f by binomial theorem. (0 p2-q2=(p + q)(p-Q)
V o. = (x + a)n (x - a)n
Sol. Using binomial theorem, we get
= (x2 -a2)" [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
5 f 3V
3 0
2a~- I =5C0(2a)5-° I + 5C1(2a)5"1 -
b b (ii) (x + a)2n - (x - a)2n = [(x + a)n ]2 - [(x - a)" ]2
2 3
3 = (P + Q)2-(P-Q)2
+ SC2 (2a)5"2 1 + !Cj (2a)’
b = 4PQ [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
4 5
<_ 3 3
+ 5C4 (2a)5 -4 I + 5C5 (2a)5"5
I b b I Example 4. Show that (101)50 > (1OO)50 + (99)50.
2
= 5C0 (2a)5 - 5C, (2a)4 H+sC2 (2a),3: 3 Sol. Since, (1O1)50 - (99)50 = (100 + I)50 - (100 - I)50
,b
= 2 {“Cj (100)49 + mC3 (100)47 + XC5 (100)45 +...}
4 5
3
- 5C3 (2a)2 + 5C4 (2a)1 - - 5C5 - = 2 x “C, (100)49 + 2 {5OC3 (100)47 + mC5 (100)45 +...}
b 1 W \b)
240 a4 720 a3 1080 a2 810 a 243 = (1OO)50 + (a positive number) > (1OO)50
= 32a5 --------+ —+
b b2 b3 Hence, (1O1)50- (99)50 > (1OO)50

(1O1)50 > (1OO)50 + (99)>50

:
I Example 2. Simplify
(x+7(x2-l))6 + (x-7(x2-1)6. n 1
I Example 5. If an = £ -—, find the
Sol. Let J(x2 - 1) = a r=0
n
Then,(x + a)6 +(x-a)6 =2{6Co T 6r
U0 +
x6-0 A x6"2 a2 r
C2 X
value of y-----
nr
+ 6C4 x.61 - 4 a 4 +, 6z->
C6 X i6~6 a6} r=0

= 2{x6 + 15x4a2 +15x2a4 +a6} [from point (2)] Sol. Let P = y — •••(0
r=0 Cr
= 2 {x6 + 15x4 (x2 - 1) + 15x2 (x2 - I)2 + (x2 - I)3}
Replacing r by (n - r) in Eq. (i), we get
[" a = Tx2 -1]
= 2(32x6 - 48x4 + 18x 2 - 1)
p_ y (n ~ r) y (n ~ r) [v "Cr = "Cn _r] ...(ii)
r=0 -r r=0

I Example 3. In the expansion of (x + o)n, if sum of On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
odd terms is P and sum of even terms is Q, prove that 11 M
n 1
2P = V ----- = n [given]
(i) P2-Q2 =(x2-a2)" r=0
n
cr r= 0 cr
(ii) 4PQ = (x + o)2n -(x-o) 2n
Sol. v (x + a)" ="C0 xn “ °a° + "C, x a + C2 x
n-2
a
2
r-b
n -3
+ flC3 x a 3 +...
,
+, ... +,nr
Cn X n -n an u
Hence,
V r
> ----- = - an
n

,n r = OnCr 2
= ("C0 x- + nC2 xn~2a 2 +" C4 x"'
x 4 a4+...)
C5 x"
+ ("C1x n-,a1 + nC3x n~3 a3 + n"C x “5 a5 +...)
440 Textbook of Algebra

Properties of Binomial How to Construct a Pascal's Triangle

Expansion (x+ a)n Binomial coefficients in the expansion of(x 4-a)3 are
13 3 1
(i) This expansion has (n +1) terms.
1 3 ___1
(ii) Since, nCr = nCn_r, we have
1 (1+3) (3+3) (3 + 1) 1
”C0 = "Cn=l Then, 1 4 6 4 1
n — n
U1 “ n-1 =” are the binomial coefficients in the expansion of(x + a)4.
n z-i __ n _n(n-l)
U2 “ cn-2 and so on. fi Example 6. Find the number of dissimilar terms in
2!
the expansion of (1 — 3x + 3x2 - x 3)33.
(iii) In any term, the suffix of C is equal to the index of a
and the index of x = n - (suffix of C). Sol. (1 - 3x + 3x2 - x3)33 = [(1 - x)3]33 = (1 - x)99
(iv) In each term, sum of the indices of x and a is equal to n. Therefore, number of dissimilar terms in the expansion of
(l-3x + 3x2 - x3)3 is 100.
Properties of Binomial Coefficient n . Hq
n1 5 Example 7. Find the value of —-
(i) "Cr can also be represented by C (n, r) or
r = l Q-1
V
(ii) nCx = "Cy, then either x=yorn = x+y. Sol. •••
ncr n-r + 1

n! "cr-. r
So, nCr = nCn_r
r!(n-r)! r-nCr

(iii) ncr + ncr_. = 71 + 1 "Cr-1

r • nr
n r n n n
yn

(iv)
n Cr n-r + 1 n
r = l cr-l
= E("-
r=1
r + l)= £(n + l)-
r= 1 r=1
ncr. r
n
= (n + 1) £1 - (1 + 2 + 3 +... + n)
(v) "Cr =-•"-* Cr-! r=l
r
n (n + 1) _ n (n + 1)
= (n + l)-n- 2 ” 2

Pascal's Triangle I Example 8. Let Cr stands for nCr, prove that

Coefficients of binomial expansion can also be easily
(Co + C1)(C1 + C2)(C2 + C3)...(Cn_! +Cn)
determined by Pascal’s triangle.
(x + a)0 1
Jn+Dn (C0C1C2 ...Cn_]).
n!
(x + a)1 1 1
(x + a)2
Sol. LHS = (Co + cj (Cj + c2) (c2 + c3)... (C,n -1 + Cn)
1 2 1
(x + a)3 1 3 3 1 =fi(c.-1+c,)=n("*' Cr)
r=1 r=1
[••■ "Cr + "C,., = "*'CJ
(x+a)4 1 4 6 4 1
n +1
(x + a)5 1 5 10 10 5 1 =fl(^
r=A r
'-'r-1 v nCr=--n~}Cr.l
r
Pascal triangle gives the direct binomial coefficients. n n 1 n
For example, = n(" + D II; Ifr-
r=l r = l' r= l
(x +a)4 =1- x4 +4 - x3 • a +6- x2a2
= (n + l)"-l-(C0C,C2
+ 4 • x a33 +1- a4 n!
= x4 + 4x3a+6 x2a2 + 4xa3 +a4 (n + 1)'
-(COC,C2 Cn _1) = RHS
n!
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 441

I Example 9. Find the sum of the series

£(-i)rnc,. 1 3r 7r
—+—+—+ —+
15r
upto m terms k
I 2)
i-2
4
1-1
8 >--T
16 J
r=0 2r 22r 23r 24r +... upto m terms
n 2n 3n 4n
Sol. v(l-x)n= £(-l)rnCrxr (i) 1 1 1 1
r=0
+ + I + +... upto m terms
2 2 2 2
Let
r.o
n

U.2)
t 1
+
3Y
4J
+ -Y
sj n
m

+ 15Y +... upto m terms

-T
2)
1~
1
2J J
16

= E(-ir"c,.
r=0
1Y
1Y

2j
"

nr = 0
3V 1-
n

+ V(- 1/ "cr-l-
,=o
-T+
<8 (2™ - 1)
+... upto m terms 2™ (2" - 1)

§ Exercise for Session 1

10
1. The value of ^r- 10Cr-3r-(-2)10- r is
r=0
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 300
15
1
2. The number of dissimilar terms in the expansion of X +—1 +2 X + x2. are
X
(a) 61 (b) 121 (c) 255 (d) 16
3. The expansion {x + (x3 -1)1/2}5 + {x -(x3 -1)172}5 is a polynomial of degree
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
4. (>/2+1)6-(^-1)6isequalto
(a) 101 (b) 70 42 (c) 140 42 (d) 120V2
5. The total number of dissimilar terms in the expansion of (x + a)100 + (x-a)100 after simplification will be
(a) 202 (b) 51
(c) 50 (d) 101
6. The number of non-zero terms in the expansion of(1 + 3>/2x)9 + (1-3>/2x)9l is
(a) 0 (b) 5
(c) 9 (d) 10
_ n Cn '
7. If(1+x)" = £Cfxr, 1+^ 1+ — |... 11 + is equal to
r=0 Co. Ci J I Cn-1y

n"-1 (n + 1)n~1
(a) (b)
(n-1)l (n-1)l
(n+ 1)n (n + 1)" +1
(c) (d)
n! n!

8. if n+ 1z\
'■'i : nCr : n-1Cf_i = 11:6:3, nr is equal to
(a) 20 (b) 30
(c) 0 (d) 50
Session 2
General Term, Middle Terms, Greatest Term,
Trinomial Expansion

General Term (ii) the coefficient of x 7 in the expansion of

ii
n-
The term nCr xn~r ar is the(r +1) th term from ( 1
OX------ -
beginning in the expansion of (x + a)n. It is usually called I bx2
the general term and it is denoted byTr + l. Also, find the relation between o and b, so that these
i.e., Tr+1 = nCr xn~r ar coefficients are equal.
11
1
I Example 10. Find the 7th term in the expansion of Sol. (i) Here, Tr +j = ”Cr (ax2)’
bx

4x- aji-r
= "C • ~br'X 22 - 3r ..(■)
2Vx}
Sol. Seventh term, T7 = T6 + 1 = 13C6 (4x)',13 - 6
i y Now, in order to find out the coefficient of x7,22-3r
2Vx, must be 7,
•X7 1 i.e. 22 - 3r = 7
= 13C6-47
26 • x3 r=5
= 13C6 -28 ■X4 Hence, putting r = 5 in Eq. (i), we get
fl6
Required coefficient = nC5. —
I Example 11. Find the coefficient of x8 in the
10
( 1
expansion of x2 — .Y° 1 )
R
(ii) Here, TR = nCx(ax)n~R
I *) bx2)
1 1
Sol. Here, Tr + 1 = io'Cr(x2)10-r fl \I R •x11'3R
X) = "^(a)11-"
I b
= 10CrX20-2,
an~R
= (-l)R-UCR- • x11- 3R •••(ii)
bR
= ,0Cr (- l)r ■ X20 •3r ...(i)
Now, in order to find out the coefficient of x~7,
Now, in order to find out the coefficient of x8,20 - 3r must 11 - 3R must be - 7.
be 8. i.e., 11 - 3R = - 7 => R = 6. Hence, putting R = 6 in Eq.
i.e. 20-3r = 8 (ii), we get
r=4 Required coefficient
Hence, putting r = 4 in Eq. (i), we get 5

10*9-8-7 *’6.ur
( n b‘-~ nr
c> . — Cs b6 [7 flC, = "C.-r]
Required coefficient = (- l)4 ■ ,0C4 = — --- -- = 210
Also given, coefficient of x7 in
f ax2 + —1 Y1 = coefficient of x~7 . f i Y1
I Example 12. Find m ax------
I bx) I bx2)
(i) the coefficient of x7 in the expansion of
( 2 H" => "CS-H?="CS=> ab=\
b5 b6
I M . which is the required relation between a and b.
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 443

I Example 13. Find the term independent of x in the

9
How to Find Free from Radical Terms or
3 2 -----1
expansion of -x Rational Terms in the Expansion of
2 3x (aVp+bVq)N,Va, be Prime Numbers
9-r
3 2 First,find Trtl = NCr (a'll‘)N~r (b‘,',)r
Sol. Here, Tr = 9C -x
2 < 3x
Tr = NCr-a(N-'}"’-brl1'
9-r
1Y . x18"3r
= (-Dr ...(i) By inspection, putting the values of 0 < r < N, when
V2. 31
indices of a and b are integers.
If this term is independent of x, then the index of x must be
zero, i.e., 18 - 3r = 0 => r = 6 Remark
Therefore, (r + 1) th term, i.e., 7th term is independent of x 1. If indices of aand bare positive integers.
and its value by putting r = 6 in Eq. (i) Then, free from radical terms = Terms which are integers
3 6
3 1 1 .-. Number of non-integral terms = Total terms - Number of
= (-l)6 ■ 9C6 - I = ’C3 • integral terms
2 3 23 -33
2. If indices of a and b both are not positive integers.
9-8-7 7_ Then, free from radical terms = Rational terms - Integral
(1 • 2 • 3) 23 • 33 18 terms
3. Number of irrational terms = Total terms - Number of
rational terms
(p+1) th Term From End in the
I Example 16. Find the number of terms in the
Expansion of (x + a)n
expansion of (^/g + Vs)500 which are integers.
(p + 1) th term from end in the expansion of (x + a)n
Sol. Since, (W + V8)500 = (9,1/4 + gl/6)500 _ (jl/2 + 21/2)500
n
=(p +1) th term from beginning in the expansion of (a + x)
[v a, be prime numbers]
= nCpan~p XP
General term, Tr +1 _ 500£ (gl/2 j500 — r
500 - r
I Example 14. Find the 4th term from the end in the 500,
'Cr-3 22 -2r/z
/ 3 _. \7
x 2 _ 500 £ g25O-r/2 2rl2
expansion of---------- .
v2 x > / 3 oV
■ \7

Now, 0 < r < 500

Sol. 4th term from the end in the expansion of--------- - For r = 0,2, 4,6,8,..., 500, indices of 3 and 2 are positive
X J integers.
= 4th term from beginning in the expansion of
Hence, number of terms which are integers = 250 + 1 = 251
’*2+ 2,

I Example 17. Find the sum of all rational terms in the

7-3 / 3\3 X9
= 7C3
x 7-6-5 24
— = 70x
expansion of (31/5 + 21/3)15.
x2 J. 1-2-3 x8 23 Sol. The general term in the expansion of (31/5 + 21'3)15 is
Tr+1 = 1SCr(31/5)15"'-(21/3)f
I Example 15. Find the (n+1)th term from the end in
3n ., 3-_ -
( 1 i = Cr-3 5-23
the expansion of 2x —
I x; Now, 0<r <15
3n
Sol. (n + l)th term from the end in the expansion off2x - — Forr - 0,15
k x. Rational terms are To + j and T15 + t.
= (n + 1) th term from beginning in the expansion of Then,- To + 1 = 15C0-33-2° =27
I-- + 2x| and T15 + i = 15C15-3°-25=32
k x J
3n - n
_ 3nz-i Sum of all rational terms = 27 + 32 = 59
= rn+i j (2x)n = 3nC„-2"-x"n
x
444 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 18. Find the number of irrational terms in I Example 20. If a,b,c and d are any four consecutive
the expansion of (^5 + a/2)100. coefficients in the expansion of (1+ x)n, then prove
Sol. Since, (^5 + V2)100 = (51/8 + 21/6)100 that:
:. General term, Tr+ 1 = ,00Cr (51'8)100 " r(21/6)r
a c _ 2b
(i)
= ,00Cr (5)(,0°-r)/8.(2)r/6
o+b c+d b + c'
/ \2
As, 2 and 5 are coprime. b GC
(ii) , if x > 0.
•••Tr will be rational, if (100 - r) is a multiple of 8 and ris vfa+c. (a + b)(c + d)
a multiple of 6.
Sol. Let a, b, c and d be the coefficients of the r th, (r + l)th,
Also, 0<r <100
(r + 2)th and (r + 3)th terms respectively, in the expansion
r =0,6,12,18,..., 96 of (1 + x)n. Then,
Now, 100- r = 4,10,16,...,100 ...(i) 'p
1r -
'T*
r-1+1 —
—. H/”*
^r-l xr-'
and 100-r =0,8,16,24,..., 100 •••(ii)
The common terms in Eqs. (i) and (ii) are 16, 40,64 and 88. a = "Cr-i
r = 84,60,36,12 gives rational terms. Tr+l = nCrxr
.’. The number of irrational terms = 101 - 4 = 97
b=nCr •(ii)
nr _ n t"* xr + 1
Problems Regarding Three/Four ■*r + 2“ '(r + lj + l- +1

Consecutive Terms or Coefficients ’-p

c = nCr + ,
_ '-p _ n
.(iii)

and *(r + 2)+l_ cr + 2 x' + 2

(i) If consecutive coefficients are given
d = nCr + 2 ...(iv)
In this case, divide consecutive coefficients pairwise, we
get equations and then solve them. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
a + b=nCr.x + nCr = n + 1Cr
I Example 19. Let n be a positive integer. If the (n + I"!
coefficients of rth, (r + 1)th and (r + 2)th terms in the ------ a
r I r )
expansion of (1+ x)n are in AP, then find the relation a r •■•(v)
between n and r. a+b n+1
Sol..- Tr = T(r_1)+1 = nCr_1xr~1 From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
Tr^i= Cr x and Tr + 2 = T(r + 1j+1 = Cr + 1x b + c = nCr + "Cr + 1 = n + lCr
.’. Coefficients of rth, (r + 1 )th and (r + 2)th terms in the ' n + l') 'n + 1
expansion of ncr = b
kr + l
(l + x)n are " Cr _ b " C, nCr
b _ r+1
v Given, nCr _ b nCr, nCr + j are in AP. ...(vi)
b+c n+1
and n>r+1 From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
n
n +lz-»
i.l,- C,+i are also in AP. c + d = nCr + x + nCr+ 2 = c/- + 2

ncr ncr n+1

nr n -Fl
r n -r . A_ cr + l - c
, 1,------- are in AP. r+2 r+2
n-r+1 r+1 c r+2
r n-r n - 2r +1 n - 2r - 1 ...(vii)
=> 1--------- -1 => c+d n+1
n -r + 1 r +1 n-r+1 r +1
From Eqs. (v), (vi) and (vii), we get
=> nr -2r2 + r + n-2r + 1
—-—, —-— and —-— are in AP.
= n2“ - 2nr - n - nr + 2r 2 + r + n - 2r -1 a+b b+c c+d
n2 - 4nr + 4r2 = n + 2 => (n - 2r)2 = n + 2 a b '
(i) ------ + —^— = 2
Corollary I For r = 2, n = 7 [v n > 3] a+b c+d b + c;
a c 2b
Corollary II For r = 5, n = 7,14 [vn>6] or ------ +-------
a+b c+d b+c
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 445

(ii) AM > GM From Eqs. (i) and (vi), we get

7 / \
—"I
^b + cJ
a
^a + b <C + <
C 5C,-x< -y = 240 => S-x* ■ - x = 240
2
x5 = 32 = 25 => x = 2
2
' b ' ac
From Eq. (vi), we get y = 3
J> + c, (a + b) (c + d)
Hence, x = 2, y = 3 and n = 5
Remembering Method

a b c d
Middle Terms
The middle term depends upon the value of n.
a +b b+c c+d
(i) When n is even The total number of terms in the
a b C ■ expansion of (x + a)n is n + 1 (odd). So, there is only
and ------ are in AP.
a + b’ b + c c+d (n
one middle term, i.e., — + 1 th term is the middle
12 J
(ii) If consecutive terms are given n'2 a n!2
term. It is given by Tn/2 + l =nCn/2 xn/2
In this case, divide consecutive terms pairwise, i.e., If four
(ii) When n is odd The total number of terms in the
consecutive terms are Tr, Tr + j, Tr+2, Tr + 3. Then, find expansion of (x + a)n is n +1 (even). So, there are
—=> Aq.X2.X3 (say)- Then, divide X2 by 'n + l\, j I n+3^
two middle terms, i.e., ----- th and th are
?r Tr+1 Tr+2
r+2 I 2 J2 7 I
Zj and X3 by X2 and solve. two middle terms. They are given by
n +1 n -1
■x~ ■a~
I Example 21. If the 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms in the Tn + i =T(1Z1 -
~ C
cn-l
+1 -----
expansion of (x + y)n are 240, 720 and 1080 2 I 2 2

respectively, find x,yandn. n -1 n +1

■x~ ■a~
Sol. Given, Tz = T1 + j = "^ -x " ’ ’■ y = 240 and Tn + 3 - C
— cn + l
+1 -----
T3 = T2 + 1 = "C2 • xn “2 ■y2 =720
2 I 2 2
•••(ii)
and T4 = T3 + 1 = n"C
C3•x"
-x"’-33-y3 =1080 ...(ui)
I Example 22. Find the middle term in the expansion
On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get 12

nC2-xn~2 -y2 _ 720 or u Y2 .

- + bx
"Cj-x"’1-? ~ 240
lx J
/ \12
Sol. The number of terms in the expansion of — + for is 13
fn-2 + l •*=3 => y = 6
-(iv) (12
12 )
2 x x n-1 (odd), its middle term is — + 1 th, i.e., 7 th term.
2
Also, dividing Eq. (hi) by Eq. (ii), we get 6

"Ca-x1n~3 •/ _ 1080 Required term, T7 = T6+1 =

12 r I a (for)6
\x
C2 • X■n~. • y2 ~ 720
n ~2 _ 12 r 6 >I
= c6a b.6 = 924 a6 b.61
_
=>
(n — 3 + 1
3
.z=U
x 2
y _ 9
x 2(n-2)
(v)
I Example 23. Find the middle term in the expansion
From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get (
of 3x---- .
x3V
n -1
6 9
2 ( n - 2)
I 6J ( x’Y is
Sol. The number of terms in the expansion of 3x - —
12n -24 =9n -9 10 (even). So, there are two middle terms,
=> 3n = 15 • (9 + l\u j 9+3
n =5 i.e. ----- th and th terms. They are given by T5
I 2 J 2
3
From Eq. (iv), we get y = - x •••(Vi) and T6.
~ ' 2
446 Textbook of Algebra

= To, = ’C, (3x)5

k
—V
6 ,
Now, on substituting values of n, x and a in Eq. (i), we get

where, me N and0 < f < 1

9-8-7-6 5 5 189
icy p
x
------------ 3 x5 •—- =----- x17 In the first case, Tm +1 is the greatest term, while in the
1-2-3-4 64 8
second case, Tm and Tt„ +! are the greatest terms and both
5
f x3>) are equal (numerically).
and t6 = t5 + 1 = 9C5(3x)4
k 6 J Shortcut Method
x^ To find the greatest term (numerically) in the expansion of
9C4-34 -x4 ’ 6s (x + a)".
n
9-8-7-6
1-2-3-4
.3*.4-£1
65 16
x” Now, (x + a)n = a
n
1+-
a)

I Example 24. Show that the middle term in the - (n + 1)

a
expansion of (1+ x)2n is Calculate m= \
x
1-3-5...(2n-1) n n L. +1
--------- --------- 2 x ,n being a positive integer, k a /
n!
Case I If m e Integer, then Tm and Tm
r +1 are the greatest terms
Sol. The number of terms in the expansion of (1 + x)2” is
and both are equal (numerically).
2n + 1 (odd), its middle term is (n + l)th term.
Case II If m g Integer, then T[mj + ] is the greatest term, where
Required term = Tn +j
[ • ] denotes the greatest integer function.
„ (1 - 2-3-4... (2n -l)-2n)
c
= 2nC xn = x xn
n’n! n!n! I Example 25. Find numerically the greatest term in
{1-3-5... (2n - 1)} {2-4-6... 2n} the expansion of (2+ 3x)9, when x = 3/2.
xn
n!n! Sol. Let Tr + l be the greatest term in the expansion of
{l-3-5...(2n -1)}2" (1-2-3... n) (2 + 3x)9, we have
xn
n! n!
9 - r +1 3x 10- r 3 3 90 - 9r
-x-
{1-3-5...(2n — 1)}2” n! ,„ 1 - 3-5...(2n - 1) Tr r 2 r 2 2 4r
nln! X 2" xn
n! [vx = 3/2]
Tr + l
>1
Tr
Greatest Term 90 - 9r
>1 => 90>13r
If Tr and Tr +1 are the rth and (r + l)th terms in the 4r
expansion of (x + a)n, then 90 12
r <—=6—
13 13
Tr+1 _ nCr-xn-r-ar f n-r+ 1 a
T nr ■ ar 1 r x or r<6 —
*r "Cr-1
Cr_! • X 13
Let numerically, Tr +I be the greatest term in the above Maximum value of r is 6.
expansion. Then, So, greatest term = T6 + l = ’C6(2)’'‘ (3x)6
Tr + (n-r+1 6
T, >Tr or 1 >1 = 9C3 -23 . |3 X -
T k r x I 2.
[•/ a may be + ve or - ve] 9-8-7 23 -312 7 X 313
(n + 1) 1-2-3 26 2
or -0)
1+ x 9

a Aliter Since, (2 + 3x)9 = 29 1 + —

2
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 447

3x 9 .•. Greatest term (when r = 2) = nC2 (3)9 (- 5x)2

(9 + 1) — 10X-
2 Ci
------ 1 [vx = 3/2] 1
Now, m =--------------- = UC2 (3)9 (- I)2 x=-
3x 5
+1
2 4 11 10 o9 cr o9
=----------3 = 55 x 3
90 ,12 T 1-2
= — = 6 — * Integer
13 13 and greatest term (when r = 3) = | "C3 (3)8 (~5x)3|
The greatest term in the expansion is = |"C3 (3)8 (-1)3 | 1
vx=-
T[m] + i = T6 + J in(2 + 3x)9 5
6 11-10-9 8 9
3^ =------------ 38 = 55 x 39
= 9C6 (2)'I9”6 (3x)6 = 9C3-23- [V x = 3/2] 1-2-3
2,
7 X313
9-8-7 312
1-2-3 23 2
Greatest Coefficient
(i) If n is even, then greatest coefficient is " Cnl2 •
I Example 26. Find numerically the greatest term in (ii) If n is odd, then greatest coefficients are " C(n _j)/2 and
the expansion of (3 - 5x)11, when x = ~- ”r
C(n + l)/2

So/. Let Tr +1 be the greatest term in the expansion of I Example 27. Show that, if the greatest term in the
(3-5x)n, we have expansion of (1 + x)2n has also the greatest coefficient,
Tr + 11- r+ 1 5x n . n+1
r 3
then x lies between and
Tr n+ 1 n
12- rA 1 _ 12-r
[••• x = 1/5] Sol. In the expansion of (1 + x)2", the middle term is
r J 3 3r
(2n
12 — r — +1 th
—^->1 =>12>4r <2 J
Tr 3r
i.e., (n + l)th term, we know that from binomial expan­
r<3=>r = 2,3 sion, middle term has greatest coefficient.
So, the greatest terms are T2 + ]and T3 [v Terms T„ T2, T3..... Tn, Tn Tn + 2.-]
.'.Greatest term (when r = 2) = T2 + j = ”C2 (3)’(-5x)2 Tn < Tn +1 > Tn + 2
11-10 Tn+l_ 2"C„-x” 2n - n + 1
•39 (I)2 = 55 x 39 [•/ x = 1 / 5] -------------- x
1-2 T„ 2n
2nCn_1-x'’-1 n
and greatest term (when r = 3) = T3
Tn +1 1 n+1
= ”C3 (3)‘(-5x)J|=|"C:,(3)’(-l)3| [*.*x = 1/5] ------ > 1 or ------
Tn "
n
11-10-9 . „ o9
= llC3 -38 = ------------ 38 = 55 x 3
or —(0
n+1
1-2-3
From above, we say that the values of both greatest terms Tn + 2 2nCn + ix 2n — (n + 1) + 1
and •x
are equal. Tn +1 2nCnxn n+1
Aliter n
c A11
1--^ -------- x
Since,(3-5x)n=3n n+1
3 )
Tn + 2 n+1
<1 => —— • x < 1 or x < -(ii)
5x 1 n+1 n
(11 + 1) - — 12 x
3 3 1
Now, m.=------------------ •/ x = - From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
_5x 1 5
+1 +1 n n +1
3 3 < X <---------
n+1 n
= -— = 3 Corollary For n = 5
1+1 5 6
3 -<x<-
6 5
Since, the greatest terms in the expansion are T3 and T4.
448 Textbook of Algebra

Important Properties of Trinomial Expansion

the Binomial Coefficients Forne N,(l + x + x2)" = ^arxr
2n

In the binomial expansion of (1 + x)". Let us denote the r=0

coefficients "Co, "Cj, "C2,..., "Cr,..., nCn byC0,Cx,C2> = a0 +ajx + a2x2 + ... + anx" + ... +a2nx2n (i)
..., Cr,..., Cn, respectively.
There are (2n +1) terms. The middle coefficient is an
(i) The coefficients of the terms equidistant from
which is also the greatest.
the beginning and the end are equal
Q0 ~a2n> a\ = a2n-l> •••> ar ~a2n-r
The (r + l)th term from the beginning in the
The coefficients of (1 + x + x2)" for n = 0, 1, 2,... can be
expansion of (1 + x)" is nCr xr •
arranged in a triangle.
The coefficient of the (r + 1) th term from the 1
beginning is nCr and the (r +1)th term from the end 1 1 1
1 2 3 2 1
in the expansion of (1 + x)" =(r +1) th term from the
1 3 6 7 6 3 1
beginning in the expansion of (x +1)" = nCr xn~r 1 4 10 16 19 |16 10 4 1
The coefficient of the (r +1) th term from the end is 1 5 15 30 45 51 45 30 15 5 1
nC
'-r-

Hence, the coefficients of (r +1)th term from the

i.e., The rows contains the coefficients for n =0,1,2,3.....
beginning and the end are equal.
Each entry other than two entries at the ends is the sum of
(ii) The sum of the binomial coefficients in the three entries above it.
expansion of (1 + x)n
15 = 1 + 4 +10,30 = 16 +10 + 4, etc.
v (1 + x)n = nC0 + "C, x + nC2 x2 + nC3 x3
Putting x = 1 and x = -1 in Eq. (i), we get
+ ...+ ncn x"
a0 +<h + a2 +a3 +--- + <^2n =3"
Putting x = 1, we get
[sum of all coefficients] ...(ii)
2" = "Co + "C, + "C2 +...+ nC
and a0-ax+a2 ~a3+... + a2n =1 ...(iii)
or Co + Cj + C2 + ... + Cn = 2"
On adding Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
Sum of binomial coefficients =2"
3" +1
a0 + a2 +fl4 + ... + <22n =
(iii) The sum of the coefficients of the odd terms 2
= The sum of the coefficients of the even terms [sum of coefficients of even powers ofr]
v (1 + x)" = "Co + "Cj x+ nC2 X2 + nC 3 *
-3 On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
+ ...+ nCnxn 3" -1
a} + a3 +a5 + ... + a2n-i =
Putting x = -1, we get 2
n
0= "Co - "Cj + "C2 - "C3 + "C4 - "C5 +... [sum of coefficients of odd powers of x ]
or "Cj + nC3 + "C5 +...= "Co + "C2 + "C4 +...
Putting x = i (-/-I) in Eq. (i), we get
Since, the sum of all the coefficients is 2", therefore
2" Qo +^1 i + a2 i2 +a3 i3 +<z4 i4 +<25 i5 + ... + o2n i~ =1
each side is equal to — i.e. 2" 1.
=> (a0-a2 + a4 -...) +i(a x-a 3 + a 5!
Hence, Cj +C3 +C5 + ... —Cq + C2 + C4 + ... = 2" 1
(a0 ~a2 +a4 -...) + i(a j -«3 + a 5—■••)
/ xn
Remark n . . 7i • f , • ■ 7171
1. In the expansion of (x -2y + 3z)", putting x = y = z = 1, then = cos — +1 sin — = cos — +1 sin
we get the sum of coefficients = (1 - 2 + 3)n = 2".
I 2 2) I2J
2. In the expansion of (1 + x + x2)", putting x = 1, we get the sum On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
of coefficients = (1 + 1 + 1)" = 3".
a0 -a2 + a4 -... =cos
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 449

. (rm' (4f +1)(t - i) = o

and Oj -a3 + a5 -... = sin —
\ 2 y t = 1. t * - ~ =>33x/2 =1 = 3°
4
Putting x = co and to2 (cube roots of unity) in Eq. (i), we get
3x
a0 +flj (o + a2 0)2 + a3 w3 + a44 co4 +... = 0 ...(iv) . — = 0 or x = 0
2
and a0 +Q] o)2 + a2 co4 + a3 co6 + a4 cd8 + ... = 0 ...(v)
I Example 30. Find the values of
On adding Eqs. (ii), (iv) and (v) and then dividing by 3, we
C) 1 i 1 ! 1
get ' (n-1)!+(n-3)!3!+(n-5)!5! +
Q0 +O3 + t2g +•••—3
Note (ii) 1 | 1 , 1 , +J_
" 77?
(") 12! + 10!2!+ 8!4!+ ’ 12! •
(0 d| + Si + + ... = 32 + + ... =
1
(ii) 3) + 31 + 38 + ... = 1|3° + 1 + 2cos^} Sol. (i) v 1! = 1
4
The given series can be written as
(iii) ^ + ^ + ^ + 1 0
... = Aja - 1 + 2sir^^j| .
1 + 1 + 1 +
4t (n-l)!l! (n—3)!3! (n — 5)! 5!
(i)
1 '
(iv) + a^ + a, 2 + ... = — ■ 3° + 1 + 2n
6 v Sum of values of each terms in factorial are equal.
2n
i.e. (n - 1) + 1 = (n - 3) + 3 = (n - 5) + 5 =... = n
(v) ^r-a, = n-& (vi) = -n
f«1 r=1 From Eq. (i),
1 n!
--------- 4--- + n! n!
I Example 28. Find the sum of coefficients in the n!|_(n-l)!l! (n — 3)! 3! (n-5)!5!
expansion of the binomial (5p -4q)n, where n is a
1 *2/l-1
positive integer. = —-("Cj + "C3 + nC5 + ...) =
n! n! n!
Sol. Putting p = q =1 in (5p — 4q)n, the required sum of coeffi­
(ii) v 0! = 1
cients = (5 - 4)n =1" =1
.‘.The given series can be written as
I Example 29. In the expansion of (3 Xy/4 + 35x/4 )n, if 1.11
------- 1
4.-------- +----- + ... +------- ...(ii)
12!0! 10! 2! 8! 4! 0! 12!
the sum of binomial coefficients is 64 and the term
with the greatest binomial coefficient exceeds the third V Sum of values of each terms in factorial are equal
by (n — 1), find the value of x. i.e., 12+ 0 = 10 +2 = 8+4 =... = 12
Sol. Given sum of the binomial coefficients in the expansion of z-.x 11 12' 12' 12! 12!
(3-x/4 +35x/4)n =64 From Eq. (ii), — — + — +----- +... +-------
12! 12! 0! 10! 2! 8! 4! 0! 12!
Then, putting 3“ x/4 = 35x/4 = 1 212"1 2"
= —(,2C0 + 12 C2 + ,2C4 + + 12c12) =
(1 + l)n =64 => 2n = 26 12! 12! 12!
n=6
I Example 31. Prove that the sum of the coefficients
We know that, middle term has the greatest binomial in the expansion of (1+ x - 3x2)2160
coefficients. Here, n = 6
is -1.
.*. Middle term = — +1 Ith term = 4th term = T. Sol. Putting x = lin(l + x- 3x2)2163 , the required sum of
I2 J
coefficients = (1 + 1 - 3)2163 = (- 1)2163=-1
and given that T4 =(n - 1) + T3
=> T3 + 1 =(6 - 1)+ T2 + i I Example 32. If the sum of the coefficients in the
5x/4)2
=> *C5(3- x/4)3 (3 5x/4)3=5+ 6C2 (3"x/4)4 (3 expansion of (ax2 -2x+1)°5 is equal to the sum of
=> 20-33x =5 + 15 • 33x/2 the coefficients in the expansion of (x - ay)35, find the
Let 33x/2 = t value of a.
20 f2 = 5 + 15 t Sol. Given, sum of the coefficients in the expansion of
(ax2 - 2x + l)35
=> 4t2 - 3t - 1 = 0
450 Textbook of Algebra

40
= Sum of the coefficients in the expansion of(x - ay)35
Putting x = 1, we get 0 = ^ar
Putting x = y = 1, we get r=0

(a - I)35 = (l-a)35 or a0 + Qj + a2 + a3+ a4 + a5 +... + a39 + a40 = 0 (ii)

(a - l)35 = - (a -1)35 Putting x = - 1 in Eq. (i), we get
40
2 (a - i)35 = 0 (-2)“=
r=0
a -1 = 0
til i n20
a=1 or a0 - a] + a2 - a3+ a4 - a5 +... - a39 + a40 = 2 ...(iii)
40 On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (ii), we get
I Example 33.If (l + x-2x2)20 = ^arxr, then find 2 [fl| + a3 + G5 + ... + a39] = - 220
r=O
19
the value ofa, + a3 + o5 + ...+ a39. or (2j + cij + £5 +... + a39 = - 2
40
Corollary On adding Eqs. (ii) and (iii) and then dividing by
Sol. v (l + x-2x2)20 = £arxr (i)
r=0
2, we get a0 + a2 + a4 +... + a40 = 2 19

§ Exercise for Session 2

1. If the rth term in the expansion of (1 + x )20 has its coefficient equal to that of the (r + 4)th term, then r is
(a) 7 (b)9 (c) 11 (d) 13
t 1' 5
2. If the fourth term in the expansion of px + — | is -.thenn + p is equal to
k x,
(a) - (b)- (c)— (d)15
2 2 2 2
n
3. If in the expansion of I 3/2 + %= I , the ratio of 7th term from the beginning to the 7th term from the end is

then n is
(a) 3 (b)5 (c) 7 (d)9
4. The number of integral terms in the expansion of (5•1/2 + y1/8)1024
is
(a) 128 (b) 129 (c) 130 (d) 131
5. In the expansion of (7■1/3 + 1 <|1/9)6561^ number of terms free from radicals is
(a) 715 (b) 725 (c) 730 (d) 750
6. If the coefficients of three consecutive terms in the expansion of (1 + x)n are 165, 330 and 462 respectively, the
value ofn is
(a) 7 (b)9 (c) 11 (d) 13
7. If the coefficients of 5th, 6th and 7th terms in the expansion of (1 + x)n are in AP, then n is equal to
(a) 7 only (b) 14 only (c) 7 or 14 (d) None of these
n
8. If the middle term in the expansion of x2 + —1 is 924 x6, the value of n is
x.
(a) 8 (b)12 (c) 16 (d)20
n
2
9. If the sum of the binomial coefficients in the expansion of I x2 + “3 I is 243, the term independent of x is equal to
xJ
(a) 40 (b)30 (c) 20 (d)10
10. In the expansion of(1+ x)(1+ x + x2)...(1 + x + x2 +...+ x2n),the sum of the coefficients is
(a) 1 (b) 2n I (c)2n!+1 (d)(2n+1)l
Session 3 • -_--l X _ l»L — t. • f w •* ftnw«y»«—fW—t^W^^**—**—>***—WKWi —11 II . ».*T*ai«»»«>T. ««■ r

Two Important Theorems, Divisibility Problems

Two Important Theorems Now, let (P-^/Q)" =/',where0</'<l
Theorem 1 If (7p + Q)n = I + f, where I and n are Also, i+/=(p+7e)" ...(i)
positive integers, n being odd and 0 < f < 1, then ...(ii)
show that (I + f) f = kn, where P - Qz =k>Q and r=(p-Vc)" ...(iii)
7p-q<i. and 0 < f' < 1 •••(iv)
Proof Given, Vp - Q < 1 0 < (7p - Q)n < 1 On adding Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
Now, let (7p ~Q)n = f', where 0 < f' < 1 i+/+/'=(p+Ve)"+(/’-VQ)"
Also . / + / = (7P+Q)n —(i) =2["c0 p" + "c2 p"‘2 (7e>2+ "ct p"’4 (Vq)4 +--]
-(ii) = 2 (integer) = Even integer ...(v)
[Since, RHS contains even power of -y/Q, so RHS is
f'=(Vp-er ...(iii)
TT . , . an even integer]
and . 0 < f' <1 -(iv) .*. LHS is also an integer.
On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (i), we get •/ I is an integer.
=> f + f' is also an integer.
i+/-/'=(Vp + 2)"-(Vp-Q)”
f+f' = l [•••0<(/ + /')<2]
=2["Cl (VP)""’ -Q+"C3 (VP)"’3 •Q3+...]
or /' = !-/
= 2 (integer) = Even integer ...(v) From Eq. (v), I = even integer -1 = odd integer and
[Since, n is odd, RHS contains even powers
of 7p, so RHS is an even integer]
(i+nd-n=(f+nr
LHS is also an integer. =(p+Vq)” (p-Ver =<p2 -er -*■
’.* / is an integer.
I Example 34. Show that the integral part of
(f - f0 is also an integer.
(5+276)° is odd, where n is natural number.
=> f-f' = Q
or f=f Sol. (5 + 276)n can be written as (5 + V24)"
From Eq. (v), I is an even integer and Now, let I + f = (5 + V24 )n ...(i)
(i+/)/=(i+f)f'=(Vp+er (Vp-er and let /'= (5-724)"
•••(ii)
...(iii)
= (P-Q2)n =kn
0</'<l •••(iv)
Remark
On adding Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
If nis even integer, then (VP + Q)n + (VP - Q)n = I + f + f'
I + f + f' = (5 + V24)n + (5 - 724)"
Since, LHS and I are integers.
(/ + H is also an integer. I + 1 = 2p,
=> /+r=i [vO <(/ + /') <2] V p G N = Even integer [from theorem 2]
r=i-r /. I = 2p - 1 = Odd integer
Hence. (I + f) (1 - f) = (I + f) f = (VP + Q)n (VP - Q)n
= (P-Q2)n = kn I Example 35.Show that the integral part of
(575 +
+11)
11)2n +1 is even, where n e N.
2n+l
Theorem 2 If (P + jQ)n = I + f, where I and n are
Sol. (575 + ll)2n + 1 can be written as ( 7125 + ll)2" +1
positive integers and 0 < f < 1, show that (/ + f)
(\-f) = kn, where P2 - Q = k > 0 and P - 7Q < !• Now, let / + / = (7125 + ll)2" +1 —(0
Proof Given, P- <1 •••(ii)
and let ...(iii)
o<(p-Vg)"<i
•••(iv)
452 Textbook of Algebra

On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (i), we get Now, let r=(8-^)n .(iii)
: +1
1 + f - f ' = (7125 + 11)2" + ’ - (7125 - 11),2n 0 </'< 1 (iv)
I + 0 = 2p, V p 6 N= Even integer On adding Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
[from theorem 1] [x] + / + /' = (8 + 763)" + (8 - 763)"
I = 2p = Even integer • [x] +1 = 2p, V p e N= Even integer
[from theorem 2]
I Example 36. Let R = (6 V6 + I4)2n+1 and/ = R-[/?], [x] = 2p - 1 = Odd integer
where [ • ] denotes the greatest integer function. Find i.e., Integral part of x = Odd integer
the value of Rf,ne N. / + /' = ! =» l-f = f'
Sol. (6 76 + 14)2"+1 can be written as (7716 + 14)2" +1 and LHS = x - x2 + x [x] = x - x (x-[x])=x-xf
given that f = R - [R]
[vx = [x] + f]
and J? = (6 76 + 14)2n + ’= (7716 + 14)Z"+1
= x (1 - f)= x f' [from Eq.(v)J
+ Z = (7716 + 14) 2n + 1 —(i) = (8 + 763)" (8 - 763 )" [from Eqs.(i) and (iii)]
-(ii)
/'= (7716 — 14)2" +1 = (64 - 63)" = (1)" = 1 = RHS
Let ...(iii)
0 < f' < 1 ...(iv) Remark
On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (i), we get Sometimes, students find it difficult to decide whether a problem
is on addition or subtraction. Now, if x = [x] + f and 0 < f < 1
[R] + f ~ f' = (7716 + 14)2" +1 - (7716 - 14),2n
; +1 and if [*] + / + f- Integer. Then, addition and if
[i?] + 0 = 2p, V pe N = Even integer [from theorem 1] [x] + f -f' = Integer, the subtraction and values of (f +f') and
... f-f' = Qoif = f' (/'-/■') are 1 and 0, respectively.

Now, Rf = Rf' = (7716 + 14)i2" + ,(v'216-14)2" + 1

= (216 - 196)2" +1 = (20)2" + 1 Divisibility Problems
I Example 37. If (7 + 4V3)n •= s +1, where n and s are Type I
positive integers and t is a proper fraction, show that
(i) (xn - an) is divisible by (x - a), V n. e N.
(l-t)(s + t) = 1.
(ii) (xn + an) is divisible by (x + a), V n 6 Only odd
Sol. (7 + 477)" can be written as (7 + 748)"
natural numbers.
s + t = (7 + 748)" -(i)
0< t < 1 I Example 39. Show that
-(ii)
Now, let t' = (7 - 748)" ...(iii) 19921"8-19551998-19381998 + 19011"8 is divisible by 1998.
0<t'<l -(iv) Sol. Here, n = 1998 (Even)
On adding Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get Only result (i) applicable.
s + t + t' = (7 + 748)" + (7 - 748)" Let P = 19921"8 - 19551"8 - 19381998 + 19011”8
s + l = 2p,V p e N = Even integer [from theorem 2] = (19921998 - 1955;1I998)-(19381998 - 19011998)
t + t' = 1 or 1 - t = t'
divisible by (1992 - 1955) divisible by (1938 -1901)
Then, (1 - t) (s + t) = t'(s + t) = (7 - 748)" (7 + 748)" i.e. 37 i.e. 37
[from Eqs. (i) and (iii)] .’. P is divisible by 37.
= (49 - 48)" =(1)" = 1 Also, P = (19921998 - 19381998 ) - (19551998 - 19011998
divisible by (1992 -1938) divisible by (1955 -1901)
I Example 38. If x = (8 +3T7)n, where n is a natural i.e., 54 i.e., 54

number, prove that the integral part of x is an odd /. P is also divisible by 54.
integer and also show that x - x2 + x[x] = 1, where [ • ] Hence, P is divisible by 37 x 54, i.e., 1998.
denotes the greatest integer function. I Example 40. Prove that 22225555 + 55552222 iIS:
Sol. (8 + 3 77)" can be written as (8 + 777)"
divisible by 7.
x = [x] + f Sol. We have, 22 2 25555 + 55 5 52222
or [x] + / = (8 + 763)" ...(i)
= (2 2 2 2 5555 + 4 SS55) + (5 5 5 5 2222 - 4 z222)-(4 5555 - 42222)..{i)
-(ii) '
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 453

The number (2222,5555

5555 + 45555) is divisible by 2222 + 4
= 2226 = 7 x 318, which is divisible by 7 and the number
How to Find Remainder
(55 5 52222 - 4 2222) is divisible by by Using Binomial Theorem
5555 - 4 = 5551 = 7 x 793, which is divisible by 7 and the If a, p,n and r are positive integers, then to find the
number remainder when apn + r is divided by b, we adjust power of
(45555 _ 42222j _ 42222
2222 (43333 _ j) = 42222 (64nii mi is
1111 _ piiij
a to apn + r which is very close to b, say with difference 1
divisible by 64 - 1 = 63 = 7 x 9, which is divisible by 7. i.e., b ± 1 Also, the remainder is always positive. When
Therefore, each brackets of Eq. (i) are divisible by 7. Hence, number of the type 5n - 2 is divided by 5, then we have
22225555 + 55552222 is divisible by 7. 5) 5n-2 (n
5n
Type II To show that an Expression -2
is Divisible by An Integer We can write -2= — 2-3+3 = -5+3
Solution Process or
5n-2 5n-5+3 , 3
=n-l+-
(i) If a, p, n and r are positive integers, first of all write 5 5 5
apn + r = apn • ar = (ap )n • ar Hence, the remainder is 3.

(ii) If we will show that the given expression is divisible I Example 43. If 7103 is divided by 25, find the
by c. Then, expression ap = {1 + (ap -1)}, if some
remainder.
power of (ap -1) has c as a factor. Soln. We have, 7103 = 7. 7102 = 7- (72)51 = 7 (49)51 = 7 (50- I)51
or ap = {2 + (ap - 2)}, if some power of (ap - 2) has c = 7 [(50)51 51Cj (5O)50 + S1C2 (50)49 - ... - 1]
as a factor.
= 7 [(50)SI 5,C1 (5O)50 + 5,C2 (50)49 -... + 5‘Cso (50)]
or ap = {3 + (ap - 3)}, if some power of (ap - 3) has c
-7-18+18
as a factor.
= 7 [50((50)S° 51 C,(50)49 +S1 C2(50)48-...+51C5o)]- 25 + 18
or ap = {k + (ap - k)}, if some power of (ap - fc) has c = 7 [50k] - 25 + 18, where Hs an integer.
= 25 [14Ac - 1] + 18 = 25p + 18 [where p is an integer]
as a factor. yi03 is
Now, ---- = p + —. Hence, the remainder is 18.
I Example 41. If n is any positive integer, show that 25 25
5
23n+i -7n-8 is divisible by 49.
I Example 44. Find the remainder, when 55
Sol. Given expression
(24 times 5) is divided by 24.
= 23"+ 3 -7n -8=23" -23 -7n-8 * 5

= 8" -8-7n-8= 8(1+ 7)" -7n-8 Sol. Here, 55 (23 times 5) is an odd natural number.
= 8(l + "C1-7 + "C2-72 + ... + "C„ -7")-7n-8 Let 5s (23 times 5) = 2m + 1
= 8 + 56n + 8("C2 • 72 + ... + nCn -7n)-7n-3 5

Now, let x = 55 (24 times 5) = 52"*+1 = 5 • 52"*, where m is

= 49n +8("C2 -72 + ...+ "C„ -7")
a natural number.
= 49 {n +8("C2 + ... + nCn -7"~2)}
:. x = 5 • (52)"* = 5 (24 + 1)"*
Hence, 23"+ 3 - 7 n - 8 is divisible by 49. ’ -1+...+ mCm_1(24) + l]
= 5[mC0 (24)"* + mCl (24)r

I Example 42. If 10n divides the number 1O1100 -1, find = 5(24fc + l) = 24 (5Ac) + 5
x , 5
the greatest value of n. — = 5k + —
24 24
Sol. We have, 1O1100 - 1 = (1 + 1OO)100 - 1 Hence, the remainder is 5.
= 1 + ’‘’“C! • 100 + 100C2 • 1002 + ... + lo°Cjoo 100l1100 -1
32 32
I Example 45. If 7 divides 32 ,then find the remainder.
= 100crioo+ IO°c2-ioo2 + ...+ 100 '-100 • IO100
= (100) (100)+ 100C2 -1002 + ...+ 100r
• 1OO100 Solution. We have, 32 = 25
u100

= (100)2 [1 + ,00C 2 + ... + 10098] 3232 = (25)32 = 2160 = (3 - I)160

= 1002 k, where k is a positive integer = 160C0 (3),m - 160Ci (3)'59 + ...- ,60C159 (3) + l
Therefore, 1O1100 - 1 is divisible by 1002 i.e., 104. = 3(3i59-,6OiCx (3)158 + ... — 16°lC159) + 1

n=4 = 3m +1, m e /*
454 Textbook of Algebra

Now, 3232 32 = 323m +1 = 2 5 (3m + 0 = 2,5m + 5 (i) For last digit

_ 22 .23 (5m + O = 4 (8)5m +1 — * ln + 11)'5rn +1
= 4(7 17256 =29O[128Co (290)127 - 128C1(290)126
= 4[ Sm + ’C0 (7)Sm + 1 + 5m + 1Cj (7)5m + s'n + 1C2 (7)Sm-1
+ 128C2 (290)'>I25 -...-128 c127 (Dl+i
+ ... + 5m + ’C5m (7)+l]
= 290 (k) + 1, where k is an integer.
= 4[7(5m + ,C0(7)5m + 5m
5m ++ 1,,C1(7)i5m"’+...+ 5m + ,C5m) + 1]
= 4 [7k + 1], where k is positive integer = 28k + 4 Last digit = 0+1 = 1
32
3232 . 4 (ii) For last two digits,
= 4k + -
7 7 17256 = (2 90)2 [ I28C0 (290)',126 128Cj (290)125 +
Hence, the remainder is 4.
128C 2 ( 2 90)124 - ... + 128C126 (1)]- I28C127 (290) +1

= 100 m - ,28c,‘127 (290) + 1, where m is an integer.

How to Find Last Digit, Last Two Digits,
= 100 m - 128C]
I (290) + 1 = 100 m - 128 x 290 +1
Last Three Digits,... and so on.
= 100 m - 128 x (300 - 10) + 1
If a, p, n and r are positive integers, then apn + r is adjust of the
= 100 (m- 384) + 1281
form(10k ± 1)m, where k andm are positive integers. For last
= 100 n + 1281, where n is an integer.
digit, take 10 common. For last two digits, take 100 common,
:. Last two digits = 00 + 81 = 81
for last three digits, take 1000 common,... and so on.
(iii) For last three digits,
i.e. (10k±l)m = (10k)m + mC1 (±1) 17256 =(290)3 [ 128C0 (290)',125 128Cj (290)124
+ mC2(10k) m~Z (± I)2 +...+
+• 128C2 (290)',123 128C)25(1)]
m
-2
(10fc)2 (±l)m-2 + n’Cm_1(10k)(±l) m-1 +(±1)m
+ 128C126 (290)2 - ,28C127 (290)+ 1
For last digit = 10X + (± l)m
m = 1000 m + 128
128C126 (2 90)2 - 128'C127 (2 90)+ 1
For last two digits = 100pt + mCm_1 (10k) (± l)m-1
where, m is an integer
For last three digits = lOOOv +mCm_2(10k)2(±l)m-2-+ C -1,
’ m'-m
= 1000 m + ,28C2 (290)z - 128Cj (290) + 1
(10k) (± l)m ~1 + (± l)m and so on where X, p, v e I.
(128)(127)
= 1000 m + (290)2 - 128 X290 + 1
I Example 46. Find the last two digits of S400. 2
= 1000 m + (128) (127) (290) (145) - (128) (290) +1
Sol. We have, 3400 = (32)200 = (9)200 = (10- l)200
= 1000 m + (128) (290) (127 x 145 - 1) + 1
= (10)l200 - 200c1(io),99 + 200 c2(io)198 - 2MC, (IO)1”
= 1000 m + (128) (290) (18414) + 1
+ ... + 200c198 (10)2 - M0C,„(10) + l
= 1000 m + 683527680 + 1
= lOOp- 200C,199 (10) + 1, where p G I = 1000 m + 683527000 + 680 + 1
200 = 1000 (m + 683527) + 681
= 100p- 2OOCj(10) + l = lOOp-2000 + 1
= 100 (p - 20) + 1 = 100 p + 1, where p is an integer. .’. Last three digits = 000 + 681 = 681

Hence, the last two digits of 3400 is 00 + 1 = 01.

Two Important Results
I Example 47. If the number is 17256, find the n
(i)2<|l + - <3,n>l,nE N
(i) last digit. (ii) last two digits.
k n. /\n
(iii) last three digits of 17256. (ii) If n > 6, then - <n\<
nY
Sol. Since, 17256 = (172)128 = (289)128 = (290 -1)128 <3/ 2>

17 256 = 128C0 (290)’28 128Cj (290)I127 + 128,

128C2 (290)126 I Example 48. Find the positive integer just greater
I2&r
than (1 + O.OOO1)10000.
- 128C3 (290)125 + ...- 128C125 (290)3 + '-126 (290)2 10000
= ( 1 + ——
Sol. (1 + O.OOO1)10000
128C127 (290) + 1 I 10000
I
Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 455

i n
I Example 50. Find the greater number in 300! and
We know that, 2 < | 1 + - < 3, n > 1, n G N [Result (i)]
\ n. ^30 0 300 •
Hence, positive integer just greater than (1 + 0.0001)10000
is 3.
Sol. Since, (100)'.150 >3150
I Example 49. Find the greater number is 1OO100 and => (1OO)150 -(1OO)150 >3150 • (1OO)150
(300)!. => (100)I300
: > (3OO)150
z \fl

So/. Using Result (ii), We know that, | — | < n! or : >73003“

(100)l3OO
3 z \n
| Putting n = 300, we get n I <n!
Using result (ii), | —
: < (300)!
(100)I300 —(i) ' ’ V3

But (1OO)100 < (100): ,300 Putting n = 300, we get (1OO)300 <300! (ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
(1OO)100 < (100)i300 < (300)! ^300300 < (1OO)300 <300!

=> (1OO)100 < (300)!

=> 73°°300 <300!
Hence, the greater number is (300)!. Hence, the greater number is 300 !.

g Exercise for Session 3

1. If x = (7 + 4 73)2n = [x] + f, wheren e A/andO <f < tthen x (1-7) is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c)-1 (d) even integer

2. If(5 + 2 76)n =1 + 7; n,l e/VandO <7 <1, then / equals

1 1
(a)--7 (b)—-7 (c)—-7 (d) -A- + 7
7 1+7 1-7 1+7

1-7 2
3. Ifn >0 is an odd integer and x = (72 + 1)n, f = x - [x], then - is
f
(a) an irrational number (b) a non-integer rational number (c) an odd number (d) an even number

4. Integral part of (72 + 1)6 is

(a) 196 (b) 197 (c) 198 (d) 199

5. (103)86 -(86))103
1 is divisible by
(a) 7 (b) 13 (c) 17 (d) 23
2?8
2
6. Fractional part of — is
31
(b) A 16
(a) - (c) - (d)
31 31 31 31

7. The unit digit of 17•1983 + If983 _?1983 is

(a) 1 (b) 2 (C) 3 (d) 0

1 are
8. The last two digits of the number (23)I14
(a) 01 (b) 03 (c) 09 (d) 27
9. The last four digits of the number 3l100 are
(a) 2001 (b) 3211 (c) 1231 (d) 0001 •
10. The remainder when 2323 is divided by 53 is
(a) 17 (b) 21 (c) 30 (d) 47
Session 4
Use of Complex Numbers in Binomial Theorem, Multinomial
Theorem, Use of Differentiation, Use of Integration, Binomial
Inside Binomial, Sum of the Series

Use of Complex Numbers From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

in Binomial Theorem (Co — C2 + C4 —...) + i (C, - C3 + C5 -...)

= 2n/2 cos
nn
+ i-2n'2 sin
nn
If 0 6 R, n e N and i = ^/-I, then 4 4

(cos0 +1 sin0)n = nC0 (cos0)n'° (isin0)° On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
nn')
-1 (isin©)1
+ "C, (cos0)nn-1 Co -C2 +C4 - ... = 2n/2 cos [part (i)]
4
+ nC2 (cos0)"-2 (isin0)2 + "C3 (cos0)"-3
nn
C, -C3 +C5 —... = 2n/2 sin [part (ii)J
(isin0) 3 + ... 4
or cosn0+ isinn0 =cos" 0+ i- "C, (cos0)"-1 sin0 We have, (1 + x)n = Co + C,x + C2 x 2+ C3 x3 + C4 x4
- nC2 (cos0)"-2 sin2 0 - i- "C3 (cos0)n-3 c:~ ....
sin3 02 +... + C5x5 +C6x6 in­
On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get putting x = 1, CQ CO2 (cube roots of unity) and adding, we get
cosn0 =cos" 0 - nC2 (cos0)n~2 sin2 0
3 ( Co + C3 + C6 +...) = 2" + (1 + CD)n + (1 + (D2 )n
- nC4 (cos0) n“4 sin4 0-...
= 2" + (- CD2)" + (-co)" = 2" + (- 1)" (CD2" + of)
andsinn0 = nCx (cos0)n 1 sin0 - nC3 (cos0)"-3 sin3 0 4nin 2nin
= 2" + (-1)" e 3 + e 3 ■
+ nC5 (cos0) n’5 sin50-.„

I Example 51. If (l+x)n =C0 + C1x + C2x 2 ■mi/ ■ 2 cos

nn
+ C3 x 3 + C4 x 4 +..., find the values of 3

(i) Co - C2 + C4 - C6 + ... = 2" + (-1)" • (-1)" • 2 cos —

I 3
(ii) C] — C3 + C5 - C7 + ...
HTt
(iii) Co + C3 + C6 + ... = 2n +(- l)2n • 2 cos I — j = 2" + 2 cos I —
I 3 3
Sol. v (1 + x)n = Co + C, x + C2 x2 + C3 x3 + C4 x4
1 (nit
.*. Co + C3 + C6 + ...= - • 2" + 2 cos —
+ C5x5 + 3 (3
Putting x = i, where i = -1, then
I Example 52. Find the value of
(1 + i)n = Co + C, i + C2 i2 + C3 i3 + C4 i4 + C5 i5 +... 4nr
4nC0+4nC4 + 4nC8+...+ Czin.
= (Co — C2 + C4 — ...) +1(0,-03+05-...) ...(i)
x -| n
Sol. v 4-0 = 8-4 =... = 4
1 i
Also, (1 + i)" = V2 —f= ----- .’. Four roots of unity (1)1/4 are 1, - 1, i, - i, we have
V2 V2
(1 + x)4" = 4n Co + 4n Cxx + 4" C2x2 + 4" C3x3 +...
= 2n/2 (cos — + i sin —
Putting x = 1, - 1, i, - i and then adding, we get
14 4/
4(4"C0 + 4"C4 + 4"C8 + ...) = 24" + 0 + (l + i)4" + (1 - i)4"
nit . . nn
= 2nl2 cos — + 1 sin — ...(ii) = 24" +(2i)2n + (-2i)2"
4 4
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 457

= 2,4n
‘,n +22" (-1)" +22" (-1)" y+z=5
On adding all, we get 2 (x + y + z) = 12
= 24" +(- l)n .22n + 1
x+y+z=6
*"C„ + 4nC4 + 4nC8 + ... = 24n '2 + (- l)".22n"* Then, x = l,y = 3, z =2

Remark Therefore, the coefficient of a3b4c5 in the expansion of

lf(1 + x)n = Q)+ CfX + Qx2 + C3X3+ ...+ Cnxn, then (be + ca + ab)6 or the coefficient of (at)1 (be)3 (ca)2 in the
(i) Q + Q + Q + C,2 + ... = ^2"-’ + 2n/?cos^| expansion of (he +ca + ab)6 is i.e. 60.
v - -o • -it ---

(ii) q + Q + Q + Cj3 + ... = 1 {2°~1 + 2n/2sin| Aliter

(?)) Coefficient of a3b4c5 in the expansion of (be + ca + ab)6
(iii) Co + Q + q2 + ... = I|2n -1
31 cosM = Coefficient of a3b4c5 in the
6
fl 1 1-
expansion of (abc)6 - + - + -
b c>
Multinomial Theorem = Coefficient of
3 /. \2
in the expansion of
Ifn is a positive integer and xn x2, x3,..., xk E C.then
6
(X] + x2 +X3 + ... + XL.)" =S------------- —--------------- 1 1 1 6! = 60
(ct! !)(ot2 !)(a3 !)... (ajj.!)
-+-+- I is ---------
a b c 3! 211!
a, a2 a3 k
X1 *2 X3 ...xkaK
where, a a 3,..., a k are all non-negative integers Number of Distinct or Dissimilar
such that a; +a2 +a3 + ... + afc = n.
Terms in the Multinomial Expansion
Remark Statement The number of distinct or dissimilar terms in
The coefficient of x/' • x2a* ■ x3“3... x/* in the expansion of
the multinomial expansion of(x j + x2 + x 33 + ...+ x k)n
(Xj + x2 + x3 + ... + Xi )n is X--------------- --------------.
(a, l)(a2l)(a3l)...(aA !)
In Particular
Proof Wehave, (xt + x2 + x3 +... + xk)n
n!
(i)(a + b + c)n =S ---------------- a
a b$ cY such that n-
V --------------------------------------------------- „ «, a2 Xx 3 a, ...xfc a*
(a!) (P!) (y!) = X 1
1 2
X*2
(eq l)(a2 !)(a3!)...(aJt I)
a+P+y=n
where,a1,a2,a3,...,afc are non-negative integers such
(ii) (a +1 + c + d)" = S--------- —--------- a 0 c1 d8 that
(a!)®!)(?!) (5!) a, +a2 + a3 + ... + afc =n ...(i)
such that a + p + y + 8 = n
Here, the number of terms in the expansion of
I Example 53. Find the coefficient of a4 b3 c2 d in (xj + x2 +x3 + ... + xJt)n
the expansion of (a - b + c - d)10. = The number of non-negative integral solutions of the Eq. (i)
n +fc - lx-i
“ ck-l
Sol. The coefficient of a4 b3 c2 d in the expansion of
(a-b+c-d)10 is(-l)4-——---- = 12600 I Example 55. Find the total number of distinct or
4!3!2!1!
dissimilar terms in the expansion of
[powers of b and d are 3 and 1 1)3(—1) ]
(x + y + z +w)n ,nEN.
I Example 54. Find the coefficient of a^c 5 in the Sol. The total number of distinct or dissimilar terms in the
expansion of (be + ca+ ab)6. expansion of (x + y + z + w)n is
_n + 4-ir _n + 3r (n + 3) (n + 2) (n + 1)
Sol. In this case, write a3b4c5 = (ab)x (bc)y (ca)z say — c4 1 — C3 —
1-2-3
a3b4c5=az + x-bx + y-cy + z (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3)
=> z + x=3, x + y = 4 6
458 Textbook of Algebra

I. Aliter
We know that, (x + y + z + w)n = {(x + y) + (z + w)}n Coefficient of xr in
= (x + y)" + "C,(x + y)"-'(z + w) Multinomial Expansion
+ "C, (x + j>)" ' 2 (z + w)! + ... + "C, (z + w)" If n is a positive integer and a b a 2, a 3,...,at e C.then
2
.*. Number of terms in RHS coefficient of xr in the expansion of(qj + a2 x + a3 x
= (n + 1) + n -2 + (n - 1) -3 + + l-(n + 1) + ... + ak x ”, is
n
= Z (n - r + l)(r + 1) a2 a3 ...at
r=0 ----------- a
Z---------- n i <2 2 a3
n n n n («i !)(a2 !)(a3!)...(ak!)
= Z (n + 1) + nr - r2 = Z 1 + n Z r - Z r2 where, a1,a2,a3,...,ak. are non-negative integers such
r=0 r=0 r=0 r=0
n (n + 1) _ n (n + 1) (2 n + 1) that +a2 +a3 + ... + afc =n
= (n + l)-(n + 1) + n •
2 6 and a2 +2a3 +3a4 + ... + (fc-l)aA. =r
_ (n + l)(n + 2)(n + 3)
6 8 Example 57. Find the coefficient of x7 in the
II. Aliter expansion of (1 + 3x - 2x3 )10.
n!
(x + y + z + w)n = Z ------------------ Sol. Coefficient of x7 in the expansion of(1 + 3x - 2x3)10 is
x n> znj w"<
rij! n2! n3! n4 !
where, nb n2, n 3,n4 are non-negative integers subject to the a!0!y!
condition h, + n2 + n3 + n4 = n
where, a + 0 + y = 10 and0 + 3y = 7
Hence, number of the distinct terms
The possible values of a, 0 and y are given below
= Coefficient of x" in (x° + x1 + x2 +... + x")4
'1-x—Y a 0 Y
= Coefficient of x" in 3 7 0
< 1-x ,
4 5 4 1
- Coefficient of x" in(l - x" + 1)4 (1 -x)
7 1 2
= Coefficient of x" in (1 - x)“4 [v x"+1 >x"]
_n + 3r _n + 3r _ (n+3)(n+2)(n + 1) .*. Coefficient of x7
cn - c3--------------------
6 10! 10! (l)s(3)'(-2)'
=--------- 1(I)3 (3)’(-2)° +
3! 7 ! 0! 5!4!1!
Greatest Coefficient in + -21—(l)’(3)'(-2)!
7!1!2!
Multinomial Expansion = 262440 - 204120 + 4320 = 62640
The greatest coefficient in the expansion of
n!
(x, + x2 + x3 +... + Xi. )n is------------- ------------ , where q is
(q!)'-r((q + l)!)r Use of Differentiation
the quotient and r is the remainder when n is divided by k i.e. This method applied only when the numericals occur as
the product of the binomial coefficients, if
r (l + x)n = C0 +CjX + C2x2 + C3x3 + ... + C„xn

8 Example 56. Find the greatest coefficient in the

expansion of (o+b + c + d)15.
Solution Process
(i) If last term of the series leaving the plus or minus
Sol. Here, n = 15 and k = 4 [v a, b,c,d are four terms]
sign is m, then divide m by n. If q is the quotient and
4)15(3 r is the remainder.
12 i.e. m = nq + r or n) m (q
3
Hl
.’. q = 3 and r = 3 r
15! i the given series and
Then, replace x by x q4 in
Hence, greatest coefficient =
(3!)* (4!)3
multiplying both sides of the expression by xr.
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 459

■ (ii) After this, differentiate both sides w.r.t. x and put I Example 59. If (1 + x)n = Co + Q x + C2 x 2
x = 1 or -1 or i(i = V-l), etc. According to the given
+ ...+ Cnxn, prove that
series.
(iii) If product of two numericals (or square of numericals) C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 + ...+ (o + 1)Cn =(n + 2)2n-1.
or three numericals (or cube of numericals), then Sol. Here, last term of Co + 2 Cx + 3C2 + ... + (n + 1) Cn is
differentiate twice or thrice. (n +1) C„ i.e., (n + 1) and last term with positive sign,

I Example 58. If and n + l = n- l + l

(1+x)n =C0 + C1x + C2x2 + ...+ Cnxn, prove that or n)n + l(l
-n
C, + 2C2 + 3C3 + ...+ nCn =n-2n~\ Here, q = 1 and r = 1 T"
Sol. Here, last term of Cj + 2C2 + 3C3 +. + n Cn is nCn i.e., n The given series is
and last term with positive sign. (1 + x)n = Co + C] x + C2 x21 +... + C„ x n
Then, n = n -1 + 0 or n)n(l
Now, replacing x by x1 and multiplying both sides by x, we
n
get
0
x (1 + x)n = Co x + Cj x2 + C2 x 3 + + C„x" + 1
Here, q = 1 and r = 0
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
Then, the given series is
(1 + x)n = Co + Cj x + C2 x2 + C3 x 3+... + Cnx" x-n(l + x)"-1 +(1 + x)n -1 = CO +2CjX + 3C2x2

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x , we get + ...+ (n +l)Cnx"

n (1 + x)n "1 = 0 + C j + 2C2 x + 3C3 x 2 +... + nCn x n ~1 Putting x = 1, we get
Putting x = 1, we get n(2)n-1 +2" = Co +2Ci +3C2 + ... + (n + 1)C„
n ■2n 1 = Cj + 2C2 + 3C3 + ... + nCn or C0+2C1+3C2+... + (n + l) Cn = (n + 2) 2rt 1
or C] + 2C2 + 3C3 + ... + nCn = n -2" 1 I. Aliter
I. Aliter LHS = Co + 2 C, +3 C2 +... + (n + l)Cn
Cj + 2C2 + 3C3 + + nCn = Co + (1 + 1) Cj + (1 + 2) C2 +... + (1 + n) C„
n(n -1) n (n - l)(n - 2) = (Co + Cj + C2 +... + C„) + (Cj + 2C2 +... + n Cn)
= n +2- + 3- + ... + n-1
1-2 1-2-3
[use example 58]
(n-1)(n-2) t
= n 1 +(n - 1) + +1 = 2" + n-2" = (n + 2) 2"-1 = RHS
1-2
II. Aliter
Let n -1 = N, then
LHS = Co + 2 Cj + 3 C2 +... + (n + 1) Cn
N(N-l) | n+1 n+1
LHS = (1 + N)1 + N + +1
1-2 = Z r-nCr.i=^ (r-l + l)-nCr_1
r=1 r=1
= (1 + N) {1 + NCi + nC2 +... + NCn}
n+1
= (l + N)2N = n-2n"1 = RHS = E (r-l)-"C,.l + ’Cr.1
r=1
II. Aliter n+1 n+1

LHS — Cj + 2 C2 + 3 C3 +
n
+ n C„ = 2 r • ncr
= rE- 1 H*
Fl 11 " If*
—2 +s
r=1
"C-i
r=1
n .. n _ ft n—
■ cr-l~ • '-r-2
n-1C1 v "C, =--"-,Cr_1 r -1
r=l r r
n = n (0 + ',-’C0 + n lc1 + n-1c2+... + "-,cn-i)
=n £ n-1Cr
r=1 + ("C0 + "C1 + "C2+...+ ',Cn)
= n(n- Co + n "‘Cj + = n-2"-1 + 2” = (n + 2) • 2"-1 = RHS
= n-2 = RHS
460 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 60. If (1 + x)" = C0 + C1x + C2x2 I Example 61.If (1 + x)n = Co + Qx + C2 x2

+ ...+ Cn xn, prove that + ...+ Cnxn, prove that + 32 -C3 + ...+ n2-Cn
Co + 3C, + 5C2 +...+ (2n +1) Cn = (n + 1)2n. 12-C1+22-C2=n(n + 1)-2n"2.
Sol. Here, last term of Co + 3Cj + 5C2 +... + (2n + 1) Cn is So/. Here, last term of I2 -Cj + 22 -C2 + 32 -C3 + ... + n2 -Cn is
(2n + 1) Cn i.e., (2n + 1) and last term with positive sign. n2-C„ i.e., n2. Linear factors of n2 are n and n; [start
Then, 2n +1 = n -2 +1 always with greater factor] and last term with positive
sign.
or n)2n + 1(2
and n = n-l + 0 or n)n(l
-2n
1 -n

Here, q = 2 and r = 1
The given series is Here, q = 1 and r = 0
Then, the given series is
(1 + x)" =C0+CjX + C2x2+.. + C„x"
(1 + x)" = Co + CjX + C2x2 + C3x3 +... + C„xn
Now, replacing x by x2, we get
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
(1+x2)" =C0 + CjX2 +C2x4 + + Cnx2n
nx(l +x)"-1 = Cj + 2C2x +3C3x2 + ... + nnCnx"~
C„x"-11 ...(i)
On multiplying both sides by x1, we get
and in last term, numerical is n Cn i.e., n and power of
x (1 + x2)n = Cox + Cjx3 + C2x5 +... + C„ x2n +1 (1 + x) is n - 1.
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get Then, n =(n - 1)4 + 1 or n-l)n (1
x-n(l + x2)n-1-2x+(l + x2)n -1 = CO +3CjX2 +5C2x4 n-1
-+
+... + (2n +1) C„ x 2n
Putting x = 1, we get
Here, q = 1 and r = 1
n-Z1 ~1 -2 + 2" = Co + 3Cj +5C2 +... + (2n + 1) Cn
Now, multiplying both sides by x in Eq. (i), then
or Co + 3C] + 5C2 +... + (2n +1) Cn = (n + 1) 2" nx (1 + x)n -1 = Cj x + 2C2 x2 + 3C3 x3 +... + n Cn xn

I. Aliter Differentiating on both sides w.r.t. x, we get

LHS = Co + 3 Cj +5 C2 +... + (2n + 1) Cn n {x-(n-1)( 1 + x)"-2+(1 + x)"-1 4}
= Cq + (1 + 2) Cj + (1 + 4) C2 + ... + (1 + 2n) Cn = Cj-l + 22 C2x + 32 C3x2 +...+ H2 C„x"-1
= (Cq + Cj + C2 +... + Cn) + 2(Cj + 2C2 +... + n Cn) Putting x =1, we get
= 2" + 2-n-2"-1 = 2" +n-2" [from Illusration 58] n {l-(n - 1)-2"“2 + 2"-1] = l2 -Cj +22 -C2 +32 -C3
= (n + 1) 2" = RHS + ... + n2 -C„
II. Aliter or I2-Cj + 22-C2 +32-C3 + ... + n2-Cn = n(n + l)2n-2
LHS = Co + 3 Cj + 5 C2 +... + (2n + 1) Cn
Aliter
n n n

= Z (2r + l)"Cr= Z 2r- " cr + Z n cr LHS = l2 • Cj + 22 • C2 + 32 • C3 +... + n2 • Cn

r=0 r=0 r=0
n n
n n
= Xr2."Cr=Xr2-^ •""’Cr-!
= 2 Z r-nCr + Z " Cr r=1 r=1 r
r=0 r=0
n
r
= 2Er-"- + Z "Cr ••• "Cr = - • " ~lCr-x
r=0 r r=0 r n n

n =n Z r•n Z {(r-l) + l}- lCr.t

r=l r=l
= 2n Z n — lx-»
cr-l + Z ncr
r = 0 r= 0 n n

= 2n (0 + "-1C0 + "" _,Cn_j)

+ ',-1Cj + n-1C2+...+ = n Z (r -1)- n-1Cr_1 + n
r=1
Z"^'Cr-!
r=l

+ (" Co + "Cj + "C2 +... + "Cn) n

= nL (n -1) • n~2C. 4-nZ"-1‘Cr-l

.
= 2n-2"-1+2"=(n + l)-2" =RHS ra1 r= 1
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 461

n = n (n - 1) {NC0 + NC,+... + NCN}

= n (n - 1) E "“2C, + n E n~lCr
r=l r=l = n(n-l)2N = n (n -1) 2" “2 = RHS
n-2 . n — 2/-* . n “ 2 /-»
= n(n - i)(o + Cq + n"2C] +
C1 + C2 II. Aliter
LHS = (1-2)C2 + (2-3) C3 +... + {(n - l)-n} C„
+ ...+ ""2Cn_2) + n("”,C0 + ""’Cj
n

+ "-1C2 + ... + "“‘C, = E (r-l)-r-nCr

r=2

= n(n-l)-2"“2 + n -2"“* — n (n + 1) 2" -2 = rhs

= i(r_D.r.!L.2LJ_ n~2Cr_2
-2 r (r-l)
I Example 62. If (1 + x)n = Co + C, x + C2 x2 n
+ ...+ Cn xn, prove that (1-2) C2 + (2-3) = (n - 1) n E n~2Cr
r= 2
C3 + ... + {(n-1)-n}Cn =n(n-1)2n"2.
= (n -l)n( n’2c0 + n-2C1 + ”"2C2 + + n'2Cn_2)
Sol. Here, last term of
(1-2)C2 +(2-3) C3 + ... + {(«-l)-n}C„ is(n-l)nC„ = (n -l)n-2" “2 =RHS
i.e. (n -1) n
[start with greater factor here greater factor is n] and last I Example 63. If
term with positive sign, then n = n • 1 + 0 (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x 2 + C3x 3 + ...+ Cnxn, prove
or n)n(l that Co - 2C} + 3C2 -4C3 +...+ (- 1)n (n +1) Cn = 0.
-n Sol. Numerical value of last term of
0
Co - 2C, + 3C2 - 4C3 +... + (- If (n + 1) Cn is
Here, q = 1 and r = 0 (n + 1) Cn i.e.» (n + 1), then
The given series is n + l- n-1 + 1 or n)n + 1(1
(l + x)n =C0 +Cix + C2xz + C3x3 + ...+ Cnx" -n
Differentiating on both sides w.r.t. x, we get 1
n (1 + x)" 1 = 0 + Cj + 2C2x + 3C3x2 +... + n Cnxn Here, q = 1 and r = 1
Again, differentiating on both sides w.r.t. x, we get The given series is
n(n-l)(l + x)"“2 =0 + 0 + (l-2) C2 +(2-3)C3x (1 + x)" = Co + CjX + C2 x2 + C3x3 +... + Cn x"

+ ... + {(n - l)-n}C„x',n - 2 On multiplying both sides by x, we get

x(l + x)" =Cox + C1x2 +C2x3 +C3x4 + ... + C„xn + I
Putting x = 1, we get
n (n - 1)(1 + 1)" “2 =(1-2)C2 +(2-3)C3 On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
x • n (1 + x)" -1 + (1 + x)" • 1 = Co + 2C]X + 3C2 x 2
+ ... + {(n-l)n}-C„
+ 4C3x3 +... + (n + 1) Cn x"
or(l-2)C2 +(2-3) C3 + ... + {(n -l)n}-Cn = n (n - 1)2"
1)2" “2
Putting x = - 1, we get
I. Aliter
0 = Co - 2C! + 3C2 - 4C3 + ... + (- 1)" (n + 1) C„
LHS = (1-2)C2 +(2-3)C3 +(3-4)C4
+ ... + {(n-l)n}-C„ or Co - 2C] + 3C2 - 4C3 + ... + (- l)n (n + 1) Cn = 0
n(n-l) + (2 3) n(n-l)(n-2) I. Aliter
= (1-2) + (2-3)
1-2 1-2-3 LHS = Co - 2(\ + 3C2 - 4C3 +... + (-1)" (n + 1) C„
+ (3.4) n(n-l)(n-2)(n-3)
k 7 1-2-3-4 = Co - (Cj +CJ + (C2 + 2C2) - ( C3 + 3C3)
+ ... + (-!)" {C„+nC„}
+ ... + (n -l)n-l
(n~2) + (n -2)(n-3) + J = {C0-C1 + C2-C3+... + (- 1)"CJ
= n (n -1) • 1 + + {— Cj + 2C2 - 3C3 +... + (— l)n n Cn}
1 1-2
Now, in bracket, let n - 2 = N, then n(n-l) 3n(n-l)(n-2)
-n + 2- -3
= (1-1)" + 1-2 1-2-3
. N N(N-l)
= n (n - 1) 1 + — + —-------- - + +1 + ...+ (-!)" -n
1 2!
462 Textbook of Algebra

(n-l)(n-2) t In bracket, put n - 1 = N, then

= 0 + n (-1 + (n -i)-
1-2
(n-l)(n-2) 1-2
= 0-njl-(n-l) +
1-2 = n{NC0-NC1 + NC C’n}
Let in bracket, put n -1 = N, we get = n(l-l)N=0 = RHS
N(N-l)
LHS = 0- nl-N + IL Aliter
1-2
LHS = C, - 2CZ + 3C3 -... + (-1)" "1 •n Cn
= 0-n {NC0-NC, + N
NC2-... + (-1)NN C^} n

= 0-n(l-l)N =0-0 = 0 =RHS r=1

n
II. Aliter
= E (-1)'"-n- ""’C.-i
LHS = Co - 2 C] + 3 C2 - 4C3 +... + (- l)n (n + 1) Cn r=1 r
n * n
= £ (-l)r(r + l)RCr= S (-l)r [r-nCr + nCr] = n S (-l)r-,-""1l(Cr-!
r=0 r=0 r=1

n = n (1 - 1)"-1 = 0 = RHS
= E (-l)r [n C, +"Cr] v"Cr=-
r=0 r 2
I Example 65. If (1 + x)n =C0 + C1x + C2x
n n
= n Z (-l)r-n-,Cr + E (- i)r •n cr + C3 x 3 +...+ Cn xn, prove that
r=0 r=0
Co - 3Q + 5C2 -...+ (-1)° (2n+1) Cn = 0.
= -n Z (-ip’-"-
n’’l^-^
C, E (-i)r-ncr
r=0 r=0 Sol. The numerical value of last term of

=-n(l-l)n-1+(1-1)" =0 + 0 = 0 = RHS Co - 3C} + 5C2 -... + (- l)n (2n + 1) Cn is (2n +1) C.

i.e. (2n +1)
I Example 64. if (1+x)n = Co + C, x + C2 x2 and 2n + 1 = 2n + 1 or n)2n + l(2
+ C3 x 3 +...+ Cn x n, prove that -2n
Ci -2C2 + 3C3 -...+ (- 1)n"1 nCn = 0. 1
Here, q = 2 and r = 1
Sol. Numerical value of last term of
The given series is
Ci - 2C2 + 3C3 -... + (- l)n -1 n Cn is nCn i.e.t n, then
(1 + x)n = Co + C,x + C2x 2 +C3x3 + ...+ Cnxnnow,
and n = n-l + 0 or n)n(l
replacing x by x2, then we get
-n
(l + x2)" =C0+Cjx2 + C2x4 +... + Cn x2n
~F
On multiplying both sides by x , we get
Here, q = 1 and r = 0
The given series is x(l + x2)" = Cox + C]X3 + C2x5 +... + Cnx,2n +1
(1 + x)n = Co + CjX + C2 x2 + C3 x3 + + C„x" On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get x-n (1 + x 2)n-1 2x + (l + x2)" -1 = CO +3CjX2
n (1 + x)" -1 = 0 + C] + 2C2 x + 3C3 x2 + + nCnx"-1 + 5C2 x4 +... + (2n + l)Cnxa

Putting x =- 1, we get Putting x = i in both sides, we get

0 = Ci - 2C2 + 3C3 -... + (- 1)"-1 nC„ 0 + 0 = Co - 3Cj + 5C2 - ... + (2n + l)(-l)nCn

or Ci-2C2 +3C3-... + (- l)n-1 n Cn =0 or Co -3Cj+5C2 -... + (- l)"(2n + l)Cfl =0

I. Aliter I. Aliter
LHS = Ci - 2C2 + 3C3 -... + (-l)n"1 n • C,n LHS = Co - 3Ct + 5C2 -... + (-1)" (2n + 1) Cn
n( n -1) + 3 n(n - l)(n - 2) _ -> = C0 -(1+2)Ci +(1 + 4)C2 -... + (-1)" (l+2n)C.
= n - 2- -n-1
1-2 1-2-3
= (Co - C, + C2 -... + (- 1)" Cn) - 2 (C, - 2C2
. (n-1) (n-l)(n-2)
= n 1 - --------+-------------------- + ... + (-1)""’n-Cg)
1 1-2
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 463

i
= (1-1)" -2-0 [from Example 64] _ Cj x C2 x
3
C x" + l
Co x + —---- + -±— - + ...
=0=RHS 2 3 n + 1 Jo
II. Aliter
2W -1 z-« C] C2
LHS = Co - 3Cj + 5C2 - ... + (-1)" (2n + 1) C„ n+1 = C«+T + T+- n+1
n n
= Z (-l)r (2r+ l)"Cr = Z (-l)r [2r-nCr + "CJ Ci C2 + -^=
r=l r=l
or Co + — + — +
2 3 n+1 n+1
n n
= 2Z n- n'1cr_1+ Z (-i)r-flcr I. Aliter
r=1 r=1

= 2n(l - 1)" ’1 + (1 - 1)" = 0 + 0 = 0 = RHS LHS = Co + — + — + ... +

2 3 n+1
n (n - 1) 1
= 1 + — + —-------- +... +------
1-2 1-2-3 n+1
Use of Integration 1 (n+l)n t (n +1)n(n — 1) t
(n + l) + +1
This method is applied only when the numericals occur as n+1 1-2 1-2-3
the denominator of the binomial coefficient. Putn +1 = N, then
N(N-l) [ JV(N-l)(N-2) t +1
LHS = — N +
Solution Process N 2! 3!
If(l + x)n =C0+QX +C2 x 22 + C3 x 3+... + Cn x ”, = — [NCx + NC2 + ‘ +... + nCn ]
then integrate both sides between the suitable limits N
which gives the required series. = l[(l + l)w-l] = 2*-l 2"*1 -1
= RHS
1. If the sum contains Co, C], C2...... Cn are all positive N N n +1
signs, then integrate between limits 0 to 1. n. Aliter
2. If the sum contains alternate signs (i.e., +, -), then
integrate between limits -1 to 0.
LHS = Co + — + — +
2 3
...+s_ = Z-^
n + 1 r-o r + 1
3. If the sum contains odd coefficients (i.e., n n z-» n n+ n/-.
" + 1Cr + 1
Co,C2,C4,...), then integrate between -1 to +1. = rZ■ 0 (r-£-
+ 1)
=Z r=0
..
n+1
Lr+1 _ Cr
r +1
(n +D
4. If the sum contains even coefficients (i.e.,
1 "
Ci,C3,C5....), then subtracting (2) from (1) and then -L_ Z • n + lz-t
cr+ 1
dividing by 2. (n + 1) r = 0
•
5. If in denominator of binomial coefficient product of _J_( n + «l(Q + n + ,C2 + n + lz-»
C3
two numericals, then integrate two times first times (n+1)
taken limits between 0 to x and second times take
suitable Emits.
+ ... + "+1cn+1)
1 2" + 1-l
I Example 66. If (l + x)n =C0 + CiX (2" + ,-l) = = RHS
n +1 n+1
+ C2x 2+...+ Cn xn, prove that
I Example 67. If (l+x)n =C0+ QX+C2 x2
_ C] C2 Cn 2n+1 -1
c0 + —+ — + ...+ —— + C3 x 3+...+ Cn x n, prove that
2.3 n+1 n+1 Ci , C2 t t .n Cn _ 1
n
Sol. v (1 + x)n = Co + Cix + C2 x2 +... + Cn xn ...(i)
c n------- +---------...+ (— ij — .
2 3 n+1 n+1
Integrating both sides of Eq. (i) within limits 0 to 1, then we get So/, v (1 + x)n = Co + CjX + C2 X 2+... + Cn X " ...(i)
(1 + x)" dx-J^(C0 + C\x + C2x2 +... + Cnxn)dx
Integrating on both sides of Eq. (i) within limits - 1 to 0,
1 then we get
(1 + x)"*1
j Jl + x)" dx = ^(Cq + Cjx + C2x2 + ...+C„xn)dx
n+1 o
464 Textbook of Algebra

0 0 1
(1 + *)" C} X2 C2 x3 Cn *"+1 'Ci- n + ,c2 + n +1/-*c3 ~ + (-1)"’ n+,cn+1)
COX + —----- + (n+1)
n +1 2 3 n+1
-1 -J—{n + 1(Co-( n + o-n + 1'Cj + n +l/*>
u2 “
n + 1/**
C3
(n+lf
12± = 0- Ci C2 Cn + ... + (-l)n+1 B + ,C.+1»
=> - Co + —------- +
n+1 V 2 3 n +1 1
[1-(1-1)" + 1] = —= RHS
1 Ci C2 |H + 2 Cn (n + 1) (n +1) [1-0]=
I n +1
= c0 -
n+1 2 3 n +1
I Example 68. If (l + x)n =C0+ C1x + C2x2
1 Ci C2 Cn
= C 0- + (-!)" + C3 x 3 +...+ Cn xn, prove that
n +1 2 3 n+1
[v(-l)n + z = (-l)n(- 1)2=(- 1)"] Co C2 C4 2n
— + — + — + -— .
13 5 n+1
C, C >n cn
Hence, Co------ + —- —... + (—I)1
1
2 3 n +1 n +1 So/, v (1 + x)n = Co + Cxx + C2 x2 + C3x3

I. Aliter + C4x4+... + C„x" ...(i)

LHS = Co - Integrating on both sides of Eq. (i) within limits -1 to 1,

2 3 n +1 then we get
= i - 2 + n (n ~ 1 1__
2 1-2-3
D" n +1 (Th) £, <’+x)n = J ^(Co + CjX + C2 x2 + C3x3 + C4x4

+ ... + Cnx")dr
(n + 1)n (n + l)n (n - 1)
(n + 1)- +
1-2 1-2-3 = J^Co + C2 x2 + C4 x 4+ ...)dx + ^(Cjx + C3 x3 + ...)dx

Put n + 1 = N, we get
= 2 J (Co + C2 x2 + C4 x 4+...) dx + 0
N(N-l) [ N(N-l) (N-2) ~
1 N-
1-2 1-2-3 [by property of definite integral]
N [since, second integral contains odd function]
i i
(l + x)n + 1 V C2x3 C4x
5 '
= 1(«c,-nc2 + NC,- + (- D""1] =2 Cox + —— + - + ...
N n+1 3 5

= -1 [-NC, + nc2 - NC3+... + (-1) nn Ctf] 2^ + 1

= 2[c„+^ + ^ +
n+1 I 3 5
NCi + nc2- wc3 „
?-■ C-
Cj C4
< Cq + — + — +... =
or
2n
N ” 3
3 5 n+1 '
+ ... + (-l)N ncn-nc0] I. Aliter
C4 +.
LHS = C0+^- + ^-
= --[(!-1)N NC0]= -l[0-l] = l
N 3 5
n(n-l) [ n (n-l)(n -2)(n-3)
= _l_ = RHS =1+ +
n +1 1-2-3 1-2-3-4-5
_1 n+1 (n + l)n (n - 1)
II. Aliter ----- +
(n + 1) I 1 1-2-3
LHS = Co - £>+£i _ ... + (-i)n Cn = i hh (n + l)n (n - 1) (n - 2) (n - 3)
2 3 n +1 r=0 f+1
1-2-3-4-5
ncr 1 { n +1
r=0 r+1 Ci + "+1C3 + n+1C5+...}
n +1
n n +!/’• n +1/"*
cr + l cr+l _nCr
= rs= 0 (-1)' • (n + 1) n +1 r +1
1
[sum of even binomial coefficients of(l + x)" + l]
(n +1)'
n
1 2n+1~‘ 2"
S (-I)'- n + ip +1 = RHS
(n + 1) r=0
n+1 n +1
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 465

II.Aliter LHS = £° + £1 + £1 +... Put n +1 = N, then

1 3 5 N(N-1)[ N(N-1)(N-2)(N-3)
LHS = —
Case I If n is odd say n = 2m +1, V mG IV, then N 2! 4!
m 2m+lr m 2 m + 2z>
LHS= Z ----- £^= Z ------£^’ N(N-l)(N-2)(N-3)(N-4)(N-5)
+--------------------- ------------------------------- + ...
r=o 2r + 1 r=o (2m +1) 6!
2 771 +lz-» 2 m + 2 z-,
. ,C2r _ L2r + 1 = i(''c2 + Nc4 + *C6+...]
2r +1 2m +1

1"^2 —1 2" = 1[("CO+''C,+ *C4 + NCS +...)- NC0]

------ = RHS N
(2m + 1) n+1
2" - 1
[•/ n = 2m + 1] = — [2N-1 - 1]=------- = RHS
N n +1
Case II If n is even say n = 2m, V m G N, then
II. Aliter
77! 22m
n c 77! 2 77! +1 z-i
e 2r 4-1
LHS= Z ----- -= X LHS = £^ + £i + £^- +...
r = 0 2f + 1 r=0 (2m +1) 2 4 6

.e
2 77! +lz-i
c2r + 1
2 m^> Case I If n is odd say n = 2m + 1, V mG IV, then
e2r
77! 2 771 +1/"' 771 2 771 + 2 /-*
2m +1 2r + 1 LHS = E ----- ^il=
r=o
r+1
= ZE ----- 2r+2
2r +2 r = o0 (2m+2)
22m + 1-1
2"
------ = RHS [v n = 2m] 2 771 + 2z->
C2r + 2
2 771 + 1/n
c2r+ 1
2m + 1 n+1
2m + 2 2r + 2
I Example 69. If (l + x)n =C0 + C1x + C2x 2+C3x3 1 ( 2m+2i 2 77! | . 2 77! \
C2 + c4 f — T c2 771 + 2)
n ,C| C3 C5 2n-1 (2 m +2)
+..+ Cn x , prove that 2+4 + 6+’“ = ~
n+1 1 •( 22 m —1
2" -1
2m+,C0) = [v 2m + 1 = n]
Sol. We know that, from Examples (66) and (67) " (2m + 2) n+1

, Cj C2 C3 C4 C5 2"+1 -1 = RHS
Co + — +— + — + — + — + ... = — —(0 Case II If n is even say n = 2m, V m G N, then
2 3 4 5 6 n +1
^1 ~ 1 2 tti
77! th ~ 11 2 m +lz"»
c2r + l *-2r + 2
and + + +... = — -(ii) LHS = Z ----- —= Z
2 3 4 5 6 n+1 r=o (2r +2) r=0 (2m + 1)
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get 2 771 + lz> 2 771
U2r ♦ 2 _ C2r •
„ (Cl c3 c5 2"+1 -2 2m +1 2r +2
2 —+—+— +
<2 4 6 n +1 m-1
1 2 771 + Iz-*
On dividing each sides by 2, we get " ^2r+2
(2m + 1) r=0
Ci C3 C5 2” -1 1
— +— + — + ... =------- (
2 m +lCz +
2 m +1C4 + 2 77!
C 6
246 n+1 (2m +1)
+ ...+ 2 771 +
2 n )
I. Aliter LHS = — + — + — +...
2 4 6 1 22m + 1 - 1 2m+1C0)
n n(n - l)(n - 2) (2m + 1)
1-2 1-2-3-4
2" -1
- ----- - = RHS [•.' n = 2m]
| n(n-l)(n-2)(n-3)(n-4) | n+1
1-2-3-4-5-6
1 (n + 1) n (n + 1) n (n - 1) (n - 2) I Example 70. If (!+x)n =C0+ 6^
n+1 1-2 1-2-3-4 + C2 x 2+...+ Cn x n, prove that
4n+l
3Co + 3^+^ 3 C2 +^l 3n+1 -1
+ ...+---- Q
, (n + 1) n (n - 1) (n - 2) (n - 3) (n - 4) [
---- £ +
1-2-3-4-5-6 2 3 4 n+1 n+1
466 Textbook of Algebra

Sol. v (1 + x)n = Co + C]X + C2 x2 + C3 x 3+... + C„xn ...(i) i n

— J— z
(n + 1) r = 0
n + lz-s
cr +1 •3'
Integrating on both sides of Eq. (i) within limits 0 to 3, we get
£3(1 + x)n dx = £3( Co + CjX + C2 x 2+ C3 x 3+...+ Cnxn)dx 1 ( n + 1i
'Cr3 + n+1C2 -32 + n+1C3-33
(n+l)
3 n +1/-'
(1 + x)n+1 CjX2 C2x 3 C3 x 4 + ...+ +1 •3°’)
—— + -+ -+
n +1 2 3 4 1
o [(1 + 3)" +1 n + 1c0]
3 (n + 1)
Cn X"*1
... + 4n+1 - 1
n+1 - -------- -=RHS
Jo
n+l
4"*1-! = 3Co + ^ + 33C2 , 34C3 3" + 1 C
+ ... + — __2L
n +1 2 3 4 n+1 6 Example 71. If (1+x)n = C0 + Clx + C2x 2+...+Cnxn,
Hence, 22 , 25 , 2’ „ 2"+2C„
_ 32Ci 33C2 34C3 qM +1
4"*1-! show that—Co + — C, + —C2 + ...+----- -—-
3C0 +------ + +----- - + 4- ____2L 1-2 0 2-3 1 3-4 2 (n+1)(n+2)
2 3 4 n+1 n +1
3n+2 -2n-5
I. Aliter
(n + l)(n + 2)
32C 33C2 34C3 3n + 1
LHS = 3C0 +----- L + + ------ + ... + - Sol. Given,
2 3 4 n +1
(1 + x)" = Co + Cj x + C2 x2 + C3 x3 +... + C„ xn
-3-l + 32'n S3 •n(n-l) 34- n (n -l)(n -2)
+— + —(i)
2 1-2-3 1-2-3-4
3n^ Integrating both sides of Eq. (i) within limits 0 to x, we get
+ ... +
n +1 Jo\l + x)"& = JoX(Co+C,x + C2 x2 +... + Cnxn)dx
1 / x 32 (n + 1) n 33 (n + l) n (n -1)
3-(n + l)+ v ' -+ X

(n + l) 1-2 1-2-3 (1 + xf*1

n+1
t 34 (n + 1) n(n -l)(n -2) | + 3n + l 0
X
1-2-3-4 Cxx 2 r o Xr3
C Cn xn + 1
Cox + - + ——• + ...+
Put n + 1 = N, then 2 3 n+l
Jo
32 N(N-l) [ 33 N(N-l)(N-2) 2 3 CAS"*1
LHS = — 3N + (l + x)n + 1-l C]X C2 x
N 2! 3! -+ -+ +
(n + l) 2 3 n +1
34N(N-l)(N-2)(N-3)
n -r ... + 3N
4!
Again, integrating both sides of Eq. (ii) within limits 0 to 2,
= T [ "C> <3> + "C2 P)2 + "C3 P>3 + - + "CN P)" 1 we get
N r2(l + x)n *1
— dx
= - [ NC0 + NCX (3) + nC2(3)2 + nC3 (3)3 (n + 1)
N
3 n+l A

= l((1+3)"-l) =
4N-1
+ ...+ ''Cn(3)n

= RHS
Nc0]
-j: CiX2
CnX + ------- +
2
C2 x
3
-+
n+l 7
dx

N N n+l / Al2
1 (1 + x)" 2 C0x2 Ctx3 ! C,x4
II. Aliter -------- - X ------- +
(n + l) n +2 1-2 2-3 3-4
<0
33 C2 34 C3 3" + 1 C
LHS = 3C0 + 32 + +---- + ... + —
2 3 4 n+l ! CnXn + 2
+ ...
n 3r + l n + l/~»
(n + l)(n+2)]|
=.2*
n

r=0
a’ + l'nCr
(r+1)
=z r=0 (n+l)
___ 22
3n + 2 I 2'q2 n3 p4
2‘

n +1/'*
-2- = —c0+ — c1 + —c,
cr+l _ nCr (n + l) n + 2 n+2 1-2 2-32-3 ’ 3-43-4

n+l r +1
+ ...+
r+2cn
(n + l)(n +2)
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 467

22^ 23 2‘4 , 2n42Cn

2
Hence, —Co + —+ —C2 + When Each Term in Summation Contains
1-2 2-3 ' 3-4 ‘ (n 4- l)(n 4- 2)
3" + 2-2n -5
the Product of Two Binomial Coefficients
(n 4- l)(n 4-2) or Square of Binomial Coefficients
I. Aliter Solution Process
22 23 24‘
LHS = — Cq 4- —Cj +---- C2 4-... 4- 1. If difference of the lower suffixes of binomial
1-2 2-3 n3-4‘ (n + 1) (n + 2) coefficients in each term is same.
22 23 24 n(n-l)| 2"*2-l nC0 nC2 + nC1-nC3 + ',C2-nC4+...
= — (1) + — -n + i.e.
1-2 2-3 3-4 1-2 (n + l)(n+2)
Here, 2-0 =3-1 = 4-2 =.... = 2
1 (n 4-2) (n + l)2z + (n + 2)(n + l)n 3
(n 4-1) (n 4- 2) 1-2 m 2 Case I If each term of series is positive, then
(l + x)n =C0+C, x + C2 x2+... + Cn x n ...(i)
. + (n +2)(n +l)n(n -1)24 *
4-2" + 2
1-2-3-4 Interchanging 1 and x, we get
Put n + 2 = N, then we get (x + l)n =Cox"+C1xn“1+C2x "-Z+... + C„ ...(ii)
I N(N-l) 2 N(N-l)(N-2)23 Then, multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) and equate the
L i
” N(N -1) 1-2 1-2-3 coefficients of suitable power of x on both sides.
N(N-l)(N-2)(N-3) 4 v
4--------------------------------- L + ... + L Replacing x by — in Eq. (i), then we get
1-2-3-4 x
1
{ nC2 (2)! + NC, (2)3 + NC, (2)4 (1+1 " z. Ci c2 cn
N(N-l) ...(iii)
+ ...+ NC„ (2)"] I X x x2
1 Then, multiplying Eqs. (i) and (iii) and equate the
( NC0 + nC,(2) + NC2 (2)2 + NC, (2)’
N(N-l) coefficients of suitable power of x on both sides.
+ *C4 (2)4 + ...+ NCN (2)n- Nc
*-o - NC,(2)]
j Example 72. If (l + x)n =C0 + C1x + C2x2
1
{(1 + 2)N - 1 - 2N} + C3x3 +...+ Cnxn, prove that
~ N(N -1)

3"4 2 - 1 - 2 (n 4- 2) 3n + 2 -2n - 5 ____ Co^r + C]Cr +i + C2 Cr +2 "b •••+ Cn _f Cn

— — KJib 2n!
(n 4- 2) (n 4-1) (n 4- l)(n 4- 2)
(n-r)!(n+r)! ’
II. Aliter
n2Q3
2 o4 2n + 2-Cn Sol. Here, differences of lower suffixes of binomial coefficients
LHS =-----Cq 4------- Cj 4------- C2 4-... + in each term is r.
1-2 2-3
2-3 3-4 (n + l)(n 4- 2)
n +1
i.e., r-0 = r + l- l = r + 2- 2 =.... = n ~(n - r) = r
2' + 1
=L ■nCr-, Given,
r = ir (r 4-1) (l+x)n =C0 + C1x + C2x2 +... + C„ _r x" "r +... + Cnx"
fl + I qT + 1 n+ 2 n+2
______ + 1 “Cr-i -(i)
= X ————221 Now,
'=i (n4-l)(n4-2) (n + 1) (n + 2) r(r + l)
1 n + 1
(x + 1)" = Cox" + Cj.x"-1 + C2 x""2 4- + Crxn~'
-------- !-------S ■ " + 2 C, •2r + 1
(n 4-1) (n 4- 2) r =i • 4-C, x"' + cr + 2 xn~r~2 + ... + C, ...(ii)

1 r n+2 On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

C2-22 + n+2 C3-23
(n 4-1) (n 4-2) (1 + x)‘n = (Co 4- C,x 4- C2 x “ +... + C„ r xn r+...
+ n +2
4- Cn + 2 •2" + 2]
1 4-Cn xn)x (Co xn +Clxn-1
[(1 4- 2)" + 2 n + 2 x-» n+2
0 C.-21]
(n + l)(n + 2) 4-C,xn"2 + ...4-Crx"-r4-CJr + lX
. r ..n-r-2
_(3n + 2-2n-5) * +2 A + ... + C„) ...(iii)
--------------------------- Krlo
(n 4- l)(n + 2)
468 Textbook of Algebra

2n Corollary II For r = 1,
Now, coefficient of x n~r on LHS of Eq. (iii) = ~r
2n !
2n!
C0Cj + C]C2 + C2Cj + + Cn -! C„ =
(n - 1) I (n + 1)1
(n — r)! (n 4- r)!
Corollary III For r =2,
and coefficient of x” ~r on RHS of Eq. (iii)
2n!
= C0Cr + CjCr +1 + C2Cr + 2 +... + Cn_rCn CqC2 + CjCj + C2 C4 + + Cn -2 C„ =
(n - 2) !(n +2)!
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore coefficient of x n "r in
RHS = coefficient of x” ~r in LHS. I Example 73. If (l + x)n =C0+ C,x
=> C0Cr + CjC; .1 + C2Cr + 2 +... + Cn r Cn + C2 x 2 +...+ Cn x n, prove that
2n ! , 2n! 1-3-5...(2n-1)
(n - r)! (n + r)! Co2 + C12 + C222= —=-------- ------ <-2n.
n!n! n!
Aliter
Sol. Given, (1 + x)n = Co + C,x + C2 x 2+... + C„ xn (0
Given,
Now, (x + l)n = Coxn + Cjx" “1 + C2x" "2 +... + Cn (ii)
(1 + x)n = Co + Cj x + C2 x 2 + ... + Cr xr + Cr + j xr
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
+ cr + 2 xr + 2 + ... + Cn_rxr + + Cnx"...(i)
(1 + x)!" = (C, + C,x + C2 X 2+... + C„ x")

Now, ( 1 + —
1Y = C0+ — + -| +
/-> C] C2 Cr Cr + 1 Cr + 2
+—+ + x(Cox"+ Qx""' + C2x"~2 + ... + £„) ...(iii)
k xJ X X xr xr + 1 xr+2
Cn - r Now, coefficient of x" in RHS
t T *r
+% ...(ii)
xn~r
= Co + Cj + C22 +... + C.( 2
X n
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2n ✓-» __ 2n !
And coefficient of xn in LHS = '-'n “
(l + x)2n n!n!
= (C0 + CjX + C2x2 + ... + Crxr+ Cr + 1 xr +1
x” 1-2-3-4-5...-(2n - l)2n 1-3-5... (2n - 1)2" n!
=-------------------------- — - -----------------------
+ Cr + 2 x r + 2+.. + Cn_rx n~r +.. + CnxB) n!n! n!n!
x (Co + — + C2 , Cr cr +1 Cr + 2 But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore coefficient of in RHS
I X 7+ 7 771/*7
“ xr + 1 = coefficient of xn in LHS.

2n !
+ ...+ =* Co2 + Cj2 +c22 +...+cn2
(iii)
x"-' x") n!n !
l-3-5-...-(2n-l) f
Now, coefficient of — in RHS n.!
xr Aliter
= (C0Cr + CtCr +i + C2 Cr + 2 + ...+ C„_rC„) Given, (1 + x)n = Co + Cj x 4- C2 x2 + + Cnx"
Coefficient of — in LHS = Coefficient of x n “ r in
xr r C, C2
Now, 1+— = C0+-L + 4- + (ii)
2n ! xj x
V
x“ xn
(l + x)2" = 2n/"»
Cn-rr = ( n - r)! (n + r)!
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
(1 + x)2” =(C°+C,x + C2x2+- + C,x")
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore coefficient of — in = ( Co + Cxx + C2 x
xr
xfc0+^. + ^- + ... + ^-’)...(iii)
RHS = coefficient of — in LHS. - k XX2 xn)
xr
Now, constant term in RHS = Cq + C2 + C2 +... + C2
C0Cr + CjC( + C2 Cr + 2 + + Cn Cn
2n ! Constant term in LHS =' Constant term in
U+x)2n
(n - r)! (n + r)! x"
= Coefficient of xn in(l + x)2” = 2n
2n!
Corollary I For r = 0,
n I n!
2n !
C02 + Cj2 + C22 +... + Cn2 = n!2" [1-3-5... (2n-1)] 2" [l-3-5...(2n-1)]
(n!)2
n!n! n!
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 469

2n 2n
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore the constant term in 2nC} 2nC2 C2n
and 1-1 I — z"' +
X L + —
— Xr
RHS = constant term in LHS. ~ C0 ~ ...(ii)
x L x2"
2n! _ {l-3-5...(2n-1)}
=> Co + C]2 + C2 +... + C„2 ---------------- 4 On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
n ! n !------------ n ! (X2 ~ I)2" _ , 2nr , 2nr , 2n

Case II If terms of the series alternately positive and —-( c0+ CiX + C2x2 + ...+ 2nC2nx2n)
negative, then 2n 2n 2n
C2n
(l-x)n = C0-ClX + C2 x 2 -... + (-1)" Cn x n x(
2/i z-»
C0 ” -11 + c2
+
—(i) X X2 x2n
and(x + l)n = Cox” + C, x ”-1 + C2 x n~2 + ... + C„ •••(ii) Now, constant term in RHS

Then, multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) and equate the = (2nC0)2 -(^C,)2 +(2"C2)2 -... + (2bC2„)2
coefficient of suitable power of x on both sides. (x2 - I)2"
Constant term in LHS = Constant term in
Or x2n
Replacing x by — in Eq. (i), we get = Coefficient of x2” in (x2 - l)2n
x
= Coefficient of x2n in(l - x2)2"
M
I Xj
” = C0-^- + ^--... + (-l)B-^
x x2 xn = 2nCn (-l)n=(-l)n.2nCn

Then, multiplying Eqs. (i) and (iii) and equate the But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore the constant term in
RHS = constant term in LHS.
coefficient of suitable power of x on both sides.
=>( 2"C0)2 -( 2nC1)2 +( 2nC2)2 -... + ( 2bC2b)2
I Example 74. Prove that = (- 1)B • 2nc(n
(!"C0)i-(2"C,)2+(2'’C2)2 -... + (2',C2„)2=(-1)"- 2" Cn.
Sol. Since, (1 - x)2b = 2nC0 - 2nCx x + 2nC2 x2 I Example 75. If (1 + x)n = Co + Qx
-... + (- I)2”- 2nC-•2n r2n + C2 x 2 +...+ Cn xn, prove that
x

or (1 - x)2" = 2nC,o 2n^ 2 | 2n 2n X2n

Co2 - q2 + C22 -...+ (-l)n • C2 = 0 or
- 2"q x + C. £ A — ... T V;

...(i) (-1)n/2---- -—- ----- according as n is odd or even.

and (x + I)2" = 2nC0 x 2n +
2nC1 x,2n-l +
2nC2 x 2n - 2 (n/2)!(n/2)!’ 5
+ ... + 2nC 2n-(ii) Also, evaluate Co2 + C]2 + C22 -...+ (~1)n • Cn2 for n
= 10 and n = 11
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Sol. Since, (1 - x)n = Co - C,x + C2x2 -... + (- 1)" C, ...(i)
(x2-l)2n =(2nC0 - 2nCl x + 2nC2 x2--...+ 2"c2n x2n)
and (x + 1)" =Cox"+CIxn-1 + C2x"'z +... + C„...(ii)
x(2bC0 x2n + 2nC1 x2n~l + 2nC2 x 2b"2 + ...+ 2nc2n)
.-(iii) On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Now, coefficient of x2n in RHS
= (2nC0)2 -(2bC,)2 +(2bC2)2 -...+ (2nC2n)2
(1 - x2)" = {Co - C,x + C2x2 + (-ir C,x")
x(Cox" +C,x"''+C2x”'2 +... + CJ ...(iii)
Now, LHS can also be written as (1 - x2)2".
Now, coefficient of x" in RHS
.’. General term in LHS, Tr + 1 = 2nCr (-x 2)r
= Co2-C2+C22-... + (-irC2
Putting r = n, we get Tn + j = (- 1)" • 2nCn x2n
General term in LHS = Tr +1= n Cr(-x 2)r= nCr (-l)r x 2r
=> Coefficient of xZn in LHS = (- l)n • 2nCn
Putting 2r = n, we get r = n 12
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore coefficient of x2n in
RHS = coefficient of x2n in LHS
Coefficient of x" in LHS = nCnl2 (- I)"72
=>(2bC0)2-(2bC1)2+(2bC2)2- + (2nc2n)2 _____n!
= (-l)B • 2nC,n = (-Dn/2 (n/2)!(n/2)!
Aliter 0, if n is odd
odd
Since, (1 + x)2n = 2nC0 + n!
(-1)R/2 if n is even 2
2nC2nx2" ...(i) (n / 2)! (n / 2)! ’
470 Textbook of Algebra

But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore coefficient of x" in RHS 2. If sum of the lower suffixes of binomial
= coefficient of x" in LHS. coefficients in each term is same.
=> c20-c? + c2- + (- i)"c2 i.e.,C0Cn + C1C„_1 + C2Cn_2 +... + CnC0
0 , if n is odd Here, 0 + n = l + (n-l)=2+(n-2)=... = n+0 = n
n! Case I If each term of series is positive, then
(-1)"'2 if n is even
(n/2)!(n/2)!’ (1 + x)n = Co + CjX + C2 x2 +... + Cn x n .(i)
Now, for n = 10,
and (1 + x)n = Cq + C]x + C2 x 2 +... + Cn x " (ii)
c5-c,2 + cl-... + c,20=(-1)10'2 ^ = -252
5! 5! Then, multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) and equate the
coefficient of suitable power of x on both sides.
[v 10 is even]
and from n = 11, I Example 76. Prove that
C2-C2+C2-...-C12 =0 [■.* 11 is odd] m cr_2 nnc2 +...+ "cf
m+ncr = mCr + mCr_1 nC, + m
Aliter if r < m, r < n and m, n, r are positive integers.
Since, (1 + x)n = Co + CjX + C2 x2 +... + Cn x " (i) Sol. Here, sum of lower suffixes of binomial coefficients in
each term is r.
Replacing x by - —, then we get i.e. r = r- l + l = r- 2 + 2 = ... = r= r
x
Since,
(1 + x)m = mC0 + ""Cj x +... + mCr _ 2 xr -2 + mCr-iXr’’
...(ii)
I x) XX2 xn
+ mCrxr + ...+ mCmx ra..(i)
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
and (1 + x)n = nC0 + nCj x + nC2 x2 +... + nCr xr
(x2~l)n
= (C0 + CjX + C2x 2 +... +C„xn)x + xa ...(ii)
xn On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Co~—+ —j1)"-^- (l + x)m + n = (mc0 + mCiX + ...+mCr_2xr'2 + mCr.xxr~2
...(iii)
I x x2 xn) + mCrxr +... + mCmxm) x ("Co + "CjX + nC2x2
Now, constant term in RHS +... + nCrxr +... + nCnxn) ...(iii)
= Cj - q2+C22-... + (-!)”C2 Now, coefficient of xr in RHS
= mCr • "Co +m Cr _ j • nCj +m’Cr _ 2 • nC2 +... + mC0 "C,
Constant term in LHS
= mCr + mCr_1-"C1 +m Cr_ 2 • nC2 +... + nCr
(x2-l)n
= Constant term in Coefficient of xr in LHS = m + n Cr
xn
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore coefficient of xr in LHS
= Coefficient ofx" in(x2 -1)”
= coefficient of xr in RHS.
= Coefficient of xn in nCn/2 (x2)"-(n/2) (-l)n/2
=> m + nCr = mCr + mCr_1-nC1 + mCr _ 2 • "C2 +... + "C,
= (" I)"'2 Ln/2 Case II If terms of the series alternately positive and
n! negative, then
= (-l)n/2-
(n/2)!(n/2)! (1-x)" = C0-C,x + C2x2 C,x"...(i)
0, if n is odd
and(l + x)" =C0 +C, x + C2 x2 +... + C„x" ...(ii)
n!
(-l)n/2 • , if n is even
(n/2)!(n/2)! Then, multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) and equate the
coefficient of suitable power of x on both sides.
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore the constant term in
RHS = constant term in LHS. I Example 77. If (l + x)n =C0 4-q x
=> C„2-C,2+C22-... + (-l)"C„2
+ C2 x2 +...+ Cn xn, prove that
0, if n is odd Co Cn - C] Cn-1
n_i + C2 Cn_2 - 1)n CnCo = 0 or
n! n! j- •
(-1)"'2 • , if n is even
(n/2)!(n/2)! (-1)"/2
(n/2)!(n/2)!' accor°in8 as n 15 °°° or even-
= Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 471
I
Sol. Given, (1 + x)n = Co + C}x + C2 x2 +... + Cn _ 2 x"-2 On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), then we get
n(l + x)2"-,= (C, + 2C2x + 3C3x2 +... + nC„ x',n )
+ C..1x"-, + C. x" ...(i)
and (1 - x)n = Co - C,x + C2 x2 -... + (- 1)" C„ x" x(C0x', + C1x"-, + C2x"'2+C3x"“3 +... + Cn) ...(iii)
..(ii)
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Now, coefficient of xn ”1 on RHS
(1 - x2)" = (Co + C,x + C2 x2 +... + C,'n-2Xn~2 = Ci2 + 2C2 + 3C3 +... + n C2

+ C„_1x"-,+C'nX
1 n )x(C2 -C1x + C2x2- and coefficient of x" ”1 on LHS
I ... + (-1)" C„xn) -(iii) 2n-ir -- (2n — 1)!
= n ■ (- n - i = n-

I Now, coefficient of x ” in RHS

(n - 1)! n !
(2n-l)! _ (2n-l)!
I = CqC„ ~ Q C„_, + C2C„_2 -... + (- l)nCrtC0
(n-l)!(n-l)! {(n —I)!)2}
Now, general term in LHS,
T,., = "C,(- x2)'=(-!)'•• Cr x2r But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore the coefficient of x " ~1
in RHS = coefficient of xn “* in LHS.
Putting 2r = n, we get
r = n/2 C2 + 2C2 + 3C32 +... + nC„2 _ (2n-l)!
{(n-1)!}
Now. Tnl2 + l=(-l).n/2
n,2-nCn/2xn
n p
Coefficient of x" in LHS = (-1)"12 • cnl2 I Example 79. If (1 + x)n =C0+ C1x + C2x2+,.+C n Xn,
n! .u.z-2 C? C22 C2 (2n+l)!
= (-1)"/2 prove that Co + — + — + ...+ —— =-------- —
(n/2)! (n/2)! 2 3 n+1 {(n+1)!}2
0 if n is odd So/. Given, (1 + x)" = Co + C^x + C2x2+... + C„ x',n
(-l)n/2
n!
, if n is even Integrating both sides w.r.t x within limits 0 to x, then we
(n/2)! (n/2)!
get
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore the coefficient of x" in J*(l + x)n dx = j*( Co + C, x + C2 x2 +... + C„ x") dx
RHS = coefficient of xn in LHS.
=> C0C„ - CjCn-j + C2C„_2 -... + (- l)nCnC0 (l + x)n + ,-l C,x2 C2x3 Cnxn + 1
= Cox + + ...+
------------------------------ - LqA T ----------- T ------------ *r ... i ------------------ ... (i)
(1 + n) 2 3 n+1
0, if n is odd
l 2+... + C„
and (x + 1)" =Coxn+Cixn', + C2x■"- (ii)
(-l)n/2 n!
, if n is even
(n/2)! (n/2)!
Multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
3. If each term is the product of two binomial
coefficient divided or multiplied by an integer, —{(l x)‘ ’-d + x)")
((i + x/^
then integrating or differentiating by preceeding (n + 1)
method. Then, multiplying two series and Cix2 + C2 x 3
— + ...+
equate the coefficient of suitable power of x on 2 3 n+1
both sides.
x (Co x" + Cj x""1 + C2 x" ‘2 +... + Cn) ...(iii)
I Example 78. If (l + x)n =C0 + C1x + C2x2
Now, coefficient of xn ~1 in RHS of Eq. (iii)
+ C3 x3 +...+ Cn xn, prove that
(2n-1)! Ci2 C22 Cn2
C12 + 2C22 + 3C32 + ...+ nC2 = -c 2
- C0 + — + — +... + ——
«n-1)!)2‘ 2 3 n+1
and coefficient of x"+1 in LHS of Eq. (iii)
Sol. Given, (1 + x)n = Co + CjX + C2 x2 + C3 x 3+... + Cnxn
1 j2n + 1
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get “(n+1) I +1 -o}
n (1 + x)n"1 = 0 + Cj + 2C2 x + 3C3 x2 +... + n Cn x" 1 (2n + 1)!
=>n(1 + x)n"1 = C, + 2C2x + 3C3x2 +... + nCn xn~l (i) (n + 1) (n + 1)! n !
and (x + l)n =C0xn + C1x',"1 + C2x"“2+C3x n - 3 (2n + 1)! (2n + l)!
+... + C„ ...(ii) (n + 1)! (n + 1)! {(n + 1)!}2
472 Textbook of Algebra

But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore coefficient of x" +1 in [Co (1 4 x)2n - Cj (14X)2"-1 + C2(l + x)2"'!
RHS of Eq. (iii) = coefficient of x " + 1inLHS of Eq. (iii). -C3 (14x)2""34 + (-!)” C, (1 + x)']
z>2 z->2 x-»2
C24^-4^4...4-^- = (2n 4-1)! = Coefficient of x" in
2 3 n41 "{(n + 1)!}2 (1 + x)" [C0(l + x)" - C, (1 + x)"‘‘ + C2(l + x)"‘2
-C,(l + x)"-3 + ... + (-l)"C,-l]

Binomial Inside Binomial = Coefficient of x " in (14 x)" [ ((1 4 x) - 1)" ]

= Coefficient of x" in(1 4 x)" • x"d
The upper suffices of binomial coefficients are different
= Constant term in (1 4 x)" = 1 = RHS
but lower suffices are same.
n
I Example 80. Evaluate n+r C„. Sum of the Series
n
2n z-* Case I When i and j are independent.
Sol. Z " + 'Cn= "Cn 4 n+1C„ + "*2C„ +...+
r=0 In this summation, three types of terms occur, when
= Coefficient of xn in
n n n•
[(1 + x)" 4(14x)n + 1 + (l + x)" + 2 + ... + ...4(1 +X)2"]
i.e., Z X “t aj =z “i Z«
= Coefficient of xn in
(1 4 x)" [(14X)"+1-1]~
(14x)-l
1=0 j=0

n n
1=0
x
7=o 7

n A2
z \2

= Coefficient of x " + ,in[(l + x)2n + 1 -(14x)"]

=z i=0
Z
7=0
aJ = z
i=0
a. or
7=0
Zu
7 X 7
2n + 1 2n + lz-* A2
+1 -0 = n n
Corollary I Z Z nCi "Cj = Z nCi
1=0 7=0 i=0
I Example 81. If (Uxf =C0 + C!X X 7
4 C2 x 24 ...4 Cn xn, prove that = (2")2 =22"
z~ 2d r~ 2n —2 | (- 2d - 4
'~0 ‘ Cn C] Ln4C2- c„- (.. = 2n I Example 83. If (1 + x)n = Co 4 qx
2n —4 z>
Sol. LHS =C0-2nCn-Cr 2n~2Cn +C2-
+ C2 x2 +...+ Cn xn, find the values of the following.
n n
= Coefficient of x" in (i) S Z (Q + Cj)
i=0j=0 J
[ Co (1 4 x)2n - Cj (1 + x)2"-2 + C2 (14x)2"-4 -•••]
n n
= Coefficient of x" in (ii) Z Z (i + jjCiCj
= a0 ji —
ii = = n0 J
[Co (1 + x)2]" - C, [(1 + x)2]"-I + C2 [(1 +x)2]"-2 -...]
n n n n n n
= Coefficient of x" in [[ (1 + x)2 - 1]" ] sol. (i) Z Z (cf +Cj)= Z Z c, + Z Z Cj
1=0 J= 0 i= 0 j= 0 1= 0 7=0
= Coefficient of x" in(2x + x2)" n \
= s(s.c, + S ( Zn
n

= Constant term in (2 4 x)n = 2" = RHS CJ

J=0 1=0 i=o 7=0
k 7 \ 7
I Example 82. If (1+ x)n = Co + C,x+ C2 x2 n n
= Z (2")+ Z (2") = (n + 1)• 2" 4(n41)-2"
+ C3 x3 +...+ Cn xn, prove that 7=o i=o
z~ 2i? z~ 2n —1 z~ • 2d — 2 = 2(n 4 1)2" =(n 4 1)2"+1
C0’ Cn-C]- Ln+L2- Cn-Cr 2n"3Cn + ...+
n n inn
(-1)" C„-"C„=1 (ii) Z Z(i + jyctC. = Z Z iCtCj
1=07=0 i=0 j= 0
2n — 2 2n —3 z>
Sol. LHS = C0 2”C„-C,- 2"-’C„+Cr cn “ c3 ’

+ ... + (- l)"Cn-"Cn = Zn iC. f Z cX Zn jCj Z Ct

i=o 7=0 J j=o i=o
= Coefficient of x" in k 7 7
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 473

n n
= Z i Ci (2")+ Z jCj (2n)
(vii) ZZ (i-j)CjCj
i=0 J=0 OSi < j in
n n ( n n k
= 2" Z /"C,- +2" Z jnC, Z Z Ct -Y'LCi
i=0 j=0 i = 0j = 0

n n
sol. (i) ZZ c( = -
0H< jin 2
= 2" Z /•-•"
"-1 -*
“1Ci_I+2" .Z j-—- n —IzH-J
i=o i j = o J = j0 n n

n (n + l) Z C,-Sc,
n £ n-lc 1=0 i=0
=------------------------------- = n • 2" ~1
= n-2" Z " 'Cj _ i + n • 2 J-i 2
i=o j=0

= n-2"-2"-1 + n-2"-2"“’ ZZ jCj/Z-C,

(ii)
— m 9 o 2n — 1_ q 2n OH < jin r~°
— 71 • L* Z — n •Z
{(r + 1) + (r + 2) + (r + 3) + ... + n}
Case II When i and j are dependent. n—1
In this summation, when i < j is equal to the sum of the = Z ncr • (n - r)(n + r + 1)
terms when i > j, if a, and dj are symmetrical. So, in this r=0 2
case n-1
n n = - Z nCr(n2 ~r2 +n-r)
z z dj dj =
1 = 0;=o
Z Z at dj
0H<jin
+ ZZ
i=;
2r = o
n-1 n-1 n -1
= -(n2 +n) Z nCr~- Z r-"Cr-~ Z r2 ■ncr
+ Z Z a;# j 2 r=0 2r=0 2 r=0
Oijciin

= 2 Z Z af Qj + ZZa iaJ = l(n2+n)(2"-l)-l-n

OH < jin
2 2
i=j ■
1
---- n [(n-l)(2"-2 - 1) + 2"- 1]
zz
n n
tij dj - Z Z di dj 2
yv 1 = 07 = 0 i=j = n(3n + l)-2 n - 3
=> LLi at dj =------------
0H<jin 2
When a, and a j are not symmetrical, we find the sum by Remark
Here, j and Q are not symmetrical.
listing all the terms.
Corollary I (iii) Here, i * j i.e., i > j or i < j
n n _
Z Z nCinCj -ZZ nCi‘ nC- But Cj and Cj are symmetrical.
ZZ "Cj "r - i = 0 j=0 i=j
XXCjCj=2 ZZ C,Cj
iiiijin 2 i#j 0H< jin
n
(2n)2 - Z ("Cj)2 2n si
f ^2n
2 2" 2nr A
_i = 0 22" 2n! =2 [from corollary I]
= 22n-1 k 2' j
2 2 2(n!)2
= 22n
in-2n
inCn
I Example 84. if (1 + X)° — Cq + C]X
(iv) ZZ CiCj = ZZ qCj + ZZCjCj
+ C2 x2 +...+ Cn xn, find the values of the following. 0 iiijin OH < jin i=j

(i) ZZ c, (ii) ZZ jCi = 1(22" 2"C„) + 2nCn [from corollary I]

2
OSi < jin OH < j in
= 1 (22n + 2biC„)
fflZZc.Cj i(iv) ZZ CjCj 2
OH i jin
(v) ZZ (c,±c?)2= ZZ (c2+c2±2CjC?)
0Si < j Sn 0H< jin
(v) ZZ (c,±Cj)2
OH < jin = ZZ (cf + c2
j)±2 ZZ Cj Cj
0 ii < jin 0 ii < j in
(vi) ZZ (i + j)CjCj
0Si< jin
zs (C?+C;!)
OH < jin
474 Textbook of Algebra

n n n
Let P= ZZ (i + j) Ct Cj .40
Z Z (c,2 + c?)-2 t s= o c}
_ t=o j=o
Oii< jin

2 Replacing i by n - i and j by n - j in Eq. (i), then we

n ' n n 5 get
z
i= 0 y=o
Z c2 + Z c2
7=0
-2- 2n
P = S Z (n - i + n - j)Cn.i Cn-j
\J Oii< Jin
2 [•.• sum of binomial expansion does not
n
S ((n + l)C,2 + 2"C„)-2-2n
; change if we replace r byn - r]
i=0 P= ZZ (2n - i - j) C, Cj
2 Oii<jin
n n
2np [v "Cr = "Cn_r]...(ii)
(n + 1) Z Ct2 + 2nCn Z 1-2-
i=0 i= 0
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2
2n 2P = 2n ZZ Cj Cj
(n + l).2"C„ + 2nC„-(n + l)-2- '-'n
0^i<j<n
2
= n-2nC„ or P=n ZZ CtCj=- (22n 2ncn)
Oii<jin 2
Z Z (Ct ± Cj)2 = n • 2nCn ±(22n 2ncn)
0Si< jin [from corollary I]
[from corollary 1] (vii) ZZ (i-j)c, c,= ZZ (i"c, )O-"C;)
0 ii < jin Oii< Jin
= (nTl) 2nCn ±22n; ZZ (i + J)C,Cj
0Si<jin = n2 ZZ n“1ci-ln CJ-\
0£i<j
Remark
<^2 (n — 1) 2n “ 2
ZZ (Q+Cy) = n-2n
Oii <j in = n2 [from corollary 1]
2
(vi) ZZ (i + j)CtCj
1
Oii<jin = n2 22""3 2n-2cn_1
2
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 475

§ Exercise for Session 4

1. The coefficient of a4 b8 c9d9 in the expansion of (abc + abd + acd + bed)10 is

(a) 10! (b) ---- —— (c) 2520 (d) None of these

4!8!9!9!
2. If (1 + 2x + 3x2)10 = a0 + a^ + a2x2 + ... + a20 x20, then a! equals
(a) 210 (b) 20 (c) 10 (d) None of these
3. If(1+x + x2 + x3)5 =a0 + ape + a2x 2
+ ... + a15 x15, then a10 equals
(a) 99 (b) 100 (c) 101 (d) 110
4. Coefficient of x15 in(1 + x + x3 + x4)n is
5 5 • 5 3
(a) ZnnC5.r-nC3r (b) Z nC5r (c) \nC2r (d) Z
r=0 r=0 r=0 r-0
n
'The number of terms in the expansion of (x2 +1 + X
5. ,n e N is

(a) "'2C2 (b) "‘’Cj (c) 2/1 + 1p

^2n (d) 3nt1C3n
6. If (1+ x)10 =a0 + a^ + a2x2+...+ a1ox1o>then(ao-a2 + a4-a6 + a8-a1o)2 + (a1 -a3 + a5 -a7 + a9)2 is equal to
(a) 29 (b) 39 (c) 210 (d) 310

7. If (1+ x )n = C0 + C}x + C2 x2 + C3x 3 +...+ Cn x n,n being even the value of

Co + (Co + C,) + (Cq + Cj + Qj ) + ... + (Cq + C| + C2 + ... + Cn 1) is equal to
(a)n-2" (b)n-2n’1 (cjn^’2 (d) n-20-3

8. The value of — - + _ ±2. +

+ ... + (_ i)iyn —— js
1-3 2-3 3-3 4-3 ' (n + 1)-3
1
(a)-L (b) • (c) (d) None of these
n+ 1 3(n+ 1)
50 50 50 II50"' '50 50^ n
9. The value of + + ...+ L is
0 1 1 R2 49 50 r
where nCr =
r
100' 100A 50' 50?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
50 51 25 25 J
10. If Cr stands for 4Cr, then Co C4 - C, C3 + C2 c2 - C3 Ci + C4 Co is equal to
(a)C, (b)C2 (c) Cj (d)C4
n
11. The sum Z (r + 1)(nCr)2 is equal to
r=0 '
(n+ 2) (2?-1)! (n+ 2)(2n + 1)1 (n+ 2) (2n 4-1)! (n+ 2) (2?- 1)!
(a) (b) (c) (d)
n !(n - 1)! n!(n- 1)1 n !(n + 1)! n ! (n + 1)1

12. Y
n
rrZ~1 "i
nCr rCD 2P is equal to
r=1 p =0
\ 7
(a) 4n - 3n + 1 (b) 4” - 3n - 1 (c) 4" - 3" + 2 (d) 4" - 3n
( 1° v 10 10r
13. Z 10cr S (-1)1 is equal to
r=0 m=0 2m 7

(a) 1 (b) 25 (c) 2’" (d) 220

14. The value of Z Z Z Z 2 is equal to

0s/</</t</sn

(a)2(n+1)3 (b) 2- n +t 4 (c) 2(n+ 1)» (d) 2- n+2C3

 Shortcuts and Important Results to Remember
1 (r + 1)th term from end in the expansion of
(x + y/1 = (r + 1)th term from beginning in the expansion of 13 If the coefficients of xr, x in the expansion of a + -
I b)
(y + xf. are equal, then n ~ (r + 1) (ab + 1) -1, where n,r eN and
2 If nCr _ ,, nCr, np
nCr ++1j are in AP, then (n - 2r)2 = n + 2 or a, b are constants.
(
14 Coefficient of xm in the expansion of axp + —
bX
b
r = - (n ± >j(n + 2)) for r = 2, n = 7 and for r = 5, n = 7,14. _ X X 7

3 Four consecutive binomial coefficients can never be = Coefficient of Tr + b where r = —----- ■, where p,q,neN
p+q
in AP. and a, b are constants.
4 Three consecutive binomial coefficients can never be in 15 The term independent of x in the expansion of
GPorHP.
5 If a, b,c,d are four consecutive coefficients in the
3 C
expansion of (1 + xf, then------ ,------- ,------- are in AP.
axp
+^J , where r = np •, where n ,p,q eN
is Tr

and a, b are constants.

P+q

a + b b + c c +d
16 Sum of the coefficients in the expansion of (ax + byf is
a + -^—=2 b
(i) (a + bf\ wheren eNand a, bare constants.
a+b c+d Vb + c
17 If (1 + xf1 =C0 + C,x + C2x2 + ... + Cnxn and p + q = 1, then
b I ac n
(ii) ------ >---------
b + c) (a + b)(c +d) (i) S r-C^p'-Q"-' = np
r =0
6 If greatest term in (1 + x)2n has the greatest coefficient,- n
n n +1 (ii) Z r2 -Cr • pr -qn~r =n(2„2
2p2 + npq
then----- < x <-------. r =0
n +1 n
18 If (1 + xf1 = Co + Ci x + C2 x 2 + ... + Cn x n, then
7 (a) The coefficient of xn ~1 in the expansion of
n n f-\ q/7+1 4
(x - 1)(x-2)(x - 3)... (x-n)= -(1 + 2 + 3+... + n) (i) Zr-Cf=n-2°-1 (ii) Z -^- = --------
_ n (n +1) =_n + i’C ( 2 < =o" r = 0r + 1 n+1
n n
2 (iii) Z r2-Cr = n(n + 1)2n’2 (iv) Z (-1/ -r-Cr =0
(b) The coefficient of x n -1 in the expansion of r =0 r =0
(x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3)... (x + n)
(v) = •
n (n +1) n +1<> r=o r + 1 n+1
= (1 + 2 + 3+... + n) = C2
2
8 The number of terms in the expansion of /(vi)\ LV (-1/
/ -tv — = 14 + —1 + —1 + ... + —1
n + 2 .. <=o' r 23 n
------- , if n is even n
2
(x + af + (x - af =
n +1
(vii) r Z= 0 (-v./-2-cr=o
, if n is odd
~2~ n

9 The number of terms in the expansion of (viii) Z (-1/■ (a-r)(b-r)Cr = 0, Vn >3

r=0
n n
if n is even
(ix) Z (-1/ (a-r)(t>-/j(c-r)Cr =0,Vn>3
(x + af - (x - a)" = 2' r =0
n +1
, if n is odd n
2 (x) Z (-If (a-r)3Cr =0, Vn>3
10 The number of terms in the expansion of multinomial r =0

(x, + x2 + x3 + ...+ xmf,when xb x2, x31..., xm eCand n dk

(xi) Z /■(r-i)(r-2)...(/'-k + 1)Cf/-fc = -^T(1 + x)n
neN, isn + m-1Cm_v r=0 dX
n rl2
11 The number of terms in the expansion of for k=2, Z r(r-1)Cr=-^y[(1 + x)n]x=i = n(n-1)2n
r=0 dXd
f p b , where n,peN and a, b, c are n
I xp and fork = 3; Z r(r-1)(r -2)(-ir3Cf
r=0
constants, is 2n + 1.
d3
12 If the coefficients of pth and qth terms in the expansion of =0
(1 + xf are equal, then p + q = n + 2, where p.q.ne N. dx
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 477

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 multiple choice examples. sinm9 = mC1(cos9),n'1 •sin9 -m C3(cos9r-3 •sin3 9 +...
Each example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of •••(ii)
which ONLY ONE is correct. On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
* r-.. x ,/2n + 1 2n+f <2n+? cosm9+sinm9 =m C0(cosO)m +m C1(cos9)'n”1-sin9
+ + + ...=170, then n
0 3 7 6 -mC2(cos9)'n-2sin29 -'nC3(cos9)m-3 sin3 9
equals
(a) 2 (b)4 (c)6 (d)8 +mC4(cos9 )m’4 sin4 9 +...sin[ m9 + — |
Sol. (b)v (1 + x)' ,2n + l 2n + l,lz^
Cq +
| 2/1+1.
lCIx+2n+1 C2x2+2n+l
2n+1 C3x3 k 4J
+2n+L
£" tJC4x4 +2n +1 C5x5 +2n+1 C6x6 +... mC0 +m tan9 - mC2 tan2 9 -m C3 tan3 9
= (cos9)m
Putting x = 1, cq co2 (where CD is cube root of unity) and +'"C4tan49+m C5 tan59-...

adding, we get Putting 9 = , V2sin| (m + l)7t 1_

22n+1+(l + oj)2n+1l-+(l + aj2)2n+1 _ -j(2n+1 c 4 2m/2
co
m
i2n+l/->
+
. 2/1+1 z-»
C 3 *r c6 +| ... (mC0 +m Cj -m C2 C3) + (mC4 +m C5 -m C6 -m Cfj
22/1+1 -O)2(2n+,) 2/1+1 .2/1+1 i i ftn , //I Hl fy tfl
™p \
-co2n+1 Co + C3 +...+V cm_3 + Cm_2-
m-2 ^m-1 '-'mJ

+. 2/t+l C6 +...)[vl + (o+co2 =0] v('nCo +ra Cj -m C2 -m C3)+(mC4 +m C5 -m C6 -m C7)

=> 2n+1C0 +»+2" C3 +2n+1 C1+..-4 w2 (2n+l) .’. sin

(m + 1)ti
= 0 =>
(m + l)n
= kit
+...= 0 [given]

(22n+1 - to2"+*) 4 4
2n + P 2n + l "2n +1 1
+ + + ...= - or m = 4k - l,Vfc e I
. 0 , 3 < 6 3
(22n+1 _w2(2n+l)
-u)2'’*1) • Ex. 3 If coefficient ofxn in the expansion of(] + x)101

170 = -(2,2n+l
: ^2 (2n+l) ^n+l (1 - x + x2)100 is non-zero, then n cannot be of the form
)
3 (a)3X + 1 (b)3X (c)3X + 2 (d) 4X +1
For n = 4,170 = -(512 -1 -1) = 170 [.co3 =1] Sol. (c) •.•(! + x),01(l - x + x2)100 = (1 + x)((l + x)(l - x + x2))100
3 = (l + x)(l + x3)100
Hence, n=4
= (1 + x)(l +100 C.x3 +100 C2x6 +100 C3x9+...+...+,00C1oX3<x,)

• Ex.2(mC0 +m Ci -m C2 -m C3) Clearly, in this expression x3 will present if n = 3X or

n = 3X +1. So, n cannot be of the form 3X + 2
+(mC4 +m C5 -m C6 -m C7)+...=0
m
if and only iffor some positive integer k, m is equal to fioY 20 '
• Ex. 4 The sum X , (where — = 0, ifp < q) is
(a) 4k (b) 4k +1 (c) 4k -1 (d) 4k + 2 /=o^ / m-f 9
maximum when m is
So/, (c) If 9 e R and i = V-l , then (cos9 + isin9)”
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c)15 (d)20
= mC0(cos9r +m Cj(cos 9 fusing)
+mC2(cos 9)m-2(i sin9)2+...+ mCm(isin9)m Sol. (c) X
10" 20 1= Z m 10 20
C,
i=0 »> m - i, i=0
(cosm9 + isinm9) = [mC0(cos9)m -m C2(cos9)'n“2 -sin29 —/’'• 20 fy i 20 . 10 z'» 20 z-» i 10/"' 20z-»
“ ^0’ + ^1* ^2‘ ‘ ^0
+ 'nC4(cos9)n,-4sin49 -...] + i[mC1(cos9)'n’1
= Coefficient of xm in the expansion of product
•sin9 -m C3(cos9)m'3sin39+...] (l + x)10(l + x),20
:
[using Demoivre’s theorem] = Coefficient of xm in the expansion of(l + x)30 = 30Cm
Comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
To get maximum value of the given sum,30 Cm should be
cosm9 = mC0(cos9)'n -m C2(cos9)m-2sin29
30
+'nC4(cos9)'n-4sin49-...... (i) maximum. Which is so, when m = — = 15
2
478 Textbook of Algebra

'-'Cr=(k2-3ynCr+i then k belongs to On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), then we get
/ \ / \2
. -,-2](b)[2,oo)
(a)(- X
1+ +I X I
(c)[->/3,V3] (d)(^,2] s = (l + x)100
l+x II + xj
(l + x) 100 101
Sol. (d) v n-1Cr = (P-3)"C,„ x X
I -101
l+x l+x
—(i) z slOA
nCr+1 n X
1- 1-
101
0<r <n-l l+x X
= (1 + x)100 + -101
1 < r + 1< n X l+x
1-
=> l+x
n n
1 S = (1 + x)102 - x I01(l + x)-101x101
=> -<(fc2-3)<l
n 102 r
and coefficient of x50 in S = u50-

3 + -<fc2 <4 or 3 < k2 < 4 [here, n > 2]

n • Ex. 8 The largest integer X such that 2^ divides
ke[-2, V3)U(V3,2] 32” -1, n(=N is
(a) n -1 (b) n (c)n + 1 (d)n + 2
6
1 I *i Sol. (d)•.■32',-l = (4-l)2,, -1
• Ex. 6 If X + - +1 = a0 + <21x + ——
I x I x = (42" 2',Ci-42'’-1+2',C2-4 2"-2_ -_ 2"z>
C2"-l •4 +1)-1
b2 |+...+^a6x66 +^»
a2xx2 +-^f = 42"-2n-42n-1 , 2n(2n—1) 1 2"-2—...-2n *4
x2 2
,n+1
-22 -4 +...-1) = 2n+z(Integer)
= 2"+2(22"+1"n"2 -22"+‘
the value ofa0 is
(a) 121 (b) 131 Hence, 32 -1 is divisible by 2"+2 ■ X = n +2
(c) 141 (d) 151
6 6 • Ex. 9 The last term in the binomial expansion of
1
Sol. (c) v x + — +1 =E 6c/x+i for constant term r n ( \log38
I x r=0 X 1_
must be even integer. is , the 5th term from beginning is
V2 J v31/9,
:. aQ=bCz + 6C2 x2 Cj + 6C4 x4 C2 + 6C6 x6C3
(a)10 C6 (b)2,0C,
= 1+30 + 90 + 20= 141
(c)l'“C4 (d) None of the above
50 2
• Ex. 7 The coefficient of x in the series n
101 Sol. (a) Since, last term in the expansion of I ifi - 4=
E rx (1 + x)l01-r is '2>
r=1
100 r 101 z-
log3 8 log J 3
(a) (b) ’-'50 _l 1 1
’-'50 "C • -
(c)
102 r
’-so (d)103 C50 U-V9
log3 8
101 riY/2 1
Sol. (c) Let S = E rx‘ (1 + x)101-r nrR 35/3
! =(3
-5/3 )log3 23

= (l + x)100 +2x(l + x)w +3x2(1 + x)98+...+1O1x100 5 _ 5

-3 3
3
X3Xl°g32 _ 3“51og32 _ jlog32 1
= 2'
2 100 2
x X X
S = (1 + x)100 1 + 2l I +...+101 zxn/2 5
l+x l+x l+x 1 | /. n = 10
=> (-!)"• ;
...(i) 2
2
X X 1 Now, 5th term from beginning = 10C4(V2)6f—
+2
Sx l+x 1 + xJ \ v2J
= (1 + x)100 •••(ii)
(l + x) 3 / x 101
X
+3 I +...+101 = 10C4-22 ~ = 10C4 = 10C(6
l+x 0+x 22
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 479

• Ex. 10 If/(x) = S{r2(”CrCt = £((r + l)2."Cr-r2^ )

r=1
and /(30) =30(2)\ then the value ofX is = (n + l)2-"C„-l2-nCo

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 = (n +1)2 -1 = (n2+2n)

Sol. (c) Here, f(x) = i{r2(nCr -n Cr_1) + (2r + 1)"C,} /(30) = (30)2 +2(30) = 960
= 30 x 32 = 30(2)5 = 30(2)'A [given]
= Z(r2+2r + l)nCr-r2" Cr_j
r=l Hence, X=5

JEE Type Solved Examples:

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
■ This section contains 5 multiple choice examples. Each nA . I 5n ] .,
S5 — 1 = 2 -sin —
2 i -
1 = 16,
example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which 12;
more than one may be correct. / 7— \

n
^7 26-sin----- = 26x—lx-l = 64
• Ex. 11 Letan = (l + - I 2J
. Then for each ne N
S50(n) = 249 -sin(507t) = 0
(a)a„>2 (b)an <3 (c) an < 4 (dK<2 and 55j(-7t) = 2M'Sin(-517t) = 0
Sol. (a, b, c)

••• On = 1+-rnJ
1
= "C0+B 0,4— 1+ £ "Cr[-1
2
n r=2 n
2 • Ex. 13 lfa+b = k, when a,b > 0 and
n
S(k,n)=Zr2(nCr)ar - bn~r , then
n
1 r=Q
= 24- E ncJ -
r=2 n (a) 5(1,3) = 3(3a2 + ab) (b) 5(2,4) = 16(4a2 + ab)
an > 2 for all n 6 N (c) 5(3,5) = 25(5a2 + ab) (d) 5(4,6) = 36(6a2 + ab)
/ p" Sol. (a, b)
Also, lim | 1 + - = e = 2.7182
n —><» n v S(k,n) = ir2-(nCr)ar-bn-r
r=O
an < e x
(n r
a
Finally, 2 < an <e = bn lr2- ‘Cr-l
r=0 b
n \
• Ex. 12 LetSn(x) = X nCk sin(kx)cos((n -k)x) then
k=0 = nbn E((r-l) + ir
r=0
I — 7T 1
(a)S5 - = 16 (b)57 — =64
< 2 ) = nbn i((n-l)-n'2C, +
r=0
(c)S50(n) = 0 (d)S51(-It) = -2!0 Z xZ n tai

Sol. (a, b, c)
= nt"-(n-l)-(j S n~2Cr-2 -
r=0 \b)
n
* (q\ n
v Sn(x) = X "Cfcsin(kx)cos((n-k)x) —(i)
k=0 +nbn • - E C,
Jr=0
Replace k by n - k in Eq. (i), then n-2
+ nb"-(- a
1+-
5n(x)= S "Cn.fcSin^n - k)x)cos(kx) b
k=0
= n(n-l)a2kn-2+nakn~l
or 5n(x)= S "Qsin((n -k)x)cos(kx) ...(ii) = n2a2kn~2 + nakn~2(k - a) = nW'2 + nabkn~2
k=0

On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 5(1,3) = 9a2 + lab = 3(3a2 + ab) [v a + b = k]
n 5(2,4) = 16(4a2+ab)
2S„(x)= Z nCk •sin(nx) = 2" -sin(nx)
k=0 5(3,5) = 135(5a2 +ab)
Sn(x) = 2n-1 -sin(nx) 5(4,6) = 1536(6a2+ab)
480 Textbook of Algebra

• Ex. 14 The value of x, for which the ninth term in the X = 2,-275
1
10 x = 102,10"2/5 [from Eq. (i)]
VI0 2l°gio*
expansion of is 450 is equal to
(V^)5log’°* • Ex. 15 For a positive integer n, if the expansion of
f 5 4
(a) 10 (b) 102 (c)Vio (d)10"2/5 — + x4 has a term independent ofx, then n can be
Sol. (b, d) Let log10x = X => x = 10k lx2
(a) 18 (b) 27 (c) 36 (d) 45
Given, T9 = 450 \n
X2
Sol. (a, b, c, d) Let (r +1 )th term of — + x4 be independent
10 /-* 40 (10X -10I/2)8 = 450 kx
e8 '
£ of x. We have, Tr+1 = "Cr| -Z (x4)r = nCr-5n
*6r-2a
kio 2 7 kxz.
10^ 10
C2 5X7 •108;X-104 = 450
1O5A For this term to be independent of x,

=>
108X + 4-5X2 _ j _ 1()0 6r - 2n = 0 or n = 3r

=> 8X + 4-5X2 =0 For r = 6,9,12,15,

=$ 5X2-8X- 4 = 0 n = 18,27,36,45.

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Passage Based Questions
2n 4n
= Z ar 2_Y
■ This section contains 2 solved passages based upon each
of the passage 3 multiple choice examples have to be 1+l+±
X X . r=0 XJ
answered. Each of these examples has four choices (a), (b),
4n
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
=> (1 + X + X2)2" = Z Of X 4n - r .(ii)
r=0
Passage I (Ex. Nos. 16 to 18) 4n 4n
2n From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Z a, xr = Z ar x 4n-r
Consider (1 + x + x2)" = Z ar xr, where a0, a\, r=0 r=0
r=0
Equating the coefficient of x4,1 “r on both sides, we get
a2, — , a2n are real numbers and n is a positive integer.
n -1 _r = a,. forO < r < 4n
16. The value of X a^ is Hence, a,. = a4n_r
r=0
Putting x = 1 in Eq. (i), then
9” ~ 2a2w -1 9n~2a2n+l 4n
(a) (b)
4 4 Zar=32n=9" .(iii)
r=0
9n+2a2n-1 9° + 2a2n +1 4n
(c) ■ (d)
4 Putting x = - 1 in Eq. (i), then Z (- l)r a,. = 1 .(iv)
4
r=0
n
17. The value of Z a2r-i is 16. (b) On adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
r=1 2 (a0 + a2 + a4 + ... + a2„_2 + + ... + a4n) = 9n + 1
9” - 1 9" - 1 9” + 1 ? +1 + a
=>2[2 (a0 + a2 + a4 + ... + 2n_2) + a^) =9n + 1
O2n-
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 ’ ' 4 2 4 [var=a4n.r]
18. The value of a2 is 9n -2a + 1
a0 + a2 + a4 + ... + _2 -
(a)4n + 1C2 (b)3n + 1C2 4
n—1
(c) 2n + 1C2 (d) n + 1C2 =>
r=0
z a2r =
“
9"-2a2n + l
4
Sol.
4n
17. (b) On subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii), we get
We have, (1 + x + x2)2" = Z ar xr —(i)
r=0 2(a, +a3 + a5 + ... + a2n_1 + a2n + i + - + a4n-i) =9" ~ 1
Replacing x by — in Eq. (i), we get => 2 [2(fl] + a3 + a5 + ... + a2n_1] = 9"-1 [vor =a4.J
x
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 481

9" -1 21. The value of K + G is

:. a, + a3 + a5 + ... + ajn -i =-------
4 (a)2S-2 ■ (b)2S-1
V 9" -1 (c) 2 S + 1 (d) 2 5 + 2
=> a2r -1---
r=l 4 Sol.
18. (c) •: a2 = Coefficient of x2 in (1 + x + x,2\2n
2)2n 30
v5=Z
30 + I" z-i (n
Cr (2r -1)
.\ 30
£ 30+rcr 1 30 ~ r + 1
30
(1 + x + x2)2" = r=1 Cr (30 + r) ' -« MCr 30 + r
a + p + y = 2n a! p! y!
30

a+p + y
s 2n!-
= 2n a! y! 0!
^ + 2y = rZ= I 30+ rCr
MCr 30 cr
(30 - r + 1)
(30 + r)
For a2, 0 + 2y = 2 (30 + r)
30 29+ rCr_
Possible values of a, 0, y are (2n - 2,2, 0) and (2n -1, 0,1).
2n ! 2n !
=zr=1
30+rcr
30cr
r
30Cr
1 (31-r)
30 + r
a2 = ---------------------- 4-----------------------
(2n - 2)! 2! 0! (2n -1)! 0! 1!
30
| _ 2n +
2 =zr=1
30+ rCr
30z-> 30 Cr_j
ncr
"Cr-X
n-r+1
r
Passage II
(Ex. Nos. 19 to 21) For n = 30 ^•”cr =
r
30 30 + r
Let s= rZ= l 30Cr (30 + r)
Z(3ocj2
'=°
30 + 30z-
___
‘-30
29 +
0__ 60 (
c
‘-30 — 11
—---------- 30 r
c30 c0
60
30 60
and G = Z (-1/ (60Cr)2 Z (30Cr)2 = andG= Z (-l)r(MCr)2
r=0
r= 0 r=0

19. The value of (G -S) is = (MC0)2 -(“c,)2 +(60C2)2 -... + (60C60)2 = “Cjo
(a)0 (b) 1 (c) 2 30
(d) 260 [vn = 60 is even]
60
19. (b) G-S = c30 -(WCM-1) =1
20. The value of (SK - SG^ is

(a)0 (b) 1 20. (a) SK - SG = S(K - G) = S(G - G) = 0 [vK = G]

(c) 230 (d) 260 60^
21. (d) K + G = 2- c30 = 2(S+ 1) = 25 4- 2

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. The answer to each Sol. (5) Here, a, = nCr
example is a single digit integer ranging from 0 to 9
br = l + -^-=l + -^~
(both inclusive).
*,-1 "Cr-!
100
• Ex. 22 The digit at unit’s place in 29 is n-r+1 (n + 1)
=1+
Sol. (2) v 9100 = (2 • 4 +1)100 = 4n +1 [say] r r
[where n is positive integer]
.-. 4n+1
2,99'00 = 2,4n +1 = 24n-2 =(16)n-2 fu = fl^
r=l r=i r

The digit at unit’s place in (16)" = 6. (n + 1) (n + 1) (n + 1) (n +1) (n + 1)"

.•. .The digit at unit’s place in (16)" -2 = 2 1 2 3 n n!
n (1Q1)100
• Ex. 23 lf(l + x)" = Z ar x [given]
brr =1
xrr ,,b =1 +
+ -^- 100!
n 100
r-° n
ar-1
and Fib, =225- ■, then the value o/— is
n = 100 => — = 5
20
'=i 100!
482 Textbook of Algebra

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. Examples 24 and 25
have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and
= 2 --6!.._ (i)“ (21/2)P (31/3)7
a+p+y=6a!P!Y!
four statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any given
statement in Column I can have correct matching with = 2 —
one or more statement(s) given in Column II. a+p+y=6a!P!y!
Values of (a, P, y) for rational terms are (0,0,6),
• Ex. 24 (1,2,3), (3,0, 3), (0, 6,0), (2, 4,0), (4, 2,0), (6,0,0).
Column I Column II .’. Number of rational terms = 7 i.e., m = 7
(A) If m and n are the numbers of rational (p) n - m =6 and (1 + ^2 + V3)15 = (1 + 21/3 + 31/5)15
terms in the expansions of (5/2 +31/5)10
and (-73 + 51/8)256 respectively, then = 2 15! {2U3f (3^
a + p + Y = i5a!P!y!
(B) If m and n are the numbers of irrational (q) m + n = 20
terms in the expansions of(21/2 + 3I/5)40 = Z —15!- f'3.?'3
and(51/I0 + 21/6)100 respectively, then a+p + Y = i5 a ! P ! y 1
of (a, P, y) for rational terms are
(C) If m and n are the numbers of rational (r) n - m = 31
terms in the expansions of(l +V2 + 31/3)6 (5,0,10), (2,3,10), (10,0,5), (7,3,5), (4,6,5), (1,9,5),
and (1 + V2 + V3)15 respectively, then (15,0,0),(12,3,0),(9,6,0), (6,9,0), (3,12,0), (15,0,0).
.’. Number of rational terms = 13 i.e. n = 13
(s) m + n = 35
Hence, m + n = 20 and n - m = 6
(t) n - m =39
n
Sol. (A) (r, s); (B) (t); (C) -» (p, q) • Ex. 25 If (J + x)n = Z Cr xr, match the following,
r=0
(A)v (V2+31/5)10 =(21/2+3,/5)10
Column I Column II
10 -r r
n
Tr + 1 = ”Cr-2 2 ■35
(A) If S = Z XCr and values of S are
r=0 (P) a = b + c
For rational terms, r = 0,10 a, b, c for X = 1, r, r2 respectively,
.’. Number of rational terms = 2 then
n
i.e., m = 2 and (>/3 + 51/8)256 = (31/2 + 5,/8)256
(B) IfS = rZ
=0
(- l)r X Cr and values of
(q) a + b = c + 2
256 - R
_ 256x>
•3 2 .5™ S are a, b, c for X = 1, r, r2
Tr + 1
respectively, then
For rational terms, r=0,8,16,24,32,..., 256 [•.♦ 0 < r < 256]
:. Number of rational terms = 1 + 32 = 33 (C) IfS = z and values ofS are (r) a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
r = 0(r+ 1)
i.e., n = 33 => m + n = 35 (s) and n - m = 31
a, b, cforX=l,r, r2 respectively, then
40 - r

(B) Tr +1 in (2V3 +31/5)40 = 40C

i r-2~ -3r'5 ________________________________________ (s) bc-a + (c-a)b=l

For rational terms, r = 10,25, 40 [v 0 < r < 40] • I (t) ' a + c = 4b

v Number of rational terms = 3 Sol. (A) (p, q); (B) -» (p, r, t); (C) -»(s, t)
Number of irrational terms n
(A) For X = 1, a = Z Cr = 2n
= Total terms - Number of rational terms r=o
n n
= 41 -3 =38 i.e. m = 38
100 - R For X = r, b= Z r Cr = Z r — n"1Cr_1
r= 0 r=0 r
and TR+i in(5,/10 + 2,/6)100 = ,00'C«-5
i io • 2R/6 n

rational terms, R = 0, 30,60,90 [v 0 < R < 100] = n r Z= 0

n n
v Number of rational terms = 4 and for X = r22, c = Z r2Cr=l.r2- -•"’’Cr-i
.*. Number of irrational terms = 101-4 = 97 r= 0 r=0 r
n n
i.e. n = 97 => m + n = 100, n - m = 97 - 38 = 39
(C) ■: (1 + -Ji + 31'3)6 = (1 + 21'2 + 31'3)6
=n Z r •
r=0
n~ _
Cr _ i -n Zr- n~lCr_l
r=l
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 483

n n n
=n S ((r-l) + l}"-'Cr., = n Z (-l)r (r - 1) " “ *Cr _! + n Z (-iy-n~lCr
-1
r=l r=0 r=0
= 0 + 0 =0
=n E(r-l). n~’cr /.a = b = c = 0 => a = b + c
r=1 r=1 => a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc a + c = 4b
n

=n
”■ (r-1)
n —2
Cr-2 + 2"-1 (C) For X = 1, a = Z Cr
r-o(r + i)
1
(n + 1)
z
r=0
n+P
r + l?
■nCr

1 " -i
n
= n (n-l)Z n — 2 z-i
+ 2"-* —— s ”" ” C.r., =-l
+ 1c (2/l + l-l)
r=1
cr- 2 (n + 1) r = 0 n+1
_2” + 1-l
= n [(n — 1) - 2n “2 + 2"'1]=n(n + l)2"'2
n+1
For n - 1, a = 2, b = 1, c = 1 a=b+c n
and for n = 2, a = 4, b = 4, c = 6j a + b = c + 2 For X = r, b = Z r ■—■■■■
r = o(r+ 1)
= z fl—r+* 1J
Cr
n
(B) For X = 1, a= Z (- l)r • Cr = 0
= 2”-
2n*1-P _ (n-l)2/1 +1
r=0
n+1 n +1
For X = r,
n 2 r ( 1 >
n n
b= Z (-l)rT-Cr= Z (-l)r-r-~ ""’C.-x For X = r2, c = £ = Z (r-l) + — Cr
r = o (r +1) r = 0 r+lj
r=0 r=0 r
n
n Cr
= n Z (- l)r • n~lCr -x = n(l-l)"“’=0 = Zr-Cr-Zcr+Z
r=1
r=0 r=0 r=o r + 1
n 2"4-1 -1
and for X = r22, c = Z (- l)r • r2 -Cr = n-2"-1 -2” +
r=0 n+1
(n2 - n +2)2”'1 -1
r=0 r (n + 1)
n T- , 3 , 1 1
=n Z (-l)r-r-n "’Cr-x Forn = 1, a = -,b = -,c = a + c = 4b
r=0 2 2 2
n 7 5 7
=» £ (-1/{(r - 1) +1} "-Il<Cr-l and for n = 2, a = -,b = -,c = bc~a + (c-a)b = 1
r=0
3 3 3.

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Statement I and II Type Questions
■ Directions Example numbers 26 and 27 are + (87 + 7Cj -86 + 7C2 -8s +... + 7C6 - 8 + 1)
Assertion-Reason type examples. Each of these examples
= 89 -9-88 + 87 -(9C2 + 1) + 86 (- 9C3 +7)
contains two statements:
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) + 85(9C4 + 7C2)+... + 8(99C8 + 7C6)
Each of these examples also has four alternative choices, = 64 X |[X is an integer]
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select
79 + 97 is divisible by 16.
the correct choice as given below.
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 Statement-1 is true. Statement-2 is false.
is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 • Ex. 27. Statement-1 Number of distinct terms in the
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 sum of expansion (1 +ax )10 + (1 - ax)10 is 22.
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false Statement-2 Number of terms in the expansion of(1 + x)n
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
is n +1, V ne N.
• Ex. 26 Statement-1 (7 9 + 97 )is divisible by 16 Sol. (d) v (1 + ax)10 + (1 - ax)10 = 2 {1 + 10C2 (ax)2
Statement-2 (xy +yx) is divisible by(x + y),W x,y. + 10C4 (ax)4 + 10C6 (ax)6 + 10C8 (ax)8 + 10C10 (ax)10}

So/.(c) 79 + 97 = (8 - I)9 + (8 + I)7 Number of distinct terms = 6

.6 => Statement-1 is false but Statement-2 is obviously true.
= (89-9C1-88 + 9C2‘8i7 - 9C3 -86 + ...+ 9C8 -8-1)
484 Textbook of Algebra

Subjective Type Examples

• Ex. 28 Find the coefficient independent of x in the 3 X*
And Ck is the coefficient of x y n ~ k X n~kyk
9
expansion of(J + x + 2x3) 2 i.e., x"y" (r = s = t = k)
u 3x Hence, the coefficient of x"yn in (1 + x)n (y + l)n (x + yf
9
I3 1
Sol. (r + 1) th term in the expansion of -x2 — Q 3 + Cj + C2 + ...+Cn
3x - <-0
r=0
\9-r
i.e.,
3
Tr + 1 = 9Cr -x 2 I jY n+4
2 3x J • Ex. 30 Lef(1 + x2)2 (1 + x)n = Z ak xk. Ifai,a2 anda3
k=0
9-r r
= 9Cr i 'X
18- 2r
■ X
are in AP, find n.
12 Sol. We have,
9-r
1Y • x18 ”3r (1 + x2)2 (1 + x)" =(1 + 2x2 + x4)
-9C
’ r 12. 3J x (nC0 + nC1X + nC2 X2 + nC3x3 + ...)
Hence, general term in the expansion of (1 + x + 2x3) = a0 + (jjx + a2 x2 + a3 x3 +... [»y]
9-r
|’ = ’C.P3 1Y • x18- 3r Now, comparing the coefficients of x, x2 and x3, we get
(2 3x 2 3j
= nCb a2 = 2- nC0 + "C2, a3=2-nC1 + nC33 ...(i)
9-r
+ ’c, ’ 1Y ■ x19-3r • In ab n > l,ina2, n > 2 and in a3, n > 3
V2 3; •n >3 • ...(ii)
9-r From Eq. (i),
1
+ 2 9Cr [ - • x21" 3r
<2. 3 n(n - 1) _ n 2 — n -F 4
Qj = n, a2 = 2 +
For independent term, putting 18 - 3r = 0,19 - 3r = 0, 1-2 2
21 - 3r = 0 respectively, we get n(n- l)(n -2) n 3 -3n 2 +14n
and a3 = 2n +
r = 6,r = 19/3 [impossible] r = 7, second term do not given 1-2-3 6
the independent term. Since, ab a2, a3 are in AP.
Hence, coefficient independent of x Therefore, 2a2 — 4~ a3
3 6 2 7
1 n3 - 3n22 + 14n
’-9c 64*T
1 2 t
U 3
I + 0 + 2-9C7- I-
u 3
=> n-n + 4 = n +------------------
6
9^ 27 9 1 7_ 17
2 =--- => n3 -9n2 +26n -24 =0
= C3 ■
8.729 2 4 2187 18 27 54 or (n-2)(n-3)(n-4) = 0
n = 2,3, 4
• Ex. 29lf(\ + x)n =C0+C1x + C2x2+... + Cnx", [from Eq. (ii)]
Hence, n = 3, 4
n
n
show that Z Cr3 is equal to the coefficient of xnyn in the
• Ex. 31 //(1-x3)" = Z ar xr (1-x)3"’2' , find ar, where
r=0
r=0
expansion o/{(1 + x) (1 + y) (x + /)}”. ne N.
n
Sol. (1 + x)n (y + 1)" (x + y)n = Z Cr xr Sol. We have, (1-x3)" = Z arxr(l-x)3n"2r
r=0 r=0
n n n
ar-xr(l-x)3n
Z Csyn~s Z Ctx*,n-y
s=0 t=o
(i) 7= s r=0 (l-x)2r
0.,n-0xn-0 0 n
Since, C03 is the coefficient of x°y
i.e., xnyn (r = s = I = 0)
y
= z (1-x)2'
r=0
ar xr

Now, C,33is the coefficient of x ' X ""’y 1 + X + X2

n n
xT
i.e., x"y" (r = s = t = 1) . (1-x)2 r=0 (1-x)2'
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 485

" n nCr nC +
(1 -x)2 + 3x x Then,
=> = Z ar
(1-x)2 r=0 _(l-x)2. T7 ncr
" n n-r+l_n-r nCr n-r + 1
X X
1+3 ...(i) r r+1 nC,_i r
.(1-x)2 r=0 .(1-x)2.
(n -r + 1) (r + 1) = r (n - r)
Let A=— nr + n - r2 - r + r + 1 = nr - r2
n + 1 =0
n n=-1
Then, Eq. (i) becomes (1 + 3A)n = X a, Ar
r=0 which is not possible, since n is a positive integer.
(ii) Suppose that rth, (r + 1 )th and (r +2)th coefficients of
On comparing the coefficient of Ar, we get
(1 + x)n are in HP,
nCr-3r =0,
i.e. nCr_unCr,nCr are in HP.
Hence, Or = nCr-3r 2 1 . 1
Then, +--------
nCr ~ nCr-X "Cr + 1
• Ex. 32 If aQ, a1,a2>---,a2n are the coefficients in the
n "Cr nCr
expansion of(1 + x + x2)" in ascending powers of x, show 2 =----- — +
ncr+.
0 -a2 -a2 -... + a2n = an.
that a2
nCr n - r +1
Sol. We have, (1 + x + x2)" = a0 + ape + a2x2 + a2n x2" ...(i) r
. nC->

Replacing x by | | in Eq. (i), we get „ n-r +1 r+1

=> 2 =------------ +--------
V xJ r n-r
\n 2r (n - r) = (n - r + 1) (n - r) + r (r + 1)
i-’+4 J _ .
~a0
ai <
X
+ —7
x22
a2
'
, a2n
X2n
...(ii) 2nr -2r2 = n2 - nr - nr + r2 + n - r + r2 + r
X X
=> n2 - 4nr + 4r2 + n = 0 => (n-2r)2+n=0
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
which is not possible, as (n -2r)2 > 0 and n is a
/ X"
(l + x + x2)n x 1- —+ — = (a0 + atx+ a2 x2 positive integer.
I x x ) n n
2n \ I • Ex. 34 Evaluate S S "C.- • j.
+ ... + a2n x2n ) x a0 — — + —^2y + a2n
< =o j=i J
X X x2n
n n
(1 + x2 + x4)" Sol. We have, S Z nCy-yCj
= (a0 + a,x + a2 x2 + ... + a2„ x2n) i=0 J=1
x2n
= "Q ( ’Co + ’CO + nC2 (2C0 + 2Cj + 2C2)
x i a0 - - + 4-
a2 , a2n
2
- ... ...(in)
xx + nC3( 3C0 + 3Cj + 3C2 + 3C3)

Constant term in RHS = a% - a2 + a2 “ ••• + aln + nC4(4C0 + 4C1 + 4C2 + 4C3 + 4C4)

(1 + X +X = Coefficient ofx2n +... + nCn C Co + nCl + nC2 +... + nCn)

Now, constant term in
x2" = nC1(2) + nC2(2)2 + nC3(2)3 +... + nC„(2)n = (1 + 2)n - 1
in (1 + x2 + x4)" = an [replacing x by x2 in Eq. (i)]
= 3" -1
But Eq. (iii) is an identity, therefore, the constant term in
RHS - constant term in LHS.
• Ex. 35 Find the remainder, when 2740 is divided by 12.
2
Qq - a( +a2- + ^2n ~
Sol. We have, 27w = (33)40 =3120 = 3-(3)119 = 3-(4-l)"9

• Ex. 33 Show that no three consecutive binomial coeffi­

= 3 (4n - 1), where n is some integer
= 12n - 3 = 12n - 12 + 9 = 12 (n -1) + 9
cients can be in (i) GP and (ii) HP.
= 12m + 9, where m is some integer.
Sol. (i) Suppose that the r th, (r + 1)th and (r + 2)th
27w 9
coefficients of(l + x)n are in GP. .’. ------ = m + —
12 12
i.e., "Cr_i, nCr, nCr + j are in GP.
Hence, the remainder is 9.
486 Textbook of Algebra

• Ex. 36 Show that[(yf3 + 1)2n ] +1 is divisible by2n +1, difference (26O 81690 - 41690) is also divisible by 7, since it is
V n G N, where[- ] denotes the greatest integer function. divisible by 2608 - 4 = 2604 = 7 x 372.
Sol. Let x = (75 + l)2n = [x] + f (i) As to sum 32608 + 41690, it can be rewritten as
where, 3-(33 ) 869 + 4-(43)563 ‘
and (75 - l)2n = f' ...(ii) = 3(28-I)869 + 4 (63 +1)563
where, 0</'<l = 3(7m -l)+4(7n +1)
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ■ [where, m and n are some positive integers]
,2n
[x] + / + /'= (75 + l)2n + (75 - 1) where p is some positive integer.

= (4 +275)" + (4 —2 75)" Hence, the remainder is 1.

= 2" {(2 + 75)" + (2-75)"} • Ex. 39 lfC0tCx,C2t...,Cn are the binomial coefficients
= 2" -2{"C0(2)" + "C2(2)"“2 in the expansion of(1 + x)n, prove that
(75)2 + "C4(2)"“4(75)4+...} (Co +2C, +C2)(C, + 2C2 +C3)...(Cn_1 + 2C„ + Cn+1)
.-. [x] + / + /' = 2" + 1 k , where k is an integer. ...(iii) „ n
Hence,(/ + f') is an integer.
= <!li2Ln(cr.,+cr).
(n + 1)! r = i
i.e., f + f' = 1 [•••0<(/ + D<2] Sol. LHS = (Co + 2Cj + C2) (C] + 2C2 + C3)...
From Eq. (iii), we get (Cn ~ 1 + 2Cn + C„ + j)
n
[x]+l = 2"+1 k
= II(nCr_1+2nCr + nCr + 1)
=> [(75 + l)2"] + l = 2" + 1 k [from Eq. (i)] z -1
n
which shows that [(75 +1)2" ] + 1 divisible by 2" +1, V n 6 N. = n {(ncr_]+ncr)+(ncr + ncr.
r = 1
)}
n
• Ex. 37 Find the number of rational terms and also find
the sum of rational terms in (V2 + 75 + V5)10. = n< n + 1Cr + n+,Cr + 1)
r=1
[by Pascal’s rule]

Sol. We have, (75 + 75 + V5)10 = (21/2 + 31/3 + 51/6)10 n

= n( n + 2z-»
cr + l
n +2 n +
. cr — 'C,-,
= X 10! 2tt,z r=1 r+ 1 r
a + p + Y = ioa!P!y! n n n

For rational terms, = n <r + b (rtcr_1 + ncr)= n

r=1
"n + 2"
r=1
'n+2
<r + 1
n^+c,)
r=l
a = 0,2,4,6,8,10, P =0,3,6,9,y =0,6
Since, 0 < a, p, y - 10. = (n+2). (2+2). (2+2) (n + 2) n(c c)
.’. Possible triplets are (4,0,6),(4,6,0), (10,0,0). 2 3 4 (n + l)r-l
There exists three rational terms.
= -n + 2) fl(Cr_! + Cr) =RHS
.’. Required sum (n + l)!r = i 1
= —10- --22 -5 + 10! 22-32 + 10! 25
4 ! 0! 6! 4 ! 6! 0! 10!0!0! 2n 2n
= 4200 + 7560 + 32 = 11792 • Ex. 40 If Z ar (x - 2)r = Z br (x - 3)r andak =1,
r=0 r=0
2n +1
• Ex. 38 Find the remainder, when (16902608 + 26081690 )/S V k > n, show that bn = cn + 1-
2n 2n
divided by 7.
Sol. v Z ar(x-2)r = Z br (x-3)r
Sol. We have, 169O2608 + 26O81690 = (169O2608 - 32608) r=0 r= 0

+ (26O81690 -4 2608 +
-4 i690) + (32608 + 441690) Let y=x-3=>y + l = x- 2
So, the given expression reduces to
The number (169O2608 - 32608) is divisible by 2n 2n

1690 - 3 = 1687 = 7 X 241 which is divisible by 7, the ar (1 + y)r = S bryr

r= 0 r= 0
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 487

=> a0 + flj (1 + y) + a2 (1 + y)2 +... + a2n (1 + y)2n • Ex. 42 lf(\ + x)" = Co + C, x + C2 x 2

= b0 + by +... + b2ny2n + C3x3 + ... + Cn x n, show that
Using ak = 1, V k > n, we get c,-£i+£i-...(-i)n -'£l-,+1+1+ +1
2 3 n 2 3 n
a0 + fli(i + y) + a2(i + y)2 +... + on_I(i + y)"-1
Sol. We know that,
+ (1 + y)n + (1 + y)"+ 1 +... + (1 + y)Zn (1 -X)" = Co -C, X + C2 X1 +(-1)" C. x"
= b0 + by +... + bnyn +... + b2ny2n or Co — (1 — x)n = C,x - C2 x2 + C3 x3
I On comparing the coefficient of y" on both sides, we get -... + (-l)n-,Cnxn
"CM + ,C„ + n + 2Cn+...+2"Cn=tn => 1 - (1 - x)n = Cjx - C2 x2 + C3 x3 -... + (-1)" -* C„ x"
=> n + 1Cn + I + " + ,C„ + n + 2C„ + ...+2nC„ = bn . Dividing in each side by x, then

[v nCr + nCr^l = n + i'CJ

i =Cj-C2x + C3x2
x
=> n + 2 en + l + n + 2Cn +... + Zn Cn=bn On integrating within limits 0 to 1, we have
lo 1~(1X~'X) * = J‘ (C, - C2 X + C,x2 -
[adding first two terms]
If we combine terms on LHS finally, we get ... + (-l)"-1C„x"-1)dx
2n +1 z-i _ l
t'n +1 “ I
C2x2 | C3x3
= c1X- 2 3
1)”-1 Cn —
n
• Ex. 41 (i) Ifn is an odd natural number, prove that o
C.2 Cj
C (“1 ’
f» l-(l-x)'
- dx = C, - — + — -... + -—-— C.
Z^=o. Jo x *22 3 n
r = 0 n£r
Putting 1 - x = t in integral,
(ii) Ifn is an even natural number, find the value of
=> dx = - dt
when x —> 1, t —> 0 and when x -> 0, t —»1
r.o "cr C -... + (- l)n
f dt) = C, -
n+1
(1 -1) 2 "3 n
Sol. (i) We have, A=C,-^ + ^- -i£_
r=0 " Cr r=0 "C J° (1-0 ' 2 + (-!)"
. "C' L-n - r 3 n
n+1 n -bl
=> £* (1 + t + t2 +... + tn ~ ’) dt = (_ C3
C2 + —
kn 'o 2 3
= rZ= 0 Mr|_"C
— -— -i£,
r=0 • ncr nc
'■'n-r
r ncr
n
i
=0 [vnis odd and nCr =nCn_r] t2 t3 t" C C-
=> t + — + — + ... + — = C,-£1 + £1
(ii) We have, 2 3 n o 22 33
r- If
(_ I)"'*
(~i)r, (-irr +--------- n
1 1 1 C. C -i£,
r=0 nC r=0 n
'-'r
n
^n-r
nC
<-n/2 ^l + A + A + ... + A = C1-^- + ^-... + (-ir
2 3 n 2 3 n
n
----- 1
2 Hence, + ^.-... + (-if -i£,
1 (~ 1)" , (-l)n/2
= rs= 0 (-1)' ----- + 2 3 n
ncr ncr nCn/2 . +-
.= .1 +. -1 +. -1 +...
n * ■ 2 ’ 3 ’ "
----- 1
2
n
1 1 , (- I)"'2
= rx= 0 (-1)' ."c
------ -f--------
r ncr ncnl2 • Ex. 43 //(I +x)n = Co + C,x + C2 x2 + C3 x3
n
----- 1 + ... + Cn xn,find the sum of the seriesd
. (-1)"'2
=
r=0 "Cr
T -------------------
nc
rn/2
£l_£l. + £l_£l + ... + (_1)n
2 6 10 14 4n + 2
488 Textbook of Algebra

Cn (n-l
Sol. Let S =
2 6 10
- — + ... +(- l)n
14 4n +2 s=” EE —+ —^1- n E
2 Oii<Jin ^+cj = 2 r = 0 Cr r = 1C
/ \ /
1 Co Cj C2 C3 , Cn }
+ (-!)" (i) n A
n ( n ( " > - 2 n
2 k 1 3 5 7 2n + 1J
E
+ E =n E— n £ 1
2 H cr -ocj 2 lr = °CJ 2 r • o C,
Consider, (1-x2)" = Co - C} x2 + C2 x4 - C3 x6
+••• + (-1)" cn x2n
• Ex. 45 lf(l + x)n = Co + C,x + C2 x 2 + C3 X3
f’(l-x2)ndx = [’(Co - Cjx2 + C2x4 -C3x6 + ... + Cn xn, show that
Io Jo u
+... + (- l)"Cnx:2n)dx
E _____Cr3r+4
p(i - x2r dx = [cox - r = o(r + l) (r + 2) (r + 3) (r + 4)
Jo 3 5 7
____________ 1____________
Cnx2n"
4« + 4 -E n+4'C,3
< ‘
(n + 1) (n+2) (w4-3) (?7 + 4) t=Q
\ >
2n +1
V1 C -3r+4
=> j^(l - x2)n dx = Co - C, ~ -y-+... + (- 1)" Cn Sol. LHS = E ---------- -------------------
r = o (r + l)(r + 2)(r +3)(r + 4)
3 2n + 1
n
= r E= 0 _________ Cr-3r+4________
From Eq. (i), (r + l)(r + 2)(r+3)(r + 4)
4!
f (1 - x2)n dx = 2S or S = -[1i 1-x2)" dx 4!
Jo 2Jo n
Cr -3r *4
Put x = sinG i.e., dx = cos0 dQ
= r E= 0 =E n!
+ 4C<-4! r = or!(n-r)! (r + 4)!
1 rnl 2
S=- cos 2n+10 dQ 4!r!
2 J° n , _r + 4
y n ! •3
By using Walli’s formula,
r = o (n - r) !-(n + 4)!
S_1 2n(2n-2)(2n- 4)...4-2
~2 (2n + l)(2n-l)(2n-3)...3-l jp n!-3r + 4 (n + l)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4)

1 {2n (2n-2)(2n - 4)... 4-2)}2 r = o (n - r) !• (r + 4)! (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) (n + 4)

~2 (2n + l)! = (n + 4)!3r + 4_____________
r = 0 (n - r)! (r + 4)! (n +1) (n + 2) (n + 3) (n + 4)
1 (2" n !)' i (n!)'2
= 22n~
2 (2n + 1)! (2n + 1)! =____________1____________ (n + 4)! -3r + 4
(n + l)(n + 2)(n +3)(n + 4)I r = o (n - r)! -(r + 4)1
n
n
• Ex.44lf0 + x)n = E Cr xr, then prove that ___________ 1____________
-| rE= 0 n + 4s'*Cr + 4 1
r=0
(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) (n + 4)
/ . . \ 2 n
n y 1 n +4
” 2 r = oc7‘ ____________1____________
0</< jin It; Qj -| t E= 4 n + 4Ct 3f
(n + 1)(n + 2) (n + 3)(n + 4)
( . . \
Sol. Let S = EE (i) [put r + 4 = r]
Oii< jin cj ___________ 1____________
Replacing i by n - i and j by n - j, we get (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) (n + 4)
A n +4 3
^n-i . n- "n-i
S= EE ^n - i + = EE ------ + n~ J . E n+4
Oii< Jin c,'n-J. Oil< Jin I C< CJ J t=0 r=o
3
[vCr=Cn_r]...(ii) ____________1____________
(1 +3)n + 4 t
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (n + l)(n +2)(n +3)(n + 4) t=0

3
2S = n S E _____________ 1____________
-E n + 4C( 3r
0 ii<Jin S> + cJ (n + 1)(n + 2) (n + 3)(n + 4)
4
t= 0

= RHS
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 489

9 9 • Ex. 48 Prove that

• Ex. 46 Prove that Z x k divides Z x kkkk
. mt
k=0 k=0 ”C3+ nC7 + flC11+... = - 2n “1 _ 2n/2 sin —•
9 2 4
Sol. Let S| = Z x kkkk = x,0u + X 1111 + x 2222 + + x 9999
k=0 Sol. In given series difference in lower suffices is 4.
9 i.e., 7-3 = 11-7 =... = 4
and S2 = Z X k = X° + X 1 + X 2 +, ... +, X„9 Now, (1)1/4 = (cosO + i sinO)1/4
k-0
9 = (cos 2rn + i sin 2rn).1/4
Now, Sj - S2 = Z (x kkkk-Xk) = Z X *(X1O)“* -1) rn rit
k=0 k=0 = cos — + i sin , where r = 0,1,2,3
22
= [(x10)^ -1] Z X k = X Z x,kJ Four roots of unity = 1, i, - 1, - i = 1, a, a2, a3 [say]
k=0 k=0
n
=> Sj “ S2 = X S;'2 => -S = (1 + X) S2 (1 + x)n = Z nCr xr
9 9
and
r=0
Hence, Z x kkkk is divisible by Z x k. n
k=o ' k-0
Putting x = 1,a, a2,a3, we get 2" = Z "Cr ...(i)
r=0
k
n , . 3n n
• Ex. 47 Prove that Z (-3)r-1 • 3n
c2r- , = 0, where k = -— (1 + a)rt = Z "Crar ...(ii)
r=1 2 r=0
andn is an even positive integer. n
Sol. Given, n is an even positive integer. (l + a2)" = Z nCra2r
‘ ...(Ui)
r=0
Let n = 2m; /. k = 3m, m e N
k 3m
LHS = Z (-3)r-11 3n
3n^> _1 = Z (-3)r-1 6m<e2r-l and (1 + a3)" = Z "Cra3r (iv)
c2r
C 2r- r= 0
r-1

_ On multiplying Eq. (i) by 1, Eq. (ii) by a, Eq. (iii) by a2 and

C3 + 32 • 6mCs
Eq. (iv) by a3 and adding, we get
-... + (-3},3m - 1 6m/u-> 6m-l /;x
—W
=> 2" +a (1 + a)n +a2 (l + a2)” +a3 (1 + a3)n
Consider (1 + i73)6m = 6mC0 + 6mC! (i73) + 6mC2 (i73)2 n

+ 6mC3 (iTS)3 + 6mC4 (i73)4 + 6mC5 (i73)5 = Z ”Cr(l + a + a2r*2 + a 3r + 3) (v)

r=0
i
+ ...+ 6m<< /• fo\6m-l + 6mC6m (i73)6m ...(ii)
(-6m-1 (WJ)
For r = 3,7,11,... RHS of Eq. (v)
6m
= nC3 (l + a4 +a8 +a12) + nC7 (l+a8 +a16 +a24)
Now,(l + =i(-2) - 1 ~ 17T = (-20)2)6m
2 a 24 + a36) +...
+ "Cn (1 + a12 + a
= 26m, where co2 is cube root of unity. = 4(nC3+ nC7 + nC11+...) [va4 = l]
Then, Eq. (ii) can be written as and LHS of Eq. (v)
26m _ {6m _ 6m 3 * em^ .32
= 2" + i(1 + i)" + i2 (1 + i2)n + i3 (1 + i3)"
-... + (- 3)3m • 6mC6m}+ i>/3 {6mCi - 6mC3 -3 = 2" +i(l + i)n +0-i(l-i)n
+ 6mC5-32-... + (- 3)3m-l-6mC6m_I} = 2" +i{(l + i)n — (1 — 0"}
On comparing the imaginary part on both sides, we get Irt
r-f 1 i
7i(6mC, -3- 6mC3 + 32 • 6mC5 Since, (1 + i)n = 2 -t=+-j=
172 72
—... + (-3)3m-1 ■ 6m-l)
i
=0
n
it , . . n
or = 2^ +i2"/2-2isin—= 2"/2 ■ cos — + i sin —)
6mC1-3- 6mC3 + 32 • 6mCs 4 4 4J
6mp
—... + (-3)3m -1 6m - 1 ~ 0 = 2" - 2"/2-2sin — = 2n/2l mt .. mt
cos — + i sin —
3m 4 4 4
'C2r-i=0 mt
r=l Hence, 4("C3 + "C7 + "Cn + ...) = 2 2" " ’ - 2”12 sin —
4
or ii-sr-1- 3n z->
c2r- j = 0, where n = 2m and k = 3m nC3 + "C7 + nCn + = -|2n-1-2n/2 sin —
mt
r=1 21 4
490 Textbook of Algebra

n-1 n+1 = (9 + 4 V5)" (9 - 4>/5)" = ln = 1

• Ex. 49 Evaluate Z Z n +1
nC- Cj- (7 - 1) f + f2 = I - 1 = 2N - 1 - 1 = 2N - 2
i = 0J = 1 + f
n -1 n +1
[from Eq. (v)]
Sol. Let P = Z Z nCi
n + l/o = An even integer
CJ
i=0 j=1+i
n+] n+ 1 n+1
• Ex. 51 lfPr is the coefficient ofxr in the expansion of
= z nc0 n + 1c,+ '
Z "ct n + ,c/+ Z "c2
j =2
n + I/O
c7 2
j=1
n +A1=3
+ ...+ 2 "C,_, n + I/O
c7
(1 + x)2 1+*
2 22.
2fi+4
23J
prove that
j =n
\
n+ 1 n+1 n+1 22
Pr = (Pr.,+Pr_2)and P,=~-
= "c0 Z n + 1lic> + i + "c2 Z n + 1'C
"Ci Z n + ,'Cj
C7 (2r-1) 315
7=1 7=2 >73
n+1
2 2 2
+ ... + nc„_1 Z n+,ic
'•'J Sol. Let (1 + x)2 i + -
X

_ in + 1
'C1 +
n + I/O . n + I/O
c3 + ...+
C2 + "+1C ... + ,
J=n
, n + l/o
cn + 1\)
2
l + “7
22 j
~ '-0 \ = 1 + Pj x + P2 x2 + P3 x 3 + P4 X4 +
+ nc1Cn + ,c2 + "n + 1*cC3 + n + 1c4 + ... + 'n + l/o
cn + 1 ) • + Pr_iXr-1 + Pr xr + .(i)
C4 + n + 1c5 +...+ n + + 1 )
+ nc2 ( " + ,C3 + " + I*C
x
+ ...+"Cn_] (n + 1Cn+ n + l/o n + 1) Replacing x by —, we get
' 2 2 2 2
/ \2
n + ,Ci-"C0 + " + 1l<c2 (nC0 + nCi)
+ n + IC3 ("Co+ "C1 + "C2)
l+z 1+423 J 1 + -Z
2 22. 24.
3
+ ...+ n" ++ lz-»
5Cn+i ("Co + "C, + "C2 +... + "Cn ,) /
x
\2
x
= 1 + pi 7 H 72 + P3
2
+
= (”C0 + "Cl) - "Co +("C, +"C2)("C0 + nCi) k Ct J \ Ct

+ ("C2 + "C3)("C0+nCi + "C2) On multiplying both sides by(l + x)2, we get

/ \2 2 2
+ ...+("Cn + "Cn_i)("C0 + "Ci + "C2 + + "Cn-i) + n (1 + x)2 1 + - 1+4 1+4
23;
...
= ("C0)2+("Ci)2+("C2)2+... + ("Cn_i)2 I 2 22
/ \2 3
x
+ 2 {"Co • "Cl +" Co • "c2 +" Co • "C3 = (l + x)2 1 + PJ^ +P2 X
+ P3 I + (ii)
\ Ct J 2 2
+... + "Co • "Cn 1 +... + "Cn 2 "Cn J + 2" - 1 + n
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= (nC0 + "Q + "C2 + ...+ "C„_))2 +2" -1 + n 1 + Pi x + P2 x2 + P3 x3 + P4 x4 +... + Pr 1 xr-1 + Prxr+...
= (2" -I)2 + 2" - 1 + n = 22" - 2" + n \2 / \ / x3
= (l + x)2 l + P^jj + Pj, x + P3 -X 1 +...
2 2J
• Ex. 50 If(9 + 4 y/5)n =/ + /,/? and I being positive inte­
On equating coefficient of xr, we get
gers and f is a proper fraction, show that (I -1) f + f2 is an f 1 1
Pr = Pr I - | + 2 Pr _ “7T7 +Pr~2
\2r-1 /-2
even integer.
Sol. (9 + 4>/5)" = 1 1
...(i) Pr 1-- (Pr-l+Pr-2)
2r Z-2
-(ii)
22
Let f = (9-4-75)" -(iii) Pr = -l+Pr-2)
(2r-l)
and 0</'<l
Now, P0=l, Pj=2 + l + - + -y + =4
From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get 2 2
I + f + f' = (9 + 4^5)" + (9 - 4 V5)n
_22(P1 + Po)_20
= 2{9" + "C2 9" “ 2 (4>/5)2 + ...} r2------------- 2---------------“
22 - 1 3
= 2N, where N is a positive integer. 22 (P2 + Pi) 128
and from Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get 0 < f + f' <2 P3 =
23 -1 21
Since, f + f' is an integer.
(128 20
f + f'-l 4 ---- + —
_22(P3 + P2)_ y 21 3. 1072
Now, 7 +1 = 2N => 1 = 2N — 1 (v) and r4------ 24 -1 315
V (/ + /)(!-/) = (9 ++75)"/' 15
B Binomial Theorem Exercise 1:
mJ
Single Option Correct Type Questions
n -1
• This section contains 30 multiple choice questions.
9. Z- ncr is equal to
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of r=0 n Cr + nCr,x
which ONLY ONE is correct
n+1
f.If Z(-l)r nCr 1 3r 7r (b)
— + — + — + ... upto m terms 2
r-0 2r 22r 2V n (n + 1)
(c)
=/(»)!-—I
k 2mn J
2 2 (n + 1)
100
b + -b
10. The largest term in the expansion of I - is
j_3/(x3 In x) d (x 3 In x)is equal to 2 2
100
(a) -6 (b) -3 b
(a) bI0° (b)
(c) 3 (d) Cannot be determined 2
100
ioo~ b
2. The coefficient of (a3 -b6 -c6 -d9 -e-f) in the expansion (c) c50 (d)
2
of(a + b + c -d-e -/)31 is
\6
(a) 123210 (b) 23110
(c) 3110 (d) None of these 11. If the fourth term of x is equal to
3. The sum of rational terms in (V2 + V3 + V5)10, is 7
(a) 12632 (b) 1260 200 and x > 1, x is equal to
(c) 126 (d) None of these (a) 10x/2 (b) 10 (c) 10*
2x 2145 =a0 +axx +a2 x2 + ...,then
V2
4. If(l + x-3x2 )2145 = a0 +QjX 2 x
12. The coefficient of x m in
a0 - a, + a2 -a3 +... ends with
(a) 1 (b) 3 (l + x)m +(l + x)m + 1 + ... + (1 + x)n, m<n, is
(c) 7 (d) 9
(a) n + ,Cm + 1 (b) "’Kj
n
(c) nCm (d) "Cm + 1
5. In the expansion of , there is a term
[vp KJ 13. The number of values of’r' satisfying the equation
similar to pq, then that term is equal to 39 r
U3r-1~ cr2 “ C3r 1S
;<.
(a) 45pq (b) 120 pq
(c) 210 pq (d) 252 pq (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
6. Let(5 + 2 V6)n = I + f, wheren,lEN and0< f <1,then
20 r
14. The sum S = 20C2+2. 20 C3 +3- 20C4 +... + 19- '-20 is
the value of f2 - f +1- f -1, is
equal to
(a) a natural number (b) a negative integer (a) 1 + 5-220 (b) 1 + 221
(c) a prime number (d) an irrational number (c) 1 + 9-220 (d) 220
1 . ,
4000 +
7. If x + - - 1 and p = x4000 + —— and q is the digit at 15. The remainder, if 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 +... + 2 1999 is divided by
X v4000
X
• 2n 5, is
unit place in the number 2 + 1, n G N and n > 1, then
(a) 0 (b) 1
P + q, is (c) 2 (d) 3
(a) 8 (b) 6 1
(c) 7 (d) None of these 16. Coefficient of — in the expansion of (l + x)n(l + l/x)n is
n
x
8. If the number of terms in | x + 1 + — I (nel+)is 401, n! 2n!
(a) (b)
lx (n - l)!(n + 1)! (n-l)!(n + 1)!
then n is greater than n! 2n!
(a) 201 (b) 200 (c) (d)
(2n-l)!(2n+ 1)! (2n-l)!(2n + 1)!
(c) 199 (d) None of these
492 Textbook of Algebra

2008 + x 2009)2010 =a 2
17. The last two digits of the number 199 is 25. If(3 + x 0 +ajx + a2 x
(a) 19 (b) 29 + ... + an x", the value of
(c) 39 (d) 81
fli o22
U G
G4
a G5
/ —++03
--------------- ---- -
a3----------------- + —... is
a Y 2 22 22 2
18. If the second term in the expansion of >^ + is
(a) 1 (b) 220,°
■ nC a
14a5/2, the value of---- - is (c) 52010 (d) 32010

(a) 4
nc”2 (b) 3
26. The total number of terms which depend on the value of
n
(c) 12 (d) 6 ’ o 1
x in the expansion of x 2' — 2 +— is
19. If 683 + 883
83 is divided by 49, the remainder is x 2.
(a) 0 (b) 14 (a) 2n + 1 (b) 2n
(c) 35 (d) 42 (c) n + 1 (d) n
20. The sum of all the rational tenns in the expansion of 27. The coefficient of x 10 in the expansion of
(31/4 + 41/3 )12 is (l + x2-x3)8,is
(a) 91 (b) 251
(a) 420 (b) 476
(c) 273 (d) 283
(c) 532 (d) 588
21. Last four digits of the number N = 7100 -3100 is 28. The number of real negative terms in the binomial
(a) 2000 (b) 4000
expansion of(l + ix) 4" “2 , n e N, n > 0, i = is
(c) 6000 (d) 8000
22. If 599 is divided by 13, the remainder is (a) n (b) n +1
(c) n-1 (d) 2n
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
n n
(n\ ' m
23. The value of -
3
2003
-, where {.} denotes the fractional
29. S E is equal to
p = 1 m = p m)
28
J.
(a) 3" (b) 2"
part function is
(c) 3" + 2" (d) 3" - 2n
(a) 17/28 (b) 19/28
(c) 23/28 (d) 5/28 30. The largest real value of x, such that
20
24. The value of S r (20 - r)( 20 Cr)2 is equal to y f5”r
Z-i ----------- — = - is
r=0 r=0 3
(a) 400 37C20 (b) 40 0 40C19
(a) 272-5 (b) 272 + 5
(c) 400 38C19 (d) 400 38C20 (c) -272-5 (d) -272 +5

g Binomial Theorem Exercise 2:

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
■ This section contains 15 multiple choice questions. 33. If n is a positive integer and(373+5) 2n + 1=a+P,
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of where a is an integer and 0 < (3 < 1, then
which MORE THAN ONE may be correct.
(a) a is an even integer
31. If in the expansion of (1 + x)m (1 - x)", the coefficients (b) (a + P)2 is divisible by 22" + 1
of x and x2 are 3 and - 6 respectively, the values of m (c) the integer just below (373 + 5) 2n + 1 divisible by 3
and n are
(d) a is divisible by 10
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12
34. If (8 + 3>/7)" = P + F, where P is an integer and F is a
32. If the coefficients of rth, (r + l)th and (r + 2)th terms in
proper fraction, then
the expansion of (1 + x)14 are in AP, then r is /are
(a) P is an odd integer (b) P is an even integer
(a) 5 (b) 9
(c) F (P + F) = 1 (d)(l-F)(P + F) = l
(c) 10 (d) 12
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 493

35. The value of x for which the 6th term in the expansion ' 30 V 20 A
of
40. If/(n) = S , then
1 = 0 30 — iJ ^30 — i 7
7
(a) maximum value of f (n) is 50 <7 5
2log2>f(9I ’ 1 + 7) 1 (b) /(0) + /(l) + /(2) + ...+ /(50) = 2 50
+ is 84, is
,(s)log!<3' -’ + 1) (c) f (n) is always divisible by 50
(d) /2(0) + /2(1) + f\2) + ... + /2(50) = ,00CM
(a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 1 41. Number of values of r satisfying the equation
69 r, 69 _ 69z-» 69 •
36. Consider the binomial expansion of (-3r-l “ Cr2 - r2-l c3r 1S
n
1 (a) 1 (b) 2
x , n G N, where the terms of the expansion
2-Vx (c) 3 (d) 7
o
are written in decreasing powers of x. If the coefficients ,630
42. If the middle term of | x + — sin “1 x is equal to —,
of the first three terms form an arithmetic progression, I x 16
then the statement(s) which hold good is /are the values of x is/are
(a) Total number of terms in the expansion of the binomial
is 8 (b) "7
6
(b) Number of terms in the expansion with integral power of , \ -
n
(C)
(c) (d) ~
i xis3 6 3
i
I (c) There is no term in the expansion which is independent of
43. If b2 < ac, the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of
x
(d) Fourth and fifth are the middle terms of the expansion (aa2x2+2bax + c)n ,(a,b,c,aeR, neN\ is

37. Let(1 + x2)2 (1 +x)" = a0 + OjX + a2 x2 + ...,if (a) + ve, if a > 0 (b) + ve, if c > 0
(c) - ve, if a < 0, n is odd (d) + ve, if c < 0, n is even
aj, a2 and a3 are in AP, the value of n is n
(a) 2 (b) 3 44. In the expansion of x22 +1 + — , n G N, then
(c) 4 (d) 7 x2
20 (a) number of terms = 2n + 1
38. 10th term of 3 -J— + 3 -J2 is (b) term independent of x = 2" "1
I V4 J
(c) coefficient of x2” ”2 = n
(a) an irrational number (b) a rational number
(d) coefficient of x2 = n
(c) a positive integer (d) a negative integer
20
39. If(1 + x)n = Co + CjX + C2 x2 + C3x3 +... + Cn x”, 45. The coefficient of the (r + l)th term of j x + — , when
\ x)
then
Co ”(Co + C1) + (C0 + Cj +C2) expanded in the descending powers of x, is equal to the
io
~(C0 + Cj + C2 + C3) + ... + (-l)n 1 C 2 1
coefficient of the 6th term of x + 2 + — when
(Cq + Cj + C2 +... + C, when n is even integer is
I x2
expanded in ascending powers of x. The value of r is
(a) a positive value (b) a negative value
(a) 5 (b) 6
(c) divisible by 2" "1 (d) divisible by 2n (c) 14 (d) 15
494 Textbook of Algebra

g Binomial Theorem Exercise 3:

Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 7 passages. Based upon each of 52. If a is the remainder when 540 is divided by 11 and bis
the passage 3 multiple choice questions have to be the remainder when 22011 is divided by 17, the value of
answered. Each of these questions has four choices (a), a + bis
(b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
(a) 7 (b) 8
Passage I (Q. Nos. 46 to 48) (c) 9 (d) 10
2n - 1399 is divided by 162, the remainder is
53. If 1993 -13
Consider (1 + x + x2)" = Z ar xr, where a0, at, a2,..., a2„ are
r=0 (a) 8 (b) 4
real numbers and n is a positive integer. (c) 1 (d) 0
n -1
46. The value of Z ar is 54. If 1399 is divided by 81, the remainder is
r=0 (a) 13 (b) 23
~3" (b) 3 ~a- On-3n 3" + ^ (c) 39 (d) 55
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
n/2-l
Passage IV (Q. Nos. 55 to 57)
47. If n is even, the value of Z a2r is Consider the binomial expansion J? = (l+2x)" = Z + f, where I
r=0
is the integral part of R and f is the fractional part ofR,nEN.
3" -14- On 3n-l~fln Also, the sum of coefficients of R is 2187.
(a) (b)
2 4
55. The value of (n + Rf) for x = -^ is
3n + 1 - 2On
(c) (d) y/2
2 4
n +1 (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10
56. If ith term is the greatest termforx = 1 /3, then i equals
48. If n is odd, the value of a2r-l IS
r=1 (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
3n - 1 4- 2fln 3" -1 + 2an
(a) (b) 57. If /cth termis having greatest coefficient, the sum of all
2 4
possible values of k, is
3n + 1 + 2^ 3" + 1 - 2an
(c) (d) (a) 7 (b) 9
2 4 (c) 11 (d) 13

Passage II (Q. Nos. 49 to 51) Passage V (Q. Nos. 58 to 60)

If(\ + x + 2x2 )20 = a0 + OjX + a2x2 +... + a40x40. Zf(x + Qi) (x + a2) (X + o3)... (x + an) = x"+ S, xn '1
+ 5 2 x" 2 +... + S,
49. The value of a0 + a2 + a4 +... + a38 is
n
(a) 2”(2,9-l) (b) 220 (219 -l) where, S} = Z ah S2 = ZZ ,53 = XXZ afljOi
(c) 219 (2 20 -1) (d) 220 (220 - 1) 1=1 l S i < j <, n lii< j <k<,n

and so on.
50. The value of a1 +a3 +a5 +... + a 37 is
58. If (1 + x)" = Cq + CjX + C2 x2 + ... + Cn xn,the
(a) 2 ” (219 - 20) (b) 219 (220 -21)
coefficient of x n in the expansion of
(c) 219(219 -21) (d) 2” (219 -19)
(x + Co) (x + 3C] )(x + 5C2)... (x + (2n +1) Cn \ is
51. The value of is (a) n-2" (b) (n + 1) • 2"
fl40
(a) 220 (c) 10
(c) n-2n + 1 (d)n-2"+l
n■
(b) (d) 1
59. If(1 + x)" = Co + Cxx + C2 x 2 + ... + Cn xn,the
Passage III (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
coefficient of xn ~1 in the expansion of
Suppose, m divided by n, then quotient q and remainder r
(x + C0)(x + C1)(x + C2)...(x + Cn)is
i.e. n)m(q
(a) (b) 22’-'-'-2"C„
Cl M

r
(c) 22"-1 "“c„
;22n+, C, (d)2 "-'-l
(d) 222"’1
or m = nq + r, V m,n,q,re I and n * 0 Cl Cl
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 495

60. Coefficient of x7 in the expansion of Passage VII (Q. Nos. 64 to 66)

(1 + x)2 (3 + x)3 (5 + x)4 is n
Let us consider the binomial expression (I + x)n = S ar xr,
(a) 112 (b) 224 (c) 342 (d) 416 r=0

Passage VI (Q. Nos. 61 to 63) where a4, a5 and a6 are in AP, (n < 10) Consider another
binomial expression of A = (V2 + V3)l3n, the expression of A
Let us consider the binomial expression
contains some rational terms Ta x,Ta 2,Ta y,... ,Ta m
( (f 5x
c -2V
. 12 J I
A = x2 + - and B = (a( < a2 <a3<... < am )
I xj l22 2 J n
64. The value of X a, is
Sum of coefficients of expansion of B is 6561. The difference of i=l
the coefficient of third term to the second term in the expansion (a) 63 (b) 127
of A is equal to 117. (c) 255 (d) 511
61. The value of m is 65. The value of am is
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
(a) 87 (b) 88
62. If o'" is divided by 7, the remainder is (c) 89 (d) 90
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5
63. The ratio of the coefficient of second term from the 66. The common difference of the arithmetic progression
beginning and the end in the expansion of B, is al>a2>a3........ am *s
(a) 125 (b) 625 (a) 6 (b) 8
(c) 3125 (d) 15625 (c) 10 (d) 12

H Binomial Theorem Exercise 4:

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 questions. The answer to 99-98
73. The value of 99 50 -99-98 50 +------- (97)50 - ... + 99 is
each question is a single digit integer, ranging from 1-2
0 to 9 (both inclusive).
74. If the greatest term in the expansion of (1 + x)2n has the
67. For integer n > 1, the digit at unit’s place in the number
100 greatest coefficient if and only if x e and the
S r! + 22” is
r=0 m
3n 3n fourth term in the expansion of I kx + — I • tl
is—,
68. If(l + x + x2 +x3)n = Z ar x r and X ar = k and if \ x 4
3n k k r=° r=0
X rar = ——, the value of k is the value of rrik is
r=o 2
75. If the value of
69. The number of rational terms in the expansion of
20 (n+2)-"C0 -2n+1 -(n+l)-"C1-2" + nnC2 -2n~l

^4
k V6.
is is equal to k (n + 1), the value of k is

76. If(l + x + x2 +...+ x9)4 (x + x 2

70. If 22006 + 2006 is divided by 7, the remainder is
45
04 = X ar xr and the value of a2 + a6 + flio +... + <242 *s
71. The last two digits of the natural number 19 9 is ab, r=1
the value of b - 3a is the sum of all digits of k is
nCr + 4-"Cr+1 + 6- nCr + 2
+ 4- nCr +3+nCr+4 n+k
72. IfL-
nCr+3-nCr+1 + 3-"Cr + 2‘ r+k
+ "Cr + 3
the value of X is
496 Textbook of Algebra

g Binomial Theorem Exercise 5:

w Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 5 questions. Questions 77, 78 and 79 have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I
and five statements (p, q, r, s and t) in Column II and questions 80 and 81 have four statements (A, B, C and Di
given in Column I and four statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have
correct matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column II.

77. (B) The sum of binomial coefficients of (q) 25g

Column I Column II rational terms in the expansion of
(A) If X and p are the unit's place (1 + V3)62 is divisible by
(P) X2 + p2 = I
digit in mn and nm respectively, Ti (r) 259
tJ
where m and n are the number of (C) If lx + -1 + X21 + -r1
= aox
-62

rational and irrational terms in the \ X X .

-61 -go , , 62
expansion of(7l/3 + Ul/9)656> + O| X + a2 X + ...+ O|24 X ,
respectively, then then <21 + 03+05 + ... + Oj23 is
divisible by
(B) If X and p are the unit’s place (q) X +1? = 1
digit in mn and nm respectively, (s)
where m and n are the number of (t) 1*
terms with integral coefficients
and number of terms with 80.
non-integral coefficients in the Column I Column II
expansion of (71/3 + S'^-x)600
(A) If 11" + 21" is divisible by 16, then n can be (P) 4
respectively, then
(C) If X and p are the unit’s place (r) X+p=4 w The remainder, when 337 is divided by 80,
is less than
(q) 5
digit in mn and nm respectively,
where m and n are the number of (C) In the expansion of (1 + x)29 coefficient of (r) 6
rational and irrational terms in the (r + 1) th term is equal to that of (r + £)th
expansion of (>/2 + V3 + V7)i0 term, then the value of k cannot be
respectively, then (D) If the ratio of 2nd and 3rd terms in the (s) 7
(s) Jxjxjx,/x ... °° = P- expansion of (a + b)n is equal to ratio of
3rd and 4th terms in the expansion of '
(t) x + p = xg (a + 6)n+ 3, then n is less than

78.
Column I Column II 81.
18 ' 18 18 20A Column I Column II
(A) If +2 + > (P) 5
"U-2 z-i. r 13/ (A) If number of dissimilar terms in the (P) a+b+c=3
then the values of r is /are expansion of (x + 2y + 3z)n (n 6 N)
(B) The digit in the unit’s place of the (q) 6 is an2 + bn + c, then
number 183 ! + 3183 is less than (B) If number of dissimilar terms in the a + b+ c=4
(q)
(C) If the 4th term in the expansion of 7 expansion of (x + y + z)2"* 1
n (r) -(x+y-z)2"** (neA7)is
( 1
ox + - is 5 / 2, then na is less than
v x. an + bn + c, then
(s) 8 (C) If number of dissimilar terms in the (r) a + b = 2c
expansion of (x - y + z)"
(t) 9
+ (x + y - z)n (n e is even natural
79. number) is an2 + bn + c, then
Column I Column II (D) If number of dissimilar terms in the (s) b+ c=$a
x2 + l + x4'|&
(A) The sum of binomial coefficients of (P) 257 expansion of ,2
terms containing power ofx more I x 7
than.*30 in (1 + x)61 is divisible by (n G N) is an2 + bn+ c, then
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 497

2 Binomial Theorem Exercise 6:

Statement I and II Type Questions
« Directions (Q. Nos. 71 to 82) are Assertion-Reason 84. Statement-1 In the expansion of (1 + x)n, if coefficient
type questions. Each of these questions contains two of 31st and 32nd terms are equal, then n = 61
statements:
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) Statement-2 Middle term in the expansion of(l + x)",
Each of these questions also has four alternative has greatest coefficient.
choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You 85. Statement-1 The number of terms in the expansion of
have to select the correct choice as given below. n
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 | X + — + 1 I is (2n +1).
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 \ X
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 Statement-2 The number of terms in the expansion of
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 (x1+x2+x3+... + xm)’’isn + m-,Cm_1.
(c) Statementl is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true 86. Statement-1 4101 when divided by 101 leaves the
remainder 4.
82. Statement-1 Greatest coefficient in the expansion of
Statement-2 (np - n) when divided by ‘p’leaves
(1 + 3x)6 is 6 C3-33.
remainder zero when n > 2, n G N and p is a prime number.
Statement-2 Greatest coefficient in the expansion of 87. Statement-1 ll25 + 1225 when divided by 23 leaves the
(1 + x)2n is the middle term. remainder zero.
83. Statement-1 The term independent of x in the Statement-2 an + bn is always divisible by
1 V5 50 (a + b), V n G N.
expansion of x 2+ —+2 is c25-
x2 J 88. Statement-1 The maximum value of the term
independent of x in the expansion of (ax1/6 + bx1/J )9 is 84.
Statement-2 In a binomial expansion middle term is
independent of x. Statement-2 a2 + b = 2

a Binomial Theorem Exercise 7:

Subjective Type Questions
n
• In this section, there are 24 subjective questions.
94. Find n in the binomial V2 + —— , if the ratio of 7th
89. Determine the value of x in the expression of
V3
(x + x logl°x )5, if the third term in the expansion is
term from beginning to 7th term from the end is 116.
1000000.
95. IfS„ = "ConC1 + nC"C2 +...+ nCn_"Cn and if
90. Find the value of
____________ 183 + 733 + 3-18-7-25_____________ +1 15 P ,
------ = —, imd n.
(36+6-243-2 +15-81 -4+20-27-8 + 15-9 • 16+6-3-32+64) Sn 4
/ . \10 96. If(l + x)n =C0 + Cxx + C2 x2 +.... + Cn xn,
a+1 a-1
91. Simplify 2/3 „i/3 . i ~ into a binomial i c. C2 C3 Cn n(n + l)
\a -a +1 a- a j prove that —- + 2 — + 3 — +... + n------ =-----------
Co Ci C2 Cn-i 2
and determine the terms independent of a.
21
92. Show that there will be a term independent of x in the a . b
97. Which term in the expansion of 3 +
expansion of (xfl + x~b )n only, if an is a multiple of 1>) lf~a
(a + b). contains a and b to one and same power.
93. If a, band c are the three consecutive coefficients in the 98. Find the coefficient of x r in the expansion of
expansion of a power of (1 + x), prove that the index of (x + 3)"-1 +( x+ 3)""2(x + 2)
. 2ac + b(a + c) +( x + 3)n-3(x + 2)2 + ... + (x + 2)n-1
the power is----------------- .
b2 -ac
498 Textbook of Algebra

99. Prove that, if p is a prime number greater than 2, 107. Let aQ,aj,a2,.. . are the coefficients in the expansion of
/ 1 ! 1 „ 2
the difference [(2 + 4$ )p ] - 2P +1 is divisible by p, )" arranged order of x. Find the value of
where [. ] denotes greatest integer. ar - n"Ci ar_i + nCr ar_2 -... + (-l)r nCr a0.wherer
100. If ((x)) represents the least integer greater than x, prove is not divisible by 3.
that (({(^ + l)2n })), n G N is divisible by 2"+!. 108. If for z as real or complex.
101. Solve the equation (1 + z2 + z4)8 =C0 +Cxz2 +C2z4 +...+ C16z32,
11C1x10-,,C3x8 + ,1C5x6-11C7x4 prove that
+ nC9 x 2-nCn=0. (i) Co “Ci +C2 -C3 +... + C16 =1
(ii) Co + C3 + C6 + C9 + C12 +C15
200 200
102. Ifg(x) = S ar -xr and/(x)= X |3r x 4,Pr = 1 for + (C2 +C5 +Cg +Cn+C14)t
r=0 r = 10 + (Ci + C4.+ C7 + Ciq + C]3 + Cig) (i)2 =0,
r > 100 and g(x) = /(I + x), show that the greatest
where (Dis a cube root of unity.
coefficient in the expansion of (1 + x)201 is a 100.
109. Let /(x) = a0 + Qi* + o2 x2 + ... + a2n x2n and
103. If(1 + x)" = Co + CjX + C2 x2 +... + Cn x", fmd the g(x) = b0 + b1x + b2x2 + ... + b,’n-lX"-1
value of + x" + ;
n +1 fx21.
SS (i + j)(Ci+Cj + Ct Cj).
0<i < j<.n
If /(x) = g (x + 1), find an in terms of n.
21 110. If a0,al,a2,...axe the coefficients in the expansion of
104. Evaluate X S
0 S i * j < 10
cf- 21 LJ •
(1 + x + x2)" in ascending powers of x, prove that
105. Find the coefficients of x4 in the expansions of (i) aoa! -axa2 + a2 a3 - ... = 0
(i) (1 + x + x2 + x3)11. (ii) aoa2 — d\a3 + a2 a4 —... + a2n _2 O2n = an + i
(ii) (2-x + 3x2)6. (iii) if Ei = a0 + a3 + a6 + ...;E2 = aj + a4 + a7 +...and
E3 = a2 + a5 + a8 +.... then E1 = E2 = E3 =3"
106. Prove the identity
1 ____ 1_ 111. Prove that (n -1)2 Ct +(n -3)2 C3 +(n -5)2 C5
--------
2/i +1 £
+ 2n 4-1 p
r+1
+ .... = n(n +1)2" “3, where Cr stands for nCr.
2n +2 1 r
112. Show that+ .. + (-!)'n
2n +1 2"c/ 1 4 7 3n + l
rg^~1(-l)r~1r n 3"-n!
use it to prove where Cr stands for " Cr.
~ l-4-7...(3n + l)’
r=! 2nCr n+1

0 Binomial Theorem Exercise 8 •

urxi .• a i i * ps • aw it r p"
Questions Asked in Previous 13 Year's Exams
■ This section contains questions asked in IIT-JEE, (a) n2 - 2np + 4p2 = 0
AIEEE, JEE Main & JEE Advanced from year 2005
(b) n2 - n (4p + 1) + 4p2 -2 = 0
to year 2017.
30s! <30^ '30V30' <30> (c) n2 - n(4p + 1) + 4p2 = 0
113. The value of +
0 7 [10; IV
(d) None of the above
r30^ /<3(P I?1
+ ...+ is 115. If the coefficient of x7 in ax2 +— is equal to the
<20j [IIT JEE 2005, 3M]
bxj
(a) 60C20 (b) MC10 (c) 60C30 (d) 4°C30
coefficient of x 7 l 1 Y‘ , then ab is equal to
114. If the coefficients of pth, (p + l)th and (p + 2)th terms in I bx2) [AIEEE 2005,3M

expansion of (1 + x)" are in AP, then [AIEEE 2005, 3M] (a)l (b)l/2
(c) 2 (d)3
 Chap 06 Binomial Theorem 499

116. For natural numbers m and n, if (a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a
correct explanation for Statement-1
(1 -y)m (1 + y)n = 1 + a^y + a2 y2 + ...and ax=a2 = 10,
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is
then(m,n)is [AIEEE 2006, 3M] not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(a) (20, 45) (b) (35, 20) (c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(c)(45,35) (d) (35, 45) (d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
117. In the binomial expansion of (a - b)n, n > 5, the sum of 123. The coefficient of x7 in the expansion of
(1-x-x2+x 3)6,is [AIEEE 2011, 4M]
5th and 6th terms is zero, equals
[AIEEE 2007, 3M] (a) - 132 (b) - 144
(a)^- (c)132 (d)144
(b)——-
n-4 n -5 124. If n is a positive integer, then (V3 + l)2n - (V3 - l)2n is
/ \n~5 [AIEEE 2012, 4M]
<c)— (d)1T
(a) an odd positive integer
(b) an even positive integer
118. The sum of the series
(c) a rational number other than positive integer
2°Co-2OC1+2OC2 -20 C3+...+ 2°Cio is [AIEEE 2007, 3M]
(d) an irrational number
(a)-20CI0 (b)| 20C,0 125. The term independent of x in the expansion of
(c)0 (d) “q.
( x +1 . x -1 , y°
is
n
119. Statement-1 X (r +1) nCr =(n + 2)-2',n-l
tx2/3 +1 x-X
1/2
J [JEE Main, 2013, 4M]
r=0 (a) 120 (b) 210
n (c) 310 (d)4
Statement-2 X (r + 1) nCr xr 126. The coefficients of three consecutive terms of(l + x)
,n + 5
r=0
= (1 + x)" + nx (1 + x)n '1. [AIEEE 2007] are in the ratio 5 : 10 :14, the value of n is
[JEE Advanced 2013M]
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a
127. If the coefficients of x3 and x4 in the expansion of
correct explanation for Statement-1
(1 + ax + bx 2) (1 - 2x)18 in powers of x are both zero,
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is
not a correct explanation for Statement-1 then (a, b) is equal to [JEE Main 2014, 3M]
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false /J 272 (272
(b) 16.—
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true A 3 .
( 251 (d)fl6,—
120. The remainder left out when 82" - (62)2n +1 is divided by A 3 .
9, is [AIEEE 2009, 4M] 128. Coefficient of x 11 in the expansion of
(a) 8 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 7 (1 + x2 )4 (1 + x3 )7 (1 + x4 )12 is[jEE Advanced 2014, 3M]
121. For r = 0,1,2,..., 10, let Ar,Br and Cr denote respectively, (a)1051 (b)1106 (c) 1113 (d)1120
the coefficients of xr in the expansion of 129. The sum of coefficients of integral powers of x in the
10
(l + x)10,(l + x)20 and(l + x)30, X Ar (B10Br -Cl0Ar) binomial expansion of(l-2Vx)50, is [jee Main 2015,4M]
r=1
(a)l(25o + l) (b)-(3w+l)
is equal to [IIT-JEE 2010, 5M] z z
(a) B|o ~ C10 (b) Ao (Bio ~ GoAo) (c)i(3so) (d)l(3”-l)
(c)0 (d) C10 - B10 z z
io 10 130. The coefficients of x9 in the expansion of
122. Lets, = S j(J-l)- 10c.-, s2 = X j-10 Cj and (l + x)(l + x2)(l + x3)...(l + x100)is
[JEE Advanced 2015,4M]
10
10/-,
(2 4 Y
J=1 [IIT-JEE 2010] 131. If the number of terms in the expansion of 1 — + — ,
I * x2)
Statement-1 S3 =55x29 x * 0 is 28, then the sum of the coefficients of all the terms
Statement-2 Si =90x28 andS2 =10x28 in this expansion, is [JEE Main 2016,4M]
(a) 243 (b) 729 (c)64
(c) 64 (d) 2187
500 Textbook of Algebra

132. Let m be the smallest positive integer such that the 133. The value of
coefficient of x2 in the expansion of (21Cj- 10Ci)+(2,C 2-10c2)+(2,c3-10c3)+
(1 + x)2 +(1 + x)3 + +(1 + x)49 +(1 + mx)50 is (Z1C4 - 10C4)+. +(21C,o-
10 ~ 10C10)is
(3n + 1)51C3 for some positive integer n. Then the value [JEE Advanced 2017,4M]
of n is [JEE Advanced 2016, 3M] (a) 220-210 (b)221 -211
(c)221 -210 (d)220—29

Answers
Exercise for Session 1 46. (b) 47. (d) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (b) 51-(c)
52. (c) 53. (d) 54. (d) 55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (b)
l.(c) 2. (a) 3.(c) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6.(b)
58. (b) 59. (b) 60. (d) 61. (c) 62. (a) 63. (d)
7. (c) 8. (d)
64. (b) 65. (c) 66. (d)
67. (0) 68. (3) 69. (3) 70. (8) 71.(6) 72. (4)
Exercise for Session 2
73. (0) 74. (3) 75. (4) 76. (9)
l.(b) 2.(c) 3. (d) 4.(b) 5. (c) 6- (c)
77. (A) -> (q, r); (B) ->(p, q, t); (C) -> (s)
7.(c) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d)
78. (A) -> (r, s, t); (B) -> (s, t); (C) -Xp, q, r, s, t)
Exercise for Session 3 79. (A) -> (p, q, r, s); (B) -> (p, q, r, s, t); (C) -4 (p, q, r, s, t)
l-(a) 2. (c) 3-(d) 4- (b) 5. (c) 6- (c) 80. (A) ->(q, s); (B) ->(p, q, r, s); (C) —> (q, s); (D) —>(r, s)
7. (a) 8- (c) 9. (a) 10. (c) 81. (A) —>(p, r); (B) ->(q); (C) ->(s); (D) ->(p, r)
82. (d) 83. (c) 84. (b) 85. (b) 86. (d) 87. (c)
Exercise for Session 4 88. (a)
l.(c) 2-(b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5- (a) 6.(c) 89. x= 10orl0-5/2 90. 1 91.210 94.9 95.4,2
7. (b) 8- (c) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11-(a) 12. (d)
13. (a) 14. (b) 97. 10 98. nCr (3" ’ r - 2" ’r) 101. x = cot — , r = ± 1,± 2,..., ± 5
lllj
Chapter Exercises 2nl 42!
103. n2 ■T + n 22n'* 104.1 2,40
l.(d) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6.(b)
2(n!)2 2 2(21!)2.
7. (b) 8- (c) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (a)
13. (b) 14- (c) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (a) 105. (i) 990 (ii) 3660 107.0 109. 2n+ 1 1
19. (c) 20. (d) 21-(d) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (d)
113. (b) 114. (b) 115. (a) 116. (d) 117. (d) 118. (b)
25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (a)
31.(c,d) 32. (a,b) 33. (a.d) 34. (a,d) 35. (c,d) 36. (b.c) 119. (a) 120. (c) 121.(d) 122. (b) 123.(b) 124. (d)
37. (b,c) 38. (a,d) 39. (b.c) 40. (a,b,d) 4L(c,d) 42. (a,d) 125. (b) 126. (6) 127. (b) 128. (c) 129. (b) 130. (8)
43. (a.b.c.d) 44. (a,c) 45. (a.d) 131. (b) 132. (5) 133. (a)
 5. We have,

Solutions
n -r 3r 1r-n 7r
-----+ —
'Cr{q)~ 10 x(p)1 2------10

5n - fr l>-5n

= "Cr <7 >0 p 10

For coefficient of pq, we put

f. v X (-l)r nCr
r=0
1Y
2J
+ -Y zY + • • • upto m terms
4j + 8?
5n -8r
————
10
-
12r -5n
10
—1

n n => 5n-8r-10 = 0,12r-5n-10 = 0

7
= [ 1 -- | ♦ 1-’ 1 -- +
8
upto m terms r =5, n =10
\ 2/ k 4
T6 = ,OCS pq =252 pq
1 11 1
= — + — + —— + • • • upto m terms
2n 22n 2* 6. We have,
m (5 +276)" = (5 + J24)n
1
1-
F ,F /
1
1 -■—
1 Now, let I + f = (5 + 5/24)” ...(0
1' 2mn 0£f <1 -.(ii)
1—
2% and f' = (5-V24)" ...(iii)
1 0 < f' <1 „.(iv)
2" -1 On adding Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
/(x3 In x) ■ d(x3 In x) I +f +f' = 2k (even integer)
/'+/'=!
= f3—1------- (3x2 In x + x2)dx
_J3 (2?lnx
x3 In x -l) r=i-/
/2-/ + ;/-/ = /(/-i) + f(/-i)
Since, In x cannot be defined for x < 0.
= (/-i)(i + /)
Above integral cannot be calculated.
2. Coefficient of(a3-b6-c8-d’-e-/) in given expansion
=-(i-/)a+n=-/v + n
= -(5 - V24)" (5 + V24)"
31!
= (-!)’-(-I)1- (-!)*• = -(25 -24)" =-l
3!6!8’9’1!1!
= a negative integer
3. General term of given expression
1 2
_ 2a/2.3P/3 5Y/6 7. Given, x + — =1 => x -x+l
—x+1 = 0
x
a!p!y!
=> (x + (1)) (x + GJ2) = 0
a, P, y satisfying two following property
X = -CU ~ CD2
0 < a, P, y 10; a + p + y =10
a =0,2, 4,6,8,10; P = 0,3,6; Y = 0,6 1 1
p=(-a))4000 + (-»>)“" = to4000 ,4000
Hence, possible pairs of (a, P, y) = (4,6, 0); (4, 0,6); (10, 0, 0)
.’.There exists three rational terms. 1 O)2 +1
= (!)+— =------- = - - = -l
So, sum of rational terms CD CD Ci)

= 22L.2z.3z + — 22-5* + —25 =12632 Also, for X = - (D2, p = -1

416! 4!6! 10!
For n >1,2" =4k,keN
4. We have,
(l + x-3x2)2145 = a0 + ajX+ a2x +
2 2^ = 24fc = (16)fc = last digit number is 6

On putting x = -1, we get Now, q = unit digit at unit place in the number (2 +1)
a0 —al a2 ~ • • ■ = (— 3)
=6+1=7
But we know that, /. p + q = —1 + 7 = 6
31 =3,32 = 9,33 =27,34 =81 1_ Jl+x + x2)n
8. Now,
a0-a1 + a2 + ... = [(-3)4]536 (-3)1 x I x"
End digit of (- 3)2145 Since, (1 + x + x2)" is of the form
= End digit of [(- 3)4 ]535 x End digit of (-3)1 a0 +fl]X + a2x2 + ••• + a2nx2n which contains 2n +1 terms.

= 1 X3 =3 2n +1 = 401 => 2n = 400 => n =200

which is greater than 199.
502 Textbook of Algebra

9. We have, E
n-1 nC
---------- = £
n-1
ncr 14. We have, (1 + x)20 = 20C0 + % x+ 20C2x2 + - + 20Cwx”
r=0 "Cr + "Cr + l r-o n+1Q+ On dividing by x, we get
n—1
"G =rnz= 0 — <L±^ + »c, + »c2x + “C,x! + - + xCxx"
X
= r-0
ijLl nCr n +1 X X

On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

1 . . n(n+l) n 20(1+x)19-x-(l+x)20 - 20C0
=------ [1 + 2 + ••• + n] = —------ - = - + o + 20c2
n+1 2(n +1) 2 2 ~ 2
X X
10. Here, n =100, so the total number of terms is 101. + 2•20C3x+-+19•20CM?,
.•. Largest term = Middle term = 51th term On putting x =1, we get
100
20(2)19 - (2)20 = - | + 20C2 +2-20C3+ •■• + 19-2oC2O

f \3 .-. 20C2+2-20C3 + -+19-20C20=l + 1O-220 -2z0=l+ 9-2m

I 1
x(l + log X
11. We have, = 6C3 (x,/12)3 =200 [given] 1 (22000 - 1)
15. We have, S = = 22000 -1 = (22)1000 -1
k 7 2-1
__ 3
2(l + logx))xlM =2()0 = (5-l)1000 -1
20 (x
3 £ = (5lo°o looo^.s'i 999 , IOOOq
+
998 ...
=> X2(l + logx)+ 4 =1()
lOOOz^ t-2 1000.
+ '-998 '' ’c^s+D-i
On taking logarithm on base 10, we get iocoCi.5• 998
' +, 1000,-. -997 - 1000Cox)
= 5(5"9 '-999/
r ----------------
3 4- —i log x =1
2(1 + log x) 4 .*. Remainder is 0.

(6 + 1 4- logx) log x ( iY (1 + x)*1

1 16. Now,(l + x)n 1 + - =
4(1 + log x) k x) x"

(log x)2 +3 log x -4 = 0 _i ( iY

.•.Coefficient of x 1 in(l + x)n 1 + —
k x)
=> (log x+4) (log x-l) = 0
(2n)!
=^ log x = - 4,1 = Coefficient of x* 1 in (1 + x)2" = 2,1 Cn _j =
(n-l)!(n+l)!
x=10-4,10
>9*
But X >1 17. •: 199 =(20 -I)9 =(20-’l)'i55Z1 = -1 + (6521) X20 + multiple
x=10 of 100
12. v (i+xr+a+x)"1*1 + ••• + (1 + x)n = -1 +20 + multiple of 100
= 19 + multiple of 100
ji + xna+x)"-"1^1 -1} (1 +X)"41 -d + xy 94
.*. Last two digits of the number 19 is 19.
(l+x)-l X
/ \i
.’. Coefficient of xm in a
18. t2 = "c. =14a5/2 [given]
(1 + x)m +(1 +x)m+1 + ••• + (1 +x)n kVa
n 1
(l + x)"*1 -(l+x)w 5/2
or coefficient of x” in =^ a 2 =14/2
X

or coefficient of xm +1 in (1 + x)n +1 -(1 + x)m 13 a 3/2 =14a

na °
n + lz-» n + lz-» When we put n =14, then it satisfies the above equation
- cm + l -0 = c/n + l
nC3 = 14 C3 _ 14-3+1
13. We have, 39r
39r =4
'-'3r-l l 2+
+ ”c» = ”t r2 n 14 q
c-2 ^2

=> *°Cv = 40C 2 19. 6“ + 883 = (7 -1)83 + (7 +1)83

3r = r2 or 40-3r = r2 = 2(783 + 83C2-781 + ,3c,-7”+...+’!c„7)+ncK;)

=2{49m + 83C82-7}
=> r = 0,3 or r2 + 3r - 40 = 0
where, m is an integer
=> (r + 8)(r-5) = 0 => r = 0,3,5,-8
= 98m + 2 -83 Ci-7 = 98m +2-83-7
But r = 0, - 8 do not satisfy the given equation
= 98m + 2(77 + 6) • 7 = 49(2m + 22) + 84
:. r = 3,5
 Chp 06 Binomial Theorem 503

20
= 49(2m+22) + 49 + 35 24. £ r(20 - r) X (“C))2
= 49 (2m+23)+ 35 = 49n + 35 r=0
20 20
where n is an integer. = Z rx^o-rjx20^., = E 20-,9Q_1 X20 X I9CI9_r
Hence, the remainder is 35. r=0 r-0
20
20. In the expansion of(3I/4 +22/3)12, the general term is = 400 E 19c, x19c19_f
3_r * r-0
Tr + 1 = ‘2Cr(3,l/4)12-r(
,/4)1 22'3)'- = >2Cf3 «23
= 400 x Coefficient of x” in (1 + x)19 (1 + x)”
Now, 0<r<12 = 400 XMC]S = 400 x 38CM
r = 0,12 25. Given, (3 +x2008 + X2009)2010 =a0 + a,x + a2x2 + - +anx'1
Rational terms are To + j and II2 +1
On putting x = (0 and O)2 respectively, we get
Now, T =I2C0332° =27
(3 + co2008 + co2009)2010 = a0 + + a2(O2 + a3u)3 + •••
=> T13 =12C123°-28 =256
or (3 + (0+ w2)2010 =a0 + a|(O+ a2w2 + a3co3 + •••
/. Required sum = T] + II3
= 27 + 256 = 283 or 22010 = o0 + aiW+ a2co2
^ioo
21. N = 7,100
,00 -3 100 = (72)50 -(32)50 + a3O)3 +a4co4 + a5(O5 +a6(D6 + ••• ...(i)
2\2008
= (50-I)50-(10-l)50 and [3 +(co2)2008 + (w2)2009]2010
= [(5O)50 - 50Ci (50)49 + 5oC2(50)48 - 50C3 = a0 +a1(O2 +a2(u4 + a3O)6 +a4(o8 + a5a)10 + a6O)l2 + "-
(50)47 + ••• + 50C48 (50)z - 5OC49(5O) +1] or (3 + co2 + co)2010
- [IO50 - MC, - IO49 + 5°C2(10)48 - “*C
l 3(10)47 = a0 +aIco2 + a2a)4 + a3(06 + a4w8+ asw10 +a6co12 + —
+ -"+50C48(10)2- “C^IOJ+I] =»22010 = a0 + ^(D2 + a2(o4 + a3o>6 +a4w8+ a5(i)10 +a6(i)12 ...(ii)

= [104m- 5°C47(50)3 + 5°C48(50)2 - MC49(50) + 1] On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 x22010 = 2a0 +at (to + w2) +a2(d)2 + <o4)
- [104n - 5OC47(10)3 + s°C48(10)2 - 5°C49(10) +1]
+ a3 (<d3 + a)6) + a4(cu4 + co8)
when m and n are integers.
+ a5((O5 + to10) + a6(a)6 + co12) + ■••
=104p-50 C3[(50)3 - (10)3]+ 50 C2[(50)2
= 2a0 -a, -a2 + 2a3 -a4 -a5 +2a6----
-(10)2]-MC,[(50)-(10)]
^2010 11 11
=> 2 =a0--a,--a2+a3--a4--a5+a6-•••
When p is an integer. 2 2 2 2
=104p -124 X196 X105 +294 X104 -2000 = 104q -2000 XT I 2 1 Y -2jf2+l)n (x2-l)2"
26. Now, x-2 + — =-------- r------- =------ r-—
When q is an integer. I x2J X* X
=104q -104 +104 -2000 =104(q -1) + 8000 /.Total number of terms that are dependent of x is equal to
/. Last four digits = 0000 + 8000 = 8000 number of terms in the expansion of(x2 -l)z" that have
22. Let P = 599 = 5 x 598 =5(25)49 =5(26 -I)49 degree of x different from 2n, which is given by
(2n + 1) -1 =2n.
= 5[49C0(26)49 - 49C](26)48 + 49C2(26)47
27. Given expansion can be rewritten as [1 + x2(l -x)]8
- ■■• + 49C48(26) - 49C49-1]
= 8C0 + 8CiX2(l -x) + 8C2x4(1 - x)2
= 5 x26fc - 5, when k is an integer.
P c o + 8C3x6(1 -x)3 + 8C4 x8(1 —x)4 + 8C5x10(1 -x)5 + -
/. -=10k--=10fc-l + -
13 13 13 There are only two terms, which we get the coefficient of x10.
Hence, the remainder is 8. /.Coefficient of x10 = 8C4[Coefficient of x2 in(l -x)4]
q2003 q2 vq2001 q q
32 x32001 + 8C5 [Coefficient of x° in(l -x)5]
23. Now, -— =——----- = — (33)667 = —(28 -I)667
28 28 28 28
o = 8C4(4C2)+ 8C5(1)
Cj(28)666 + 667C2(28)665 - - + “7C666(28) -1}
= — {(28)w7 - 667C](28)'
28 = (8C4 )(4 C2) + 8C3 = (70) (6) + 56 = 476
9 28. (1 +ix)4"-2 = 4n"2C0 + *n~2Cy(ix) + 4B’2C2(ix)2
= 9fc---- , where k is an integer.
28 + ••• + 4n-2C4n_2 (ix)4"-2
19
= (9Ar-l) + — Here, we see that 1st negative term is T3 and the next term is T7
98
and the last negative term is I4n
32003 = |(9fc-l) + — 1 = 19 Now, 3,7, "-,471-1
or
28 ! 28 28 It is an AP.
504 Textbook of Algebra

l = a + (N-l)d 2= r | 14-(r+l)+l
=>
4n-l = 3 + (N-l)4 14-r+l r+1
=> n -1 = N -1 => N = n 14 -r
n m n! ml => 2 = —— +-------
29. v ------------- x-------------- 15-r r +1
m P m!(n - m)l p!(m - p)l
=> 2(15 -r) (r +1) = r(r +1) + (15 -r) (14 -r)
n! fln n-p
- 2r2 + 28r + 30 = 2r2 -28r +210
(n - m)! p!(m - p)! P. m-p
=> 4r2-56r+ 180 = 0 => r2-14r + 45 = 0
n n (n m n n rn\ n-p
z z
p =1 m-p P
= pX= 1 m=p
z \pJ' m- p => (r - 9) (r -5) = 0
r = 5, 9
= pz \P”1/ m=zP 'n-p
n

jn- p 33. (373 + 5)'i2”*1 = (727 + 5)2n + 1

n n n-p
'n-p> Now, leta + p = (V27 + S)2" +1 40
= Z, , z
p =1 \PJ t = 0 , t J
[where, t = m-p]
o<p<i ..(ii)
n n' and let P' = (V27 -S)2"*1 4®)
= 2n Z 2n-p
P=1 kP> 0 < p' <1 ...(h)
n On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (i), we get
n n
= 2" I — = 2" 1 + - I -1 =3" -2"
p) 2P 2. a + P-p' = (V27+ 5)2"*1 -(727 -5)2"*1

54 8 a + 0 = 2p (even integer), V p e N
30. Given, Z (4-r)!|<r!>
r=0 3 => a = 2p =even integer
(5 + x)4 _ 8 Also, from Eq. (v), we get
4! ~3 a = (J27 + S)2" +1 - (727 - S)2" +1 divisible by
=> (5 + x)4 = 64 = (272)4 => 5+x = ±272 (727 + 5) - (^27 -5), i.e. divisible by 10.
x =272 - 5 or x =-272 - 5
34. We have, (8 + 3T7)n = (8 + 763)"
Hence, largest real value of x is 2y/2 - 5.
Now, let P + F = (8 + 763)" •••(*)
31. We have,
0<F <1 •••(ii)
Coefficient of xin(l +x)m(l -x)n = "q - "Q
and let F'= (8 - 763)" ...(iii)
and coefficient of x2 in(l +x)m (1 -x)" = mC2 - mQ "Q + "C2
0 < F' <1 ...(h)
According to the question, mC] -"Q =3
On adding Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
m -n=3 ...(i) P + F + F' = (8 + 763)" + (8 - 763)" •••(')
and mC2 - mCi "Q + "C2 = -6
=> P +1 = 2p (even integer), V p G N
rrjm-1) _ mn + <n -1)
- mn + = -6 => P =2p-l = odd integer
2 2
F'=l -F
(m - n)2 - (rn + n) = -12
(1 -F)(P + F) = F'(P + F) = (8 - 763)" (8+ 763)"
9 -(m + n) = -12 [from Eq. (i)]
= (64 - 63)" =1" = 1
or m + n =21 ...(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 35. We have, 6th term in the expansion of
7
m = 12 andn =9 . 2log27(’Jr’1 + 7) + 2(l/5) log2 O'-1 + 1) .
32. Coefficient of rth, (r + 1) th and (r + 2)th terms in (1 + x)14 are
14 /**•
ur-l> 7
and 14 Cr + j, respectively. 1
or V(9'“+7) + - is T6 = T5 +1
Now, according to the question, 2(14 Cr) = 14Cr_, + 14Cr+ j
Tip
s
1
On dividing both sides by 14 Cr, we get
14 r 14 r
(3X"J +1)1/5
'-r-l Lr + 1
2=- ^=21. (9X~1+7-)=84
14 cr 14 q. = 7c2-- [given]
(3 + 1) (3X*‘ +1)
 Chp 06 Binomial Theorem 505

=> (9X-1 + 7) = 4(3 + 1) 2(nC2+2) = ',Q+(nC3 + 2nC1)

Let 3X = A, then 2 "(n -1) n(n -l)(n -2)
=> + 4=3n +
2 6
A2 - 4A + 3 = 0
n3 -9n2 +26n -24 = 0
or (X -3) (A-1) = 0
(n -2)(n2-7n+12) = 0
A =3,1
=> (n -2)(n -3)(n - 4) = 0
31-1 =3*, 3°
n=2,3, 4
or x-1 =1, Oor x=2,1
Hence, n = 3,4 (n # 2, v nC3 is not defined)
n
1 1 Y
36. L/x + or x,/2 + -x-w 38. We have, — + 3^2 =-(9 + 8+12>/2) = -(3 + 2>/2)2
2-Vx 2 J 4 4 4
n 2n-3 z 2 n-3
. nz> o . n-. I 1 1 |-x“ 3
= BC0-x2 + "Ct-|- •x < +"C2- - + ••• 3- — + 3a/2 = 3 - -(3 + 2^2) = | - '2
* U 2 4 2 U2
.--------- M
According to the question, I 117 1
2 /. 10th term in 3 - .—+3-72 is
n z*> ”/*"* I 1 I I 1 are in AP. 4
c0> C1 T > u2 “
<2j <2.
2 20-9
-T- _ 20z^ 3
2 *9 + 1 “ *-9 I (-V2)’
"C, = "Co + "C2f | 2

n(n-I) = 20C9(-l)93n-2
n =1 +
4-2 13

=> n2 - 9n + 8 = 0 = -20C93,12 2

(n-8)(n-l) = 0 which is a negative and an irrational number.

n - 8, n 1 39. We have, Co — (Co + Cj) + (Co + C1 + C2) — (Co
option (a) Number of terms = 8+1=9 + Q + C2 + C3) + ••* (-1)" 1 (Co + Ct + ••• + Cn_j)

option (b) Now, Tr +, = 6Cr ■ x H.fiY 2 . •X 4

For even integer, take n = 2m, we get
= Co - (Co + Q) + (Co + C( + C2)
0<r^8 -(Co + Cj + C2 + Cj) +---- (Co + Cj+ •••+ C■2m-i)
:
For integral powers of x, r = 0, 4,8 = -(Cj + C3 + C5 + •••+ C2m_1)
.’.Number of terms in the expansion with integral power of x = -(Ct + C3 + C5 + •••+ Cn_j) [V n = 2m]
is3. = -2"’1
option (c) From option (b),
4-^ 40. We have,
1Y
Tr + I = 8Cr-x <• 30 < 20 > n 30 20
2J /(")= s
J' ' i“o ^30 -i)\n-ij
= X
i=0 n-i
= MC„
For independent of x,
3r = 0n
is greatest, when n =25
4-----
4 Maximum value of /(n) is 5OC25.

r=— 16 g ,W, Also, /(0) +/(1) +-+/(50)

3 = MC0 + “C. + mC2 + ••• + “Cso =250
No terms in the given expansion which is independent of x. Also, 50Cn is not divisible by 50 for any n as 50 is not a prime
option (d) Middle term is number.
iV so
Ts = 8C4-x- X (W =(50C0)2 + (5OCj)2 +-”+(5OCSo)2 = l00Cw
2J n=0

i.e. only one middle term. 41. 69g + "cv = l’cr ! + 6’C 2
37. We have,
70cv = 70c2
Coefficient of x,x2 and x3 in(l + x2)2 (1 + x)"
r2 =3r or70-3r = r2
i.e., values of ab a2 and a3 in (1 +2x2 + x4) (1 + x)n
r = 0,3or r3 +3r-70 = 0
=> a( = "Cj, a2 = nC2 + 2 and a3 = "C3 + 2 "Q
r = 0,3or(r+10)(r-7) = 0
According to the question,
r = 0,3,7, - 10
2a2 = at + a3
506 Textbook of Algebra

But r = 0, -10 do not satisfies the given equation. On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
Hence, two values of r satisfies, n(l + x + x2)n-(l + 2x) = A2n_1 + ... + 20X0^"’
i.e. r=3,7
18 I On putting x = 0, we get X&, _j = n
42. Here, n is even, so middle term is - +1 th, i.e. 5th term.
.2 Hence, coefficient of x2" "2 = n
,/sin^ 1 YI
and coefficient of x2 in I( x2 + 1 + —
X 630
r5 = Rc4(x) [given]
V x- 7
70(sin~I x)4 = — => (sin-1 x)4 = — = Coefficient of x2” + 2 in(l + x2 + x4)"
10 16
= Coefficient of x” +1 in (1 + x + x2)"
. . -i .2 3 . _j -Jz
(sin x) = — => sin x = ± — dn + 1
4 2 (1 + x + x2)" # n
~dxn + 1
it n n n
x =---- , — v sin" x G 20
3 3 2’2
45. Now, [ x + — = 20C0x20+2(>C1x18+20C2x16
43. Sum of coefficients = (aa2 + 2ha + c)n k x.
Let /(a) = aa2 + 2ta + c + !0C,x‘,t...

Now, D = 4b2 - 4ac = 4(b2 - ac) < 0 + 20C9x2 + 20C10 + 20Cnx"2 + ...+ 20C20x"20
/(a) < 0 or /(a) > 0, V a e R Tr+i = 20Cr-x20-2r ..{il
If a> 0, then /(a) > 0 10 20
(1
=>(aa2 + 2ba + c)" > 0 and x2 + 2 + ~ = -+x
x , kx
If c > 0, i.e./(0) > 0 /(a) > 0
= 20C0x"20 + ^x”8 + 20C2x-16
=> (aa2 + 2ba + c)n > 0
+ ... + 20C10 + 20Cnx2 + %r4
If a < 0, then /(a) < 0
=> (aa2 + 2ba + c)n < 0, if n is odd + ...+ 20Cmx25
Ifc < 0, then /(0) < 0 => /(a) < 0 T6 = T5+1 = 20C5x-10 •••(ii)
=> (aa2 + 2 ba + c)n > 0, if n is even.
According to the question, 20 Cr = 20C5
|"_(l + x2 + x4)n r=5or20 = r + 5 => Sr =5,15
44. v
I=
a0 + a]X2 + a2x4 + ...+ a2nx4" ■ Sol. (Q. Nos. 46 to 48)
2n
—----------------------------------
46. We have, (1 + x + x2)" = £ arxr •(i)
/. Number of terms = 2n + 1 r=0

Term independent of x = a„ = Constant term in x2 + 1 + —

f 1Y On replacing x by —, we get
k x2J x

= Coefficient of x2n in (1 + x2 + x4)" fi 1Y = 2nVZ Or I -

P
k
+ -X + —
X J r=0 ' xj
= Coefficient of x” in (1 + x + x2)n 2n
(1 + X + x2)" = E arx,2n~r
: ...(ii)
= —(1 + x + x2)" *2"-1 r=0
dx* From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
. ( x2z + 1 + —
Coefficient of x2" ”2 m 1Y 2n 2n

k x2) E - E arx2n~r
r=0 r=0
= Coefficient of x4" " 2 in (1 + x2 + x4 )n Equating the coefficient of x2n ~ r on both sides, we get
= Coefficient of x2" "1 in (1 + x + x2)" ^2n-r=Or ...(iii)
Now, let (1 + x + x2)" = Xo + XjX + X2x2 + ... 0 < r < 2n
On putting r = 0,1,2,3..... n - 1, n, we get
+ ^2n-ix.2X-1
: + l^x'.2" a2n - ao
a2n -1 = al
On replacing x by —, we get
x a2n - 2 = a2
a2n - 3 = a3
1 Is] A ^2
A? , , ^-2n-l
i + - + — =x0 + — +-7 +;1 + 2^.
, X x2) x x2 x2" 1 7 + -+ x&
+1 &n -1 •
or (1 + x+ x2)" = A&, + A2n_1x + ...+ Ajx2" ’, + Xox2n
 Chp 06 Binomial Theorem 507

Then, a0 + a, + a2 + ... + an On differentiating both sides of Eq. (v) w.r.t. x and put x = 0,
= fln + l + ^n+2 + •••+ a2n -(iv) we get
and on putting x = 1 in Eq. (i), we get a39 = 20 (2)19 ...(vii)
2n
49. a0 + a2 + aA + ... + + aw = 219 (220 + 1) [from Eq. (iii)]
U=3n
r=0
=> a0 + a2 + a4 + ...+ a3g = 219(220 + l)-a«
=>(a0 + a, + a2+-+an_,) + a„ + (an+1 + an+2+-+«zn) = 3"
= 2”(220 + l)-220 [from Eq. (vi)]
From Eq.(iv), we get
= 2I9 (220 - 1)
2(a0 + a, + a2 +...+ a„ _,) = 3 — an
50. at + a3 + <25 + ... + a37 + a39 = 219 (220 — 1) [from Eq. (iv)]
"y* (3n-On)
or L ar = ----- => a1 + a3 + a$ + ... + a37 = 219 (2ZO — 1) — a39
r=0 2
= 219 (2Z0 - 1) - 20 (2)19
47. On putting x = 1 and x = - 1 in Eq. (i), we get
[from Eq. (vii)]
3n = a0 + a, + a2 + ... + a2n ...(v)
= 219 (2Z0 - 21)
1 = a0 - fl] + a2 - a3 + ... + a2n -(vi)
On adding and subtracting Eqs. (v) and (vi), we get 20(2)19
51. From Eqs. (vi) and (vii), we get — = = 10
3" + 1 a40 220
—-— =(a0 + a2 + ...+ a^) —(vii)

3n -1 ■ Sol. (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)

= («i + a3 + fl5 + ••■+ a&-i) -(viii) 52. 540 = (52)20 = (22 + 3)20 = 22X + 320, X 6 N
2
Also, «r=a*-r Also, 320 = (32)10 =(11 - 2)10 = 1 Ig + 210, [1 6 N
Put r = 0,2, 4,6.....n -1 Now, 210 = 1024 = 11 X93 + 1
a0 = a2n> a2 = a2n-2> a4 = a2n-4> ••• :. Remainder, a = 1
an-l = an + 1 Also, 2 2011 = 23(24 ) 502 = 23(17 - I)502
From Eq. (vii), we get
= 8 [(17)502 - S“C1(17)S01 + ...- ““CjoKl?) + 1]
3n +1
—-— =2(a0 + a2 + ...+ a„_2) + = 8 (17X + 1), X e N =8 X 17X + 8
3" + 1 - 2fl„ .•. Remainder, h=8
= a0 + a2 + ... + an -i Hence, a+t=l+8=9
4
48. From Eq. (viii), we get 53. 19'i”-13w = (odd number) - (odd number) = even number
3n -1 19” — 1399 is divisible by 2.
= 2(aj + a3 + ...+ a„)-an
2 Now, 19” - 13" =(18 + 1)” -(12 + 1)',99
3"-l + 2an
(al + a3 + •••+ fln) = [(18)” + ”C!(18)92 + ”C2(18)91...+ ...+ ”C92 (18) + 1]
4
- [(12)99 + "C, (12)98 + ”C2 (12)97 + ... + "Cm (12) + 1]
■ Sol. (Q. Nos. 49 to 51) = (18)2X + ”q x 18 - (12)2n - ”0,(12)
Given, (1 + x + 2x2)20 = a0 + a,x + a2x2 + ... + a^x40
When X and g are integers
On putting x = 1 and x = -1 respectively, we get = (18)2X - (12)2g + 486
Qq + Oi + a2 + ... + a40 = 420 = 240
= 81 X4X-122 (”C2 + 12- ”C3) + 81p+ 486
and a0 -a, + a2 -...+ a40 = 220 ...(b)
= 81 (integer), where p is an integer.
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Up + a2 + + ... + a3g + G40 = 2’9 +0 ...(ui) But 2 and 81 are co-prime.
19” - 1399 is divisible by 162.
and Uj + u3 + U5 + ... + u37 + u39 — 2 (2 — 1) •■•(iv)
54. 13” =(12 + 1)” = (12)” + ”C,(12)98 + ”C2(12)” + ...+
Also, replacing x by — in given expression, we get
x ”C„ (12)2 +” C„(12) + 1
20
. 1 2 . ai , a2 , 1 °3g > 039 > fl4° = {(12)” + ”0,(12)” + ”C2(12)97
1+-+— -a° + + + ...+ 3g + 39 + .0
x x . + ...+ ”0,7 (12)2} + ”C, (12) + 1
(2 + x + x2)20 = a0 x40 + fllx3’
= 81X + 99 x 12 + 1, where X is an integer
+ ...+ aMx2 + a39 x+ a40 ...(v)
= 81X + 81 X14 + 55
On putting x = 0, we get a40 = 220 —(vi)
.*. Remainder = 55
508 Textbook of Algebra

,8
■ Sol. (Q. Nos. 55 to 57) = x9
Here, (1 + 2)" =2187 + (1-1 + 1’3 + 1-3 + 1-3 + 1 -5 + ...+ 1-5 + 3-3
3n =2187 = 37=>n =7 + 3-3 + 3-5 + ...+ 5-5) x7 + ...
.’. Coefficient ofx7=(l + l + 3 + 3 + 3 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5)2
At x = -L, R=(V2 + I)7 = 1 + f
V2 - (I2 + I2 + 32 + 32 + 32 + 52 + 52 + 52 + 52)
55. Let f' = (j2- I)7, 0 <_/■'< 1 2
Rf' = (V2 + I)7 (y/2 - I)7 = (I)7 = 1 (31)2 -(129) 961 - 129
= 416
(n + Rf) = 7+ 1=8 2 " 2
(n + 1) (x)
56. Here, m - ■ Sol. (Q. Nos. 61 to 83)
1+x
Since, sum of coefficient of B is 6561.
(7 + 1) I 2 x - 2 (5 1Y
8X- - + - =6561
k 3, 3 =—
16 = 32 <2 2j
—
5 5
1 + 2x- => 3" =6561 => 3" =38
3 3
n=8
7(m)+ 1 — Tj+ i = T4
61. Coefficient (T3 - T2) = 117
57. Here, n = 7
7( mC232 - mC131 = 117
C7-1
Greatest coefficient = — or 7C3 =» m=6
2
62. nm =86 =(1 +7)6=(l + 7fc)
7c7
and----- i.e. 7C4
2 Hence, remainder is 1.
-2>8 7
Sum of values of k = (3 + 1) + (4 + 1) = 9 5x x 8 1
Coefficient of T2 in — +-----
2 = 56 = 15625
■ Sol. (Q. Nos. 58 to 60) 63. ________________ v( -2 >
\8 7
1 x 2 5x 8 5
58. (x+ C0)(x + 3-Ci)(x + 5-C2) + ...{x + (2n + 1)-C„} Coefficient of T2 in — + —
2
= x" + 1 + x" {Co + 3• Cj + 5• C2 + ... + (2n + 1)-Cn)
.’.Coefficient of x" = Co + 3-Q + 5-C2 + ... + (2n + 1)-Cn ■ Sol. (Q. Nos. 64 to 66)
= (Co + Q + C2 + ... + Cn) a4, a5, a6 i.e, "C4, "C5, "C6 are in AP, then
+ 2 {Cj + 2 • C2 + ... n • Cn}
2-"C5 = "C4 + "C6
= 2" + 2L +2-——— + ...+ n)
2 =>
2 = ^- + ^ =
—5—+ n -6 +1
(n-l)(n-2) + 1
"c5 "c5 n-5 + 1 6
5 n -5
1-2 J 2 = ------ +
n - 4------6
= 2" + 2n {n~lC0 + n~lCl + "-1C2+...+ "_,Cn_i}
=> 12n - 48 =30 + n2 -9n + 20
= 2" + 2n (1 + I)"-1 =2" + n-2" = (n + 1)2"
n,2 -21n i no
ni. + _ _i 1a
= n0 _=>.. n=7,14
98 _
59. (x + C0)(x + Cj)(x+ C2) + ... + (x + Cn) Hence, n=7 [v n <10]
n / \
n Also, A =(V2 + V3)13" = (2,/3 + 31/4)91
=x + z c I
r=0
r x"
+ 11 C£j x"“ ’ + ...
<02/ Jin / Tr+1 = ”Cr(2,/3)91- r-(31,4)r
:. Coefficient of x"-1 in ££ QCj 91-r
Oiiijin = 91Cr-2 3 • 3r/4 -Cl)
n n 7
1
2
IQ
r=0 r=0
i c2 -{2^
2
64. £ Of = £ a( = ^ + a2 + a3 + ... + a 7
1=1 i S3 1

= 7Q + 7C2 + 7C3 + ... + 7C7 = 27 -1 = 127

1 2n
= 2^-’
2 " 65. From Eq. (i), we get
60. (x + l)2(x + 3)3(x + 5)4 0<r<91
For rational terms, r = 4,16, 28, 40,52,64,76,88
= (x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 3) (x + 3) (x + 3)(x + 5) (x + 5)
(x + 5)(x + 5) Rational terms are Ts, T17, T29, T41, T53, T65, T77, Tt9
am= 89
 Chp 06 Binomial Theorem 509

,94
66. Also, 5, 17, 29,41 53.... 89 71. We have, 19' = (20 - I)6561
are in AP with common difference 12. = (20)656' 6561q (2O)6560 + 6561C2(20)6559
67. The unit digit of 2^ is always 6 for n > 1.
,- 6561C6S59(2O)2 + 656,C656O(20)2 -1
100
Now, E r! = 0! + 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 10(A);k&N =1000 k - 6561C2(400) + 656,liC>(20) -1
r=0
where, k is an integer.
= 1 + 1 + 2 + 6 + 24+ 10fc = 34 + 10 A
ioo - = lOOOp + 6561 X 20 - 1 = lOOOp + 131220 - 1
Unit digit of E r! + 2r where, p is an integer.
r=0
= 1000p+ 131219
io? y
= Unit place of X r! + Unit place of 2Z .’. ab -19
r=0
i.e. a = 1, b = 9
= 4 + 0 + 6 = 10, its unit place is 0.
Hence, b-3a = 9- 3= 6
3n
68. Given, ^arZ = (1 + x+x2 + x3)" 72. "Cr + 4"Cr+i +6-nCr + 2 + 4"Cr+3 + "Cr+<
r=0
= (nCf + nCr + 1) + 3(nCr + i + nC+2)
It is clear that a, is the coefficient of xf in the expansion of
(l + x+x2 + x3)". + "C + 3) + ("Cr+J + "cr+4)
+ 3("Cr+2
lq.+i+3"+1c.+ 2+3-fl + ,Cr+3 +n + ,cr+4
On replacing x by — in the given equation , we get
x =c 1cr+1 + "+,c;+2) + 2(n X + 2
11 <1i Y (1 + X + X2 + X3)" + n+1cr+3)+(n+1 cr+3 + n+,i
Id1x =
r=0 n + 2z-» n + 2x>
“ +2 + 2- n+zcr+3 + Cr+ 4
Here, ar represents the coefficient of 3 3"“r in(l + x + x2 + x3)".
=(n+2cr+2 + + 2Cr4.3)+("+2icr+3 + fl + 2c,+4)
Thus, ar ~ a3n-r —(i) n+ n +■
3n 3n = ^r+3 Lr+ 4
Let I = E r x ar = E (3n - r) a*, _r
r= 0 r=0 n+4cr+4 = n + 4 nt- 3lC
,
+3
[replacing r by 3n - r] r+ 4
Similarly, "Cf + 3 •” Cr +1 + 3-nCr ’c,+3
= £ (3n-r)ar [from Eq. (i)]
r=0 n+ 4 n+ X
3n 3n
.-. ------- =---------=> A = 4
r+ 4 r+ A
= 3n £ - X rar
r=0 r=0 99-98
73. 99 50 -99-98s0 +------- (97)50 —... + 99
. 3nk . n 1-2
=> 21 = 3nk => I =----- .'. A = 3
2 = 9950 % (98)50 + "C2 (97)50 -... + "C98 • 1
20-r
69. We have, Tr+1 = 20Cr-4 3 -6 -r/4 = "C0(99)m WC, (99 - I)50* "C2 (99 - 2)50 -..
40-2r + ”C9i (99 - 98)M - '"Cw (99 - 99)50
= 20Cr-2 3 -2-rM r/4
= (99)50 {99Co _ 99Q + 99^ _ _ + 99C9g _ 99^
160-Hr
= 2OCr-2 12 -3' r/4 + “c, (99)4’{WC1 -2-wC2 + 3-wC3 - ...}
f 160-Hr =0+0=0
For rational terms, - and must be integers and
4 12 74. Given,
0 < r < 20. v Greatest term in the expansion of(l + x)2" has the greatest
. r. coefficient.
.. - is an integer.
4 T^.^Qx" (greatest term)
=> r = 0, 4,8,12,16, 20
Ti<Ti + 1>Ti+2
160-Ur
Clearly, for r = 8,16 and 20 is also an integer. 2n Cn_l-xn-1<a’Cnxn>a,Cn
12
2n 2/i z**
.‘.The number of rational terms is 3. Cn-1 1 , Cn + 1
=> ■x
70. Wehave,22006 = 22 (23)668 x *cn
= 4 (1 + 7)668 = 4 (1 + 7A) = 4 + 28A n 1 <i n
=>
:. 22006 + 2006 = 4 + 28A + 7 x(286) + 4 n+1 x n+1
n , n+ 1
Hence, remainder is 8. => ------- and x <
n + 1--------------- n
510 Textbook of Algebra

n n+1 For rational term, r should be a multiple of 9, i.e.,

i.e., xG
+1 n r = 0,9,18,..., 6561
(10 iPl Total rational terms, m = 730
Given, XG and irrational terms, n = 6562 - 730 = 5832
In’ ioj
Let X = unit digit of(730)5832 = 0
n = 10
m 3 and p = unit digit of (5832)”°0.
n
Also, T4 in | Xx + — I =,nc3(Xxr-3 [given] = unit digit of(25)I45<25
x. 4
= (2)(2) = 4
'nC3-Xm“3-x',m-6 = «
[given]
4 Xg +pX=(0)4 +(4)°=1
10
=-- and X+p=0+4=4
[vn = 10]
4 (B) General term, tr +1 = 600^^/3)600^^1/2^
_5
600-r
~2
= 600Cr (7) 3 5r/2 xr
Put m - 6 = 0, we get
For rational term, r should be multiple of 6.
m =6
i.e. r = 0,6...... 600
6, ,3 5
A =— .■.Total rational terms, m = 101
2
3 and total irrational terms,
-3 5 1 1 1
n = 601 - 101 = 500
2 20 8 2
Let X = unit digit of (m)n
X=1 = unit digit of (101)500 = 1
2
and p = unit digit of(500)101 = 0
Hence, mX = 6 X - = 3 ■
2 A2 + p2=(l)2 + (0)2 = l
75. We know that, (x -1)" = "Cqx’' - "Qx" ’ * + "C2x" "2 -... X* +pX=(l)° + (0)1 =1
x2(x-l)" = "C0xn+2-"Clxn + 1 + nC2x/’ and X + p = l + 0 = l=Xg
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 10!
• 2x(x-l)" + x2-n(x - I)"”1
(C) (V2 + V3 + V7)10 = Z (V2)a ($3? (V?)Y
a!p!y!
= (n + 2) nC0 x" + 1 -(n + 1) "C1x"+n "C2xfl-1-... = E_22L2O/2.3P/3.3Y/6
aipiy!
On putting x = 2, we get
a + P + y = 10
(n + 2) "Co2" + 1 -(n + l)"Cj n-BC22n_I -... For rational terms, a = 0, 2, 4,6,8,10, P = 0,3,6,9 and
= 4 + 4n = 4 (1 + n) Y = 0,6
A=4 Possible triplets are (4,6, 0), (10, 0, 0), (4, 0,6).
76. On putting x = 1, -1, i, - i in the given expression, we get .’.Total rational terms, m = 3
Total irrational term, n = 10 + 2C2 - 3 = 63
’ 104 x9 = fl] + a2 + a3 + a4 + ...+ a45 ••(i)
Let X = unit’s place digit of 363 = (34 )1S • 33 = 1 X 27 = 7
0 = — fl] + a2 — a3 + a4 + ... — a4S (ii)
(1 + i)4 • i = ap - a2 - a3i + a4 + ... and p = unit’s place digit of 633 =unit digit of33 -1

=> - i (2i)2 = - ap + a2 + a3i - a4 -... Now, Jbjxjx, X.. =

=> 4i = - aj + a2 + a3i - a4 - ... ...(in)
and -4i = a,i + a2 - a3i - a4 - ... ...(iv)
x[2+;+i+-} = pX1’1/21'2
=P A = p=7
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get ' 18 18 > 18
4(a2 + a6 + aw +fli4 + ...+ a42) =9 x 104 78. (A) Given, +2 + >I 20 I
lr“b r
or a2 + a6 + a10 + ...+ a42 =22500 = X [given] 18 18 ' 18 'l 18 '20'
+ +
.'. Required sum = 24-2 + 5 + 0 + 0= 9
r-2 r-1 J” J + rJ
77. (A) General term, Tr+, = 6S6,Cr (71/3)6561 (ll1,9)r
C 19 ' 19> '20^
6561 -r 11^) => + >
656,Cr7 /•-b rJ J3j
3
 Chp 06 Binomial Theorem 511

=>
20
>
20
=> 7<r£13 (D) Given, — = n
r 7 t3 r;
r =7,8,9,10,11,12,13 n * 3C2 (q)"* *(b)2
(B) The unit digit of 183! is 0. nC2(a)n~2 (b)2 ~ "+3C3(a)n (b)3
Now, 3183 =(34)45(3)3 "C, a "*3CZ a
—- x - = n + 3C3' b
Unit digit of3183 = Unit digit of(81)45 x Unit digit of 27 nC2 b
=1X7=7 n+3C3
Unit digit of 183! + 3183 = 0 + 7 = 7’ "C, n^C2
which is less than 8 and 9. . n — 2 + 1 n+3-3+1
5 2 3
(C)T\ =nC3(ax)n~3 sz —
3n - 3 = 2n + 2
2
5 n =5
=> nC3 an~3x't~6 => n =6 and a = -
2 3 81. (A) Number of dissimilar terms in the expansion of
(x + 2y + 3z)n (n G N)
na = 6 x - = 2
3 n+2r - 1 „2 4. 3 „ 4. 1
= a+3"’c3_1 = c? —n + — n + 1
79. (A) The coefficient of power of x more than x30 in (1 + x)61 is 2 2
6,C31 + 61C32 + ... + 61c61 a=l.»=’.c=l
2 2
We know that, (1 + I)61 = 6IC0 + % + 61C2 + ... + 61C6I 1 3
Hence, a+b+c=-+-+l=3
=> 261 =2(61C31 + aiC32 + ...+6,C61) 2 2
=> 61C31 + 61C32 + ... + 61C61 = 260 1 3
and a + b = - + - = 2=2c
2 2
Hence, 260 is divisible by 2 ”, 2S8, 2 ”, 2 60.
(B) We have,
(B) General term is, Tr+, = 62Cr (y/3)r = 62Cr3rl2
(x + y + z) + l ={(x + y) + z}2n + 1
For rational term = r should be multiple of 2.
= (x + y)2n + * + ^’Cjfx + y)^
i.e. r ~ 0,2, 4,6.....62
.’. Required sum = T, + T3 + ... + T63 + 2n + ,C2(x + y)a'" *22+ a, + ,C3(x + y)a’"2’22 3 +...
62-~t = 261
= 62C0 + 62C2 + ...+ 62C62 = 2>62 2n + 1
C2n(x + y)za,+ **’< 2n + 1

Hence, 26’ is divisible by 2 ”, 258,2 ”, 2 60,26l.

and (x + y -z)2"*1 = {(x + y) - z}2”*1
(C) Put x = 1 and x = - 1 in given expression, then we get
= (x + y^’-^’C^x + y^z+^’C^x + y)2"-^2
4 = Oq + Gj + a2 "F n3 + ... + ^j24 ...(i)
-^’C^x + y)a,-2z3+...+2n+1C2n(x + y)22n-2,,HCai+1z2rt+I
and 0 = a0 -a, + a2 -a3 + ...+ aI24 ...(ii)
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get ,\(x + y+ z)2n + 1 -(x + y-z)2"**
262 =2(aj + a3 + ...+ a123) =2 + *Cj (x + y^z + ^ + *C3 (x + y)2"'2z3 +...+a am j
2 — (flj + (2j + ... + Gj23) The number of dissimilar terms in the expansion of
Qj + a3 + ... + a123 is divisible by 2 ”, 2S8,2 ”, 2 60,261. (x + y + z)2n + 1-(x + y-z)2n+*
80. (A)(ll)n + (21)" = (16 -5)" + (16 + 5)n = (2n + 1) + (2n - 1) + (2n -3) + ...5 + 3 + 1
= 2 [nC0 (16)" + "C2 (16)"-2 (5)2 = -) (2n + 11 +
(2n + + 1) (n +
= (n
1) = I)2
+ 1)'
2
+ "C4(16)"“4(5)4 + "C6(16)'f6(5)6 + ...]
= n2 + 2n + 1
Hence, given expression is divisible by 16, if
n = 1,3,5,7 a = l,b=2,c = l
■i

(B) 337 = (34)9-3 = (81)9-3 =3 (80 4- I)9] Hence, a+ b+c=l+2+ l=4

= 3[9Cj(80)8+ 9C2 (80)7 + ... + 1] (C) We have,(x - y + 2)" = {x - (y - z)}n

• =x"-Bqxn"1(y-2)+"C2x^’2(y-2)2
.’.Remainder of337 is 3.
+ "C3^-3(y-2)3
. (c) Tr+1 = Tr+t=> 2’q. = 2’q.+t_1
=> 29-r = r + k-l =>30=2r + k [v r <, 29] + ...-nCn_1x(y-2)n-1 + '’Cn(y-z)n
For even values of k, i.e., k = 0,2, 4,6,8,..., 28, and (x + y-2)" =(x + y-z)n
512 Textbook of Algebra

= x" +n Q x""1^ - z) +" C2 -z)2 +" C3 x"”3(y -z)3 .'. Number of terms = l + n+ n=2n + l
+...+nCn_1x(y-z)n-,+(y-z)n :. Both the statements are correct but Statement-2 is not the
correct explanation of Statement-1.
.'. (x -y + z)n + (x + y - z)n
86. 4101 -4 = 4 (4100 - 1) = 4 (1650 - 1)
= 2[xn + nC2x"“2 (y -z)2
= 4 (1625 + 1) (1625 — 1)
+ "C4xn'4(y-z)n + ... + (y-z)n]
= 4 (divisible by 16+1) (divisible by 16-1)
.•. The number of dissihnilar terms in the expansion of
= divisible by 102
(x -y + z)n + (x + y — z)n = 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (n + 1) 4101 - 4 is divisible by 102.
(n + 2)
_ (n + 2)I2; 1, 2 . or if 4101 is divisible by 102, then remainder is 4.
=__ 2 (i + n +1) - = -(n + n + 1)
2 .'. Statement-1 is false but Statement-2 is obviously true.
4 4
87. v (x" + an) is always divisible by (x + a) when n is odd natural
a = -, b = 1, c = 1
4 number. Therefore, (1125 + 1225) is divisible by 11 + 12 = 23.
Hence, b + c = l + l= 2=8a Statement-1 is always true but Statement-2 is false.
' x2 + 1 + x4 for n even natural number.
(D)v 9-r r
X2
7 88. Tr + i = 9Cr (ax1'6)9 -r (bx~ 1/3)r = 9Cr • a9 “r • br • x 6 3

Q0 + a2x2 + a4 x4 + ... + a2n(n4.i)Xai(n't'1) 9-r 5

(n + 1) For independent of x, put-----------= 0
6 3
/.Number of terms = ~'2n (n + 1) + 1 = n 2 + n + 1 => 9 - r — 2r = 0
=> r=3
a = l, b = l, c = l T3 + 1 = 9C3-a6b3 = 84a6b3
Hence, a+b+c=l+l+l=3
Now using A M > GM
and a + b =1 + 1 =2=2c
82. Statement-2 is obviously correct. => a2±l>( a^
>(a 2 > (a2b)l/2
2b)112 :=> - [v a2 + b=2]
2 2
Now, we have (1 + 3x)6 = 6C0 + 6Q(3x) + 6C2(3x)2
a2b <l=>(a2h)3 <l3=>84a6b3 <84
+ 6C3 (3x)3 + 6C4 (3x)4 + 6C5 (3x)s + 6C6 (3x)6
T4 <84
.‘.Greatest coefficient in(l + 3x)6 is 6C636. Hence, both statements are true and Statement-2 is the correct
So, Statement-1 is wrong. explanation of Statement-1.
25
83. We have, | x2 + -^ + 2 2_ 50 89. We have, 10000 = I3 = T2 + j = SC2 x(5 “ 2)(xlog10 x)2
\ xz X 100000 = X3-X21og101 = x3+ 2logl0X
5
Tr+1 = 50Cr-C50“r- ^Crx^ =>3 + 2 log10 x = logx 100000 = 5 logx 10 =
logic X
For independent of x, we put =>2 (log10 x)2 + 3 logl0 x - 5 = 0
50-2r = 0 => r = 25 Put logic x = y, we get
• T* _ 50z>
•• 2 25+ 1 ~ c25 , 5
2y + 3y-5 = 0 => y- — or 1
But in binomial expansion of (x + a)n, middle terms is 5
independent of x, iff x-a = 1. logi0x = --or 1
84. We have, x = 10 or 10“5/2
Coefficient of 31st term in (1 + x)n = Coefficient of 32nd term 3
, 183 + 73 + 3-18-7-25______
in(l + x)n 90. We have,
36 + 6-243-2 + 15-81-4+ 20-27-8
=> Coefficient of T30 + j = Coefficient of T31 +1
+ 15-9-16 +6-3-32 + 64
=> nC30 = nC3] =^n =30 + 31 =61
(18 + 7)3 =(25)3J25)3_1
Hence, both statements are correct but Statement-2 is not the " (3 + 2)6 ~ (5)6 (25)3 "
correct Explanation of Statement-1.
( 11A fl1 2
a+1 a -1 ^10
85. We have, | x + — + 1 = 1 + nC, x + - + nC2 x + - 91. We have,
k x X x a 2/3 -a1/3 + l
(a,/2)2-l2‘ io
(
+ ...+ "cJx+li V (a1/3)3 + I3
k xj a2/3-al/3 + l a’V2-!).
 Chp 06 Binomial Theorem 513

\io
According to the question, we have
= (a,/3 + l)-a.*72 + 1 = (a’73 -a-*72)’0 n-6
a1'2 - --2 n-12 n-12
li2 .l1
c.-z 1 6-n =>2 ,3— 1
Now, Tr+1 = 10cr(a,/3)10- r(~a -,/2r 6 6
"C6-4-3 3
10-r- r
n-12
= '°Cra 3 3(-l)r n-12
(6) 3 ------- = - 1, n = 9
It will be independent of a, if 2
^^-- = 0 =>20-2r-3r = 0 95. We know that, (1 + x)n (x + l)n
3 2 = [nC0 + "Ci x + "C2x2 + ...+"C„x"]
=> r=4 x[nCox" + "Qx"-1 + "C2x"“2 + ...+ "C„]
Putting r = 4 in Eq. (i), we get
Equating coefficient of x" +1 on both sides, we get
T5 = 1OC4(-1)4 = ‘°C4 =210
=["C0"C, +"C,nC2+...+ "C^^CJ
92. The general term in (xa + x~b)n is
S„ = a,cn+1
Tr+, = nCr (xa)n~r (x~b)r = nCrxg -br= nCrxan~(fl + b)r
2n + 2z>
15 2 15
For independent of x, we must have an - (a + b) = r = 0 But
an . 5n 4 4
=> r =------ => an = (a + b) r, r G N 2n + 1
a+b (2n + 2) un + l 15
=> an is multiple of (a + b). (n + 2) 4
93. Let n be the index of power in (1 + x). Then, "Q = a •••(*) 2 (n -H) 15
ncr+l = b ...(ii) (n + 2) 4
and ftCr+2 = c ...(iu) 2(n + 1) 2n + 1 _ 15
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (n + 2) n 4
nCr _a => 8 (2n2 + 3n + 1) = 15n2 + 30n
nCr+l~b n2 — 6n + 8 = 0
r + 1 = —a
------ an -b n = 4,2
=> r =------- ,(iv)
n-r b a+b ..+n.^
96. —+ 2*—+ 3-—+ .
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get Cq G
( c2 c.-,
nCr + x _b n „ n (n -1) (n - 1) (n - 2) 2! 1
= - + 2- + 3-- x--------- + ... + n —
nCr+2 ' 1 2n 3! n (n - 1) n

bn - b - 2c n(n + 1)
r+2 b = n + (n -1) + (n - 2) + ...+ 1
=> ---------- = - : : (v) 2
n - r -1 c b+c
|21
From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get
bn - b - 2c _ an - b
b+c a+b
97-wehave'[@+MI] ”
Let Tr +! contain a and b to one and the same power.
:[a&-,/2],/3 + (bfl-,/3)f
1,22]]2: ‘

21 -r
=> (b2 -ac) n- 2ac + b (a + c)
Tr hl = 2,Cr(nb-1,2)“ (fc-173)"2
2ac + b (a + c)
n =------r---------- 21 -r r 21 -r
(b2 - ac) <>-b2 ~
= 2,Cr-a 3
94. Given expansion is F ^2 + 1 T . 21 -r r r 21-r —
21 -r 2r
=-------------------- ----- ■ —

L v3. 3 6 2 6 2 3
.’.7th term from the beginning => 63 — 3r = 4r => 63 = 7r => r = 9
n-6 n-6
Required term = r + 1 = 10
= nC6 (2)“ •(3’,/3)6 = "C62 3
98. Given series is a GP.
.’.Again, 7th term from end in $ + i T X+ 2
xn
1-
x + 3,
/I
3r .-.S=(x + 3)"‘I
= 7th term from beginning in F 1 + V3 x+ 2
1--------- (x + 3)"
x+3
6-n
= nC6(3"173)n"6(2)2 = "C63 3 •4 = (x + 3)n -(x+ 2)" =(3 + x)" -(2 + x)n
514 Textbook of Algebra

.-. Coefficient of / in S = nCr 3" ~r - nCr2n~r = -Re {1 + ix}11}

= nCr(3n“r-2n"r) Let x = cot 0 = -Re{l - i cot 0}”
I11
sin 0 + i cos ©I” (i)11 (cos 9 - i sin 8)
99. Let(2 + 75)p or(75 + 2)p = 1 + f -.(i) = - Re = - Re
sin 0 J sin 0
•••(ii)
- i (cos 110 - i sin 110) sin 110
(V5-2)f=f' =-Re [given]
...(iii) sin’10 Th?1?-
and 0 < f' < 1 ...(iv) 0*0
On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (i), we get sin 110 = nt
nt
/ + /-/' = (75 + 2)p-(75-2)p or 0 = —, r = ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 5
11
= 2{pC1(75)p-1-21 + pC3(75)p“3-23+ ...+ pCp(y[5)°2p} nt 1
x = cot 0 = cot
11J
[•/ integer value of f - f' = 0] r = ± 1, ± 2,..., ± 5
[(75 + 2)p] + 0-2p + 1 102. Since, g(x) = /(I + x)
= 2{pC1(75)p’1-2 + PC3(75)lp-3-23+...+pCp_2(75)2-2p'2} 200 200
g(x)= £ arxr and /(x)= £ £r/
r=0 r=0
= pX = p (integer)
200 200
:. [(75 + 2)p ] - 2P + 1 is divisible by P. Z 0,/= £ Mi + x)r
r=0 r=0
100. Let (73 + I)2” = I + f, 0 < f < 1 Now, a0 + a, x + a2x2 + ... + a2Oo x200
and f' = (^3-l)2n = Po + Pi (1 + x) + 02 (1 + x)2+ ... + 0,oo (1 + x)100

'=(73 + I)2" + G/3 - I)2" + 0ioi (1 + x)’01 + ...+ P200 (1 + J)MI

= [(73 + l)2]" + [(?3-l)2]" => a0 + a,x+a2x2 + ...+a200x200

= 00 + 0, (1 + x) + p2 (1 + x)2 + ... + (1 + x)100
= (4 + 275)" +(4-2^)"
+ (1 + x)101 + ...+ (1 + X)200 [•.• P,oo =0,01 = ...= 02OO=1]
= 2" (2 + y/3)n + 2" (2 - y[3)n
Equating the coefficient of x100, we get
= 2"-2{"C02n + "C2(2"’2)(3)
_ 100/-, , 101/n 102/-, , , 200/1
u100 ~ MOO '-lOO + M00 + ■•■+ MOO
Ji - 4
+ "C4(2"’4)(32)+ ...} _ 101/i . 101/i , 102/i , . 200/i
- C101 T Cjoo + C,00 + ...+ <-100
/ + l=2" + 1,JtG/ _ 102/i , 102/i , , 200/i
— ’—101 f <-100 <-100

or [<{(73 + l)a’})]=2n + 1fc

_ 200/i 200/i _ 201/.
Hence, [({(75 + I)2"})], n e N is divisible by 2” + ’. - <—101 + 100 — C101 .-(>)
Again, greatest coefficient in the expansion of (1 + x)201
101. nC, • x’° - ”C3 • x8 + ”C5 • X6- nC7x4 + ”C9 X2 - ”cn = 0
= Coefficient of middle term
Now, (1 + ix)11 = ”C0 + "Cjix + nC2 (ix)2
= Coefficient of T101 or coefficient of T102
+ 11C3(ix)3+’1C4(ix)4 + 11C5(ix)s - 201r
-
nr 201 r
<-100 or
- 201/n
(_10I - c100 (ii)

+ ”C5 (ix)6 + ”C7 (ix)7 + ... + % (ix)11 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
The greatest coefficient in the expansion of (1 + x)201.
=> (1 + ix)11 =(”C0 _ nC2x2 + ”C4 x4 -11 C6x6
+ 1IC8x8+nC10x,°) 103. P= Y'L (i + j) (Ct + Cj + QCj)
OiKjin
+ i ("q x - ”C3 x3 + nC5 x5 - UC7 x7+ nC9 x9 - nCn x11) Replacing i by n - i and j by n - j in Eq. (i), we get
Comparing real part on both sides, we get
0S/< jin
(1 + ix)" =("C„ - "C, x2 + "C7x4 - "Csx‘ = XI (2n-i-j)(Cz + Cy + C,C;)[vnCr = "Cn.r] ...(ii)
OiKjin
+ "C3x#-"C,x10) =
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), then we get
=>Re {(1 + ix)") =-("C, x'° - "C3x‘ + "C3x‘
2P=2n ££ (Ct + Cj + CjCj)
- "C7x4 + nC,x2 - "C,,) OiKJin

=> "C,x'° - "C,x! + "C,x‘- "C7x4 + "C,x2 - "C„ P=n ££ (Ct + C.) + n ££ CPj
OiKJin OiKJin
 Chp 06 Binomial Theorem 515

= n • n (Cq + Cj + C2 +... + Cn) + — (22n ^CJ 2n + I"! 1__ 1 1

2"+lCi 2n ♦ 1
—+
2n + 2, ^’Cj
C2
= n2-2n + n-2,2n -1 _ 2.2" Q
1
+ 2n + Iz-.
C2n .
2n!
= n2 •2" + n-2,2n -1 2/1+1") ' 1__ 1 1___
2(n!)2
k2n + 2j. **‘q “’‘c,+ * + ,C3
104. E£ 2,q-2,cy
0S1* JS10
1 1___ 2n
10 10 10 --- + .. +
— —1 X £ 21,lq 2lCj - E (2,q),2 2n + 1
c4 2n + Jr*
^2n
2n + 1
^2n .
2 |_ 1=0J=0 I=0 X
2n + 1 ( 1 1
1 r ■o 1. 10
=— E 21C/22!-r _1 E (21C/y,2 2n + 1 z-»
2 i=0 2i = o
2n + 2> ^‘q (-2n7
/ X
2Z0-2,20 42c21 _ 1 240 (42)! 1 1 2n
2n + I z-»
+ ...+ 2n + 1 ✓-»
2 2X2 2 2 (21!)2 /+1c2 c2n-l J c2n
2
105. (i) We have,(l + x + x2 + x3)11 =(1 + x)11 (1 + x2)11 r2n+ 1H 2n 2n + 1 2n "
= ------- 0+
= (1+ ”qx+ nC2x2+ nC3x3+ “C4x4 + ...) t2n + 2JL 2n + 1
C2n. 2n + 2 2n + 1,
x(l + uqx2 + "C2x4 + ...) 2n n
.-.Coefficient of x4 = nC2 + nC2 x "q + "C4 2n + 2 n+1

= 55 + 605 + 330 = 990 107. Given, (1 + x + x2)" = a0 + Oj x + a2 x2 + ... + 2

(ii) [(2-x) + 3x2]6 + ar-i^~x + Or/ + ...+ x 2" (i)
=6C0(2 - x)6 + 6q (2 - x)5 (3x)2+ 6C2 (2 - x)4 (3x2)2+ ...
and(l - x)n = "Co - "qx + "C2 x2
= 6C0 [6C4(2)2] + 6q X3 (5C2(2)3] + 6C2 X9 [4Co(2)4] -...+ (-i)r ncy + ... + (- 1)" nC„ ...(H)
[equating coefficient of x4] On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) and equating coefficient of xr
= 60 + 1440 + 2160 =3660 on both sides, we get
1 Coefficient of x' in (1 - x3)"
106. LHS = -^- + ——-1
+
2n+lz-» Zn
2n + 1
cr cr + 1 = "Co a, - "Ciar_j+ "CA-2 -... + (- l)r"CA
_(2n + 1 - r)!r! (2n - r)!(r + 1)! Since, r is not a multiple of 3, therefore the expression (1 - x3)"
(2n + 1)! (2n + 1)! does not contain xr in any term.
(2n + 1 - r) + r + 1 Coefficient of xr in(l - x3)" = 0
= (2n -r)!(r)!
(2n + 1)! Hence, - "q a, t + "C2 2 -... + (- l)r nCr a0 = 0
(2n - r)!(r)!(2n +2) 2n + 2 .1 108. Given,(1 + z2 + z4)8 = Cq + CjZ2+ C2z4 + ... + Cl6z32
(2n + l)(2n)! “ 2n + 1 & Cr
(i) Put z = i, we get
*-1 r2n+ f (1 -1 +1)’ = c0 - q + c2 - c3 +...+ c16
Now, E —r------ = £ (-i)r-1
r=i ^q r=1 <2n + 2 7
c0 - q + c2 - c3 +...+c16 = 1
1 i (ii) Put z = co, we get
2n + 1Cr + 2n +1 /•
xr
(1 + CD2 + co4)8 = Co+ Cj (i)2 + C2O)4 + C3(1)6+ ...+ CI6(1)32
x
2n + 1 2n-l 1 1 =>(1 + cd2 + cd)8= c0+ q co2 + C2cd + C3 + C4 co2
£ (-if1 2n + 1
—+ 2n+l/
xr
2n + 2 J r~i Cr + c5 co +... + q6o)2
Vf =>0 = (C0 + Cj + C6 + ...+ Ci$)
2n + 1 1 1
2n + 1
—+ 2n + 1 z-* + (C2+ C5 + ...+ q4) ci) + (Q + C4 +...+ Cu) co2
2n + 2> q ^2/
X 109. Given, f(x) = g(x +1)
1 1 [ 1 1
-2 +3I 2n + l--- +
2n+1c2 + 2n+xc3 C3 a0x°+ at x + a2x2 + ... + x2"
/ = b0 + t\ (x+ 1) + b2 (x + I)2 + ...+ h„_j (x + 1)" 1
1 1
-4 ai+T
—+
C4 + (x+ 1)" +(x+ 1)" + I +(x + l)n+2 + ... + (x+ 1)2n
:

1 i___ Equating coefficient of x" on both sides, we get

+ ... + (2n-l) +
2n + lz>
c2n-l
2n + 1 z->
c2n a. = "q, + "’‘q, + ...+ “q,
516 Textbook of Algebra

= n+,C„ + "•’C. + ...+ “c. ■ [v nC„ = " + ,'c

< n + 1] => d2 4* Cl 5 4 <2g 4" .. r- 3
_ n+
+ Hence, a04- a34-(264- ... = <2] 4" 0^4- a7 4- ...
i r]
[••• "Cr4- "q.j =" + ,'c = a2 4- a$ 4- a3 4-... = 3" 1
= a, + 1Cn + I 111. LHS =(n - I)2 q 4- (n -3)2 C3 4- (n -5)2 C5 4-...

110. Let(l + x+ x2)n = a0 4 alx + a2x2+...+ a2n x2" = n2 (C, 4- C3 4- C5 4-...) - 2n (Q 4- 3C3 4- 5CS 4-...)
4-(l2q 4-32C3 4- 52CS 4...)
Replacing x by I - — I, we get = n2(2n‘,)(-2n)
\x) f 21 c0 + - • 3 ’ C24-- • 5 •n ’1 q 4.. .1
1 11 rQ1 ■ a2 U 3 5 J
1---- + —.2 =a0------
\ x x ) x X2 x* + f12.-.n-1c0 4-32.-.n-,c2 4 52.-.n-,q4...]
=> (1 - x + x2)" = a0 x2" -a.x2"- ’+ a2x2n~2 ~...^a2nx2n I 1 ° 3 5 J
•••(ii) = n2-2n~l-2n2(n~iC0+ " - C2 4- ""lC44-...)
n -1
(i) Multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) and equating the coefficient of 4-n (1 •"-1 Co 4-3-"-1 C2 4 5-"-1 q 4...)
x2"+ *, then we get
Coefficient of x2"*1 in(l 4- x2 4- x4)n = n 2-2n~l -2n2-2n~2

“ ^o^i “ ^1^2 "+* ^2^3 “" • • •

+ n[n"‘C0 4- (2 4- 1)-"'1 C2 4 (4 4 I)- n’*q 4...J
In RHS, put x2= y, we get = n2 ■2n-2(2 -2) 4- n[(n",C04-n'1C24-n_1C44-...)]
^2^3 ••• = 0 (only even powers contains)
(ii) Multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) and equating the coefficient of = 0 4-n[2"’24-(n-l)r-2C1 4- "“2C3+ ...}]
x2n + 2
= n[2n“24-(n-l)-2n-3] = n-2""3 (2 + n - 1)
Coefficient of x2" + 2 in (14- x2+ x4)"
= n(n4- 1)2""3 = RHS
= Coefficient of yn + 1 in (1 + y + y 2\n
2)n
112.(1 - x3)” = Co - qx3 4- C2x6 - C3 x9 4-... 4- (- l)n C„xy
= Q(fl2 -ata3 + 0^4 “ ... + fl2n - 2 ' a2n
[v put x2 = y] Then, j (1 - x3)" dx
“ fln + 1
= J’(Co - Q x34- C2 x6 - ... 4- (- 1)" C^x3") dx
(iii) Put x = 1, wand w2 in Eq. (i), we get
3n =a0 4- 0j+ a2+ a3 + ...+ fljn ...(iii) = C°X C»y4 | C2X? ,( iyi C1*3"*1!
=>(1 4- to 4- to2)" =a0 + a, w+ a2w2 4- a3w3+ ...+ a^fj)2” 1 4 7 3n 4-1 0

=> 0 = a0 + aj w + a2U) + a3+... ...(iv) )n

1 4 7 . 3n+ 1
and (1 + w2 + to4)" = a0 + a, w2 4- a2 to4 4- a3 w6+ ...
Let In = [’(1-x3)"-l dx
2
0 = Qq + 0| w + a2 W + a3 + ... Jo
= [(l-x3)"-x]* -fn(l- x3)n-1.(-3x2).xdx
on adding Eqs. (iii), (iv) and (v), we get
3" =3a0 + flj(l + W+ w2) = 0-3n f'(l - x3)""1 (1 - x3 - 1) dx
Jo
+ a2 (1 4- W2 + w) + 3a3 4-... 4-

=> 3"=3(a0 + a3 + a6+ ...) => a0 + a3 + a6 + ... = 3"-1 3(n-l)

=> 4-2
On multiplying Eqs. (iv) and (v) by w2 and to, respectively
= (5777)“i: ‘"-'= (3n —2)
and then adding Eqs. (iii), (iv) and (v), we get _ 3 (n - 2)
’ "2 ~ (3n ~ 5) 4-3
3" = a0 (1 + w2 + w) + a, (1 4- to3 4- W3)
+ a2 (1 + to4 4- to3) + a3 (1 + to + to2) + ...
3-3 _3-2 ,3-1I _ 3-f
3-1'
= 3(flj + a< + ...) 23~“jy^21 ^2--- -- fjl A = ^0’ 3 v)
U

=>a, + a< + ... = 3"-1

^(3-l)(3-2)(3-3)...(3-n) 3"-n!
Again, multiplying Eq. (iv) by to and Eq. (v) by to2, respectively 4 l-4-7-10...(3n4- 1) 1 • 4-7-10 ...(3n 41)
and then adding Eqs. (iii), (iv) and (v), we get
Hence, 4-^-... + (-1)" C„ _ 3"-n!
3n = 3 (a2+ a 5 + a&+ ...)
1 4 7 3n 4 1 l-4-7...(3n + l)
 Chp 06 Binomial Theorem 517

113. (1 - x)30 = 30C0 x° - mG xl + 30C2 x2 + ... nCs(a)n~5 (-b) n -5 + 1 a

(x+l)30 = 3OCoxM+3OGx29+3OC2x2a nCA(ay-*(-b)i 5 ~b
+ ...+ 30CI0 x20 + ...+ 30C30x0...(U) a
— “
n-4
.

On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) and equating the coefficient of b 5

x20 on both sides, we get 118. 20C0 - 20Cj + Z0C2 - % + ...
20 z-» | 20x-» 20z-* i 20 ,
required sum = coefficient of x20 in (1 - x2)30 = 3°Go C9 T Ojo — t-u T L^i2—•••*' 2°C2O = 0
114. Coefficients of p th, (p + 1) th and (p + 2) th terms in expansion => 2{20c0-20G+20G-20G+--20G}+20Go = 0
of(l + x)" arenC/>_1,nCp,nCp + 1.
=> 2 {20c0 - 20g + 20G -% + ...+ 20c9 + 20cI0) = 2oGo
Then, 2"Cp = "Cp.! + "Cp + 1 20^ 20z^ 1 20x. 20z-» , 20x-» 1 20zi _ 1 20xi
=> Cq “ Vl T 1-2 “ U3 T — <-9 T Lxjq — “ LxjQ
n n 2
Lp-1 + <-p +1
2= n si
up
nr<
'-p
119. E (r + 1) "G = E r" G + t nCr
r=0 r=0 r=0
2^—P— + ^P
n - p + 1 p+1 = E r.-."-,G_,+ E ”G
r=0 r r=0
=> 2 (n - p + 1) (p + 1) = p (p + 1) + (n - p) (n - p +1) = n I ""‘G-i + Z "G
r=0 r=0
=> n2 - n (4p + 1) + 4p2 -2 = 0
u = n-2"~l +2" =(n + 2)2n“1
2 1
115. In the expansion of Iax + — , the general term is Statement-1 is true.
bx.
T,., = 1'Q(ax!)'‘-'Wr = “c/1 -r J_ x22-3r and E (r + 1) nCr xr = E r"Cr-xr+ E nCr-xr
r=0 r=0 r=0
\bxj b' n n n
= X r._.n-1 q._j-xr+ E ncr-xr
For x7, we must have22-3r=7=>r = 5 and then the r»0 r r=0
-S 1 _nr a6
coefficient of x7 = nC5 ■ an = n E "“*G-rxr+ E nCr-xr
r=0 r=0
11
/ 1 = nx(l + x)""‘ +(1 + x)"
Similarly, in the expansion of ax----- r , the general term is
I bx2. On substituting x = 1, then we get
^•x',n-y
Tr+1 = nCr(-l)r- .. E (r+l)nG=n-2"-1+ 2" =(n + 2)2"-1
b r-0
For x"7 we must have, 11 — 3r = — 7 Hence, Statement-2 is also true and it is a correct explanation
a5 a5 for Statement-1.
=> r = 6 and then coefficient of x"7 is nC6 — = nC5 —
120. 82n - (62)2n +1 = (64)" - (62)2" + 1

As given, 11C54b5 = ”C54b6 =*^ = 1 = (63 + 1)"-(63-I)2"*1

= (1 + 63)" + (1-63)2b+1
116. V (1 ~y)m (1 + y)"=(l - mCiy + mC2y2...)
={1 + "G -63 + nC2(63)2 + ...+ "Cn (63)"}
x(l + "Qy + nC2y2 + ...) + {1 - 2n+ *G (63) + 2n + *C2 (63)2... - 21 + ’'^^(62)^**}
■

= 1 + (n — m) y + (mC2 + "C2 - mn) + ... = 2 + 63{"G + "G-63+...+ nCn(63)"-1 - 2n + ,G

Then a, = n - m = 10 [given]...(i) +2n + ,C2-63...- 2n + I‘C
i 2n + i(63)2"}
and mC2 + "C2 - mn = a2 = 10 (given) .'. Remainder is 2.
m(m-l) n(n-l) 121. •: Ar = 10C„ Br = 20Cr and Cr = MC,
=> - mn = 10
2 2
=> m2+ n2 - m-n- 2mn = 20 E Ar (B\oBr - CiaA r) = E 10Cr (20C10 -20 cr - *Go -,0 G)
r=l r=l
=> (n - m)2 - (m + n) = 20 [v n - m = 10] 10 10

or 100 -(m - n =20 = zoGo rx

=l
(iog)(2°g)-
r=l
“ go e ( g)2
m + n = 80 (ii) =“ Go (“Go - 1) - “Go (2OGo - 1) = Go - Bio
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get _ io
n = 45, m = 35 122. Use nCr = -•"■‘G-i. then S, = E C(C-1)1OG:
Hence, (m, n) = (35, 45) r c=\
io 10.9 io
117. v T5 + T6 = o => = -1 =’E QC-i)- ■ 8Q?-2 =90 E 8C<-c-2=90x2,8
T5 c=i C(C-1) c=i
518 Textbook of Algebra

10 10 in io
( 3-23-a + 18C2-2z-b = 0
and coefficient of x4 = 18C4 • 24 - 18'C
s2= EC-10Cc= I C - ’Cc., = 10 X 9C(?c_i =10x29
c=i c=i C c=i
=> 32a -3b =240 •4«)
io 10 in
andS3= £ C210Cc= Z C2 —-’Cc-, On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
c=i c=i C , 272
a = 16, b = —
10 3
= io E ((c-n+D-’Cc-,
C=1 ( 212\
(a, b) = 16, —
10 I 3 J
= 10 s (9 -8 C(.'c-2 +’ Cc-i) = 10(9.28 + 29) = 55X29
c=i 128. *.*(l + x2)4 (1 + x3)7 (1 + x4)’2
Both statements are true but Statement-2 is not correct = (1 + 4Cj x2 + 4C2x4 + 4C3x6 + 4C4x8)
Explanation for Statement-1.
x (1 +7C1x3+7C2x6+7C3x9 + ...) x(l + ,2C,x4 + 12C2x’ + ...)
123. Here, (1 - x - x2 + x3)6 = (1 - x)6 (1 - x2)6 = (1 - x2)6(l - x)6
Required coefficient
=(i - 6q x2 + 6c2x4 - 6c3x6 +...)
= ,2C2 -7 q • 1 + l2Cj • 7C, ■ “C2 + 7q • 4C4 + 7C3 • 4Ci
x (1 - 6C, x+ 6C2x2-6C3x3
= 462 + 504 + 7 + 140 = 1113
+ 6C4 x4 -6C5x5+ 6C6x6)
129. v Tr +! = 50Cr (- 2Vx)r = 50Cr (- 2)r • xr/2
Coefficient of x7 in (1 - x - x2 + x3)6
= 6C, x ‘C5 + (6C2 x (- lC3) + ((- 6C,) x( - ‘C,)) For integral powers of x, r = 0, 2, 4,6,..., 50
= 36-300 + 120 = - 144 Required sum = 50C0 + 22 -50C2 + 24 *50C4 + ... + i50-50^
124. (43 + l)2" -(V3 - I)2" =2{2nCl(43)2n~' + 2nC3 = 7 [(1+ 2)50+ (1 — 2)50] = ^(350 + 1)
(^)2n-3 + ...+ a’C2n_1(^)} 2..............................
= 2>/3 {^QG/S)2""2 + 2"C3(>/3)I:2”"4 + ...+ ^C;2n-l} 130. In the Expansion of (1 +.x)(l + x2)(l + x•3)...(l + x100). .
x9 can be found in the following ways
= 2^3 {2nC1(3)n-1 + ^C^)""2 +...a,Ca,_J ,2+3+4
9 rl+8 „2+7 3+6 4+5 1+2+6 1+3+5 .
= V3 x even integer
There are 8 cases
125. v x+l=(x1/3)3 + l3=(x’/3 + l)(x2/3 - xl/3 + 1)
The coenfficient of x9 in each cases is 1
=x
____ = X ,/3 + 1 Required coefficient = 8
2/3 „l/3
x“- - x"- + 1
131. Total number of terms = n+2C2 - 28
and x-l=(x1/2)2-l2=(x1/2 + l)(x1,! -1)
=> (n + 2)(n + 1) = 56 = (6 +2)(6 + 1)
x-1 _ (x-1) x1/2 + 1 n =6
0W,x-x''
1/22
= 1 + x"1/2,
x,/2 (x,,2-l)
x ’'2 x1/2 Sum of coefficients = (1 - 2 + 4)" = 36 = 729
/ Y° [Note In the solution it is considered that different terms in
x+ 1 x-1
then
Vx2/3-x,/3 + l' x - X 1/2 = (x 1/3 -x-,/2)10 the expansion having same powers are not merged, as such it
2 should be a bonus question]
Tr+) = ,0Cr(x,/3)10" '(-x -i/2y
132. Coefficient of x2 in the expansion
10-r = ZC2 + 3C2 + 4C2 + 5C2+...+ 49C2 + 50C2 • m2
For independent of x, - = 0=>r = 4
2 3 = 3C3 + 3C2 + 4C2 + 5C2+...+ 49C2 + 50C2 • m2
10-9-8-7 „ n
r4 + 1 = 10c4 = ----------- =210 = 4C3 + 4C2 + 5C2+...+ 49C2 + 50C2 • m2
1-2-3-4
= 50C3 + 50C2 • m2 (Applying again and again Pascal’s rule)
126. Since, n+5Cr: n+5Cr_i = 2=>3r = n + 6 (i)
n = (50C3+ 50C2) + 50C2(m2-l)
and : n + 5C, =-=>12r=5n+18 ,(ii)
5 = 5iC3 + 50C2(m2 -1) = (3n + 1) 51C3 (given)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get or 50C2(m2-l)=3n- 51C3
4(n + 6) = 5n + 18 => n = 6 _,2 1
m2-l 51 m -1
127. (1 + ax + tx2) (1 - 2x)18 or -------- = — = 17 or -------- = n
3n 3 51
= (1 + ax + bx2) [1 - 18Cj(2x) + 18C2 (2x)2 for m = 16, n = 5
- ,8C3(2x)3 + 18C4 (2x)4 - ...] 133. (21q+ 21c2+ 21c3+ 21c4+....+ 21cw)
According to the question. Coefficient of x3 -(10C,+ ,oc2+ 10c3+...+ 10c10)
= - ,8C3 • 8 + a -’8 C2 • 22 - b -18 Q • 2 = 0
= -(221 -2) -(210 -1) = (220 -1) -(210 -1)
t 544 2
=>17 a — b =---- (i) = 220 _210
3
I
!

CHAPTER
I

Determinants
Learning Part
Session 1
• Definition of Determinants
• Expansion of Determinant
• Sarrus Rule for Expansion
• Window Rule for Expansion
Session 2
• Minors and Cofactors
• Use of Determinants in Coordinate Geometry
• Properties of Determinants
Session 3
• Examples on Largest Value of a Third Order Determinant
• Multiplication of Two Determinants of the Same Order
• System of Linear Equations
• Cramer's Rule
• Nature of Solutions of System of Linear Equations
• System of Homogeneous Linear Equations
Session 4
• Differentiation of Determinant
• Integration of a Determinant
• Walli’s Formula
• Use of Zin Determinant
Practice Part
• JEE Type Examples
• Chapter Exercises

Arihant on Your Mobile!

Exercises with the @ symbol can be practised on your mobile. See inside cover page to activate for free.
Session 1
lblixujj—— ww—mmiri twt———1 1 1—rr»Fmm—i-ttt—r—Tmrrn-ir—n rrwrrwmw rrm c-nirmifiMmuj jll mn,->j i.Mir ~~l ■.■rwi wi

Definition of Determinants, Expansion of Determinant,

Sarrus Rule for Expansion, Window Rule for Expansion
Determinants were invented independently by Gabriel x y
Cramer, whose now well-known rule for solving linear ~~ b3C2 c2a3 — c3a2
system was published in 1750, although not in present day
notation. The now-standard “Vertical line notation”, i.e. ------ ------- = k [say]
|” was given in 1841 by Arthur Cayley. The working o2b 3 ~o3b2
knowledge of determinants is a basic necessity for a x = k(b2 c3 -b3c2),y = k(c2a3 -c3a2)
student. Determinants have wide applications in and z = k(a2b3 -a3b2)
Engineering, Science, Economics, Social science, etc.
On putting these values of x, y and z in Eq. (i), we get
Oi(b2c3 -b3c2) + bfc2a3 -c3a2) + cfa2b3 -a3b2)=Q
Definition of Determinants or ai(b2c3 — b3c2) — bx(c3a2 —c2a3)
Consider the system of two homogeneous linear equations + Ci(a2 b 3 — 03 b2) =0 (iv)
aix + bly=0 ...(i) b2 C2 C2 O2 o2 b2 = 0
or Oi -by + Cj .(v)
a2x + b2y = 0 ...(ii) b3 C3 C3 O3 03 b3
in the two variables x and y. From these equations, we bi Cl
obtain
Usually this is written as o2’ b2 C2 =0
= y __^2. al _ a 2
031 b3 C3
bx x b2 bi b2
bi Cl
Ojt2 ~ O2^1 =0
bi
Here, the expression o2 b2 c2 consisting of three rows
Oi
The result a}b2 - a2b1 is represented by 03 b3 c3
o2 ub 2
and three columns, is called determinant of order three.
which is known as determinant of order two. The quantities
The quantities al,b1,Cx,a2,b2,c2,a3, b3 and c3 are called
a j, b}, a2 and b2 are called constituents or elements of the
constituents or elements of the determinant.
determinant and a} b2 - a2bl is called its value.
The horizontal lines are called rows and vertical lines are Remark
called columns. Here, this determinant consists two rows 1. A determinant is generally denoted by D or A.
and two columns. 2. A determinant of the nth order consists of n rows and n
columns and its expansion contains nl terms.
For example, The value of the determinant
3. A determinant of nth order consists of n rows and ncolumns.
2 3 Number of constituents in determinant = n2
= 2 x(-5)-3 x 4 = -10-12 = -22
4 -5 4. In a determinant the horizontal lines counting from top to
bottom 1st, 2nd, 3rd,... respectively, known as rows and
Now, let us consider the system of three homogeneous linear denoted by R},R2, R3,... and vertical lines from left to right 1st.
equations 2nd, 3rd,... respectively, known as columns and denoted by
ajX + b^y 4-CjZ =0 —(i) Ci' Q?> C3.....
a2 x + b2y + c2 z =0 5. Shape of every determinant is square.
6. Sign system for order 2, order 3, order 4,... are given by
a3x + b 3y + c3z =0 ...(iii) + - + —
+ — +
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii) for x, y and z by + - - + — +
+ -
cross-multiplication, we get - + + - +
+ - +
+ +
 Chap 07 Determinants 521
I
Expansion of Determinant 3 4 1-.2
A2 =4 2X_1 -9 2 XJ-1 + 6 3'XJ4
(i) Expansion of two order = 4(-3-8)-9(-l-4)+6(4-6)
ai «1 bx = - 44 + 45 - 12
— fli^2 b^a2 = 1-12
a2 b2 a2
= -11
5 , -4 _ 5^ -4
For example, and expanding the determinant along second column
-3 2 2 -3
3 9 14
1 4 1<
h,4
= 10 -12 = -2 A3=-2 X +4 "(-I) X
Z o Z2' "6
o 53 J\ 9

(ii) Expansion of third order = - 2 (18 - 18) + 4(6 - 8) + 1 (9 - 12)

i =0-8-3
(a) With respect to first row.
I = -11
V by- Ci Hence, Ai = A2 = A3
a2 b2 C2 = ai
^2XC2
b3 c3 1 sin0 1
a3 b3 c3 I Example 2. If A = —sine 1 sin 6
a2 b2
Vc23
a3
+ Ci Xi
a3 b 3
-1 —sin 0 1
prove that 2 < A < 4.
= Oj (&2 c3 — b 3 c2) — by (a2 C3 —a3c2) 1 sin0 1
+ct(a2&3 —a3b2) Sol. Given, A = -sin© 1 sin0
(b) With respect to second column. -1 -sin0 1
bi Cl Expanding along first row, we get
1 sin0 -sin0 sin0
= -&i
Co A=1 - sin0
“2 b2 c2 X -sin0 1 -1 1
a3 C3
-sin0 1
+1
«3 &3 c3 -1 -sin0
>ci
+ b2 fllxC1
a3 C3 a2
X
c2
= (1 + sin20)- sin0(-sin0 + sin0) + (sin20 + 1)

= ~bx (fl2C3 — O3C2) + b2 (fl]C3 ~G3C1) = 2(1 + sin20)

— b3 (fli c2 - a2 Ci) Again,O<sin20 < 1
=> 1 < (1 + sin20) < 1 + 1
Remark
k determinant can be expanded along any of its row or column. => 2 < 2(1 + sin20) < 4
Value of the determinant remains same in any of the cases.
2<A < 4
I Example 1. zind the value of the determinant
1 2 4
3 4 9 Sarrus Rule for Expansion
2-16 Samis gave a rule for a determinant of order 3.
Rule Write down the three rows of the A and rewrite the
Sol. Expanding the determinant along the first row
first two rows. The three diagonals sloping down to the
4. -.99 3 9 3
A! = 1 X -2 X +4 3-X,4 right given the three terms and the three diagonals
-116'6 2 6 22J-1 sloping down to the left also given the three terms.
= 1 (24 + 9) - 2 (18 - 18) + 4 (-3 - 8)
«l bx Ci
= 33-0-44
If A = a2 b2 c2
= -11
and expanding the determinant along third column a3 &3 c3
522 Textbook of Algebra

Rule ai Cl
Window Rule for Expansion
a2. ’2. c2
Window rule valid only for third order determinant.
Ci

a3 c, ai t»2 C3 Let A= *2 c2
a2 t>3Ci a3 ^3
a1 t>3 c2 c3

a2c2 a3 by c2
In this method, rewrite first two elements of second row
Sum = N Sum = P
A = P-N and third row, then
fli ci
3 2 5
Rule a2 b22 c2 a2 b2
I Example 3. Expand 9 -1 4 by Sarrus rule. ,b3 X c3 X a3 X 03,
a3
2 3 -5
3 2 5
Now, taking positive sign with ax, b1 and Ci.
Sol. Let A = 9 -1 4 A = ai (b2 c3 - b3 c2) + bx (c2a3- c3 a2)
+ Ci (a2 b3 - a3 b2)
2 3 -5
Rule 3 2 5 1 2 3

9 i Example 5. Expand 4 6 2 by window rule.

4
5 9 4
2 3 -5
1 2 3
-10 * 15 Sol. Let A = 4 6 2
36 -9 4 135 5 9 4
9
-90 16___ 1 2 3
N=-64 P=166
Rule: 4 6 2 4 6
A = P- N = 166-(-64) =230 5 9 4

I Example 4. If a.b.ceR, find the number of real .’. A = 1(24 - 18)+ 2 (10- 16)+ 3 (36-30)

x c -b = 6-12+18=12

roots of the equation —c X a =0 I Example 6. Find the value of the determinant

b -a x -1 2* 1
X c -b 3+2V2 2 + 2-72 1
Sol. Let A = —c x a 3-272 2- 272 1
b -a x
-1 2 1
Rule x c -b Sol. Let A = 3 + 2^ 2 + 2^2 1 and let 2*j2 = X,
3- 2^2 2-2^2 1
x a
-1 2 1
,b -a. x
then A= 3+X 2+X 1
-b2x c x3 3-X 2 —X 1
x
-a2x -abc
X a -1 2 1
_____ —c2x_____ abc Rule 3 + X 2 + X 1 3 + X 2 + X
/V=-x(a2 + b2+c2) P=x3 3-X 2-X>%-X>*2-X
A=P-N Now, A = -1(2 + X - 2 + X) + 2(3 - X - 3 - X)
= x3 + x(a2 + b2 +c2) = 0 [given]
+ l[(3 + X)(2-X)-(3-X)(2 + X)]
:. x = 0 or x2 = -(a2 + b2 + c2)
= - 2X - 4X + (-2X) = -8X = - I65/2
=> x = 0 or x = ± i yj(a2 + b2 + c2), where i = 5/-I
[vX = 2vi]
Hence, number of real roots is one.
 Chap 07 Determinants 523

§ Exercise for Session 1

1 4 20
1 Sum of real roots of the equation 1 -2 5 = 0 is
2
1 2x 5x
(a)-2 (b)-1 (c)0 (d)1
6/ -3/ 1
2 if 4 3/ -1 = x + iy, i = V-1, then
20 3 i
(a) x = 3 y = 1 (b)x = 1,y = 3
(c) x = 0, y = 3 (d)x = Qy = 0
X2 + 3X X-1 X + 3
3 If pX4 + qX3 + rX2 + sX +1 = X2 + 1 2-X X-3 , then t is equal to
X2-3 X + 4 3X
(a) 7 (b)14
(c)21 (d)28
7 6 x2-13
4 If one root of the equation 2 x2-13 2 = 0 is x = 2, the sum of all other five roots is
x2-13 3 7
(a)2Vl5 (b)-2
(c)V20+Vi5-2 * (d) None of these
tan A 1 1
5 If A B and C are the angles of a non-right angled AABC, the value of 1 tan 8 1 is
1 1 tanC
(a)0 (b)1 (c)2 (d)3
1 3 cos 0 1
6 If A = sin 6 1 3 cos 0 , the maximum value of A is
1 sin0 1
(a)-10 (b)-ViO (c)/i0 (d)10
1 a 1
7 If the value of the determinant 1 b 1 is positive, then (a, b, c > 0)
1 1 c
(a) abc > 1 (b) abc > - 8 (c) abc < - 8 (d) abc > - 2
Session 2
Minors and Cofactors, Use of Determinants in
Coordinate Geometry, Properties of Determinants

Minors and Cofactors where

a22 a23
0.1 a12 (213 Mn = ,Cn=(-l)1+1 Mn = M„
a32 a33
a21 a21 fl23 ’ - ‘ a2n

Let A= a21 a23

a31 a32 0 33 a3n m12 = , C12 -( 1) '★2Ma=-Ma
a31 a33

Onl an2 an3 an„ a21 a22 1 + 3 »1

Af]3 - > ^13 -(-1) Mi3 -M13
a 31 a32
be a determinant of order n, n > 2, then the determinant of
order n -1 obtained from the determinant A after deleting a12 fl13
the ith row and jth column is called the minor of the m21 = .C2i=(-1)2+1 Af2] -~M21
a32 a33
element ay and it is usually denoted by My, where
i = l,2,3,...,nand j = 1,2,3,...,n. All a13 1z
>^22 “(“I) 2 + 2 M22
M22 ~ ~m22
If My is the minor of the element fly in the determinant /X, fl31 a33
then (-1)'+ j Mjj is called the cofactor of the element
«n a12
,c23=(-l)2 + 3 m23 --m23
M23 ~
ay. It is usually denoted by Cy. a31 a32
Thus, Cy =(-l)i + jMy
a12 a13
My, if i + j is an even integer
m3] = ,C3i=(-1)3 + 1 M3i = M3i
a22 a23
if i + j is an odd integer
Oil a13
fl12
m32 - > 0*32 -(“!) 3+2M32=-Mm

(i) LetA= , then a21 a23

a21 a22
«n a12 3+3 1z
= m33
M33 = > C33 -( 1) M33
Mn =la22 I =O22»M 12 - la21 I ~a21> a21 a22
M2i =|O12 I =0i2»M;22 = lau I = an and
C11=(-1)1 + 1 Mu =a22, Important Results for Cofactors
1. The sum of products of the elements of any row or column
C12 =(“1) MJ2 ~~a21> with their corresponding cofactors is equal to the value of the
determinant.
C2i=(-1)2 + 1 M2J =“012
i.e., A = 3|1 Qi + d|2C|2 + ^13 Q3 = ^11^1 + + 311^1
and C22 = (—1) M22 - On = a2lQl + ^22^22 + 323023 = 3)2^2 + 322^ +
= 331Q31 + 332Q32 + 333C33 = 313Q3 + + 333Q3
«n fl12 a13
Now, value of n order determinant
(ii) LetA = a21 a22 a23 3|1 3|2 a]3 3)n
a31 a32 a33 321 3j2 323

331332 333 3}n

Determinants of minors and cofactors are A=

Mn M,2 m13 ^11

c\2 C13
am M2i M22 m23 , Ac = ^21 C22 ^23 an1 ^>2 ^13 ............. 4m

M3i M32 M33 ^31 a32 a33 = aiiC^ + a|2Q2 + ^aQa + ••• + ainQn
(when expanded along first row)
 Chap 07 Determinants 525

2. The sum of the product of element of any row (or column) 2 4

with corresponding cofactors of another row (or column) is Af32 - [delete 3rd row and 2nd column]
7 -5
equal to zero.
i.e., 311^21 + ^2^22 + = 0. = -10-28 = -38
+ + ^3i0s3 ~ 0> etc- C32 = (~1)I3 + 2 Af 32 = - Af 32 = 38
3. If the value of a n order determinant is A, then the value of the
determinant formed by the cofactors of corresponding 2 3
and A433 - = 4-21 = -17
elements of the given determinant is given by 7 2
Ac = An-1 [delete 3rd row and 3rd column]
i.e., in case of second order determinant C33=(-l)3 + 3 Af33 = M33 = —17
Ac = A Hence, determinants of minors and cofactors are
and third order determinant Ac = A2.
1 61 -23 1 -61 -23
13 -26 -26 and -13 -26 26 , respectively.
I Example 7. Find the determinants of minors and
-23 -38 -17 -23 38 -17
2 3‘ 4
cofactors of the determinant 7 2 -5
Goyal's Method for Cofactors
8 -1 3 (Direct Method)
2 -5 This method applied only for third order determinant.
Sol. Here, Mn = =6-5=1
-1 3
«1 a3
[delete 1st row and 1st column]
C11 = (“I)'|1 + X = Mn = l Method If A = bi bz b3
Cl C2 c3
7-5
M12 = = 21 + 40 = 61
8 3 Step I Write down the three rows of the A and rewrite first
[delete 1st row and 2nd column] two rows.
.1+2
C12 =(-i)’ A4j2 = Af^2 — 61 «2 03

7 2 bi b2 bi
M13 = = -7 - 16 = -23
8 -1 i.e. Cl c2 c3
[delete 1st row and 3rd column] a2 a3
c13=(-i)'.1+3 M13 = M13 = — 23 bi b3
3 4 Step II Alter Step I, rewrite first two columns.
M2] = [delete 2nd row and 1st column]
-1 3 a3
«2 a2
= 9 + 4 = 13 *1 ^2 b3 bi b2
C31=(-l)2*%, = -M31=-13 i.e., ci c2 c3 Cl cz
2 4 °2 a2
M22 - [delete 2nd row and 2nd column] 01 “1
8 3
bi b2 b3 bi bZ
= 6-32 = -26
Step III After step II, deleting first row and first column,
C22 =(-l)2 + 2Af;22 — Af22 — 26
then we get all cofactors i.e.
2 3 b2 b3 b} b2
M23 = [delete 2nd row and 3rd column]
8 -1 X X X
= -2-24 = -26 V3xC1x 2
C23 = (—1) 3A423 = — Af23 = 26 p2 b3 bx b2
3 4 ^2 c3 — ^3C2 b3Ci -&iC3 b\C2 - b2 Cj
M3i = [delete 3rd row and 1st column]
2 -5
or Ac = c2 G3 - c3a2 c3fll — cla3 C1^2 ^2
= -15 - 8 = —23
a2 b3 — a3b2 a3^i ~a\b3 a1^2 — a2 b\
C„=(-l)3*'M31 = M31 = -23
526 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 8. Find the determinant of cofactors of the *1 7i 1

1 2 3 *2 72 1 =o
determinant -4 3 6 by Direct Method. *3 73 1
2-7 9
(iii) If arx + br.ry + cr = 0; r = L 2,3 are the sides of a
1 2 3 triangle, then the area of the triangle is given by
2
Sol. Let A = -4 3 6 *1 bi Cl
2 -7 9 A =---- i---- «2 b2 C2
Step I Write down the three rows of the A and rewrite first «3 bz C3
two rows.
1 2 3 where , C2 and C3 are the cofactors of the elements
Cl, c2 and c3 respectively, in the determinant
-4 3 6
i.e., 2 -7 9 «i bl C1

1 2 3 «2 b2 C2

-4 3 6 «3 b3 c3
Step II After step I, rewrite first two columns (iv) Equation of straight line passing through two points
2 3 12
1 1 (x1,y1)and(x2,y2)is
-4 -4
3 6-4 3 x y 1
i.e. 2 -7 9 2 -7 *1 7i 1 =0
1 2 3 12
1 *2 72 1
-4 -4
3 6-4 3
(v) If three lines arx r. cr =0; r = 1,2,3 are
Step III After Step II, deleting first row and first column, concurrent, then
then we get all cofactors i.e., bi Cl

3 x/ -JT4 v, 3 48 22 69
*2 b2 c2 = 0
-7 ^9 2 -7
fl3 C3
X X X or Ac = -39 3 11
2 . >3 K „ 1 „ 2
XXX 3 -18 11 (vi) If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a
3 6-4 3
pair of straight lines, then
I Example 9. If the value of a third order determinant a h g
is 11, find the value of the square of the determinant h b f =0
formed by the cofactors.
Sol. Here, n = 3 and A = 11 g f c
(Ac)2 =(A2)2 = A4 = ll4 = 14641 (vii) Equation of circle through three non-collinear points
• (*1 «7i),(^2,72) and (x3,y3) is given by
2 . 2
x +y x y 1
Use of Determinants in +7i *1 7i 1
=0
Coordinate Geometry 2 .
x2 +72
2 .
2

2
*2 72 1
x3 +73 *3 73 1
(i) Area of triangle whose vertices are (xj, yq), (x2, y2)
and (x3, y3) is given by
Some Useful Operations
*1 71 1 (i) The interchange of ith row and jth row is denoted by
A =1 *2 72 1 Ri <-» Rj. (In case of column Ct
2
*3 73 1 (ii) The addition of m times the elements of jth row to the
corresponding elements of ith row is denoted by
(ii) If points (x i,7i), (x2,72) and(x 3,73) and collinear, Rt —> Rj +mRj.
then (In case of column Cf —> Ct +mCj')
 Chap 07 Determinants 527

(iii) The addition of m times the elements of jth row and n 01 bi Cl 02 b2 C2

times the elements of A: th row to the corresponding Hence, 02 b2 C2 01 bi Cl
elements of zth row is denoted by
03 b3 C3 03 b3 C3
Ri —> Rj +mRj + nRk.
(In case of column C, —» Ct + mCj 4- nCk) Remark
If any row (or column) of a determinant A be passed over m rows
(or columns), then the resulting determinant = (-1)mA.
Properties of Determinants
Property III If two rows (or columns) of a
We shall establish certain properties of a determinant of
determinant are identical, then the value of the
the third order but reader should note that these are
determinant is zero.
capable of application to a determinant of any order.
Property I The value of a determinant remains Ol bi Cl 0\ bi Cl

unaltered when rows are changed into corresponding Proof Let A = o2 b2 C2 a2 b2 c2 = -A

columns and columns are changed into 01 bi Cl 01 bi Cl
corresponding rows.
«i bi Cl [by <->R3]
Proof Let A = 02 b2 C2 2A=0
O3 b3 C3 A=0
Expanding the determinant along the first row, then Property IV If the elements of any row (or any
A = c1(t2c3 -b 3c2)-bx (a2c3 -a3c2) +c1(a2&3 -a3b2) column) of a determinant be each multiplied by the
same factor k, then the value of the determinant is
= C](b2c3 —b3c2) — a2(b]C3 — b3cx) + a3 (bxc2 — b2cx) multiplied by k.
Cl c2 a3 01 bi Cl

bi b2 b3 Proof Let A = o2 b2 C2 -Qi Cn + bx C12 + c, C13

Cl c2 c3 03 b3 C3

kax kbx kcx

= Az, where A' be the value of the determinant when
rows of determinant A are changed into corresponding Then, o2 b2 c2 = kaxCn + kbxCx2 + kcxCx3
columns. o3 b3 c3
Property II If any two rows (or two columns) of a (where Cn,C12 and C 13 are the cofactors of ax, bx and ctin A)
determinant are interchanged, then the sign of
determinant is changed and the numerical value
= k(axCxx + bxCX2 + ctC13) = k A
remains unaltered.
Property V If every element of some column (or
Cl bi Cl
row) is the sum of two items, then the determinant is
Proof Let A = c2 b2 C2
equal to the sum of two determinants; one
C3 b3 C3 containing one the first term in place of each sum,
Expanding the determinant along the first row, then the other only the second term. The remaining
elements of both determinants are the same as in the
A = (b2 c3 — b3c2) — bx (a2 c3 — n3c2)
given determinant i.e.,
+Cj(a2b3 —o3b2)
ax +x bx Cl bi Cl x bi Ct
= -c2(b]C3-b3c1) + b2(a1c3-a3C!)
— c2(fli&3 -a3bi) o2+y b'2: C2 o2 b2 c2 + y b2 C2

= ~[c2 (bjc3 — b3cx) — b2(axc3 — a3cx) a3 +z b3 C3 a3 b3 c3 z b3 C3

+ c2 (axb3 -a3&i)]
ax + x bx Cl
o2 b2 c2
Proof Let A = a2+y b2 c2
01 bi Cl • [byRiOR2]
a3 +z b3 c3
03 b3 C3
Expanding the determinant along first column, then
528 Textbook of Algebra

b2 C2 bi Cl Property VII If each element on one side or other

A = (aA + x) -(a2 +y)
b3 C3 b3 C3
side or both side of the principal diagonal of
determinant is zero, then the value of the
bi Cl
+ (a3 + z) determinant is the product of the diagonal element
b2 C2
a 0 0 a i h a 0 0
b2 c2 bi Cl bi Cl i.e., f b 0 0 b 0 b 0 = abc
=a ~a2 + a3 g
’ b3 c3 b3 c3 b2 c2 e d c 0 0 c 0 0 c
b2 c2 bi Ci bi C1
-y +z a ••• o... 0
b3 c3 b3 c3 b2 C2
Proof Let A = f b 0
«1 bi Cl x bi Cl e d c
a2 b2 c2 + y b2 c2
b 0
a3 b3 c3 z b3 c3 Expanding along J?j, we get a = a(bc) = abc
d c
Remark
Property VIII If determinant A becomes zero on
3] + A + q dy + Sy fy 3 dy fy ©I A3|
putting x = a, then we say that (x - a) is a factor of A.
1. a? + b? + c2 d2 + f2 % d2 f2 + a? e? 4
% + bj + c3 d3 + ©j f3 d3 f3 ^3^/3 x 5 2
A dy fy A 6) fy C| dy fy Ci et A i.e., if A = x2 9 4
+ A? d2 f2 + 63^/2 + c2 d2 f2 + C2 ©j f2 X3 16 8
bj d3 f3 bi % f3 C3 d3 f3 C3 A
at x = 2, A = 0 [because Ci and C3 are identical at
2. If each element of first row of a determinant consists of
algebraic sum of p elements, second row consists of x=2]
algebraic sum of q elements, third row consists of algebraic and at x = 0, A = 0 [because all elements of Cj are zero]
sum of r elements and so on.
Hence, (x - 0) and (x - 2) are the factors of A.
Then, given determinant is equivalent to the sum of
p x q x r x ...other determinants in each of which the
elements consists of single term. Remark
1. It should be noted that while applying operations on
Property VI The value of the determinant does not determinant that atleast one row (or column) must remain
change, if the elements of any row (or column) are unchanged.
increased or diminished by equimultiples of the 2. Maximum number of operations at a time = order-1
corresponding elements of any other row (or 3. It should be noted that, if the row (or column) which is
column) of the determinant. changed by multiplied a non-zero number, then the
determinant will be divided by that number.
ay +mby +nCj bi Cl bi Cl

i.e., a2 +mb2 +nc2 b2 C2 a2 b2 c2 Examples on Properties

a3 +mb3 + nc3 b3 C3 a3 b3 c3 13 16 19

O] +mby +ncl bi Cl «i bi Cl
I Example 10. Evaluate 14 17 20

Proof a2 +mb2 + nc2 b2 c2 «2 b2 C2 15 18 21

a3+mb3 + nc3 b3 C3 fl3 b3 C3

13 16 19
bi bi Cl Cl bi Cl So/. Let A = 14 17 20
+ m b2 b2 C2 +n C2 b2 C2 15 18 21
b3 b3 C3 C3 b3 C3 Applying R2 —» R2 - and R3 —> R3 - Ry, then
bi Cl bi Cl 13 16 19 13 16 19
^2 c2 + m • 0 + n • 0 = a2 b2 c2 A= 1 1 1 =2 1 1 1 =0
a3 b3 C3 a3 b3 C3 2 2 2 1 1 1
[*/j?2 and R3 are identical]
 Chap 07 Determinants 529

a 0 Y 0 0 I Example 13. Without expanding as far as possible,

prove that
I Example 11. Prove that 9 0 V a X 0
1 1 1
X v Y v
x 7 z = (x-y)(y-z)(z-x)(x4-y + z).
a P Y a 0
x3 y! z3
Sol. LHS = 0 0 v P 0 P
1 1 1
X g v Y V v
Sol. Let A= x y z
[interchanging rows and columns]
a X e x3 y3 z3
= (-i) P P 0 [C2 <-> C3] for x = y, A = 0 C\ and C2 are identical]
Y' v v Hence, (x - y) is a factor of A. Similarly, (y - z) and
(z - x) are factors of A. But A is a homogeneous expression
P P 0 of the 4 th degree in x, y and z.
= (-l)2 a X 0 [/?! <+> R2 ]
There must be one more factor of the 1st degree in x,y and
y v v z say k(x + y + z), where k is a constant.
p P 0 Let A = k(x - y) (y - z) (z - x) (x + y + z)
a X 0 = RHS On putting x = 0, y = 1 and z = 2, then
Y v y 1 1 1
0 1 2 = k(0 - 1)(1 - 2)(2 - 0)(0 + 1 + 2)
I Example 12. Use the properties of determinant and 0 1 8
without expanding, prove that _
l-(8 - 2) = k(-l)(-l)(2)(3) k=l
b + c q+r y+z a p X
A = (x - y) (y - z) (z - x) (x + y 4- z) = RHS
C4-0 z + x = 2b q y
r+p
a+b p+q x+y c r z I Example 14. Solve for x,
4x 6X + 2 8x4-1
b+c q+r y+z
Sol. Let LHS = A = c + a r+p z+x
6x4-2 9X4-3 12x = 0.
a+b p+q x+y 8x4-1 12x 16x4-2
_ 3
Applying Rx -+ Rx + R2 + R3, then Sol. Applying C2 —>C2 — Ct and C3 —> C3 - 2Ct
' 2
2(a + h + c) 2(p + q + r) 2(x+y + z)
4x 2 1
A= c 4- a r+P z+x
Then, 6x + 2 0-4 = 0
a+b P+Q x+y 8x4-1 -(3/2) 0
a+b+c p+q+r x+y+z 3
=> 4x (0 - 6) - (6x 4- 2) 0 4- - 4- (8x 4-1) (-8 - 0) = 0
=2 c+a r+p
r+P z+x A 2) '
a+b p+q
P+Q x+y
-97x-ll=0 => x =- —
Applying R2 ~ and R3 R3- R\. then 97
a+b+c p+q+r
I Example 15. Prove that
A=2 -b -q -y a2 +1 ob ac
—c -r -z
ab b2 + 1 be = 14-o2 + b2 + c2.
Applying Rj -> Rj + R2 + R3, then
ac be c2z +, 11
a p x a p x
A = 2 -b -q -y = 2(-l)(-l)b q y a2 +1 ab ac
—c -r -z c r z Sol. Let LHS = A = ab 62 + l be
a P x ac be c2 + 1

~2b 7 y = RHS On taking common a, b and c from R{, R2 and R-■3

c r z respectively, then
530 Textbook of Algebra

a2 +1 a a2 1 1 a a2
b c
a b b2 1 + abc 1 b b2
b2 + 1
A = abc a c c c2 1 1 c c2
b
c2 +1 1 a2 a 1 a a2
a b
c = (-l) 1 b2 b + abc 1 b b2 [by C! hCj]
Now, multiplying in Cp C2 and C3 by a, b and c respectively, 1 c2 c 1 c c2
then
a2 + 1 b2 c2 1 a a2 1 a a2
A = a2 b2+l c2 = (-l)2 1 b b2 + abc 1 b b2 [by C2
a2 b2 c2 +1 1 c c2 1 c c2

Applying Cj —> + C2 + C3, then 1 a a2

1 + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 c2 1 b b2 (1 + abc)
A = 1 + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 + 1 c2 1 c c2
l + a2+b2+c2 b2 c2+l Applying R2 -> - -Rj and R3 -+ R3 - Rt> then
1 b2 c2 1 a a2
= (1+az + bz + cz) 1 b2 + 1 c2 A = 0 b - a b2 -a2 (1 + abc)
1 b2 c2 + l 0 c - a c2 -a2

Applying R2 -> R2 - R} and R3 —> R3 - R}, then 1 a a,2

1 b2 c2 = (b- a)(c - a)(l + abc) 0 1 b + a
0 1 c+a
A =(1 + a2 + b2 + c2) 0 1 0 Applying J?3 —> R3 - R2, then
1 a a2
0 0 i
=(l + a2 + b2 +c2)-l-l-l = (l + a2 + b2 +c2) = RHS = (b - a) (c - a) (1 + abc) 0 1 b+a

I Example 16. If a,b and c are all different and if 0 0 c-b

a a2 1 + a3 = (b-a)(c - b) (c - a) (1 + abc)
b b2 1 + b3 = 0, prove that obc = -1. = (a-b)(b-c)(c -a)(l + abc)
c c2 1 + c3 But given that, A =0
(a - b) (b - c) (c - a) (1 + abc) = 0
a a2 1 + a3 a a2 1 a a2 a3
1 + abc = 0
So/. Let A = b b2 1 + b3 b b2 1 + b b2 b3
[since a, b andc are different, so a * b, b * c, c # o]
c c2 1 + c3 c c2 1 c c2 c3
Hence, abc = -1
 Chap 07 Determinants 531

§ Exercise for Session 2

0 -2 1
1 If X and p are the cofactors of 3 and -2 respectively, in the determinant 3 -1 2 , the value of X + p is
4 5 6
(a) 5 (b)7 (c)9 (d)11
a b c
2 If a, b and c are distinct and D = b c a , then the square of the determinant of its cofactors is divisible by
c a b
(a) {a2 + b2 + c2)2 (b) (ab + be + ca).22 (c)(a + b + c)2 (d) {a + b + c)4

3 An equilateral triangle has each of its sides of length 4 cm. If (xr, yr)(r = 1,2,3) are its vertices, the value of
2
*1 yi 1
*2 V2 1 is
x3 y3 1
(a) 192 (b)768 (c) 1024 (d) 128
4 If the lines ax+y + 1 = 0, x + by + 1 = 0 and x + y + c= 0(a,b and c being distinct and different from 1) are
., i r a b c
concurrent, the value of- +------- +------ is
a -1 b -1 c-1
(a)0 (b)l (c)2 (d)3
pa qb rc
5 lfp + q+ r= 0 = a+ b+c, the value of the determinant qc ra pb is
rb pc qa
(a)0 (b) pa + qb + rc (c) 1 (d) None of the above
a2 + 2n + 1 + 2p b2 + 2n + 2 + 3q c2 + p
6 If p,q and r are in AP, the value of determinant 2n + p 2n + ' + q 2q is
a2 + 2n + p b2b+2 2+n2^n ++1 2q c2-r

(a) 1 (b)0 (c)a2b2c2 - 2" (d) (a2 + b2 + c2) - 2nq

7 Let {Di, D2, D3i ...,Dn} be the set of third order determinants that can be made with the distinct non-zero real
numbers a1( a2 a9. Then,
n
(a)£D/ = 1 (b)£D,=0 (c)Dj =Djt Vi, j (d) None of these
i=1 i=1

x 3 6 2 x 7 4 5 x
8 If 3 6 x x 7 2 = 5x4 = 0, then x is equal to
6 x 3 7 2 x x 4 5
(a)0 (b)-9 (c)3 (d) None of these
a-x c b
9 If a + b + c =0, the one root of c b -x a = 0 is
b a c-x
(a)1 (b)2 (c)a2 + b2 + c2 (d)0
1 + a2x (1 + b2)x (1 + c2)x
10 Ifa2 + b2 + c2 =-2andf(x)= (1 + a2)x 1 + b2x (1 + c2) x , the f{x) is a polynomial of degree
(1 + a2)x (1 + b2)x 1 + c2x
(a)0 (b)1 (c)2 (d)3
a2 d 2 x
11 \fa,b,c,d,e and f are in GP, the value of b 2 e2 y .is
c*,2 f2 z
(a) depends on x and y (b) depends on x and z (c) depends on y andz (d) independent of x, y and z
Session 3
Examples on Largest Value of a Third Order Determinant,
Multiplication of Two Determinants of the Same Order, System
of Linear Equations, Cramer's Rule, Nature of Solutions of System
of Linear Equations, System of Homogeneous Linear Equations

Examples on Largest Value cannot equal 6. The following determinant satisfies the
given conditions and equals the largest value
of a Third Order Determinant -1 1 1
I Example 17. Find the largest value of a third order 1 -1 1 = - 1(1 - 1) - 1(-1 - 1) + 1(1 + 1) = 4
determinant whose elements are 0 or 1. 1 1 -1
by
Sol. Let A = b2 c2
I Example 19. Show that the value of a third order
^2
determinant whose all elements are 1 or -1 is an even
a3 c3
number.
A — 0](b2 c3 — b3c2) ~ b1(a2c3 — a3c2)+ Cy(a2b3 — a3b2) 01 by Cl

-(Oyb2c3 + a2b3Cy + a3byC2)-(byC3a2 + b2cxa3 +b3c2a}) Sol. Let A = a2 b2 c2

Since, each element of A is either 0 or 1, therefore the value a3 b3 c3

o3
a2 Ry and R3 —> R3 - —
of the A cannot exceed 3. But to attain this value, each Applying R2 —» R2 - — Ry, then
expression with a positive sign must equal 1, while those «i «i

with a negative sign must be 0. However, if fl! ••• by Cl

ai b2 c3 = a2 b3 Ci = a3 by c2 = 1, every element of the
determinant must be 1, making its value zero. Thus, noting
a2
that 0 ^2--^i c2 C1
A= Oj
0 1 1
1 0 1 =2 a3
0 c3 - —Ci
1 1 0 01 «i

The largest value of A is 2. Expanding along Cb we get

I Example 18. Find the largest value of a third order A=a, b2~— by
a3
c3“— Cl
fC2“a—2 Ci"I ...(>)
determinant, whose elements are 1 or -1. ai J J k fll J.

01 Cl Since, ab a2, a3, by, b2, b3, cb cz, c3 are 1 or -1.

Sol. Let A = a2 b2 c2 , a2 i o3 , a3 . a2
b2, —by, c3, —cb b3, — by, c2, —Cy are 1 or-1
q3 b3 c3 <21 ay a,

A = Q](/>2C3 ~ b3c2) — by(a2c3 — OyC2) + C] (ajb3 — a3b2) °2' n 3 - —Cl,b3 - —bl,c2~ —Cj are2,-2or0.
=> b2 - — by,c
= (ayb2 c3 +a2 b3ct + dybjC2) — (byC3a2 + b2 c^ + b3c2 a,) 01 Qi fl]

Since, each element of A is either 1 or -1, therefore the / a3

value of the A cannot exceed 6. But it can be 6 only if b:’2 &1 c3 C!
01
Oyb2 c3 = a2 b3Cy = a3byC2 = 1 ...(i)
/ \
^2 I A A
and = b2 Cya3 - b3c2 cjj = -1 ...(ii) and b-’3 - —frl c2 —-Cy are 4,-4
In the first case, the product of the nine elements of the
«1 I )
determinant equals 1, while it is —1 in the second case, so or 0 = an even number
the two cannot occur simultaneously i.e., the determinant From Eq. (i), A = an even number (^ = 1 or -1)
 Chap 07 Determinants 533

9 2 -2
Multiplication of Two 13 -10 -5
Determinants of the Same Order -14 -3 18
Let the two determinants of third order be Applying —> Ct + C3 and C2 —> C2 + C ’3, then
«i &i Ci ai pi Yi 7 0 -2
*1 = o2 b2 C2 and A2 = a2 P2 Y2 A = 8 -15 -5
03 b3 c3 a3 P3 y3 4 15 18
Let A be their product. Applying R2 —> R2 + R3, then
7 0 -2

Method of Multiplication (Row by Row] A = 12 0 13

Take the first row of A] and the first row of A2 i.e.,
a^b^Cj andttj.Pj.Yi multiplying the corresponding
4 ••• 15 ••• 18
elements and add. The result is Pi + qYi is the
first element of first row of A. Expanding along C2, we get
Now, similar product first row of Aj and second row of A2 7 -2
- 15 = -15 (91 + 24) = -15X 115 =-1725
gives a](X2 + bjP2 + ct y2 is the second element of first row 12 13
of A and the product of first row of A! and third row of A2
gives +bjP3 +CiY3 is the third element of first row I Example 21. If axf+byf
of A The second row and third row of A is obtained by + cz2 = ax2 + byl + cz2 =axl+byl + cz] =d,
multiplying second row and third row of Aj with 1st, 2nd, ax2x3+by2y3 + cz2z3
3rd row of A2 in the above manner. = ox3 X! +by 3yi + cz5z1 = aX'X2 + by}y2 + cz}z2 = f,
«1 Cl Pi Yi then prove that
Hence, A = Aj x A2 = *2 b2 c2 X a2 Pz Yz Xi yi Z, 1/2
a3 b3 a3 P3 y3 (d + 2f)
C3 X2 y2 z2=(d-/)<
abc
+b131 +CiYi aia2 +&ip2 +0^2 *3 y3
fl2ai +b2 Pi +c2Yi a2a2 +b2 02 +c2y2 *1 Yi 21

a3oti +b3Pi +c3Yi a3a2 +fc3p2 +c3y2 Sol. Let LHS = A = x2 72 Z2

0^3 +&iP3 +CjY3 *3 y3 23

a2a3 +b2P3 +c2y3 *1 Yi zi *1 71 21

a3a3 +b3P3 +c3y3 A2 = A x A = x2 y2 z2 x x2 y2 Z2

Multiplication can also be performed row by column or *3 y3 z3 X3 y3 z3

column by row or column by column as required in the *1 7i Z1 ax, byi

byx czt
1
problem. x2 72 z2 x ax2 by2 cz2
1 2 3 -2 1 3 abc
|X3 73 z3 ax3 by3 cz3
I Example 20. Evaluate -2 3 2 X 3 -2 1
ax2 + byl + cz2 axix2 + byy2 + cz,z2
3 4-4

Using the concept of multiplication of determinants.

2 1 -2
= ~T
abc
■ I' b + by^2 + CZ1Z2 ax2 + by2 + cz2
|ax■:3Xi + by3yi + cz3zj ax2 x3 + by2 y3 + cz2 z3
1 2 3 -2 1 3
ax3xj + by3?i + cz3zt
Sol. Let A = -2 3 2 x 3 -2 1
ax2 x3 + by2 y3 + cz2 z3 [multiplying row by row]
34-4 2 1 -2
ax3 + by3 + cz3
On multiplying row by row, we get
-2+2+9 3-4+3 2+2-6 d f f
1
A = 4+3 + 6 -6-6 + 2 -4 + 3- 4
f d f [given]
a be
-6+4-12 9-8-4 6+4+8 f f d
534 Textbook of Algebra

Applying Cj —> Cj + C2 + C3, then

I Example 22. Show that
d + 2f f f 2
1 _(d + 2f) o2 + x2 ab-cx oc + bx x c -b
d + 2f d f
abc abc ab + cx b2 + x 2 be - ox -C x o
d + 2f f d
2 2
ac-bx bc + ox C +X b -a x
Applying R2 -> B2 - Ry and R3 R3 - R}, then
1 x c -b
Sol. Let A = —c x a
Jd + 2f) _(d + 2f) b -a x
0 d-f 0 (d-f)2
abc abc
Cofactors of 1st row of A are x 2 + a2, ex + ab, ac-bx,
0 0 cofactors of 2nd row of A are ab - ex, x2 + b2, ax + be and
2 2
1/2 cofactors of 3rd row of A are ac + bx, be - ax, x + c .
d + 2f
.«.A = (d-/) = RHS Hence, the determinant of the cofactors of A is
abc
a 2 +, x 2 ab + ex ac - bx
An Important Property Ac = ab-cx b 2 + x2 be + ax
If A i, Bj and are respectively the cofactors of the ac + bx be - ax c2+x2
elements a1,bi and Cj.... of the determinant.
Interchanging rows into columns, we get
bi Cl Ai Bi Ci 2
a 2 +, x 2 ab-cx ac + bx X C -b
A = a2 b2 c2 ,A^0, then A2 B2 C2 = A2 Ac = ab+ ex b2 + x2 be-ax —c x a [vAc=A2]
a3 b3 c3 A3 b3 C3 ac - bx be + ax c2 + x2 b -a x
Proof Consider
*i b. Bi Ci
I Example 23. Prove the following by multiplication of
Ci
determinants and power cofactor formula
a2 b2 C2 X a2 B2 c2 2
b3 A3 b3 C3
0 C b b2 + c2 ab ac
*3 c3
C 0 a ab , „2
c 2 +a be
«iAj +b1B1 4-CjCj atA 2 +bjB2 +C!C2
b o 0 ac be a2+b2
fl2Ai +bzBj +c2Cj
a3A ! + b3Bj +c3C i a3A 2 +b3B2 +c3C2 -a2 ab ac
2
O]A3 + b i B 3 + CjC 3 ab -b be = 40W
a2A3 +b2B 3 +c2C3 ac be -c2
a3A 3 + b 3B 3 + c3C3 o c b

[multiplying row by row] Sol. Let A = c 0 a . Expanding along Rlt then

b a 0
A 0 0 ^asfl/Aj +bfB; +C/CP
A =0 - c (0 - ab) + b(ac - 0) = 2abc
0 A 0 = A3 [A, i=j
0 c b2
0 0 A
7 c 0 a = A2 = (2abc)2 = 4a22bl22c 2 •••(>)

Ai Bi Ci Ai Bi Ci b a 0
=> A A 2 B2 C2 = A3 or A2 B2 C2 = A2 0 c b
2
0 c b 0 c b
A3 b3 C3 a3 b3 c3 Also, c 0 a c 0 a x c 0 a

[••• A*0] b a 0 b a 0 b a 0
Note Let A * 0 and Ac denotes the determinant formed by the b.22+c 2 ab ac
cofactors of A and n is order of determinant, then „2 . 2
•(ii)
ab c +a be
Ac = An-1
ac be a2+b2
This is known as power cofactor formula.
[multiplying row by row)
 Chap 07 Determinants 535

-a2 ab ac I Example 24. Prove that

and Ac = ab -b.2 be = a3-1 = a2 0,01,4-5^, °1a3+^133
ac be -c2 °2al+b23l °2a2 +b2 32 °2 a3 +^2 3s = 0.
0 c b
2 ajccj+bsp, o3a2+b3p2 o3a3 + b3p 3
c 0 a (iii) njOt] + bjP] ^1^2 4" fc]P2 ai«3+ ^P3
b a 0 Sol. LHS = n2cti + b2P] a2cr2 + b2P 2 a2CC3 + b2P3
a3ctj + b3P1 a3a2 + b3p2 q3C£ 3 + b3Pj
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
0 c b
2
b2+c2 ab ac a, bj 0 ai Pi 0
c 0 a ab 2 . 2
c +a be o2 b2 0 x «2 P2 0 [row by row]
b a 0 be a2 + b2 a3 bj 0 a3 P3 0
ac
= 0X0=0= RHS
-a2 ab ac
ab -b.2 be = 4a2b2c2 I Example 25. Prove that
ac be -c2 2 a+P+Y+ 8
a + P +y + 8 2(a + P)(y + 8)
Express a Determinant Into aP +y8 ap (y + 8) +y8(a + p)
Product of Two Determinants ap + y8
d-^Pi + fcjpz ap(y + 8) +y8(a + p) = 0.
Consider the determinant
azaj+^Pj a2a2+b2p2 2apyS
oja, +&J0J Oi«2 +bi P2 2 a +P+y+8
Let A = Sol. LHS = a +3 + y + 8i 2(a + p)(Y + 8)
a2a! + b2 Pi a2 a2+ b2 P2
a(J + y8 aP(y + 8) + y8(cx + P)
By the property of determinant, A can be written as
aP + y8
aiCti 01«2 +&1P2 *i3i axa2 4-btp2
A= 4- aP(y + 8) + y8(a + P)
o2«i g2 Ct2 + b2 P2 b2 3i a2 a2 + b2 P2
2apy8
ai«2
+ ^Pi
Oi«i 01«l ^i32 Cl ] (X2
4- 1 1 1
o 1 0
o2«i a2 ex 2 a2 (*! b2 P2 b2 3i a2 a2 = a + P y + 8 0 x Y + 8 a + p 0 [row by row]
+ ^31 ^1P2 ap y§ 0 y8 aP 0
ap
b2 3i b2 P2 = 0x0 = 0 = RHS
«i 01 01 bx bx 01
=«iOt2 +«iP2 + Pia2 I Example 26. Prove that
a2 a2 o2 b2 b2 a2 cos(A-P) cos (A- Q) cos(A-R)
bx cos (B-P) cos (B-Q) cos (B-R) = 0.
+ PiP2
b2 b2 cos (C-P) cos (C-Q) cos (C-R)
Oi bx 01 *1
= 0 + 0^2 “31a2 +0 cos(A - P) cos(A - Q) cos(A - R)
o2 b2 a2 b2 Sol. LHS = cos(B-P) cos (B-Q) cos(B-R)
01 bx cos(C - P) cos(C - Q) cos(C - R)
(a.Pz -a2Pi)
02 b2 cos A sin A 0 cos P sin P 0
b\ ai Pi cos B sin B 0 x cosQ sinQ 0 (row by row]
= X
o2 b2 a2 P2 cosC sinC 0 cos R sin R 0
. o^j+^Pj 01«2 +t]P2 01 bx (Xi Pi = 0x0 = 0 = RHS
X
Q2a1+&2Pi a2a24-b2P2 o2 b2 a2 P2
536 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 27. If a, p and y are real numbers, without 1 +2ax + a2x2 1 + 2bx + b2x2 1 + 2cx + c2x2
2 2
expanding at any stage, prove that 1 + 2ay + a2y2 1 + 2by + b2y2 1 + 2cy + c y
1 + 2az + a2z2 1 + 2bz + b2z2 1 + 2cz + c2z2
1 cos(p-a) cos(y-a)
cos (a -0) 1 cos(y-p) = 0. [multiplying row by row]
t2
cos(a-y) cos(P-y) 1 (1 + ax)2 (1 + bx)‘ (1 + ex)2
(1 + ay)2 (J + by)2 (1 + cy)2 = RHS
1 cos(P-a) cos(y-a)
(1 + az)2 (1 + bz)2 (1 + cz)2
Sol. LHS = cos(a - p) 1 cos(y-p)
cos(a - y) cos(P - y) 1

cos(a-a)
cos(a-P)
cos(p-a)
cos(P~P)
cos(y-a)
cos(y-p)
System of Linear Equations
cos(a-y) cos(P-y) cos(y-y)
(i) Consistent equations Definite and unique solution
[Intersecting lines]
cos a sin a 0 cosa sina 0
A system of (linear) equations is said to be consistent,
cosP sinP 0 x cosP sinp 0
if it has atleast one solution.
cosy siny 0 cosy siny 0
x +y =2
For example, System of equations is
= 0x0 = 0= RHS x-y=6
I Example 28. If a,b,c,x,y,z eR, prove that consistent because it has a solution x = 4, y = -2.
Here, two lines intersect at one point,
(o-x)2 (b - x)2 (c - x)2 i.e., intersecting lines.
(a-y)2 (b-y)2 (c-y)2 (ii) Inconsistent equations No solution [Parallel lines]
(o-z)2 (b-z)2 (c-z)2 A system of (linear) equations is said to be
(1 + ax)2 (1 + bx)2 (1 + ex)2 inconsistent, if it has no solution.
Let fljX + b^y + Cj =0 and a2x + b2y +c2 =0, then
(1 + ay)2 (1 + by)2 (1 + cy)2 fli — -A ci
(1 + az)2 (1+bz)2 (1 + cz)2 a2 b2 c2
(a-x)2 (b-x)2 (c-x)2 => Given equations are inconsistent.
Sol. LHS = (a-y)2 (b-y)2 (c-y)2 x +y = 2
For example, System of equations is
(u-z)2 (b-z)2 (c - z)2 2x +2y =5
inconsistent because it has no solution i.e., there is no
a2 - 2ax + x2 b2 - 2bx + x 2 c2 -2cx + x2 value of x and y which satisfy both the equations.
a2 - 2ay + y2 b2 - 2by + y2 c2 -2cy + y2 Here, the two lines are parallel.
_i_ —2
a - 2az + z b2 - 2bz + z2 c2 - 2cz + z2 (iii) Dependent equations Infinite solutions
[Identical lines]
1 2x x2 a2 -a 1
2 A system of (linear) equations is said to be dependent,
1 2y y x b2 -b 1 [row by row]
if it has infinite solutions.
1 2z z2 c2 —c 1
Let axx + bxy + cj =0 and a2x + b2y + c2 =0, then
Qi by Ci „. , j .
1 2x x2 1 a a2
— = — = — => Given equations are dependent.
1 2y y 2 x(-l)(-l) 1 b b.2 a2 b2 c2
1 2z z2 1 c c2 F . c , r .. x+2y=3
For example, System of equations is
[Cj <-» C3 and taking (-1) common from second 2x + 4y=6
determinant] dependent because it has infinite solutions i.e., there
1 2x x2 1 a a2 are infinite values of x and y satisfy both the
,2
1 2y y x 1 b b2 equations. Here, the two lines are identical.
1 2z z2 1 c c2
 Chap 07 Determinants 537

Cramer's Rule Thus,

Ai A? A3
x = —,y = —,z = —, where A * 0
AA A
, .

System of linear equations in two variables The rule given in Eq. (iv) to find the values of x, y and z is
Let us consider a system of equations be called the CRAMER’S RULE.
axx+bxi y +ct =0 Remark
where — —
a2x +b2y + c2 =0J a2 ^2 1. A, is obtained by replacing elements of /th columns by
On solving by cross-multiplication, we get d-i, d2, d3, where / = 1,2,3
2. Cramer's rule can be used only when A # 0.
x _ y ____ 1
(biC2-b2Ci) (Cifl2 — c2ax) (o1b2-a2bI)

or
x yV 1 Nature of Solution of System of
~b~i
bi Cl Cl
Linear Equations
b2 c2 c2 a2 a2 b2
Let us consider a system of linear equations be
Cl Cl 01 axx + bxy +CjZ =dx
&2 c2 c2 02 a2 x + b2y + c2z = d2
or x= >y = a3x + b3y + c3z =d3
bi bi
O2 b2 a2 b2 Now, there are two cases arise:
Case I If A 0
i1 •• Ai A? A3
System of Linear Equations
t
T LA I LA?
In this case, x = —,y = — ,z = —L
A A A
in Three Variables Then, system will have unique finite solutions and so
Let us consider a system of linear equations be equations are consistent.
axx + bxy + cxz=dx „.(i) Case II If A = 0
a2x+b2y+c2z=d2 ...(H) (a) When atleast one of A1, A2, A3 be non-zero
a3x +b 3y +c3z =d 3 ••.(Hi) (i) Let Aj / 0, then from A] = xA will not be satisfied
01 bi Cl di bi Ci for any value of x because A = 0 and A, 0 and
Here, A = o2 b2 c2 d2 b2 c2
hence no value of x is possible.
03 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
(ii) Let A2 * 0, then from A2 = yA will not be satisfied
for any value of y because A = 0 and A2 0 and
di Cl bi di hence no value of y is possible.
A2 - a2 d2 C2 and A3 = a2 b2 d2 (iii) Let A3 ^0, then from A3 = zA will not be satisfied
«3 d3 C3 a3 &3 di for any value of z because A = 0 and A3 0 and
If A/0, then hence no value of z is possible.
di bi Cl uix 'ruiy ‘rtiz ui Cl Thus, if A = 0 and any of Au A2, A3 is non-zero.
A,= d2 Then, the system has no solution i.e., equations
b2 C2 = a2x +b2y +c2z b2 c2
are inconsistent.
d2 b3 c3 a3x + b3y + c3z b 3 C3
(b) When A, = A2 = A3 =0
Applying Ci —> - yC2 - zC3, then Ai = xA
axx bi Cl bi Cl
In this case, A2 = yA will be true for all values of x,y
*i = a2x
b 2 c2 = x a 2 b 2 c2 = xA A3 =zA
a3x b3 C3 *3 b3 c3 and z.
A-
LAi . .
But, since axx + bxy + cxz=dx, therefore only two of
x = —where A 0
A x, y and z will be independent and third will be
Similarly, A2 = yA and A3 = zA dependent on the other two.
y = — and z = — Thus, the system will have infinite number of
A A solutions i.e., equations are consistent.
538 Textbook of Algebra

Remark Expanding along R3, then

1. If A * 0, the system will have unique finite solution and so 9 2
equations are consistent. Ai =(-l) = -(108- 104) = -4
52 12
2. If A = 0 and atleast one of A,, A2. A3 be non-zero, then the
system has no solution i.e., equations are inconsistent. 1 9 1
3. If A = A! = A2 = A3 = 0, the equations will have infinite A2 - 2 52 7
number of solutions i.e. equations are consistent.
2 0 -1
I Example 29. Solve the following system of Applying Cj —> + 2C ’3, then
equations by Crameds rule. 3 9 1
x + y = 4 and 3x-2y = 9
i i
Sol. Here, A = =-2-3=-5*0 A2 - 16 52 7
3 -2
4 1
A,= = -8-9 = -17 0 0 -1
9 -2
1 4 Expanding along R3, then
and A2 = = 9 - 12 = -3 1 1 9
3 9 3 9
^2 - (~1) =-(156- 144) = -12 and A3 = 2 5 52
Then, by Cramer’s rule 16 52
2 1 0
Aj -17 17 A2 -3 3
x - — =----- = — and
A -5 5 -5 5 Applying Cj —> C\ - 2CZ, then
17 3 -1 1 9
x = —,y = -
5 5
A3 = -8 5 52
I Example 30. Solve the following system of
equations by Cramers rule.
0 ••• 1 ••• 0

Expanding along R3, then

2x + y -z = 0 -1 9
A3=(-l)
1 1 1 -8 52
Sol. Here, A = 2 5 7 = -(-52 + 72) = -20

2 1 -1 Then, by Cramer’s rule

Applying C2 —> C2 - and C3 -» C3 - Cb then A! -4 , -12 ,

x = —- = — = l,y =----- = 3
A -4 -4
1 ••• 0 0
A3 -20 c
and
A -4
2 3 5
x = 1, y = 3, z = 5

2 -1 -3 I Example 31. For what values of p and q, the system

Expanding along Rit then of equations
9 1 1
3 5 x +y +z =6
A=1 = -9+5 = -4^0, Aj = 52 5 7
-1 -3 x+2y + 3z =10
0 1 -1
x + 2y + pz = q has
Applying C2 —* C2 + C3, then (i) unique solution?
9 2 1
(ii) an infinitely many solutions?
(iii) no solution?
Ai = 52 12 7
Sol. Given equations are
x + y + z=6 => x + 2y + 3z = 10
0 0 -1 x + 2y + pz = q
 Chap 07 Determinants 539

1 1
1 6 1 1 I Example 32. Find the value of X, if the following
A = 1 2 3 = (p-3) => Aj = 10 2 3 equations are consistent
x+y-3=0
1 2 p <7 2 p
(1 + X)x + (2+X)y-8 = 0
= 6(2p-6)-l(10p-3q) + (20-2q) x- (l + X)y + (2+X) = 0
= 2p + q - 16 Sol. The given equations in two unknowns are consistent, then
1 6 1 1 1 -3
A2 = 1 10 3 (1 + X) (2 + X) -8 = 0
19 P 1 —(1 + X) (2 + X)
= l(10p — 3q)-6(p — 3) +l(g —10) = 4p-2g+8 Applying C2 —> C2 - and C3 —> C3 + 3C\, then
1 1 6 1 0 0
and A3 = 1 2 10
1 2 q (1 + 1 (3X — 5) = 0
= l(2q - 20) - l(g -10) + 6(2 - 2) = q - 10
(i) For unique solution, A^0=>p*3, qe R 1 —(2 + X) (5 + X)
(ii) For infinitely many solutions, A = A] = A2 = A3 = 0 Expanding along Rlt then
p = 3, q = 10 1 3X - 5
(iii) For no solution, A = 0 and atleast one of A],A2,A3 is 1- =0
—(2 + X) (5 + X)
non-zero is p = 3 and q # 10.
=> (5 + X) + (2 + X)(3X - 5) = 0
3X2 + 2X-5 = 0 or (3X + 5)(X - 1) = 0
Condition for Consistency of Three X = l,-5/3
Linear Equations in Two Unknowns
Let us consider a system of linear equations in x and y System of Homogeneous
alx + bly + c1=Q ...(i)
a2x+b2y +c2 =0 ...(ii)
Linear Equations
a3x + b3y + c3 =0 ...(iii) Let us consider a system of homogeneous linear equations
will be consistent, the values of x and y obtained from any in three unknown x, y and z be
two equations satisfy the third equation. aix + b, ctz =0 ...(i)
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z =0 -(ii)
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii) by Cramer’s rule, we have
a3x +b 3y + c3z =0 ...(iii)
x y 1
Qi b, Cl
b2 c2 c2 a2 «2 ^2
Here, A = a2 b2 c2
&3 C3 c3 a3 a3 &3
a3 b3 c3
These values of x and y will satisfy Eq. (i), then
Case I If A 0, then x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 is the only solution of
b2 ^2
a
C2
+ &1
c2 “2
+ Ci
«2
=0 above system. This solution is called a Trivial solution.
1 b3 C3 C3 a3 a3 *3 Case II If A = 0, atleast one of x, y andz is non-zero. This
solution is called a Non-trivial solution.
a•; J2 C2

C3
«2

a3
C2

C3
+ Cj
*2

o3
b2
&3
=0
Explanation From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
x _ y _ z
Cl
(^2 c3 ~ b3c2) {c2a3—c3a2) (a2b 3 - a3b2)
a2 b2 c2 = 0
x y z
a3 ^3 c3 or = k[say] (^0)
b2 c2 c2 ^2 «2 b2
which is the required condition.
bz c3 c3 a3 a3 b3
Remark b2 c2 c2 a2 a2 ^2
For consistency of three linear equations in two knowns. the x=k ,y = k and z = k
number of solution is one.
b3 c3 c3 a3 a3 h3
540 Textbook of Algebra

On putting these values of x, y and z in Eq. (i), we get Expanding along R2, we get
X — 1 5X + 1
-k
b2 c2
■ + b} X
c2 a2 > + Cj ■ k
°2 ^2
1=0 (X-3)
3-X X-3
=o
b3 c3 C3 a3 fl3 b3
=> (X-3) [(X - 1) (X - 3) - (3 - X) (5X + 1)] = 0
b2 c2 a2 c2 a2 b2 => (X - 3)2-6X=0
=> = 0 [vfc*0]
b3 c3 a3 C3 b3 X=0,3
fli bi Cl Here, smallest value of X is 0.
;. The first two equations can be written as x - y = Oand
or «2 b2 c2 = 0 or A = 0 x + 2y - 3z = 0.
a3 b3 c3 Using Cramer’s rule, we get
x y z
This is the condition for system have Non-trivial solution.
-1 0 0 1 1 -1
Remark 2 -3 -3 1 1 2
1. If A * 0, the given system of equations has only zero solution x y z x _ y _ z_
for all its variables, then the given equations are said to have 3 ” 3 " 3 1 " 1” 1
Trivial solution.
2. If A = 0, the given system of equations has no solution or x:y :z = 1:1:1
infinite solutions for all its variables, then the given
equations are said to have Non-trivial solution. I Example 34. Given, x = cy + bz, y = az + ex and
z =bx + ay, where x,y and z are not all zero, prove
I Example 33. Find all values of X for which the that a2 +b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1.
equations
Sol. The given equation can be rewritten as
(X-1)x+(3X + 1)y + 2Xz = 0 x - cy - bz = 0
(X -1) x + (4X - 2)y + (X + 3)z = 0 -cx+y-az = 0
2x+(3X + 1)y + 3(X-1)z = 0 -bx - ay + z = 0
possess non-trivial solution and find the ratios x:y :z, Since, x, y and z are not all zero, the system will have
where X has the smallest of these values. non-trivial solution, if
1 —c -b
Sol. The given system of linear equations has non-trivial solu­
tion, then we must have —c 1 -a = 0
X - 1 3X + 1 2X -b -a 1
X-l 4X-2 X + 3 = 0 Applying C2 —> C2 + cCj and C3 —> C3 + bCb then
2 3X + 1 3(X - 1) 1 ... 0 0

Applying R2 -> R2 - jRi and R-.‘3 —> R3 - Ru then

-c 1-c2 -a - be = 0
X-l 3X + 1 2X
0 X-3 —X + 3 = 0
-b -a-be 1-b2
3-X 0 X-3
Expanding along we get
Applying C3 —> C3 + C2, then
X-l 3X + 1 5X + 1 1-c2 -a - be
1 =0
-a-be 1-b2
0 X-3 0 =0 (1 - c2)(l - fr2) - (a + fee)2 =0
_i_ b
1 - b2 - c 2 + 1.2^2
2c2 _ q2 _ ^2 _ 2a(jC = fl

3-X 0 X-3 a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1

 Chap 07 Determinants 541

g Exercise for Session 3

1. Number of second order determinants which have maximum values whose each entry is either -1 or 1 is equal to
(a) 2 (b)4 (c)6 (d) 8
2. Minimum value of a second order determinant whose each entry is either 1 or 2 is equal to
(a)0 (b)-1 (c)-2 (d)-3
A r?-i
3. If/2+m2+ n2 =1, (f = 'l213)and//y+ +n,ny =0, (/*;;/,/= 1,2,3)and A=/2 m2 n2 , then

I3 n3
(a)|A|=3 (b) |A|= 2 (c) |A| = 1 (d)|A|=0
a11 a12 a13
4. Let Ao = a21 a22 a23 and A-i denotes the determinant formed by the cofactors of elements of Ao and A2

a31 a32 a33

denote the determinant formed by the cofactors of Ai and so on. An denotes the determinant formed by the
cofactors of A,>n_i, the determinant value of A„ is
(a) A2” (c) Aq2 (d)A20

1 X x2 X3 - 1 0 x-x4
5. if X x2 1 = 3, then the value of 0 x-x4 x3 -1 , is
,4 x3 -1
x2 1 x X-X 0

(a) 6 (b)9 (c)18 (d)27

(a,-b ,2 (a,-b3j.2‘
2))2‘
(ai -b2 (ai~b4)2
(a2 - b 02 (a2 - b2 )2 (a2 - b 3)2 (a2 - b4 .2
6. The value of the determinant .is
(a3-bi)2 (a3-b2)2 (a
(a3 3 )2
-b3
3 -b (a3-b4)2
(a4 - b O2 (a4 - b2 )2 (a -b
(a4 - b 3)2 (a4 - b4 )2

(a) depends on at,i = 1,2, 3,4 (b) depends on b h i = 1,2, 3, 4 (c) depends on c h i = 1, 2, 3, 4 (d) 0

1 + Xt 1 + XjX 1+ x,x2
7. Value of 1 + x2 1+x2x 1+x2x2 depends upon
1 + x3 1 + X3X 1 + X3X
2

(a) only x (b) only x, (c) only x2 (d) None of these

8. If the system of linear equations x + y+ z=6, x+2y + 3z=14 and 2x + 5y + Xz = p (X, p g R) has a unique
solution, then
(a) X # 8 (b) X = 8 and p * 36 (c) X = 8 and p = 36 (d) None of these
9. The system of equations ax - y -z = a -1, x-ay-z=a-1, x-y-az=a-1
has no solution, if a is
(a) either-2 or 1 (b)-2 (c) 1 (d) not (-2)

10. The system of equations x + 2y -4z =3,2x -3y + 2z =5 and x -12y + 16z =1has
(a) inconsistent solution (b) unique solution (c) infinitely many solutions (d) None of these

11. If c < 1 and the system of equations x + y -1= 0,2x - y - c = 0 and -bx + 3by - c = 0 is consistent, then the
possible real values of b are
(a)te[-3^ (b)b ( a '
e|-|,4 (c)b ef--,3
(d) None of these
k 4 I 4 ,
12. The equations x + 2y = 3, y - 2x = 1 and 7x - 6y + a = 0 are consistent for

(a)a = 7 (b)a=1 (c)a=11 (d) None of these

13. Values of k for which the system of equations x + ky + 3z =Q,kx + 2y + 2z = 0 and 2x + 3y + 4z = 0 possesses
non-trivial solution

(a)M
I 4J
(b)/-2. f
l 4. (c,Hl 4
Session 4
Differentiation of Determinant, Integration of a
Determinant, Walli's Formula, Use of E in Determinant

Differentiation of Determinant Corollary II For n = 3, A(x) = [Q C2 C3 ], then

Let A(x) be a determinant of order n. If we write A'(x) =[C[ C2 C3 ] + [Cj C'2 C3] + [C, C2 CJ]
A(x) =[Cj C2C3...Cn\ where C1,C2,C3,...,Cn denotes ~R\~
R, Ri
1st, 2nd, 3rd, ...,nth columns respectively, then
Also, if A(x) = R2 , then A'(x) = r2 + R'z + ^2
A'(x) =[C[ C2 C3 • • • Cn ] + [Cj C'2 C3 • • • Cn ]
R3 _R3_ r3 ^3
+[Cj C2C3 •••Cn] + ---+[C1 C2C3-’-C'n]
«1(*) a2(*) a3(x)
= E[c/c2 c3....cn]
For example, Let A(x) = b](x) b2(x) b 3(x) , then
where C' denotes the column which contains the
derivative of all the functions in the zth column Ct. Also, if
C](x) c2(x) c3(x)
Ry' a{(x) a2(x) a3(x)
r2 A'(x) = &i(x) fe2(x) b3(x)
A(x) = R3 Ci(x) c2(x) c 3(x)
^(x) a2(x) a3(x) Gl(*) fl3(X)

+ h[(x) b2(x) b3(x) + t](x) b2(x) b3(x)

where R},R2,R3,.. ., Rn denote 1 st, 2nd, 3rd,..., nth rows Ci(x) c2(x) c3(x) c{(x) c2(x) c3(x)
respectively, then
~Ri [derivative according to rowwise]
R'C Ri *1 *1

r2 r'2 r2 R< R2
Remark
A'(x) = R3 + R3 + R3 + ••• + R. =E r3 1. In a third order determinant, if two rows (columns) consist
functions of x and third row (column) is constant, let
8|(x) <%(x)
R
nJ
Rn R
L "J R'n R
L n A(x) = bi(x) /^(x) b3(x) , then
C1 C2 c3
where R] denotes the row which contains the derivative of
af(x) ^(x) ^(x) aj(x)
a^(x) aj(x)
all the functions in the zth row Rit
A'(x)=b1(x) tyx) b3(x) + ^(x) tyx) b'3(x)
Corollary I For n = 2,
Ci c2 c3 Ci c2 c3
A(x) = [C, C2], then A'(x) =[C[ C2] + [Ci C2']
2. In a third order determinant, if only one row (column)
~R\~ consists functions of x and other rows (columns) are
Ri Ri
Also, if A(x) = , then A'(x) = + constant, let
.R2. R2. 3|(x) ^(x) aj(x) ai'(x) aj(x) a^(x)

bi(x)
A(x) = 4 ^2 , then A'(x) = b\ A>
k 63
aj(x)
For example, Let A(x) = then A c2 c3 Ci CC22 c3
a2(x) b2(x) ’
and in general
dn dn dn
a{(x) b'dx) Ql(x) h,(x) dx1
A'(x) = + dn
^L{A( x)} =
dx Hx/n
dx" Hv"
^3
fl2(x) b2(x) a2(x) fc2(x) dx
Cl c2 c3
[derivative according to rowwise]
 Chap 07 Determinants 543

Important Derivatives I Example 37. Let a be a repeated root of a

quadratic equation /(x) = 0 and A(x), B(x) and C(x) be
(Committed to Memory] • polynomials of degree 3, 4, and 5 respectively, show
If a and b are constants and n e N, then A(x) B(x) C(x)
1. if y = (ax + &)n, then = n\an
that A(a) B(a) C(a) is divisible by/(x), where
dxn
jn
A'(a) B'(a) C'(a)
. f nn ,'
2. if y = sin (ax + b), then —— = sin — + ax + b • a n prime (') denotes the derivatives.
dxn I 2 J Sol. Since, a is a repeated root of the quadratic equation
f(x) = 0, then f(x) can be written as f(x) = a(x - Ct)2,
3. if y = cos (ax + b), then —— = cos | — + ax +b -a n
where a is some non-zero constant.
dxn 2 >
A(x) B(x) C(x)
cos x sin xsinx Let g(*) = A(a) B(a) C(a)
I Example 35. If/(x) = cosx -sinx cosx A'(a) B'(a) C'(a)

X 1 1 g(x) is divisible by f(x), if it is divisible by (x - a)2 i.e.,

find the value of 2^(0) + {/'(I)}2, g(a) - 0 and g'(a) = 0. As A(x), B(x)and C(x)are
polynomials of degree 3, 4 and 5, respectively.
cosx -sinx icosx sinx cosx sinx
.'. Degree of g(x) > 2
So/. /'(x) = cosx -sinx icosx + -sinx -cosx -sinx
A(a) B(a) C(a)
X 1 1 X 1 1
Now, g(a) = A(a) B(a) C(a) = 0
sinx cosx sinx
A'(ct) B'(a) C'(a)
+ cosx -sinx cosx [derivative according to rowwise]
1 0 0 [■/ Ri and R2 are identical]
cosx sinx A'(x) B'(x) C'(x)
=0+0+1 = cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1
-sinx cosx Also, g'(x)~ A(a) B(a) C(a)
f'(x) = 1 => f'(Q) = 1 and /'(l) = 1 A'(a) B'(a) C'(a)
/'(O)
=> 22/<0)+{/'(l)}2 =2’+ 12 =3 A'(a) B'(a) C'(a)
g'(a) = A(a) B(a) C(a) = 0
cosx sinx COSX
A'(ct) B'(a) C'(a)
I Example 36. Let J(x)= cos2x sin2x 2cos2x
[•.■ Rt and R3 are identical]
cos 3x sin3x 3cos 3x
This implies that /(x) divides g(x).
i 7t i
then find the value of f 'I — |.
I Example 38. Find the coefficient of x in the
cos x sin
sinxx cos x determinant
Sol. Given, f(x)= cos2x sin2x 2cos2x (1 + x)°lbl
cos3x sin3x 3cos3x
(1+x)02bl (1+x)°lf* (1+X)°2bj
-sinx sinx cosx
(1+x)°5bl (1+x)°3b2 (1+x)°3bj
-2sin2x sin2x 2cos2x
-3sin3x sin3x 3cos3x Sol. We know that, if f(x) be a polynomial, then coefficient of
cosx cos x cos x cos x sin x -sinx x"in/(x) = ly"(0).
+ cos2x 2cos2x 2cos2x + cos2x sin2x -4sin2x n!
cos3x 3cos3x 3cos3x cos3x sin3x -9sin3x (1 + x)fl^ (1 + x)fl,h= (1 + x)^
[derivative according to columnwise] Let /(*) = (1 + x)a^ (1 + x)a-^ (1 + x)a-,f,J
-1 1 o 0 1 -i (1 + x)a^ (l + x)aj&1 (l + xp6’

Mir 0
3 -1
0 -2 + 0 + -1
0 0 -1
0 0
9
a^l + x)^-* aA(l + x)a|frj~* aAtl + x)^-1
r(x)= (1 + x)a^ (1 + x)a^
[v C2 = C3 in second determinant] (1 + x)a’* (1 + x)ajhj (1 + x)ajfc’
= 2(1 - 3) + 1(9 - 1)= — 4 + 8 = 4
544 Textbook of Algebra

(l + x)u,<’2 (l + x)01*’ a 0 X
+■a2b1(l + xrfc'-1 a2b2(l + xrb’-\Ml+x)a^-' sum of all cofactors in A(0),whereA(0) = PM
(1 + x)Ojfcl (1 + x)a>b> (1 + x)a’b> Y V v
A"(x) = 0 [v 5 is constant]
(1 + x)fllth (l + x)a'bi (l + x)fl,i’J
Since, A'(x) = S
+ (1 + x)a'b'
On integrating A(x) = Sx + C
a3&1(l + x)a’1'"1 fl3b2(l + x)fl’^-’ ^(l + x)0^'1 A(0) = 0 + C
ci]b\ a}b2 o^b2 1 1 1 Hence, A(x) = Sx + A(0)
1 1 1 + a2 fej O2 ^2 cij b3 xn sinx COSX
1 1 1 1 1 1 'nn' f nny
1 1 1 i Example 40. If/(x) = n! sin cos
+ 1 1 1 7t2 7t3
71
a3bi G3fr2 a3fe3 dn
= 04-0 + 0 = 0
then find the value of — {/(*)} at x = 0, n e I.
dx"
Coefficient of x in f(x)
1! dn dn dn
---- (xn) -----(sinx) ---- (cosx)
Aliter dx'~ dx' dx'
(1 + x)a'b' (l + x)°'fci (l + x)^’ . (rm I rm
sot n! sm — cos
Let (l + x)0^ (l + x)^ (1 + x)a^ = A + Bx + Cx22 +••• k 2 t2
7t 7I2 7t3
(l + x)0’^ (l + x)012’2 (1 + x)fl’6’

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x and then put x = 0 in i • InK , rm

n! sin — + x cos
both sides, we get I 2 2
@]b2 a^b3 1 1 1 1 i1 1
n! sin — cos nlt
B= 1 1 1 + #2 ^2 ^2 ^2 ^3 + 1 i1 1 V2J I2
1 11 1 1 1 1 n3^i a3b2 a3b3 7t 7l2 7t3

=0+0+0=0
i • I nn ,| nn
Hence, coefficient of x in given determinant is 0. n! sin — COS
I2. t2
a+x 0 + X A+x 77{/(^)}at(x = 0) = n! sin — . • C nn cos
(rm

I Example 39. If A(x) = p + x 0+ X [1 + X dx k 2 . t2

71 7t2 7t3
Y + x \|/ + x Y + x
show that A"(x) = 0and A(x) = A(0) + Sx, where S =0 [•/ Ri and R2 are identical]
denotes the sum of all the cofactors of all elements in
A(0) and dash denotes the derivative.
i 0+x X+X a+x 1 A+x
Integration of a Determinant
Sol. We have, A'(x) = i 0+X p+x + P+X 1 p+X /(x) g(x) h(x)
i V+X V+ X Y+ x 1 v+ X Let A(x) = P q r
a+x 0+x i I m n
+ P + x <|)+ x 1 where p, q, r, I, m and n are constants, then
Y+x +x 1 £ f(x)dx £ g(x)dx £h(x)dx
Applying C2 —> C2 - xCj and C3 -> C3 - xC, in first,
Cj -4 Cj - xC2 and C3 —» C3 - xC2 in second and j* A(x) dx - P q r
C] -> Ci - xC3 and C2 —> C2 - xC3 in third, then I m n
1 0 A a 1 A a 0 1
Remark
A'(x) = 1 4> P- + P 1 H + P 4> 1 If in a determinant, the elements of more than one columns or
1 v Y 1 v Y v 1 rows are functions of x , then the integration can be done only
after evaluation or expansion of the determinant.
 Chap 07 Determinants 545

a b c
Important Integrals (Committed to Memory) I Example 41. If A(x) = 6 4 3 , then
. ,.x («/2 sin" x x x2 x3
~dx = -
0 sin" x +cos" x 4 find £ A(x) dx.
/2 COS "x A n a b c
= --------------------- dx, V n 6 R
0 sin" x + cos" x Sol. J A(x) dx = 6 4 3

tan" x 72
f’xdx f x 2dx f x 3dx
dx Jo
®r 1 + tan" x
dx = —
4 ’
. n
1 + tan" x
,Vne/? Jo Jo

a b C
a b c
dx tc rft/2 cot" x
®r 1 +cot" x 4 Io
1 + cot" x
dx, VnG R 6
i
4
x^_
i
3
6
1
4
1
3

(«/2 . 7C . n 2 3 4
2. (i) £ Insinxdx = In cos x dx - ----- In 2 2 3 4
o Jo o
Io 2
7C.fl
7C a b c
or
C. —In -
2 U. Applying R2 -> R2 - 12R3, then J A(x)dx =
0 0 0
=0
I*1 12
1 1 2_
<< i .
In tan x dx = In cot xdx =0 2 3 4

«r In sec xdx =
rft/2
Io
71
Incosec x dx = — In 2
2
I Example 42. If
sin5x Insinx
Vsinx
Vsinx + Vcosx
n n
Walli's Formula f(x) = n
k=1
IV
k=1
(An easy way to evaluate sin"1 x cos" x dx, where 871. fl1 71
-In -
31/2 15 2 2 4
m, ne W) We have, sin"1 xcos" xdx then find the value of j^/2 f(x)dx.
Jo
_ {(m -l)(m-3)...2or 1} {(n-1)(n -3)...2or 1}
Sol. j*2f(x)dx
{(m + n) (m + n - 2) (m + n - 4)... 2 or 1}
f" rlt' 2 Vsinx
where, p is 7t 12, if m and n are both even, otherwise p = 1. • 5 xdx
I 72 sin . Insinxdx
Jo Jo Vsin x + V cos x
The last factor in each of three products is either 1 or 2. In
n n
case any of m or n is 1, we simply write 1 as the only factor to
replace its product. If any of nj or n is zero provided, we put 1
n
k=1
n*
t=i
as the only factor in its product and we regard 0 as even. s_ 711 f n1
— In | - |
7C

For example, 15 2 2 4
rrc/2 6 4 _ [5 • 3 • 1][3 ♦ 1] 7C 371
1. sin xcos xdx 4 2 71
"[10-8-6- 4-2] 2 --ln2
512 5 3 2 4
72 6 , , [5-3-l][2] n
sin xcos xdx • i=A n ip [by Walli’s formula]
[9- 7- 5-3-1] 63 k=l
k=. k=l
/2 . 5 7 , [4-2][6-4-2] £ 7C.fl1 7C
3. sin xcos xdx = —------ —--------- -— •1=-L 15
— In I -
2 2 4
[12-10-8-6-4-2] 120
tn I2 ,8 , [7-5-3-1] 7t 3571 8 n
[8-6-4-2] 2 256 15 4
72 - [6-4-2] j = 16
5. cos xdx
[7 • 5 • 3 • 1] 35
n
k=1
flfc = 0
k=1
[since and K3 are identical]

/2 . 10 , [9-7-5-3;l][l] £ n
sin x cos x dx = - --------------------- .1=1 15
—In
2 4
[11-9-7-5-3-1] 11
546 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 43. Let /(x)

sec x COS X sec2 x + cot x cosec x
Important Summation
= cos2x cos2 X cosec2x , then find (Committed to Memory)
n
n(n +1)
1 COS X cos2x 1. X r = Z n = 1+ 2+3+... + n =
r=1 2
the value of j^/2 f(x)dx.
n n(n + l) (2n 4-1)
2. S r2=Sn 2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n2=
Sol. Applying C2 —> C2 - cos2 xCbthen r=l 6
n
2 3. Sr3=Xn3=l5+2’+33+... + n3
sec x o sec x + cot x cosec x r=l
2 4 2
/(x) = cos2 x COS x - COS X cosec2x _ n(n+l)
1 0 cos2 x 2
=(W
[expanding along C2 ] n
2 4. X a = Za = a + a + a+ ... + a=<zn
sec x sec 2 x + cot x cosec x r=1
= (cos2 x - cos4 x) „ 2 „ n times
1 cos”x
= (cos2 x - cos4 x) (cos x - sec2 x - cot x cosec x) 5. Z (X-l)X’’"1 = A." -1, V X * 1 and X > 1
r=1
1 cos x A
= cos2 x (1 - cos2 x) cos x------~2—
COS“ X
*7
~ 2
sin xj sin fa +
(n-l)P rsm •M
—
1 COS X
2 _
= cos2 x sin2 x cos x------ — - 6. £ sin[a+ (r -1) p] =----------
2
COS X sin2 x r=l
sin If
= cos3 x sin2 x - sin2 x - cos3 x 2J
= - cos3 x (1 - sin2 x) - sin2 x Particular For a = p = 0.
f(x) = - cos5 x - sin2 x 17 n + 1 n0
sin- 0 • sin
flt/2 x , fJt/2 5 fn/2 n 2 2
•••J. cos x ax -
j
Jo
sin2 x dx Z sin r0 =-----
r=l f0^
1 7t (8 71 | sin
15 3 2 2
=- —+-
U5 4 J 12J
[ by Walli’s formula]
cos fa +
(n-l) J.f
p>sin —
n
7. Z cos {a + (r -1) p} =
2 J UJ
Use of X in Determinant r=1
sin 1
2
f(r) g(r) h(r)
Particular For a = P = 0.
If A(r) = a b c
( n + 1") n0
«i b1 Ci
COS - Glsin
n 2 J 2
Z cos r0 =------
where a,b,c,a1, b^ and Cj are constants, independent of r, r=l 0
sin
then 2
n n n
n
£f(r) Xg(r)
r=1 r=1
S *(r) 8. S {/(r +!)-/«} = /(«+ !)-/(!)
n r=1
r=1
X A(r) = a b C
r=l n n (1
bi
1 1
Ci • Particular X —— = X
r=1 r(r + l) r=i r + ly
1 1 n
Remark 1 n+1 n+1
If in a determinant, the elements of more than one columns or
n
rows are function of r, then the Scan be done only after
9. X nCr =2"
evaluation or expansion of the determinant. r=1
 Chap 07 Determinants 547

Remark n2-l 2" n +1

n
Capital pie FI is not direct applicable in determint i.e., £ Ar = n2 - 1 2" n+1 =o
n n n r=0
FI/(r) n g(r) n/Xr) cos2(n2) cos2 n cos2 (n + 1)
n r =1 r = 41* r- -1’
Il A(r) * a b C [since R} and R2 are identical]
r°1
3 4 Ci
I Example 45. Let n be a positive integer and
n r2 + r r + 1 r-2
Explanation II A(r) = A(1) x A(2) x... x A(n)
rs1
Ar = 2r2 + 3r-1 3r 3r-3 and
/(1) g(D /XD f(2) p(2) /X2) f(n) g(n) tin)
a b c a b c r2 + 2r + 3 2r-1 2r-1
6 c X a X ... X
n
3| Ci 3 4 Cl a. 4 Cy
X Ar = an2 + bn + c, find the value of a+b + c.
n n n
r =1
Ylf(r) Ilg(r) FI fi(r)
r =1 r=1 t =• I
r2 + Ir r+1 r-2
* a b c
a. 4 Cl
So/. We have, Ar = 2r2 + 3r - 1 3r 3r -3
r2 + 2r + 3 2r -1 2r — 1
Applying R2 —» R2 - (R^ + R3), then
I Example 44. Let n be a positive integer and
r2 + r r+1 r-2
2r-1 ncr 1
Ar = n2-1 2 n , prove that
n+1
= -4 0 0
cos2 n2 cos2 n cos2 (n + 1)

1 Ar=0. r2 + 2r +3 2r - 1 2r - 1
r=0
Expanding along R2, we get
2r-l nCr 1
So/. We have, A, = n2 -1 2" n+1 r+1 r-2
=4
cos2(n2) cos 2n cos2(n +1) 2r - 1 2r - 1

n n = 4[(r + l)(2r-l)-(r-2)(2r-l)]
I (2r - 1) £ ncr 11 = 24r-12
r=0 r=0 r=0
n
£ Ar = n2 - 1 2" n+1
Now, E Ar = 24 X r - 12 £ 1
r= 0
cos2(n2) cos2 n cos2 (n +1) r=1 r=1 r=1

(n + 1)
n
= 24 — - 12n = 12n (n + 1 - 1)
n 2
Now, £ (2r - 1) = 2 £ r - £ 1
r=0 r=0 r=0 = 12n2 = an2 + bn + c [given]
= 2(0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n) - (1 + 1 +1 + ... + 1)
For n = 1, we have
2n(n + l) . , . <n + 1)tim“
=-------------(n + l) = (n + l)(n - 1)= n -1 a + b + c = 12
2
548 Textbook of Algebra

§ Exercise for Session 4

X x 2 x„3
1. Iff(x) = 1 2 3 , f '(1) is equal to
0 1 x

(a)-1 (b)0 (c)1 (d)2

secx x2 x
2. Letf(x)= 2sinx x3 2x2 , lim is equal to
x -> 0 X4
tan 3x x2 x
(a)0 (b)-1 (c)2 (d)3
x 2 x
3. Let x2 x 6 = Ax4 + Bx 3 + Cx 2 + Dx + E, the value of 5A + 4B + 3C + 2D + E is equal to
X x 6
(a)-16 (b)- 11 (c)0 (d)16
x3 sin x cos x
d3
4. Letf(x) = 6 -1 0 , where p is a constant. Then —, {f(x)} at x = 0 is
dx
P P2 P3

(a)p (b) p + p2 (c)p + P3 (d) independent of p

y y2 dn
dny
5. If y = sin mx, the value of the determinant y3 y4 y5 , where yn = —is
dx
Ye Ye
(a) m2 (b)m3 (c)m9 (d) None of these
2 cos2 x sin 2x -sin x
6. Letf(x) = sin2x 2 sin2 x cos x , the value of jo"/2{f(x) + f'(x)} dx, is
sin x -cosx 0
(3) = (b)n (c)| (d)27t

cos x ex
x2 2x cos2

7. Iff(x) = x2 sin x + x 3 , the value of f"/2 (x2 + 1)[f(x) + f\x)]dx , is

secx
J-n/2
1 2 x + tan x

(a)-1 (b)0 (c)1 (d)2

1
sin.2 x + cos4 x In cos x
1 + (tan x)‘
8. Iff(x) = 71 7l2 7l4 , the value of |"/2f(x) dx is
.7 1
--In2
16 2 4

(a) 2 (b)-1 (c)0 (d) None of these

1 n n
n
n22 + n + 1 2
9. If Ajf = 2k rr + n and £ A* = 56, then n is equal to
2k-1 n2 n2 + n + 1

(a) 4 (b)6 (c)8 (d) None of these

n-2 n~2Cr-, n~2Cr
Cr_2
10. The value of £ (-2)r -3 1 1 (n >2) is
r=2
2 -1 0

(a) 27-1+ (- 1)" (b)2r?+ 1+ (- 1)n (c) 2n - 3 + (- 1)" (d) None of these
 Shortcuts and Important Results to Remember
1 Symmetric Determinant The elements situated at equal 4 (i) If A = 0, then Ac = 0, where Ac denotes the
distance from the diagonal are equal both in magnitude determinant of cofactors of elements of A.
a h g (ii) If A * 0, then Ac = An "1, where n is order of A.
and sign. i.e. h b f - abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2-ch,2
3ii 3,2 313
g f c (iii) Let A = a2i 322 a23
2 Skew-symmetric Determinant All the diagonal elements a3i a^ 833
are zero and the elements situated at equal distance from
the diagonal are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. The sum of products of the elements of any row or
The value of skew-symmetric determinant of even order is column with the corresponding cofactors is equal to
always a perfect square and that of odd order is always the value of determinant, i.e.
0 c -b' 3iiCn + a12C12 + 813613 = a2iC2i + 322C22 + 333633
0 a
zero i.e. = a2 and -c 0 a =0 = 331631 + 833633 + 833633 = A
-a 0
b -a 0
and sum of products of the elements of any row or
3 Circulant Determinant The elements of the rows (or column with the cofactors of the corresponding
columns) are in cyclic order, i.e., elements of any other row or column is zero, i.e.,
1 a a2 3ii62i + 813633 + 313623 =3,3631 + Sis C32 + 813633
(«) 1 b b2 = (a-b)(b-c)(c -a) =0
1 c c2 5 A homogeneous system of equations is never consistent.
abcb 1 1 1
6 Conjugate of a Determinant If 4, b( and c, e 6 (/ = 1,2,3)
(ii) a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
C3 31 b| Ci 3i b] Ci
be ca ab a3 b3
and A = 32 ^2 O2 , then A = a2 &2 O3
= (a r- b) (b —c) (c - a) (ab + be + ca)
a3 bj C3 83 ^3 O3
a be abc a a2 a3
(i) If A is purely real, then A = A
(iii) b ca abc = b b2 b3 = abc(a-b)(b-c){c -a)
c ab abc c c2 c3 (ii) If A is purely imaginary, then A = - A

1 7 (i) If x1t x2, x3,...are in AP or a*', a*2, a*3,... are in GP,

1 1
(iv) a b • c = (a-b)(b-c)(c -a)(a + b + c) Xi x22
x x3

a3 b3 c3 then *n +1 *n++22
*n *3 =0
*2n + 1 %2n
x2n + 2 *2n + 3
abc
(v) b c a = -(a3 + b3 + c3 -3abc) (ii) If ai,a2,a3, ...are in GP and a, > 0, / = 1,2,3,...,
c a b
log an log^ + i log an + 2
Remark then log ^ + 3 log log Sf, + 5 = 0
These results direct applicable in lengthy questions as behaviour
log Sn + 6 log an + 7 log^ + 8
of standard results.
550 Textbook of Algebra

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 multiple choice examples. Sol. (&) We observe that,
Each example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of 0 -b -c
which ONLY ONE is correct.
A= b 0 -a
• Ex. 1 lf(xy-x2)2 +(y, -y2)2 =a2, c a 0
(x2 — x3)2 +(y2 -y3)2 = b2 and
2
0 b c
Xi Xi 1 A = -b 0 a
(x3 -x,)2 + (y3 -y,)2 -c2 andk X2 X2 1 -c -a 0
*3 X3 1 [interchanging rows and columns]
= (a + b + c) (b + c - a) (c + a - b) (a + b - c), the value ofk 0 -b - c
is
b 0 -a
(a) 1 (b)2 (c)4 (d) 8
c a 0
Sol. (c) Consider the triangle with vertices ^x^yj, C(x2,y2)
and A(x3,y3) and [taking (- 1) common from each row]
AB = c, BC =a and CA = b => A = -A

A
(x3.y3)A
Hence, A is purely imaginary.

• Ex. 3 The equation

(1 + x)2 (1-x)2 -(2 + x2)
(Xpy^BA--------------------- A c (x2. y2)
a
2x+1 3x 1- 5x
X +1 2x 2- 3x
Xi yi 1
Area of AABC = - x2 y2 1 (i) (1 + x)2 2x+1 x+1
2
X3 yz 1 + (1-x)2 3x 2x = 0/105

Also, area of AABC = fs(s - a)(s - b)(s - c), 1—2x 3x-2 2x-3

where 2s = a + b +c -(ii) (a) no real solution

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (b) 4 real solutions
xj yi 1 (c) two real and two non-real solutions
1 (d) infinite number of solutions, real or non-real
x2 y2 1 = y/s(s -a)(s - b)(s - c)
2
x3 y3 1
Sol. (d) Interchanging rows and columns in first determinant,
On squaring and simplifying, we get then
2
Xi yi 1 (1+x)2 2x +1 x +1
4 X2 V2 1 = (a + b + c)(b +c -a) (1-x)2 3x 2x
x3 y3 1 -(2+x2) l-5x 2-3x
(c + a - b)(a + b -c)
Hence, the value of k is 4. (1 + x)2 2x+l x+1
• Ex. 2 Ifa, b andc are complex numbers, the determinant + (1-x)2 3x 2r = 0
1 -2x 3x-2 2x-3
0 -b -c
A= b 0 -a is (1 + x)2 2x +1 x+1
c a 0 => (1-x)2 3x 2x =0

(a) a non-zero real number (b) purely imaginary

-(1 + x)2 -2x-l — x —1
(c) 0 (d) None of these
1

Chap 07 Determinants 551

Applying R3 —> R3 + Rv then (l + x)fl (1+2x)h 1

(1 + x)2 2x +1 x+1 • Ex. 6 If /(x) = 1 (l + x)fl (1 + 2x)6 ■,a,b
=> (1-x)2 3x 2x =0 (1 + 2x)h 1 (1+x)‘
0 0 0
being positive integers, then
=$ 0=0 (a) constant term in /(x) is 4
which is true for all values of x . (b) coefficient of x in/(x)is0
Hence, given equation has infinite number of solutions, real (c) constant term in /(x) is (a - b)
or non-real. (d) constant term in /(x) is (a + b)
(l + x)fl (1 +2x)b‘ 1
• Ex. 4 IfX, Y and Z are positive numbers such thatY and
Sol. (b) Let 1 (l + xf
(1 x)‘ (1 + 2x)b
Z have respectively 1 and 0 at their unit’s place and
(l+2x)* 1 (l + x)fl
X 4 1
A= Y 0 1 = A + Bx + Cx2 + ...
Z 1 0 Put x = 0, then A = 0
//"(A +1) is divisible by 10, then X has at its unit’s place On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x and then put x = 0
(a)0 (b)l a 2b 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) 2 (d) 3 1 1 1 + 0 a 2b + 1 1 1 = B
Sol. (c) Let X =10x + X, Y = lOy + 1 and Z =10z, where 1 1 1 1 1 1 2b 0 a
x, y, z e N, then
0+0+0= B
X 4 1 lOx + X 4 1
=> B=0
A= Y 0 1 lOy+1 0 1
Hence, constant term in /(x) is zero and coefficient of x in
Z 1 0 lOz 1 0
/(x)is 0.
lOx 4 1 X 4 1 2
lOy 0 1 + 1 0 1 • Ex. 7lffj = X ajj x',j = \2,3andf'andf"aredenoted
i=0
lOz 1 0 0 1 0
,d2fj fl fz fi
x 4 1 by—-and respectively, theng(x) = is
fi fz fi
= 10 y 0 1 + (1-X) dx dx2
fi" fz fi"
z 1 0
(a) a constant (b) a linear in x
=> A + 1 =10fc +(2- X), (c) a quadratic in x (d) a cubic in x
x 4 1 fi fz fi fi fz fi fl fz fi
where k = y 0 1 . Sol. (a) v g'(x) = fl fz fi + fl" fz fi + f\ fz fi
z 1 0 fl" fz fi fl" fz" fi" rrr
It is given that (A +1) is divisible by 10. Therefore, 2 - X = 0 =0+0+0 [•.' fj is a quadratic function]
i.e., X = 2
g(x) = c = constant
X=10x+2
=> 2 is at unit’s place of X. (a —1) n 6
• Ex. 8 Let Aa = (a-I)1 2n2 4n-2
• Ex. 5 The number of distinct values of a 2x2 determinant
(a-I)3 3n3 3n2 -3n
whose entries are from the set {-1,0,1}, is
n
(a) 3 (b)4 (c)5 (d) 6 the value of £ Aa is
a =1
Sol. (c) Possible values are -2, -1,0,1,2
1 0 1 -1 0 1 (n ~ 1)n
i.e., = 0, (a)0 (b)
= 1, = -l, 2
-1 1 0 0 1 -1
(n ~1)n2 (dj(n ~l)n(2n -1)
1 -1 -1 1 (c)
= 2, = -2 2
1 1 1 1
552 Textbook of Algebra

Sol. (a) Applying C3 —> C3 + C2 - Cb then

S(a-l) n 6
a=1 1 COS X 0
,2
Sol. (a) £ Afl = 2n2 4n -2
a =1 a=1
A(x) = 1 + sin x cosx 0
,3 3n2 -3n
X(a-1): 3n3
a=1
sinx sinx ... 1
(n -l)n 1 .
n 6 = 1 (cos x - cos x - cos x sin x) = — sin 2x
2 2
(n -l)n(2n - 1)
2n2 4n -2 1 ■n/2
6 JfA(x)dx = 2 J°
sin2x dx
(n-l)2n2 3n3 3n2 -3n
= y [COS 2x]q/2 = ^(“ 1 -1) = "
4
4 4 4

1 1 6 • Ex. 10 Number of values of a for which the system of

(n -1>22n - 1
2n 4n -2 equations a2 x 4-(2 -a)y = 4 +a2 and ax + {2a- 1)y =as -2
2 3
(n-l)n possess no solution, is
3n2 3n2 -3n
2 (a)0 (b)1
(n-l)n (c)2 (d) infinite
[taking and n common from and C2]
2 a2 2-a
Sol. (c) •.* A = =a2 (2a-l)-a(2-a)
Applying C3 —» C3 - 6Cb then a 2a-1
= 2a{a + l)(a - 1)
1 1 0
n (n ~l)n2 2n -1 For no solution, A = 0
E Aa = 2n 0 =0
a = -1,0,1
0=1 2 3
(n -l)n 4 + a2 2-a
3n2 0
A.=
2 „5
a* -2 2a-1
1 cosx 1 - COS X Values of A! at a = -1,0,1 are -6,0,6 respectively and
• Ex. 9 lfk(x) = 1 + sin x cos x 1 + sin x -cos x , then a'2 4+a2
A2 -
sin x sin x 1 a a5 -2
rft/2 Values of A 2 at a = -1,0,1 are 2,0, - 6, respectively.
A(x)ax is equal to
’ (a)-2 For no solution,
(b)0 A = 0 and atleast one of A,, A2 is non-zero.
a = - 1,1

JEE Type Solved Examples:

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
■ This section contains 5 multiple choice examples. Each Sol. (a,c,d) Applying C2 —> C2 - Cj -2C3, then
example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which b2+c2 be
a2 ~{b2 + c2) be a2
more than one may be correct.
b2 - (c2 + a2) ca b2 c2 +a2 ca
a2 a~2 -{b -c)2 be
c2 ~{a2+b2) ab c2 a2 + b2 ab
• Ex. 11 The determinant b2 b2 -(c-a)2 ca is
Applying C2 —» C2 + Cj, then
c2 c2-(a-b)2 ab
divisible by a2 a2 + b2 +c2 be
(a)a + b +c (b)(a + b){b +c)(c + a) = - b2 a2 +b2 + c2 ca
(c)a2 +62 +c2 (d)(a-b)(b-c)(c-a) c2 a2 + b2 + c2 ab
 Chap 07 Determinants 553

Applying R2-+ R2 - Rt and R3 —> R 3 - Rlt then 4 0=(2n-l)— => 0=(2n-l)—

a2 „2 , j.2 , „2 2 8
a2 + b2 +c be
7^ ^^7^
For n =0,2, then 0 =---- , — and A e R
8 8
b>2 — a„2 0 c(a - b)
• Ex. 13 The digits A, B, C are such that the three digit
c2 -a1 0 - b(c -a) numbers A88,6B8,86 C are divisible by 72, the determinant
A 6 8
- (a + b)(a - b) c(a - b)
= (a2 + b2 +c2)
(c +a)(c -a) - b(c -a) 8 e 6 is divisible by
8 8 C
-(a + b) c
= (a - b)(c-a)(a2 + b2 + c2) (a) 72 (b) 144 (c) 288 (d) 216
c+a -b
Applying C, -> Cj - C2, then
Sol. (a, b, c)
-(a + b+c) c
= (a - fe)(c-a)(a2 + b2 +c2) v A88,6B8,86C are divisible by 72.
(a + b+c) -b
:. A88,6B8,86C are also divisible by 9.
= (a - b)(b - c)(c -a)(a + b +c)(a2 + b2 +c2)
=> A + 8 + 8,6 + B+ 8,8 + 6 + C
are divisible by 9, then A =2, B = 4, C = 4
71 71
• Ex. 12 The value of 0 lying between----- and~ and A 6 8 2 6 8
Let A= 8 B 6 8 4 6
It
0 < A < — and satisfying the equation 8 8 C 8 8 4
2
1 + sin2 A cos2 A 2 sin 40 =2(16 -48) - 6(32 - 48) + 8(64 -32) =288
sin2 A 1 +cos2 A Hence, A is divisible by 72,144 and 288.
2sin40 = 0, are
sin2 A cos2 A 1 + 2sin40 • Ex. 14 If p,q, r ands are in AP and
3lt p + sinx q+sinx p-r + sinx
(a)A = —,0 = - — (b) A = — = 0
4 8 8 fM = q + sinx r + sinx
sin x -1 + sinx

(c)A = —,0 = - — (d)A = -,0 = — r + sinx s + sinx

sin x s-q + sinx
5 8 6 8
such that £/(x) dx = - 2, the common difference of the AP
Sol. (a, b, c, d)
1 +sin22 A cos2 A 2 sin 40 can be
v sin2 A 1 + cos2 A 2sin40 =0 (a)-1 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d)2
sin2 A cos2 A 1 +2sin40 Sol. (a, c)
p+sinx q +sin x p-r + sinx
Applying R2 -+ R2 - Rx and Rz -+R3 -Rb then
2q+2sinx 2r + 2sinx - 2 + 2 sin x
1 + sin2 A cos2 A 2 sin 40
r +sin x s +sin x s -q +sin x
-1 1 0 =0
0 1 . Applying R2 -+R2 ~(R\ + Rf), then
-1
p +sin x q + sin x p -r +sin x
Applying Cj -> Cj + C’2, then

2 cos2 A 2 sin 40 0 0 -2

0 1 0 =0
r +sinx s + sin x s -q +sinx
(v 2q = p + r,2r =q +s and p + s =q + r]
-1 0 1
(- 2) p + sin x q +sin x
=> l(2+2sin 40) = O r + sinx s + sin x
2
sin 40 =-l
554 Textbook of Algebra

Applying C2 —> C2 - Ct, then Sol. (a, b, c, d )

p +sin x D a2 -b = — a2b2 + b2 = —{a2 — l)b2
Here, A =
f(x) = p +2D + sin x D b -b2
[where D = common difference] If A = 0, then a2 = 1, b = 0
= D[p +sinx - p -2D -sinx] = - 2D2 a2 - b-b
Now, A,=
and £/(x)dx = - 4 2+ 4b -b 2
1-b - b
f1(-2D2)dx = - 4 => -2D2=-2 For a2 = 1, Aj = = b(b+l)(i>+2)
Jo 2 +4b - b2
D2 =1 => D = ±l a2 a2 - b
and A2 -
b 2+4b
• Ex. 15 If the system of equations a22 x - by = a2 -b and 1 1-b
For a2 = 1, A2 = = (b + l)(b + 2)
bx - b2y = 2 +4b possess an infinite number of solutions, b 2 + 4b
the possible values ofa and b are For infinite number of solutions, A = Aj = A2 = 0
(a)a=1,b = -1 (b)a=1,b = -2
a2 =1, b = -l, -2 => a = ± 1, b = -1, b = -2
(c)a = — \b = — 1 (d)a = -1,b = -2

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 2 solved passages based upon each 8 a 6
of the passage 3 multiple choice examples have to be A,= 5 2 b = 8(6 - b)-a(15 - 4b) + 6(5-8)
answered. Each of these examples has four choices (a), (b), 4 1 3
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
= 4ab-15a - 8b+30 = (a-2)(4b-15)
Passage I
2 8 6
(Ex. Nos. 16 to 18)
a2 = 1 5 b =0 =2S,)
Consider the system of equations 1 4 3
2x+ay+6z=8; x+2y + bz=5
2 a 8
x + y + 3z = 4
A3 = 1 2 5 =2(8 -5) - a(4 -5) + 8(1 -2)
16. The system has unique solution, if
1 1 4
(a) a = 2, b = 3 (b) a = 2, b * 3
(c) a 2, b = 3 (d) a * 2, b + 3 = 6 +a - 8= a — 2

17. The system has infinite solutions, if 16. (d) The system has unique solution, if
(a) a = 2, beR (b)a = 3, beR A *0
(c) a e R, b = 2 (d) a G R, b = 3 => (a-2)(b-3)*0
18. The system has no solution, if => a / 2, b *3
(a) a = 2, b = 3 (b) a = 2, b * 3 17. (a) The system has infinite solution, if
(c) a * 2, b = 3 (d) a * 2, b * 3 A = Aj = A2 = A3 = 0
2 a 6 => a-2 = 0
Sol. A = 1 2 b =2(6 - b) - a(3 - b) + 6(1 - 2) or a=2,b&R
1 1 3 18. (c) The system has no solution, if
=ab - 3a -2b + 6 = (a -2)(b -3) A = 0 and atleast one of Ab A2 and A3 is non-zero.
=> a 2, b = 3
 Chap 07 Determinants 555

Passage II Taking x, x2 and x3 common from Rx, R2 and R3, then

(Ex. Nos. 19 to 20) (x-1) 1 (x-l)(x-2)
Let XC,, x‘Ci and x* f(x)=xx2-x3 1 (x2-l) (x2-l)(x2-2)
Cj (i = 1,2,3) be Binomial coefficients,
where xe N 1 (x3-l) (x3-l)(x3-2)

Xcx
r2
XC2 XC3
V2
1 1 x -2
and/(x) = 12 x C, x2C2 x C3 , then = x6(x-l)2 1 (x+1)(x2-2)
3 J
x3C2 XC3 1 x2 + x + l (x2 + x + l)(x3 -2)

19. /(x) is a polynomial of degree Applying R, —>RX - R2 and R3 —> R3 - R 2, then

(a) 6 (b) 10 0 -x x(3-x-x2)

(c) 14 (d) 18
/(x) = x6(x-l)2 1 x+1 (x+l)(x2-2)
20. If/(x)=(x-1) (x +1)p, where m,n;peN, then the
X2 x2(x2 +x3 -3)
value of E mn is 0
(a) 32 (b)43 Expanding along Cx, then
(c) 44 (d) 56 - x x(3 - x- x2)
= -x6(x-l)2
Sol. X2 x2(x2 + x3 -3)
’C, XC2 XC3
-1 3-x-xz
v/(x)=12 ’c,
’ x2C2 x2C3 = -x9(x-l)2
1 x2 + x3 -3
’’c, «’c2 ^C3
= - x9(x - I)2 (- x2 -x3 +3 -3 +x + x2)
x(x~l) x(x-l)(x-2)
x = x*°(x -l)2(x2 -1) = x10(x -l)3(x +1)
2 6
X2
x2(x2-l) x2(x2 -l)(x2 -2) 19. (c) f(x) is a polynomial of degree 14.
= 12
2 6
20. (b) Here, m = 3, n =10 and p =1
X3
x3(x33 -1) 3(x3 -l)(x33 -2)
x,3,„3
2 6 .'. £ mn = mn + np + pm = 30 + 10 + 3 = 43

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. The answer to each • Ex. 22 If P, Q and R are the angles of a triangle, the value
example is a single digit integer ranging from 0 to 9 tan P 1 1
(both inclusive).
of 1 tan Q 1 is
r-1 1 1 tan R
, where r is a natural number,
r tan P 1 1
11024
Sol. (2) 1 tan Q 1 = tan P(tan Q tan R-1)
the value of™ &r is
3/r=i
1 1 tan R
Sol. (4) v Ar = r2 -(r -l)2 -l(tan R -1) + 1(1 - tan Q)
1024 = tan P tan Q tan R - (tan P + tan Q + tan R) + 2
t A r = (1024)2 - (1 -I)2 = (1024)2 = 220
r=1
= 0+2
[•/ In APQR, tan P + tan Q + tan R = tan P tan Q tan R]
1024
>° Z Ar =22 =4 =2
Ur =1
556 Textbook of Algebra

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 eamples. Example 23 have four • Ex. 24 Suppose a, b and c are distinct and x, y and z are
statements (A, B, C and D) given in Column I and four 2 3
connected by the system of equations x + ay + a z=a ,
statement (p, q, r and s) in Column II and example 24
have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I x + by +b2z = b3 and x +cy +c2z = c3.
and four statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any
given statement in Column I can have correct matching Column I Column H
with one or more statements(s) given in Column IL
(A) For x=l,y =2andz =3,(a + b + c)"^ab + +ctf> is (P) 3
• Ex. 23 Let /(x) denotes the determinant divisible by
x2 2x 1 +x2 (B) For x =4, y =3 and z =2,(ab + be + ca)abc is (q) 6

/(*) = X2 +1 x+1 1 divisible by

(C) For x =6, y = 4 andz =2, (abc)a + b + c is divisible by (r) 9
X -1 x-1

On expansion /(x) is seen to be a 4th degree polynomial (s) 12

given by f(x) =a0 x4 +ajX3 +a2x2 +a3x +a4.
Sol. (A) -> (p, r) (B) -» ( p, r); (C) -> ( p, q, r, s)
Using differentiation of determinant or otherwise match the
entries in Column I with one or more entries of the elements a/btc
of Column II. 1 a a2
Column I Column II A= 1 b b2 = (a-b)(b-c)(c-a)
(A) I ao + fl] is divisible by (P) 2 1 c c2

(B) af + a4 is divisible by (q) 3 a3 a a2 a a2 a3 1 a a2

(C) ag +a2 is divisible by (r) 4 Ai = b3 b b2 b b2 b3 = abc 1 b b2‘
e3 c c2 c c2 c3 1 c c2
(D) a4 + a3 + a2 is divisible by (s) 5
= abc(a - b)(b — c) (c -a)
Sol. (A) -> (p, s); (B) -> (p, r); (C) -> (p, q); (D) -> (q)
1 a3 a2 1 a2 a3
x2 2x 1 + x2
A2 - 1 b3 b2 1 b2 b3
/(x) = x2+l +11
x+ 1
c3 1 c3
1 c2 c-2
X -1 x -1
= -(a - b)(b - c)(c -a)(ab+ be + ca)
Applying Cj —> - C3, then
1 a a3
-1 2x 1 + x2
and A3 = 1 b b3 = (a - b)(b —c) (c -a) (a + b + c)
/(*) = x2 x +1 1
1 c c3
1 -1 x -1

Expanding along jRj, then By Cramer’s rule, we get

f(x) = - (x2 -1 +1) - 2x(x3 -x2 -1) A] ,
x = — =abc
+ (l + x2)(-x2-x-1) A
’ =-3x4+x3-3x22+x-1 (i) A
y = — = -(ab + be +ca), z = — =a + b+c
According to the question, we get A A
/(x) = a0*4 + fli*3 +a2 *2 + a3x + <?4 ...(ii) (A) (a + b + c)‘{ab + + M) =z y = 32 = 9, which is divisible
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get by 3 and 9.
□o = — 3,fli =1, a2 = — 3, a3 = 1, a4 — — 1 (B) (ab + be+ea)abc = (-y);* = (- 3)4 =81, which is
(A) aj +ai = (-3)2 +1 =9 +1 =10=2x5
divisible by 3 and 9.
2 + a4 =(-3)2 -1=9-1 = 8 =2x4
(B) a2 (C) (abe)a + b+c = x3 = 62 =36, which is divisible by 3,6,9
(C) a20 + a2 = (- 3)2 - 3 = 9 -3 = 6 = 2 x 3 and 12.
(D) a2A + al +a? = (-1)2 + (I)2 + (l)2 =1 +1+1 = 3
 Chap 07 Determinants 557

I JEE Type Solved Examples:

Statement I and II Type Questions
n +1
■ Directions Example numbers 25 and 26 are
Sol. (d) ■: n Ar = A2 • A3 • A<... A,n +1
Assertion-Reason type examples. Each of these examples r =2
contains two statements: 1 n! 6 2 n! 6
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) = 1 (n!)2 4 (n!)2
4n -2 X 4n -2
Each of these examples also has four alternative choices,
1 (n!)’ 3n3 -2n 8 (»!)’ 3n2 -2n
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select
the correct choice as given below.
n n! 6
X... X n2 (n!)2 4n-2 *0
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 n3 (n!)3 (3n2 ~2n)
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true.
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false • Ex. 26 Consider the determinant
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true 0 ”2 -a x3 -b
X

/(x) = x2 +a 0 x2 +c
• Ex. 25 Statement-1 Let
x4 + b x -c 0
(r-1) n! 6
n +1
Statement-1 /(x) =0 has one root x =0.
Ar = (r-1)2 (n!)2 4n-2 , then II Ar =0.
r=2 Statement-2 The value of skew-symmetric determinant of
(r-D3 (n!)3 3n2 - 2n
odd order is always zero.
n +1 Sol. (a) For x = 0, the determinant reduces to the determinant
Statement-2 [] Ar = A2 • A3 • A 4 ••• An+1 of a skew-symmetric of odd order which is always zero.
r=2 Hence, x = 0 is the solution of given equation /(x) = 0.

Subjective Type Examples

■ In this section, there are 20 subjective solved examples. 1 +a 1 1
So/. Let A= 1 1+b 1
• Ex. 27 A determinant of second order is made with the 1 1 1+c
elements 0 and 1. Find the number of determinants with
Since, the answer contain abc, then taking a. b and c
non-negative values.
common from RX,R2 and R3 respectively, then
Sol. The number of determinants that can be made with 0 and 1
*+l £ 1
= 2 X2 X2 x2=16
a a a
and there are only three determinants of second order with
A = abc
£ >+l £
negative values b b b
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
i.e., 1+1
1 0 1 1 1 0 c c c

Therefore, number of determinants with non-negative 1 1 1

But answer also contains 1+-+-+-,
values =16-3 =13 V a b cJ
then applying R( —> Rt + R2 + R3
1 +a 1 1
A =abc
• Ex. 28 Prove that 1 1+b 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 +c 1+-+-+- 1 + - + T + - 1+-+-+-
a b c a b c a b c
, f, 1 1 1
L hence find the value of the
£ 1+1 £
< a b c b b b
1 1 1+1
determinant, if a, b and c are the roots of the equation
px3 -qx2 +rx- s =0. c c c
558 Textbook of Algebra

Taking (1 + - + -1 + -] common from Rb then Applying Cj —>C] +C3, then

\ a b c) P P 1
= log R <7 7 1 = 0 [since and C2 are identical)
1 1 1
_1 1_ r r 1
, f 111 -+1
A = abc 1 + — + — +—
I abc b b b = RHS
1 1
-+1
c c c • Ex. 30 Prove that
Applying C2 —>C2 -Cb then -2a a + b a +c
1 0 1 b+a -2b b + c = 4 (5 + c) (c + a) (a + b).
, f, 1 1 i 1 c +a c+b — 2c
A = abc 1 + - + - + - 1
{ a b c b b
1_ -2a a+b a+c
0 - +1
c c Sol. Let A = b +a -2b b +c
Expanding along C2, then c +a c+b -2c
1 1
, ( 111
A = a be 1 + - + - + - On putting a + b = Q, b = - a
{ a b c 1+1
c c -2a 0 a +c
„ * L L 1 1 Then, A= 0 2a c -a
Hence,A =abc 1 + - + - + -
V abc)
c+a c-a -2c
2nd Part A = abc |1 + - + - + -| = abc + be +ca + ab
\ a b c) Expanding along then
A --2a {-4ac - (c - a)2} - 0 + (a + c) {0-2a(c+a)}
s r
= -+—= = 2a(c +a)2 -2a(c +a)2 = 0
P P I P
Hence, (a + b) is a factor of A, similarly (b + c) and (c + a)
• Ex. 29 Ifa, b and c are positive and are the pth, qth and are the factors of A.
On expansion of determinant we can see that each term of
rth terms, respectively of a GP. Show without expanding that the determinant is a homogeneous expression in a, b and c
log a p 1 of degree 3 and also RHS is a homogeneous expression of
degree 3.
log b q 1 = 0-
Let A = k(a + b) (b + c) (c +a)
log c r 1 -2a a + b a +c
Sol. Let A be the first term and R be the common ratio of GP, or b+a -2b b +c = k(a + b)(b + c)(c +a)
then
c +a c+b -2c
a = p th term = ARP ~1
On putting a = 0, b =1 and c =2, we get
b = <7 th term= ARq -1
0 1 2
c =rth term = ARr -1
1 -2 3 = k(0 +1) (1 +2) (2 + 0)
log a = log A + (p -1) log R, 2 3 -4
log b = log A + (<7 - l)Iog R and
log c = log A + (r -1) log R 0-l(-4 - 6) +2(3 +4) = 6fc
log a p 1 24= 6k
k =4
LHS. = log b q 1
-2a a + b a +c
logc r 1
Hence, b+a -2b b + c = 4(a + b) (b + c) (c +a)
log A + (p-1) log R p 1
c +a c+b -2c
log A +(<? -l)logR q 1
log A + (r -1) log R r 1 • Ex. 31 If be + qr = ca + rp =ab + pq = -1,
Applying C} —- (log A)C3, then ap bp cr
(p-l)logR p 1 (P-1) P 1 show that a b c = 0.
= (<?-l)logR q 1 = log 2? (g-1) q 1
r
P
(r-l)IogR r 1 (r-1) r 1
 Chap 07 Determinants 559

Sol. Given equations can be rewritten as and Za5 =a5 +P5 = -32 co10 -32co5
be + qr +1 = 0 —(i) = - 32(ct) + co2) = -32 (-1) =32
ca + rp +1 = 0 -(ii)
ab + pq +1 = 0 ...(iii)
Za Za2 Za3 2 —4 - 16

On multiplying Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) by ap, bq and cr

Let A= Za2 Za3 Za4 -4 -16 - 16
respectively, we get Za3 Za4 Za 5
-16 -16 32
(abc)p + (pqr)a + ap =0 1 -2 -8 1 -2 -8
(abc)q +(pqr)b + bq = 0 =2(-4)(-16) 1 4 4 = 128 1 4 4
(abc)r + (pqr)c + cr = 0 1 1 -2 1 1 -2
These equations are consistent, given equations three but
abc and pqr are two. Applying R 2 —>R2 -Rj and R3-+R3-Rb then
a ap 1 -2 -8
P
Hence, q b bq = 0 A =128 0 6 12

r c cr 0 3 6

r Expanding along Cb we get

P 7
=> a b c =0 6 12
A = 128-1- = 128(36-36) = 0
ap bq cr 3 6

[interchanging rows into columns]

• Ex. 33 Ifa2 + b2 + c2 =1, prove that
ap bq cr
a2 + (b2 + c2) cos 0 ab (1 - cos 0)
(-D a b c =0 [/?! <-> R3]
r ba (1 - cos 0) b2 +(c2 +a2)cos 0
P 9
ap bq cr ca (1 - cos 0) cb (1 - cos 0)
Hence, a b c =0 ac (1 - cos 0)
P <7 r be (1 - cos 0)
c2 +(a2 +b2) cos 0
• Ex. 32 Ifa andfi are the roots of the equations
is independent ofa, b and c.
Za Za2 Sa3 Sol. Let
x2 -2x + 4 = 0, find the value o/ Za2 Za3 Za4 a2 + (b2 + c2)cos 0 ab(l - cos 0)
Za3 Za4 Za5 A= ba(l - cos 0) b2 + (c2 +a2 )cos 0
ca(l - cos 0) cb(l - cos 0)
Sol. Given, x2 -2x + 4=0
ac (1 -cos 0)
x=
be (1 - cos 0)
a =1 + iv3
c2 +(a2 + &2)cos 0
and 3=1- ifi
On multiplying Cb C2 and C3 by a, b and c respectively and
taking a, b and c common from Rb R2 and R3 respectively,
/ / we get
=> a = -2 and p =-2
2 a2 + (b2 + c2) cos 0 &2(1 - COS 0)
abc
A =---- a2(l - cos 0) b2 + (c2 +a2)cos 0
a = -2co2 and P = — 2 cq where co is the cube root of unity. abc
a2(l -cos 0) b2(l - cos 0)
Za =a +p = -2(cd+cd)2 = —2(—1) =2
c2(l -cos 0)
Za2 =a2 +32 =4 cd4 +4 co2 = 4(cd + co)2 =4(-l) = -4
c2(l - COS 0)
Za3 =a3 +33 =~8co6 -8co3 =-8-8 = -16
c2 + (a2 + b2)cos 0
Za4 = a4 + p4 =16co8 +16 co4 =16(co2 + co)
Applying C\ -> Ct + C2 + C3, then
=16(—1) = —16
560 Textbook of Algebra

a2 + b2 +c2 b2l - cos 0) c2(l - COS 0) = xa3 + (x2 + a2x + ax + a3 -x2)

A = a2+b2+c2 b2 + (c2 +a2) cos 0 C Z(1 -cos 4>) = xa^3 + a 2 x +ax + a3 =
- a- 3” + x(a3 + a2 +a)
a2 + b2 +c2 b2(l - cos 0) c2 + (a2 + b2)cos0
x-a(a3 -1)
,2
= a3 + = a3 = RHS
Taking a + b2 + c2 common from Cb then (a-1) a2(a-l)_
A = (a2 + b2 + c2)
bc-a2 ca — b2 ab-c2
1 b2(l - cos 0) c2(1 -cos 0)
• Ex. 35 (i) Prove that ca - b2 ab-c2 bc-a2
1 b2 + (c2 + a2)cos 0 c2(l - cos 0)
ab-c2 be-a2 ca-b1
1 b2(l - cos 0) c2 + (a2 + b2) cos 0

Applying R] —» R2 - R} and R3 —> R3 -Ru then a2 P2 P2

A=1 = p2 a2 P2
1 b2(l -cos 0) c2(l - cos (|>) p2 P2 a2
0 (a2 + b2 + c2) cos 0 0
where a2 =a 2 + b2 +c2 and ft2 =ab + be + ca.
0 0 (a2 + b2 + c2) cos 0
be - a2 ca-b2 ab -c2
-(a2 + b2 +c2)2cos2 0 bc-a2 iis divisible
(ii) Prove that ca - b2 ab -c2
[by property, since all elements zero below leading ab - c2 be -a2 ca - b2
diagonal]
= 12 - COS 0 = COS2 0 [va2 + b2+c2 =1] by (a + b + c)2. Find the quotient.

which is independent of a, b and c. bc-a2 ica - b2 ab— c2

(iii) Prove that ca - b2 iab - c2 be-a2
Ex. 34 Ifa^Q and a £ 1, show that ca - b2
ab-c2 ibe-a2
x+1 x x
2
X x+a x =a3 1 + xfc3 -1) a2 c2 2ac - b

x+a2 a 2(a-l)_ 2ab — c2 b2 a2

X X
b2 2bc — a2 c2
Sol. Let
2
x +1 x x x +1 x
X 2bc-a c2 b2
LHS = A = X x +a x x +0 x +a x (iv) Prove that c2 2ca - b2 a2
2
X x x +a x+0 x x +a2 b2 a2 2ab-c2
X X x 1 X x = (a3 + b3 + c 3 -3abc)2.
X x +a X + 0 x+a X
a b c
X X x +a2 0 x x + a2
Sol. (i) Let A = b c a
c a b
Determinant of cofactors of A is
Applying R2 —> R2 - R\ and R3 —> R 3 - /?! in first
determinant, then be - a2 ca - b2 ab - c2
x x X 1 X x Ac = ca - b2 ab —c2 be -a2 = A3”’=A2
A= 0 a 0 + 0 x +a X
ab -c2 be - a2 ca - b2
0 0 a2 0 x x +a2 a b c
2

Expanding first determinant by property, since all elements b c a 40

below leading diagonal are zero and expanding second c a b
determinant along Ch then
x+a x a b c a b c
A = x-a-a2 +1- b c a x b c a
x x +a2
c a b c a b
= xa3 + {(x + a)(x+a2)-x2}
 Chap 07 Determinants 561

a„2 +, b>2 +c
,2
ab + be + ca ab + be +ca 2bc - a,2 c2 b2
ab + be + ca a2 + b2 +c2 ab+ be + ca [row by row] (iv) LHS = c2 2ca-b'.2 a2
ab + bc+ca ab + bc+ca a2 + b2 +c 2 b2 a2 2ab-c 2

a2 P2 P2 a b c -a c b

P2 a2 P2 b c a x -b a c [row by row]
P2 P2 a2 c a b -c b a
2
be - a,2 ca - b2 ab - c2 a2 02 02 a b c a b c a b c
Hence, ca - b2 ab-c2 be -a2 P2 2 02
a b c a x b c a b c a
ab—c2 be - a2 ca - b2 P2 P2 a2 c a b c a b c a b

(ii) From Eq. (i), we get =(a + b + c)z (a2 + b2 + c2 -ab - be -ca).2‘ [from Eq. (ii)]
2
be - a2 ca - b2 ab - c2 a b c = [-(a3 + b3 + c3 -3abc)]2
ca - b2 ab-c2 be -a2 b c a =(a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc)2 = RHS
ab-c2 be - a2 ca - b2 c a b

= (a3 +b3 +c3 - 3abc).2‘ • Ex. 36 Let a and fl be the roots of the equation

= (a + b + c)2(a2 +b2 + c2 -ab-bc- ca),2‘ ax2 + bx + c=Q. LetSn =an + 0” for n > 1. Evaluate the

be - a2 ca - b2 ab - c2 3 1 + 5] 1+S2

Therefore, ca-b2 ab-c2 be -a2 is divisible by determinant 1+5] 1+S2 1+S3 .

ab-c2 be-a2 ca - b2 1+52 1+53 1+S4
(a + t + c)2. Sol. Since, a and 0 are the roots of the equation
Hence, the quotient is (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - be -ca)2. ax2 + bx + c = 0.

(iii) From Eq. (i), we get c D

2
a + 0 = - - ap = - and a - 0 =-----
be - a2 ca - b2 ab - c2 a b C a a a
ca - b2 ab -c2 be -a2 b c a 3 1 + 5] 1 + S2
ab-c2 be -a2 ca - b2 c a b Let A = 1+5! 1 + S2 1 + S3

2
1 + S2 1 + S3 1 + S4
a b c a b c a b c
Let A = b c a b c a x b c a 3 1 + a +p 1 + a2 +p2
c a b c a b c a b 1 + a +0 1 + a2 + p2 1 + a3 + 03
a
1 +a2 +0 2 1 + a3 +0 3 1 + a4 +04
b c a -c b
b c a x b -a c 1 1 1 1 1 1
c a b c -b a 1 a P x 1 a P = Aj x Aj [say]
a2 c2 2ac - b2 1 a2 P2 1 a2 P2
2ab -c2 b2 a2 [row by row] A = A2 —(i)
,2 c2
b2 2bc - a 1 1 1
be - a2 ca - b' .2
ab - c 2 A1 = 1 a P
Hence, ca - b2 ab -c2 be -a2 1 a2 P2
ab-c2 be - a2 ca - b2 Applying C2 —> C2 - Q and C3 —> C3 - Cb then
1 0 0
a2 c2 2ac - b2
A,= 1 a-1 p-1
2ab-c2 b2 a2
1 a2-l p2-l
b2 2bc - a',2 c2
562 Textbook of Algebra

Expanding along Rlt then -a cosC cos B

1
a-1 p-1 1 1 a cos C -1 cos A
A,= = (a-l)(p-l) a
a2-1 p2-l a+1 p+1 a cos B cos A -1
= {ap-(a +p)+l}(P-a) Applying C, —>Cj + bC2 + cC3, then
A = A2 = [ap - (a + P) +1]2 (p - a)2 cos B
cos C
0
1
(c b |2 D (a + b +c)2(b2 - 4ac) 0 -1 cos A = 0 = RHS
= - + -+1 a
(a a a2 a4 0 cos A -1

• Ex. 37 If A, Band C are the angles of a triangle, show • Ex. 38 Without expanding at any stage, evaluate the
that value of the determinant
sin 2 A sin C sinB 2 tan A cot B + cot A tan B

(i) sinC sin2B sin A = 0. tan B cot A + cot B tan A 2

sin B sin A sin2C tan C cot A + cot C tan A tan C cot B + cot C tan B

-1 +cos B cos C+cos B cos B tan A cot C + cot A tan C

(ii) cosC+cos A -1 +cos A cos A =0. tan 8 cot C + cot B tan C

-1 +cos B -1 +cos A -1 2

sin2A sin C sin B Sol. The given determinant can be written as the product of
two determinants
Sol. (i) LHS = sin C sin2B sin A
tan A cot A 0 cot A tan A 0
sin B sin A sin 2C
tan B cot B 0 x cot B tan B 0 =0X0=0
2ka cos A kc kb tan C cot C 0 cot C tan C 0
kc 2kb cos B ka [from sine rule]
kb ka 2kc cos C • Ex. 39 Suppose that digit numbers A28,3B9 and62C,
2a cos A c b where A, B and C are integers between 0 and 9 are divisible
= k3 c 2b cos B a A 3 6
b a 2c cosC by a fixed integer k, prove that the determinant 8 9 C

a cos A +a cos A a cos B + b cos A 2 B 2

= k3 a cos B + bcos A b cos B + b cos B is also divisible byk.

a cos C + c cos A c cos B + b cos C
a cos C +c cos A Sol. Given, A28,3B9 and 62C are divisible by k, then
b cos C + c cos B A28 = 100A +20 + 8 = njk
c cos C + c cos C 3B9 = 300 + 10B + 9 = n2k ...(ii)
and 62C = 600 + 20 + C = n3k ...(iii)
cos A a 0 a cos A 0
where nlt n2, n3 e I (integers).
= k3 cos B b 0 x b cos B 0 =0x0=0=RHS
cosC c 0 c cosC 0
A 3 6
Let A= 8 9 C
-1 + cos B cos C + cos B cos B
2 B 2
(ii) LHS = cos C + cos A -1 + cos A cos A
-1 + cos B -1 + cos A -1 Applying R2 —> R2 + 10B3 +100 R}, then
A 3 6
Applying Cj —>Cj -C3 and C2 —»C2 -C3, then
A = 100A +20 + 8 300 + 10B + 9 600 + 20 + C
-1 cos C cos B
. 2 B 2
cos C -1 cos A
cos B cos A -1
 Chap 07 Determinants 563

A 3 6 x+q x+a x+a

njc n2k n3k [using Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii)] Sol. Since, f(x) = x + b x + c2
2 B 2 x+b x+b x + c3
A 3 6 Applying C2 —> C2 - C] and C3 —> C3 - C2, then
= Jt n2 n3 a-q 0
2 B 2 /(x) = x + b c2 - b a - c2
Hence, A is divisible by k. x+b 0 c3 - b

sin x sin(x + /i) sin (x 4-2/1) 1 a-q 0 Cl a - C| 0

/(x)=x 1 c2 - b a-c2 + b c2 - b a-c2
• Ex. 40 If A = sin(x + 2h) sin x sin(x +/?)
1 0 c3 - b b 0 c3 - b
sin (x + /)) sin (x + 2h) sin x
find lim | — j. So, /(x) is linear.
h —> 0\^ /j I Let f(x) = Px + Q
Then, f(-a) = -aP + Q,f(-b) = -bP + Q
Sol. Let a = sin x, b = sin (x + h) and c = sin (x + 2/i)
a b c a b c /(0) = 0-P + Q = Q
_bf(-a)-af(-b)
A= c a b b c a = (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc) -(ii)
(b-a)
b c a c a b
From Eq. (i), we get
1
= ~(a + b + c)[(a~b)2 +(b-c)2 +(c-a)2] Ci - a 0 0
2
f h b-a c2 - a 0
Now, a - b = sin x - sin (x + /i) = - 2 cos x + — sin -
\ 2J 2 b~ a b - a c3~ a
b-
/ 3h A hh = (q-g)(c2 -a)(c3 - a)
b-c =sin(x + h)-sin(x + 2h)= -2 cos x + — sin —
\ 2 j 22 Similarly, /(- b) = (c3 - b) (c2 - b) (c3 - b)
and c - a = sin (x+ 2h) - sin x = 2 cos (x + h)sin h and g(x) = (q - x)(c2-x)(c3-x)
A 1 . ,
— = -(a + b + c) g(g) = /(- g)
n
2 2 2 g(b) = f(-b)
a-b b- c c-a
~h~
I + ~h~
I + ~h~ Now, from Eq. (ii), we get

1 y(0) = b& (g) ~ aS (fe)

= - [sin x + sin (x + h) + sin (x + 2/1)] X (b-a)
2' ’
2
h . I.h'
f - „2 cos ( x + —h} sin — • Ex. 42 lff(x) is a polynomial of degree < 3, prove that
__2 2
h 1 a f(a) /(x-a) 1 a a2
\ 1 b /(6) /(x-h) 1 b b2
2 c2
f n ( 3/i . hP
3h} 1 c /(c) /(x-c) 1 C
- 2 cos x + — sin — 2
__ 2 2 (2 cos (x + h)sin h
+ /(x)
h A h
(x - a)(x - b)(x - c)
k 2
/(x) A _B _
C
Um ~ = - (3 sin x) (cos2 x + cos2 x + 4 cos2 x) Sol. (x-a) + (x-&) + (x-c) [let]
h->oh2 2 (x - a)(x-Z>)(x - c)
= 9 sin x cos2 x (i)
On comparing the various powers of x, we get
x + Ct x+a x +a /(g) _ /(g)
• Ex. 41 Iff(x) = x+b x + c2 x + a , show that (a-b)(a-c) (a-b)(c-a)
x+b x+b x+c3 => B= ™ f(b)
(b-a){b-c) (a-b)(b-c)
f(x) is linear in x. Hence, deduce that /(0) = c_ /(c) W
(b-a) (c-a)(c-b) (b-c)(c-a)
where g(x) =(q -x)(c2 -x)(c3 -x).
564 Textbook of Algebra

Now, from Eq. (i), we get • Ex. 44 LetS be the sum of all possible determinants of
/(x) order 2 having 0, 1, 2 and 3 as their elements. Find the
(x - a)(x - t)(x - c) common root a of the equations
x2 +ax +[m + 1] =0,
f(c)
(c-b) -(c-a) + (b-a)
(x - a)________ (x - b) (x-c) x2 +bx + [m + 4] =0
(a - b)(b-c)(c - a) and x22 — ex + [m+15] = 0,

1 a f(a)/(x - a) such that a > S, where a + b + c = 0 and

1 b f(b)/(x-b) 1 2n r
m= lim — X — • ----
1 c f(c)/(x-c) +r2)

1 a a2 and [.] denotes the greatest integer function.

1 b b-.2 Sol. Let a be a common root of the given equations, then
1 c c2 a2 + aa + [m + 1] = 0
=> a2 + aa + [m] + 1 = 0 • A)
_ f(b) - /(a)
• Ex. 43 Iff(a, b) and a2 + ba + [m+ 4] = 0
b-a
=> a2 + fea + [m] + 4 = 0
_f(b,c)-f(a,b)
f(a,b,c) prove that
(c-a) and a2 - ca + [m + 15] = 0

/(*) f(b) /(c) 1 1 1 => a2 - ca + [m] +15 = 0 ...(iii)

/(a,b,c) = 1 1 1 a b c On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii) and subtracting Eq. (iii), we get
a b c a2 b2 c2 a2 + (a + b + c) a + [m] - 10 = 0

_ f(b, c) - /(a, b) a2 +0 + [m]-10 = 0 [•.•a + h + c = 0]

Sol. LHS =? f(a,b, c)
(c-a) => a2 + [m] - 10 = 0 ...(h)
f(c)~f(b) f(b)-f(a) 1 2n r
Also, m = lim — X
_ (c-b) (b — a) n n r=1 2
(c-a)
2n ,
r/n
(b-a) {/(c) - f(b)} -(c-b) {f(b) - f(a)} = lim £—•
n —> °° r = 1 n Jl + (r/n)2 '(1 + x2)
(b-a)(c - b)(c-a)
_ (f(a)-(c -b)- f(b) (c - a) + f(c)-(b - a)) (7(l + x2)]o=^-l
(a - b) (b - c) (c - a) Now, [m] = [V5 - 1] = 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 From Eq. (iv), we get
f(a) b c
-m a c
+ f(c)
a b a2 +1-10 = 0 => a2 =9
1 1 1
a =±3
a b c Now, number of determinants of order 2 having
a2 b2 c2
0,1,2,3 = 4! = 24
f(a) f(b) f(c) flj a2
1 1 1 Let A] = be one such determinant and their exists
a3 a4
a b c another determinant.
1 1 1
a3 a4
Let A2 = [obtained on interchanging and P»]
a b c al a2
a2 b2 c2
such that Aj + A2 = 0
f(a) f(b) f(c) 1 1 1 V 5 = Sum of all the 24 determinants = 0
1 1 1 + a b c = RHS Since, a > S => a > 0
a b c a2 b2 c2 a =3
 Chap 07 Determinants 565

• Ex. 45 lfax,a2,a3 andbx,b2,b 3 G R and are such that which is true.

Ojbj tlforl <i,j<3, Case II If at > a2 > a3 and bj > b2 > b 3
ai -a2 >0, a2 -a3 >0
l-a3b32
and b] ~ b2 > 0, b2 ■ b3 > 0
1-a^i 1 -af>2 1-^to
ax -a3 > 0 => a3 -ax <0
1 -a32bl 1 -a2bl 1-a%bl
> 0 provided either and bj b3 > 0 —b3 bx <0
1 -a2b} 1 -a2b2 1 — a 2 b3 Hence, to-a2)(a2-a3)(a3-aJcO
1 —a^bl and (^ - b2)(b2 - b3)(b3 - bj <0
1 — a3b2 1 “ a3b3
to -a2)to -aJto ~b2)
flj <a2 <a3 andbx <b2 <b 3 ora} >a2 >a3 and to - b3)(b3 - bj > 0
b)>b2 >b3. which is true.

x3-y3 = (x-y)(x2 +xy + y2) = 2 • Ex. 46 Show that a six-digit number abcdef is divisible by
Sol. Since,
x-y (x-y) 11, if and only ifab +cd + ef is divisible by 11. Hence or
otherwise, find one set of values of two-digit numbers x, y
Hence, the given determinant becomes
x 23 42
1 + a^! 4-af bf 1 + axb2 + al b2
2 1 + at b3 + a2x bl
and z, so that the value of the determinant 13 37 y is
1 + a2 bx + al bf l+a2b2+a2b2 l+a2b3+albl >0
19 z 34
1+ + al bf 1 + a3b2 + al b2 1 +a3 b3 + al bl
divisible by 99 (without expanding the determinant).
1 al 1 b. a? Sol. Since, abcdef = abOOOO + cdOO + ef
=> 1 a2 a2 x 1 b2 bl >0 = (9999 + 1) ab + (99 + 1) cd + ef
1 a3 *3 1 b3 bl = 9999 ab + 99 cd + ab + cd + ef
Given, abcdef is divisible by 11, if and only if ab + cd + ef is
=> to -a2)(a2 -a3)(a3 - ax)(br - b2)
divisible by 11. Now, let x = ab,y = cd and z = ef.
to - b3)(b3 — bj) > 0
[each being a two-digit number]
1 a a2 x 23 42 ab 23 42
1 b b.2 = (a- b)(b-c)(c - a)' Again, let A = 13 37 13 37 cd
y
1 c c2 19 z 34 19 ef 34
Case I If at <a2 < a3 and bj < b2 < b3, then Applying RX—>RX + 100 R2 + 10000 R 3, we get
to -a2)<0,(a2 -a3)<0 1913abe/3723 34cd42
and to — b2) < 0, (b2 — b3) < 0 A= 13 37 cd
(a, -a3)<0 19 eeff 34
and to -b3)<0
(a3-a1)>0 Now, 1913ab is divisible by 11, if and only if
19 + 13 + ab = 32 + ab is divisible by 11 => ab = 01,12,23,...
to - kJ > 0
Again, 1913ab is divisible by 9, if and only if
Then, to -a2)(a2 -a3)(a3 -a,)>0
l+9 + l+ 3 + a + b = 14 + a + bis divisibe by 9.
and to — b2) (b2 - b3) (b3 — bx) > 0
The above two conditions are satisfied for a - 6, b = 7. Thus,
(al ~a2) (a2 ~ aj) (a3 — ai) to ~ ^2)
x = 67. Similarly, y = 23 and z = 39.
to — b3)(b3 - bj) > 0
g Determinants Exercise 1:
Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 30 multiple choice questions. 7. If /(x) = a + bx + ex 2 and a, 0 and y are the roots of th<
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of a b c
which ONLY ONE is correct
equation x3 = 1, then b c a is equal to
3 1 + /(1) l + /(2)
c a b
1. If/(n) = an +Pn and 1 + /(1) l + /(2) l + f(3)
(a) /(a) + /(p) + /(y)
l + /(2) l + /(3) l + /(4) (b) /(a)/(P) + /(P)/(y) + /(y)/(a)
= k(l-a)2 (1-P)2 (a -p)2,/c2dis equal to (c) /(a)/(p)f(y)
(a) 1 (b) - 1 (d) -/(a)/(P)/(Y)
(c) ap (d) apy cos 2x sin2 x cos 4x
x+a x+b x+a-c 8. When the determinant sin2 x cos 2x cos2 x is
2. Let A(x) = x + b x-1 and cos2 x cos2x
cos 4x
x+c x+d x-b + d
expanded in powers of sin x, the constant term in that
f■22
A(x) dx = - 16, where a, b, c andd are in AP, then the expression is
Jo
(a) 1 (b)0 (c)-l (d) 2
common difference of the AP is equal to
(a) ±1 (b) ± 2 (c) ± 3 (d)±4 9. If [ ] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to

1 + x2 x3 the real number under consideration and

X
X
3.IfA(x)= Iogf(l + x2) e sin x , then
sin2 x M+1 [y] [*]
COS X tan x

(a) A(x) is divisible by x (b) A(x) = 0

determinant to [y]+i [z] is

(c)A'(x) = 0 (d) None of these to [y] [z] + l

(a) [x] (b)[y)
4. If a, & and c are sides of a triangle and (c)[Z] (d) None of these
a2 b2 c2 y2 x2
-xy
(a + 1)2 (b + l)2 (C + 1)2 = 0, then 10. The determinant a b c is equal to
(a-I)2 (t-1)2 (c-1)2
a b' c'
(a) AABC is an equilateral triangle bx + ay ex + by a'x + b'y bx + cy
(b) AABC is a right angled isosceles triangle (a) (b)
b'x+a'y c'x+b'y ax + by b'x+c'y
(c) AABC is an isosceles triangle
(d) None of the above bx + cy ax + by ax + by bx + cy
(c) (d)
a X x X
b'x+c'y a'x + b'y a'x + b'y b'x + c'y

5. If
X p X X
= f(x) - xf'(x), then f(x) is equal to
11. If A, B and C are angles of a triangle, the value of
x X y x e2iA e~iC e~iB
x x x 8 e-iC e2iB e-“ is (where i = -/-T)
(a) (x - a) (x - P) (x - y) (x - 8) e-* e~iBA e 2iC
(b) (x + a) (x + p) (x + y) (x + 8)
(a) 1 (b)-l (c)-2 (d)-4
(c) 2(x - a) (x - P) (x - y) (x - 8)
(d) None of the above % n+2 x 2n
xn
a b-c c+b 12. If 1 xa a = 0, V x G R, where n G N,
X n+5 % a+ 6 x 2n + 5
6. If a + c b c - a = 0, the line ax + by + c = 0
a-b a+b c the value of a is
passes through the fixed point which is (a)n (b) n -1
(a) (1,2) (b)(l, 1) (c)(-2,1) (d) (1, 0) (c) n + 1 (d) None of these
 Chap 07 Determinants 567

13. If x, y andz are the integers in AP lying between 1 and 19. If f(x), g(x) and h(x) are polynomials of degree 4 and
9 and x51, y 41 and z 31 are three digits number, the /(x) g(x) h(x)
5 4 3 a b c = mx4 +nx3 + rx2 + sx +1 be an
value of x51 y 41 z31 is P 9 r
x yy z identity in x, then
(a) x + y + z /•'"(0)-/"(0) g"'(0)-r(0) h"'(Q)-h"(Q)
(b) x - y + z a b c
(c) 0
P <7 r
(d) None of the above
is equal to
14. If b{ cba2 b2c 2 and a 3b 3c 3 are three digit even
(a) 2 (3n + r) (b) 3 (2n - r)
Cl ai bi (c) 3(2n + r) (d)2(3n-r)
natural numbers and A = c2 a2 ^2 , then A is cos(x + a) cos(x + 0) cos(x + y)
c3 a3
bj 20. If /(x) = sin(x + a) sin(x + 0) sin (x + y) , then
(a) divisible by 2 but not necessarily by 4 sin(0-y) sin(y-a) sin(a-0)
(b) divisible by 4 but not necessarily by 8
/(0) - 2/(0) + /(\|i) is equal to
(c) divisible by 8
(a) 0 (b)a-p
(d) None of the above
(c) a + p + y ‘ (d) a + P - y
15. If a, b and c are sides of AABC such that
1 1 1
c bcosB + cp acosA + ba+cy
21. If a b c = (a - b) (b - c) (c - a) (a + b + c), where
a ccosB + a0 bcosA + ca + ay = 0 a3 b3 c3
b a cos B + b0 c cos A + aa + by
• a, b and c are all different, then the determinant
I Tt i 1 1 1
• I where a, 0, y G R + and Z.A, Z.B, Z.C * — L AABC is
(x-a)2 (x-b)2 (x-c)2 vanishes
(a) an isosceles (b) an equilateral (x-i»)(x-c) (x-c)(x-a) (x-a)(x-b)
(c) can’t say (d) None of these
when
16. If xb x2 and yb y2 are the roots of the equations
(a) a + b + c = 0 (b) x = - (a + b + c)
3x2 - 18x + 9=0 and y2 - 4y + 2 = 0, the value of the 3

*1*2 yi?2 1 (c) x = - (a + b + c) (d) x = a + b + c

2
determinant xi + x2 ?i+y2 2 is
22. beta, b, c G I? such that no two of them are equal and satisfy
sin(7tx1x2) cos (n/ 2y^2) 1
2a b c
(a)0 (b)l
b c 2a =0, the equation24ax2 + 4bx + c =0has
(c)2 (d) None of these
io r 10 z*> c 2a b
u4 C5 "Cm
n r 12
17. If the value of A = nc7 cm + 2 is equal to (a) atleast one root in 0, -
12 12 13 r
'-8 C9 '-'m + 4
(b) atleast one root in - -, -
zero, then m is equal to 2 2.
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) atleast one root in [-1, 0]
(c) 5 (d) None of these
(d) atleast two roots in [0,2]
18. The value of the determinant
1 sin (a-3)0 cos (a-0)0 23. The number of positive integral solution of the equation
x3++l1 x2y x2z
a sin a0
ctG cos a0 is independent of
a2 sin (a
(a -0)9
- 0) 9 cos (a-0)0 A2 y3+l A = 11 is
XZ yz2 z3 +1
(a) a (b)0
(c) 0 (d) a (a)0 (b)3 (c)6 (d)12
568 Textbook of Algebra

24. If/(x) = ax"2 + bx + c, a, b, c E R and equation 27. Given, /(x) = log10 x and g(x) = enix.
M- x = 0 has imaginary roots a, 3 y and § be the roots /■(x)-g(x) 1
2 a 5 If«x)= f(x2)g(x2) (/(x2))*”2’ 0 , the value of
/(/(*)) ~ x = 0, then 3 0 a is Z(x3)-s(x3) (/(x3))*1’’1 1
Y p 1 4>(10), is
(a)0 (b) purely real (a) 1 (b)22
(b) (c) 0 (d) None of these
(c) purely imaginary (d) None of these 28. The value of the determinant
25. If the system of equations 2x - y + z = 0, x - 2y + z = 0, 1 (a2x -a-2x)2 (a2x + a 2x)2
tx - y + 2z = 0 has infinitely many solutions and /(x) be 1 (32x-3'2x)2 (P2x + p-2x)2 , is
a continuous function, such that J(5 + x) + /(x) = 2, 1 (y2x ~y”2x)z (y2x + y-2x)2
21
then Jo f(x) dx is equal to (a) 0 (b) (aPy)2x (apy)- 2x (d) None of these
(c) (aPy)
(a) 0 (b) - 2t (c) 5 (d)t 29. If a, b and c are non-zero real numbers and if the

26. If (1 + ax + bx2 )4 = a0 + a! x + a2 x 2 +... + a8 x8, equations (a - l)x = y + z, (b - 1) y = z + x,

(c - 1) z = x + y has a non-trivial solution, then
where a, b, a0, an.... a8 G Ksuch that a0 + + a2 * 0 ab + be + ca equals to
o0 O1 o2 (a) a + b + c (b) abc (c) 1 (d) None of these
and ai o2 Go = 0, then 30. The set of equations Xx - y + (cos 0) z = 0,
a2 Oo «i 3x + y + 2z = 0, (cos 0) x + y + 2z = 0,0 < 0 < 2n, has non­
5 trivial solution(s)
(a) a = b=- (b) a = b=— (a) for no value of X and 0
4 8 4 32
(b) for all value of X and 0
(c) a = 1, b = - (d) None of these (c) for all values of X and only two values of 0
3
(d) for only one value of X and all values of 0

g Determinants Exercise 2:
More than One Correct Option Type Questions
■ This section contains 15 multiple choice questions. (a)0 (b) independent ofn
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of (c) independent of 0 (d) independent of x, y and z
which MORE THAN ONE may be correct. a b aa +b
2,2
a ab ac 34. The determinant b c ba + c is equal to
31. The determinant A = ab b2+x2 be is aa + b ba + c 0
ac be e2 + 2
zero,if
divisible by
(a) a, b and c are in AP
(a) x (b) x 2 (c)x3 (d) x4 (b) a, b, c, are in GP
32. The value of the determinant (c) a, b andc are in HP
/6 2i 3 + ^6 (d) (x - a) is a factor of ax2 + 2bx + C

12 V3 + V81 3V2 + V6 i , is (where i - J-l) 2 cos x 1 o

18 V2 + V12 i V27 + 2i 35. Let/(x) = 1 2 cos x i , then
(a) complex (b) real (c) irrational (d) rational 0 1 2 cos x

2*"’ 1
sin kQ
»<(?)-'
k(k + 1) n '3
33. Iffy = X y z , then £ Dk
n+1 k=l (c) f’r(x)dx=o
sin lO sin -0
n 2 , 2
2n -1 (d) /”j(x)dx = 0
n+ 1 6
sin -
2
is equal to
 Chap 07 Determinants 569

x2 -5x4-3 2x-5 3 4x - 4 (x-2)2 x3

36. If A(x) = 3xZ 4-X4-4 6x +1 9 41. IfA(x) = 8x-4>/2 (x-2V2)2 (x + 1)3 , then
7x2 -6x4-9 14x-6 21 12x - 4>/3 (x-2V3)2 (x-1)3
= ax3 +bx2 +cx + d, then (a) term independent of x in A(x) = 16(5-72-73)
(a)a = 0 (b) b = 0 (c)c = 0 (d)d = 47 (b) coefficient of x in A(x) = 48(1 4- -J2 - 73)
37. If a, b and c are the sides of a triangle and A, B and C are (c) coefficient of x in A(x) = 16 (5 + 72 - -J3)
the angles opposite to a, b and c respectively, then (d) coefficient of x in A(x) is divisible by 16
a2 bsin A C sin A 42. If
A = bsin A 1 cos A is independent of 3 3x 3x2 +2a2
C sin A cos A 1 f(x) = 3x 3x2 4-2a2 3x3 +6a2 x
(a) a (b)b (c)c (d) A, B.C 3x2 4-2a3 3x3 + £-‘2 x 3x4 + 12a2x2 +2a 4
-* 6a

a a2 0 then
38. Letf(a,b) = 1 (2a 4- b) (a 4- b)2 , then (a) /'(x) = 0
0 1 (2a + 3b) (b) y = /(x) is a straight line parallel to X-axis

(a) (a + b) is a factor of f(a, b) (c) Jo7(x)dx = 32a4

(b) (a 4 2b) is a factor of f(a, b)
(c) (2a + b) is a factor of f(a,b) (d) None of the above
(d) a is a factor of f(a, b) 43. If a> b>c and the system of equations ax + by 4- cz = 0,
sec2 x 1 1 bx 4- cy + az = 0, ex + ay + bz = 0 has a non-trivial
39. If/(x) = cos2 x cos2 X cosec 2x .then solution, then both the roots of the quadratic equation
at2 + bt + c, are
1 cos2 X cot2 x
(a) real
(.) dr = -(}« + ») (b) of opposite sign
(c) positive

MS- 0

(c) maximum value of f(x) is 1

(d) complex
44. The values of X and b for which the equations
x + y + z = 3, x + 3y + 2z = 6 and x + Xy + 3z = b have
(d) minimum value of f(x) is 0
(a) a unique solution, if X * 5, b e R
2
a a+x a + x2 +x 4 (b) no solution, if X * 5, b = 9
40. If 2a 3a + 2x2 4a + 3x2 4-2x4 (c) infinite many solution, X = 5, b = 9
(d) None of the above
3a 6a + 3x2 10a 4-6x2 +3x4
45. Let X and a be real. Let S denote the set of all values of X
2 + U3 X 3 4 5
= a0 4-Oj x 4-a2 x + a4 x +a5 x for which the system of linear equations
+ a6 x6 +a7 x7 and Xx + (sin a) y + (cos a) z = 0
x + (cos a) y + (sin a) z = 0
f(x) = + fl0 x 2 4 a3 x 4 a6, then
(a) /(x) > 0, V x 6 R if a > 0 - x + (sin a) y - (cos a) z = 0
(b) f(x) = 0, only if a = 0 has a non-trivial solution, then S contains
(c) f(x) = 0, has two equal roots (a) (-1.1) • (b) [-72,-1]
(d) f(x) = 0, has more than two root if a = 0 (c)[l,V2] (d) (—2,2)
570 Textbook of Algebra

g Determinants Exercise 3:
w Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 7 passages. Based upon each of the 51. If a3 + b3 + c3 -3abc = -3 and A = be -a2, B = ca-b2
passage 3 multiple choice questions have to be and C = ab - c2, then the value of aA + bB + cC, is
answered. Each of these questions has four choices (a), (b),
(a)-3 (b)3 (c)-9 (d) 9
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
Passage III
Passage I (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
(Q. Nos. 46 to 48) Ifa, p, y are the roots ofx3 + 2x 2-x-3=0
Consider the system of equations
a P Y
The system is called smart, brilliant, good and lazy 52. The value of y a P is equal to
according as it has solution, unique solution, infinitely P Y a
many solutions and no solution, respectively. (a) 14 (b) -2 (c)10 (d) 14
46. The system is smart, if 53. If the absolute value of the expression
(a) X * 5 or X = 5 andp = 13(b) X 5 andp = 13 a-1 B-l y-1
---------- 1----------- 1--------- can be expressed as —, where m and
(c) X * 5 and p # 13 (d) X 5 or X = 5 and p + 13 a+2 p + 2 y+2 n
47. The system is good, if m n2 .
(a) X * 5 or X = 5 and p = 13(b) X = 5 andp = 13 n are co-prime, the value of , is
m-n m+n
(c) X = 5 andp 13
(d) X * 5, p is any real number (a) 17 (b)27 (c)37 (d)47

48. The system is lazy, if 54. Ifa = a2 +p2 +y2, b = ap + pY+Ya>the value of
(a) X * 5 or X = 5 and p = 13 (b) X'= 5 and p = 13 a b b
(c) X = 5 andp * 13 (d) X /5 or X = 5 andp * 13 b 1a b > is
Passage II b b a
(Q.Nos. 49 to 51) (a) 14 (b) 49 (c) 98 (d) 196

«11 a12 a]3 Passage IV

Z/A = a21 a 22 fl23 and Cy = (-l)'+y My, where My (Q. Nos. 55 to 57)
<bi a 32 a33 Suppose f(x) is a function satisfying the following
is a determinant obtained by deleting ith row and conditions:
C|2 Cj3 (i) f(9) = 2, /(1) = 1
5
jth column, then C21 C22 C23 = A2. (ii) f (x)has a minimum value atx = -
2
C31 £<32 C33
2ax lax -1 lax + b +1
1 x x2 x3-l 0 x-x4 (iii)Forallx,f' (x) = b 5+1 -1
49. If X X2 1 = 5andA = 0 x-x4 X 3-l 2(ax + b) 2ax+2b + l lax + b
X2 1 X x-x4 x3-l 0
55. The value of f(2) + /(3) is
then sum of digits of A2, is (a)l (b)i3 (c) 2 5
(d)i
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 13 (d) 11 Lt Lt

50. Suppose a, b, ce R, a + b+c >0, A = be -a2,B = ca-b 2 56. The number of solutions of the equation /(x)+l = 0 is
A B C
9
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) infinite
and C = ab-c and B c A = 49, then the value of
57. Range of /(x) is
C A B
a3 +b3 +c3 -3abc,is 7 3
(a) ’’ 16 (b) « (d)
4 ’ 4
(a)-7 (b) 7 (c) -2401 (d) 2401
 Chap 07 Determinants 571

Passage V 62. If a, b, c are in GP, then

(Q. Nos. 58 to 60) (a)r3=p3q (b)p3=r3q (c)p3=q3r (d) <?3 = p3r
X e*-’ (x-l)3 63. If A =27 and a2 +b2 +c2 =2, then the value of Y.a2b, is
.2
If x-lnx cos(x-l) (x—1)‘ = a0+ “i (x-l)+a2(x-l)2 + ... (a)X2^-p) (b) 3(2-72 - r)
tanx sin2x cos2 X (c) 3(2-72—q) (d)X2^-p-q)

58. The value of cos ’(aj, is

Passage VII
(a)0 (b)- (c)^ (d)7t (Q. Nos. 64 to 66)
4 2
59. The value of lim (sin x)x is a2 +n ab ac
7fAn = ab b2 +n be , nE N and the equation
(a)l (b) e (c)e-l (d) None of these
ac be c2 +n
60. The equation whose roots are a0 and at, is
(a) x2 - x - 0 (b) x2-2x = 0 x3 -Xx +1 lx - 6 = 0 has roots a, b, c and a, b, c are in AP.
(c) x2 -3x = 0 (d) None of these 7
64. The value of X A„ is
Passage VI r=l

(Q. Nos. 61 to 63) (a)(12)3 (b)(14)3 (c)(26)3 (d)(28)3

-be b2 +bc c2 + be 65. The value of ^2- is
2
Let A = a +ac -ac c2 + ac and the equation A„
a2 +ab b2 + ab -ab (a) <8 (b) =8
x3 - px + qx - r = 0has roots a, b, c, where a,b,cER . (c)>8 (d) None of these
30 27 A, -A3/
61. The value of A is 66. The value of £ is
r= l 27r2 >
(a)<9r3 (b)>27r2 (c) < 27r2 (d)>81r3
(a) 130 (b) 190 (c) 280 (d) 340

g Determinants Exercise 4:
Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 questions. The answer to each 1 cos a COS P 0 cos a COS P
question is a single digit integer, ranging from 70. If cos a 1 cos y cos a 0 cos Y
0 to 9 (both inclusive). cos P cos Y 1 cos P cos y 0
32 + k 42 - 32+3 + fc
cos2 a + cos2 P + cos2 y is equal to
67. If 42 +fc 52 42 + 4 +k = 0,
52 + k 62 52 + 5 + k (b + c)2 a2 a2
71. Let f(a, b, c) = b2 (c + a)2 b2 the
the value of d2‘
ik
2k ^2k ...°o is c2 c2 (fl + b)2

68. Let a, p and Y are three distinct roots of greatest integer n E N such that (a + b + c)n divides
x-l -6 2 f (a, b, c) is
, . fill 1 . 1Y 1
-6 x-2 -4 = 0, the value of — + - + - is 72. If 0 < 0 < 7t and the system of equations
2 -44
— x-6
la P y..J
x = (sin 0) y + (cos 0)z
X ex"' (x-l)3 y-z + (cos0)x
n
2
69. If x - In x cos (x - 1) (x -1) z = (sin0) x + y
r-0
tan x sin2 x cos2 X 80
has a non-trivial solution, then — is equal to
the value of (2a° +3°* )a’ +1 is 71
572 Textbook of Algebra

1 1 1 1 1+a 1 1
1 2 3 4 75. If a * 0, b * 0, c 0 and 1 + b 1 + 25 1 = 0,
73. The value of the determinant is
1 3 6 10 1+c 1+c 1 + 3c
1 4 10 20 the value of|a-1 + 5-1 + c-1 | is equal to
74. If a, 5, c and d are the roots of the equation 76. If the system of equations
x4 + 2x 3 + 4x2 + 8x + 16 = 0, the value of the ax + hy + g = 0, hx + by + f = 0
1+a 1 1 1 and ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c + X = 0 has a
1 1+5 1 1 unique solution and
determinant is
1 1 1+c 1 abc + 2 fgh -af2 - bg2 - ch 2
— = 8, the value of X is
1 1 1 1+d h2 - ab

g Determinants Exercise 5:
Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 5 questions. Questions 77 to 81 have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and four
statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct matching with one or more
statements) given in Column BE.

77. Column I Column II

(A) If a,b,c are three complex numbers such that a2 + b2 + c2 = 0 and (P) 2
b2 + c2 ab ac
ab c„2 +, a„2 be = Xa252c2,then X is divisible by
ac be a2 + b 2
a a+b a+b+c
(B) If a,b,c & R and 2a 5a + 25 7a + 55 + 2c = -1024, then a is divisible by (q) 3

3a 7a + 35 9a + 75 + 3c
x-1 2x‘
2x 2-5 x3-l 4
(C) (r)
Let A(x) = 2x2 + 5 2x + 2 x3 + 3
2x and ax + b be the remainder, when A(x) is
x3 —1 x+1 3x2-2
x+1
divided by x2 -1, then 4a + 2b is divisible by
js) 2
(t) 6

78. _________ Column I _____________ Column II

(A) Let/;(x) = x + a1,/z(x) = x2‘ + 6jX + b2, Xj = 2, x2 = 3 and x3 = 5 and (P) Even number
1 1 1
A = fiM fi(x2) yj(x3) then A is
_f2(*i) ^(^2) ^2(^3)
1 5,
(B) If | aj — | = 6 and f(x) = 1 5j 2a1 - x , then the minimum value of /(x) is (q) Prime number
1 2b} - x flL
x-2 (x —1)',2 x3
If coefficient of x in f(x) = x-1 x2
(x+1)3 is X, then | X| is (r) Odd number
(C)
x (x+1)2 (x + 2)3

(s) Composite number

(0 Perfect number
 Chap 07 Determinants 573

79. Column I Column II

x2 + 3x x-1 x + 3
(A) If x2 +1 2 + 3x x-3 = ax4 + bx3 + ex2 + dx + e, then e + a is divisible by 2
(P)
x2-3 x+4 3x

x-1 5x 7
(B) if x2-l x-1 8 = ax3 + bx2 + ex + d, then (e + a - 3) is divisible by (q) 3
2x 3x 0

x.3 + 4x x + 3 x-2
(r) 5
(C) If x-2 5x x-1 = ax5 + bx* + ex3 + dx2 + ex + f, then (/ + e) is
x-3 x+ 2 4x
divisible by
6

(t) 7

80. Column I Column II

(A) If a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 and (P) independent of a
a2 + (b2 + c2)d ab(l-d) ca(l -d)
A= ab(l-d) b2 + (c2 + a2)d bc(l-d) , then A is
ca(l-d) bc(l-d) c2 + (a + b2)d

1 1 ~(a+b)
c c2
(B) If A =
~(b + c) 1 £ , then A is (q) independent of b
a2 a a
-bd(b + c) (ad + 2bd + cd) -(a + b)bd
a2c ac ac2
sin a cos a sin(a + d) (r)
(C)
IfA = sinb cosb sin(b + d) , then A is independent of c
sine cose sin(c + d)

(s) independent of d
(0 zero

81. Column I Column II

(A) If n be the number of distinct values of 2 x2 determinant whose entries are from (P) 2
the set {-1,0,1}, then (n-1)2 is divisible by

(B) If n be the number of 2 X2 determinants with non-negative values whose entries (q) 3
from the set {0,1}, then (n -1) is divisible by

(C) If n be the number of 2 x2 determinants with negative values whose entries from (r) 4
the set {-1,1}, then n(n +1) is divisible by

(s) 5

(t) 6
574 Textbook of Algebra

g Determinants Exercise 6:
w Statement I and II Type Questions
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 82 to 87) are Assertion-Reason type Statement-2 The value of skew-symmetric determinant
questions. Each of these questions contains two of odd order equals zero.
statements:
(1 + x)11 (1 + x)13
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason)
Each of these questions also has four alternative choices, 85. Statement-1 /(x) = (1 + x)21 (1 + x)23
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select (1 + x)31 (1 + x)33
the correct choice as given below.
the coefficient of x in /(x) = 0
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
3
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 Statement-2 If P(x) = a0 + arx + a2 x‘2 + a3x
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 +... + an xn, then a, = P' (0), where dash denotes the
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
differential coefficient.
(c) Statementl is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true 86. Statement-1 If system of equations 2x + 3y = a
r+ 1 n
82. Statement-1 If A(r) = then X A(r) = -3n and bx + 4y = 5 has infinite solution,
r+3 r+4 r=1 15 , 8
then a = — ,b = -
fi(r) f2(r) 4 5
Statement-2 If A(r) =
/3(r) fM Statement-2 Straight lines a tx + + c, = 0
n n
S />(r) I f2(r) and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 are parallel,
n
r=l r=l if£i = h^£L.
then E A(r) = n n
r=l
S /3(r) r t= 1 f4(r)
r=1
a2 ^2 c2

1 2 3
83. Consider the determinant 87. Statement-1 The value of the determinant 4 5 6 *0
a1 + b,x2 atx2 + hj ci
7 8 0
A = a2 + b2 x2 a2x2 +b2 c2 = 0,
3 + b 3 x2 a3 x2 + b3 C3 Statement-2 Neither of two rows or columns of
1 2 3
where ait bh ct e R(i = 1,2,3) and xe R
4 5 6 is identical.
Statement-1 The value of x satisfying A = 0 are 7 8 0
x = 1, - 1 *i Cl
88. Statement-1 The digits A, B and C re such that
Statement-2 If a2 b2 c2 = 0, then A - 0.
the three digit numbers A88, 6J38, 86C are divisible
^3 ^3 C3
A 6 8
84. Statement-1 The value of determinant by 72, then the determinant 8 B 6 is divisible
I 71 8 8 C
sin 7t COS I X + — tan x----
4J k 4 by 288.

I
71
sin x---- - cos
4. u
y'
In
\yj
is zero. Statement-2 A = B = ?

71
cot In tan 7t
4

(
 Chap 07 Determinants 575

g Determinants Exercise 7:
Subjective Type Questions
■ In this section, there are 20 subjective questions. 98. Show that the determinant A(x) is given by A(x) =
b+c c b sin(x + a) cos(x + a) a + xsina
89. Prove that c c +a a = 4abc. sin(x + p) cos(x + P) & + xsinP . is independent ofx.
b a a+b sin(x+y) cos(x+y) c + xsiny
a-b-c 2a 2a
Xcx xc2 xc3
90. Prove that 2b b-c -a 2b = (a + b + c)3.
99. Evaluate yC2 yc3
2c 2c c-a-b
zcx ZC2 ZC3
V13 + 73 2^5 75
100. (i) Find maximum value of
91. Find the value of determinant V15 +V26 5 fa 1 + sin2 x COS 2 X
— 4 sin 2x
3 + V65 V15 5
fM = sin2 x 1 + cos2 X 4 sin 2x
be ca ab
sin2 x cos2 X 1 + 4 sin 2x
92. Find the value of the determinant P ? r , where
(ii) Let A, B and C be the angles of a triangle, such that
1 1 1
A > B > C.
a, b and c respectively are the pth.q th and rth terms of a
harmonic progression. Find the minimum value of A, where
93. Without expanding the determinant at any stage, prove sin2 A sin A cos A cos2 A
A = sin2 B sin B cos B cos2 B
-5 3 + 5i - - 4i
2 sin2 C sin C’cos C cos2 C
that 3-5i 8 4+5i has a purely real value.
x -4x + 6 2x 2 +4x
- ■
■
+ 10 3x 2 -2x + 16
-

- + 4i 4 - 5i 9
2 101. Iff(x) = x-2 2x+2 3x-l
ah + bg g ab + ch
1 2 3
94. Prove without expanding that bf + ba f hb +be = a *3 x2sinx
then find the value of J ■f(x)dx.
ah + bg a h af + bc c bg+fc '-3 1+x6 ‘
bf + ba h b 102. IfY = sX andZ =tX all the variables beings functions of
af + bc g f X y Z
'i
x, then prove that x, Zx = X3
95. If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle and s2 t2
x2 y2 Z2
1 1 1
where suffixes denote the order of differentiation with
1+sinA 1+sinB 1+sinC = 0, respect to x.
sin A + sin2 A sinB + sin2B sinC+sin2C 103. If f,g and h are differentiable functions of x and
then prove that AABC must be isosceles. f S h
Py Py' + P'y PY A = (xfY (xgY (xhY , then prove that
96. Prove that ya yaz + y 'a y zaz (*2fY' (X2g)" (X2/!)"
ap ap' + a'P azpz f S h
= (aP'-a'P)(Py'-P'Y)(Ya,-Y/a). Az = f' g' h'
(*3f"Y (*3g"Y (*3h"Y
97. If y = where u and v are functions of x, show that
v 104. If[ai|>|a2| + |a3|,|b2|>|M + |b3|and
u v 0
a3
sdJy = u' V V
al a2

dx2 I c3 I > I ci I +l c2 |. then show that '2

u" v" 2v'
Cl C2 c3
576 Textbook of Algebra

(a-a,) (a-a,)' 107. Eliminates

(«-o2)‘2 (0-^2)
105. Show that «2 (i) a, feand c
(a-a3)'2 (a-a3) <*3 (ii) x, y, z from the equations
a2 n(a, — , r, , . by cz , czcz ax n
± — -------- -—. Write out the terms of the product m -a + -2- + — =0, -b + — + — =0
Ha, fl(a - a, )2 z y x z
the numerator and give the resulting expression its ax by n
correct sign. and -c + — + — = 0.
y x
106. Show that in general there are three values of t for
which the following system of equations has a 108. If x, z and y are not all zero and if
non-trivial solution (a - t)x + by + cz = 0,
ax + by + cz = 0, bx + cy + az = 0
bx + (c - t)y + az = 0 and ex + ay + (b - t)z = 0.
and ex + ay + bz = 0, then
Express the product of these values of t in the form of a prove that x:y:z=l:l:lorl:(O:(D or 1:0) :0)
determinant.

g Determinants Exercise 8:
Questions Asked in Previous 13 Year's Exam
■ This section contains questions asked in IIT-JEE, 113. Consider the system of equations
AIEEE, JEE Main & JEE Advanced from year 2005 to x-2y+3z = -l
year 2017.
-x + y-2z = k
109. If a2 + b2 + c2 = -2 and
x-3y + 4z = 1
l + a2x (l + fc2)x (l+c2)x
Statement-1 The system of equations has no solutions
/(*) = (l + a2)x l + b2x (l + c2)x , then f(x) is a
for k 3. [IIT-JEE 2008,3M]
(l + a2)x (l+b2)x l + c2x
and 1 3
polynomial of degree [AIEEE 2005, 3M] Statement-2 The determinant -1 -2 k * 0, for k t1
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d)0 1 4 1
110. The system of equations (a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2
ax+y + z = a-l, is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
x + ay + z = a-l (b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is
and x + y+az=a-l not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
has no solution, if a is [AIEEE 2005, 3M] (c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(a) not -2 (b)l (d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
(c)-2 (d) Either -2 or 1
114. Let a, b, cbe any real numbers. Suppose that there are
111. If Op #2> a3,..., a.n >• .. are in GP, then the determinant
real numbers x, y, z not all zero such that
logan logan+i l°gfln + 2 x = cy + bz, y = az + ex and z = bx + ay. Then,
A = logan+3 logan+4 logan + 5 is equal to a2 +b2 +c2 +2abc is equal to [AIEEE 2008,3MJ
log an +6 log A‘n + 7 log an +8 (a)-l (b) 0 (c) 1 (d)2
[AIEEE 2005, 3M]
(a)l (b)0 (C)4 (d)2 115. Let a, b, c be such that b(a+c) / 0. If
1 1 1 a aa+1
+1 a-1 a+1 b+1 c-1
112. IfD = 1 1+x 1 -b b+1 b-1 + a-1 b-1 c+1 =a
n
1 1 1+y [AIEEE 2007, 3M] c c-1 c+1 (-l)n+2 a (-l)n^b (-l)kc
(a) divisible by neither x nor y then the value of n is [AIEEE 2009,4M1
(b) divisible by both x and y (a) any integer (b) zero
(c) divisible by x but not y (c) an even integer (d) any odd integer
(d) divisible by y but not x
 Chap 07 Determinants 577

1 tan0 1 122. Which of the following values of a satisfy the equation

116. If/(0)=-tan0 1 tan0 , then the set (1+a)2 (l + 2a)2 (l+3a)2
-1 -tan0 1 (2+a)2 (2+2a)2 (2+3a)2 = -648a?
71
f(0):O<0<- is
/(0):O<0<- (3+a)2 (3 + 2a)2 (3+3a)2
I 2. [IIT-JEE 2011.2M]
[JEE Advanced 2015, 4M]
(a)(-~,-l)u(l,«>) (b)[2,~) (a)-4 (b)9
(c)(-~,0]u[2,oo) (d)(-«>,-l]u [!,«■) (c)-9 (d) 4
117. The number of values of k for which the linear equations 123. The system of linear equations
4x + ky + 2z = 0 x+Xy-z=0
kx + 4y + z = 0 Xx-y-z = 0
2x + 2y + z = 0 x+y-Xz=0
Possess a non-zero solution is [AIEEE 2011,4M] has a non-trivial solution for [JEE Main 2016, 4M]
(a) zero (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1 (a) exactly one-value of X
118. If the trivial solution is the only solution of the system (b) exactly two values of X
of equations (c) exactly three values of X
(d) infinitely many values of X
x-ky+z = 0
• kx+3y-kz = 0 124. The total number of distinct x e R for which
3x + y-z = 0 x x2 1 + x3
Then, the set of values of k is 2x 4x2 l+8x3 = 10 is
(a) {2,-3} (b)R-{2,-3} 3x 9x2 l + 27x3
(c) R - {2} (d) R - {-3} [AIEEE 2011, 4M] [JEE Advanced 2016, 3M]
119. The number of values of k for which the system of 125. Let a, X, [16 R Consider the system of linear equations
equations (k + l)x + 8y = 4fc; kx + (k + 3)y = 3k -1
ax + 2y = X
has no solution, is
3x-2y =n
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) infinite [JEE Main 2013, 4M] Which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct?
[JEE Advanced 2016, 4M]
120. If a, 3 *0 and f(n) = a" + pn and
(a) If a = -3, then the system has infinitely many solutions
3 1 + /(1) l + /(2) for all values of X and |1
1+/(1) 1+7(2) 1+7(3) =fc(l-a)2(l-P)2(a-p)2. (b) If a * -3, then the system has a unique solution for all
1+7(2) 1 + 7(3) 1 + 7(4) values ofXandp.
(c) If X + [1 = 0, then the system has infinitely many solutions
then k is equal to [JEE Main 2014, 4M]
for a = -3
(a)l (b)-l (d) If X + p * 0, then the system has no solution for a = -3
(c)ap (d) 1/ ap
126. If S is the set of distinct values of ‘b’ for which the
121. The set of all values of X for which the system of linear
following system of linear equations
equations
2xj -2x2 + x3 = Xxj x+y+z=l
x + ay + z = 1
2x1 -3x2 +2x3 = Xx2
ax + by + z =0
-Xj +2x2 = Xx 3
[JEE Main 2015,4M] has no solution, then S is [JEE Main 2017, 4M]
has a non-trivial solution
' . (a) an infinite set
(a) contains two elements
(b) a finite set containing two or more elements
(b) contains more than two elements
(c) a singleton
(c) is an empty set
(d) is a singleton (d) an empty set
 Answers
Exercise for Session 1 52. (c) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (a) 56. (a) 57. (c)
l.(d) 2. (d) 3.(c) 4- (b) 5. (c) 6. (d) 58. (c) 59. (a) 60. (d) 61. (b) 62. (d) 63. (b)
7. (b) 64. (b) 65. (a) 66. (c) 67. (2) 68. (9) 69. (2)
70.(1) 71.(3) 72. (6) 73.(1) 74.(8) 75.(3)
Exercise for Session 2 77. (A) -»(p, r); (B) —> (p, r); (C) —> (p, q, s, t)
76.(8)
1.(C) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4.(c) 5. (a) 6.(b)
78. (A) ->(p,s,t); (B) -> (r,t); (C) ->(p,q)
7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (d)
79. (A) -> (r); (B) -> (r, t); (C) -> (p, q, s)
Exercise for Session 3 80. (A) -> (p, q, r); (B) -> (p, q, r, s,t); (C) -> (p, q,r, s,t) -
l-(b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6- (d) 81. (A) ->(p,r); (B) —»(p,q,r,t); (C)-»(p,r,s)
7.(d) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (a) 82. (c) 83. (b) 84. (a) 85. (a) 86. (b) 87. (b)
13. (a) 14. (a) 88. (c) 91.15V2-25V3

Exercise for Session 4 92.0 99. — xyz(x- y\y-z)(z-x)

12
l.(c) 2.2-(b)
(b) 3.(b) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (b)
100. (i) 6(ii) 0 101.0
7. (b) 8.8.(c)
(c) 9. (d) 10. (a)
105. -a2 (a, - a2)(a2 -a3)(a3-ai')
Chapter Exercises a b c
l.(a) 2.(b) 3. (a) 4- (c) 5. (a) 6- (b) 106. b c a
7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (d) 12. (c)
c a b
13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (a)
19. (d) 20. (a) 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (b) zx ^+1 = 0 (ii) a3 + b3 + c3 = 5 abc
30. (a)
107.(i)4 + ^ +
25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (b) z2
31. (a, b, c, d) 32. (b, d) 33. (a, b, c, d) 34.(b, d)
109. (b) 110. (c) 111. (b) 112.(b) 113. (a) 114. (c)
35. (a, c, d) 36. (a, b, c) 37. (a, b, c, d) 38. (a, b, d)
115. (d) 116. (b) 117. (c) 118.(b) 119. (a) 120. (a)
39. (a, b, c, d) 40. (a, c, d) 41. (a, b) 42. (a, b)
43. (a, b) 44. (a, c) 45. (a, b, c) 46. (a) 121. (a) 122. (b,c) 123. (c) 124. (2) 125. (b,c,d)

47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (b) 51. (b) 126. (c)
 Applying R2 -» R2 - Rit then

Solutions
1. v/(n) = a" + p" Also,
f2
Jo
A(x) =
x + a x+a+D
2D 2D
= 2D(x+ a -x-a - D) = -2D2

I A(x)dx = -16

3 1 + /(1) l + /(2) => -2D2(2) = -16

Let A = 1 + /(I) l + /(2) l + f(3) D2 = 4 or D = ±2
1 + f(2) l + /(3) l + /(4)
x 1 + x2 x3
3 1+a+p 1 +a2 + p2
3. Let A(x) = loge(l + x2) ex sin x
1 + CL + P 1 +a2 + P2: 1 + a3 + P3
COS X tan x sin2x
l + a2 + p2: 1 + a3 + p3: 1 + a4 + P4
2
= a + bx + ex 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
On putting x = 0, we get
1 a P X 1 a P 1 a P 0 1 0
1 a2 P2 1 a2 P2 1 a2 P2 0 1 0 =a
Applying C2 -> C2 - C( and C3 —» C3 - Cv then
2
1 0 0
1 0 0
0=a
or a = 0, then
A= 1 a -1 P-1 ^x) = bx + cx2 +...
Hence, A(x) is divisible by x.
1 a2-l P2 -1
a2 b2 c2
Expanding along Rp we get
2 2 4. Given, (a + I)2 (b + 1)2 (c+1)2 = 0
a-1 p-1 1 1
A= = (a-l)2(p-l)2 (a-1)2 (fr-1)2 (c-1)2
a2-l p2-l CL + 1 P + 1
= (a -1 )2(P -1)2 (p -a)2=(1 - a)2 (1 - P)2 (a - p)2: a2 b2 c2
2
= fc(l-a)2(l-p)2(a-p)2 [given] => a2 + 2a + 1 b2 + 2b + 1 c2 + 2c + 1 = 0
a2 -2a + 1 b2-2b + 1 c2 -2c + 1
k=l
2. v a, b, c and d are in AP. Let D be the common difference.then Applying R2 —» R2 - R 3, then
b = a + D, c = a + 2D, d = a + 3D ...(i) a2 b2 c2
x+a x+b x+a-c 4a 4b 4c =0
and A(x) = x + b x+c x-1 a2-2a + l b2-2b + l c2-2c + l
x+c x+d x-b+ d 1
Applying R3 —> R3 - Rx + -R2, then
On putting the values of b, c and d from Eq.(i) in ^x), then 2
x+a x+a+D x-2D a2 b2 c2
A(x) = x + a + D x + a + 2D x-1 4 a b c =0
x + a + 2D x + a + 3D x + 2D 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
Applying R2 -> R2 - - (R} + R3), then
’ 2 => a c =0
b [■•' R\ R 3]
x+a x+a + D x-2D 2
b2 c2
1 1 1
A(x) = 0 0 -1
a b c =0
a„2 bA22 x.c 2
x + a + 2D x + a + 3D x + 2D
=> (a-b) (ft-c)(c-a) = 0
Expanding along R2, then a-b = 0orb-c = 0orc-a = 0
x+a x+a+D => a-b or b = c or c = a
A(x) =
x + a + 2D x+ a + 3D Hence, zLABC is an isosceles triangle.
580 Textbook of Algebra

a X x x a b c

5. LetA =
X p x x 7. v b c a = - (a3 + b2 + c3 - 3abc)
x X Y x c a b
x x x 8 = -(a + b + c)(a + bco + cco2)(a + bco2 + cco)
Applying C2 —> C2 — Cv C3 —> C3 - C] and Cp then [where co is cube roots of unity]
a x-a x — a x -a = -/(a)/(P)/(Y) [va = l,p=(o,Y=<o2]
x P-x 0 0
cos2x sin2x cos 4x
A=
X 0 y-x 0 2 2
8. LetA = sin x cos2x cos x
x 0 0 8-x
cos 4x cos22x cos 2x
Expanding along first column, then
A = a (P - x) (y - x) (8 - x) - x (x - a) (y - x) (8 - x) 1-2 sin 2 x sin2x 1 -8sinzx(l -sin2x)
+ x (8 - x) (x - a) (x - P) - x (x - a) (p - x) (y - x) sin2x 1 -2sin2x 1 -sin2x
= (x-a)(x-p) (x — y) (x-8)-x[(x-a)(x-y) (x-8) 1 -8sin2x(l -sin2x) 1 - sin2x 1 -2sin2x
+ (x-P)(x-y)(x-8) i 0 1
+ (x - a)(x - P) (x - 8) + (x - a) (x - p) (x - Y)] [given] The required constant term is o 1 1
= f(x)-x/'(x) i 1 1
/(x)=(x-a)(x-p)(x-Y)(x-8) Applying C3 -> C3 - C}, then
a b-c c+ b 1 0 ••• 0
6. Given, a+c b c-a =0
a—b a+ b c 0 1 • 1 = 1(0-1) = -!
a2 b -c c+b
1_
=> a2 + ac b c-a =0 1 1 0
a
a2 - ab a + b c 9. v -1 <x<0 => [x] = -l
Applying Cj —> C\ + bC2 + cC3, then Q<y <1 => [y] = o
a2 + b2 + c2 b-c c+b 1 <z <2 =* [z] = l
0 0 1
=> a2 + b2 + c2 b c-a =0
a W+l [y] [X]
a2 + b2 + c2 a+b c
Let A = [x] [y] +1 [x] -1 1 - 1
Applying R2 —> R2 ~ and f?3~> R3- Rt, then [x] [y] [x] + l
a2 + b2 + c2 ••• b-c c-b -1 0 2
0 1
1 Expanding along C2, then A = = l=[z]
=> - 0 c -b - a = 0 -1 2
a
y2 -xy x2 xy2 -xy x2y
0 -b 1
10. Let A = a b c ax b cy
a' *y b'
Expanding along Cp then b' c' a'x c'y
(a2 + b2 + c2) c -b -a
=> =0 Applying Cj —> C\ + y C2 and C3 —> C3 + xC2, then
a a+c -b 0 ••• -xy ••• 0
(a2 + b2 + c2)
=> [(- be + (b + a) (a + c)] = 0
fl A = — ax + by b bx+ cy
(a2 + b2 + c2) (- be + ab + be + a2 + ac) xy
=>
a b' b'x + c'y
=> (a2 + b2 + c2) (a + b + c)= 0
Expanding along Rv then
a2 + b2 + c2 #0 1 ax + by bx + cy
=---- xy-
a + b+c=0 xy a
Therefore, line ax + by + c = 0 passes through the fixed point ax + by bx+ cy
(1, !)• a'x+b'y b'x + c'y
 Chap 07 Determinants 581

11. v In a triangle A + B + C = n and eK = cos n + i sin n = -1 14. AsOjbtCj,a2b2c2 and a3b 3c 3 are even natural numbers each of
ei(B + C) _el(x-A) _eU __e-M
Cp c2, c3 is divisible by 2.
e"i(fl + C) =-e'x Let Cj = 2 X, for i = 1,2,3 and X, e N, then
Similarly, e~1 {A + B) = - e>c and e'‘(C + A} = - e IB 2Xi fli bt

Taking e,A, e iB,eiC common from R,, R 2 and R 3 respectively, A = 2X2 b2 = 2 X,2 a2 b2 = 2m
2X3 a3 ^3 a3 b3
we get
e,A g-i(A + C) 1(4 + B)
where m is some natural number. Thus, A is divisible by 2.
1(4+ B)
a
A -
= ea M-eo e«iC e-/(B + Q That A may not be divisible by 4 can be seen by taking the
e-HB + Q e-KA + C) elC three numbers as 112,122 and 134.
2 1 1
-e‘c A= 2 1 2 = 2(3-2)-1(6-8) + 1(2 - 4) = 2
-eIA eiB -eiC 4 1 3
-elA -e^ eiC
which is divisible by 2 but not by 4.
Taking e iA,e iB iC
common from Cp C2 and C3 respectively, c b cos B + cP a cos A + ba + cy
>
we get 15. LetA = a ccosB + ap bcosA + ca + ay
1 -1 -1 b a cos B + bp c cos A + aa + by
A = (-l)e'A-e IB ■elC
-1 1 -1 Applying C2 -+ C2 - PCj and C3 —> C3 - yCp then
-1 -1 1 C b cosB a cos A + ba

1 -1 -1 A= a c cosB b cos A + ca
= (-l)eiR -1 1 -1 b a cosB c cosA + aa
-1 -1 1 Applying C3 —> C3 - a sec B C2, then
1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 c b cos B a cos A c b a
= (-!)(-!) -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 A= a c cos B b cos A = cos A cos B a c b
-1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 b a cos B c cos A b a c
a c
Applying C2 —> C2 + Q and C3 -> C3 + Q, then
Applying C, ++ C3, then A = - cos A cos B b c a
1 0 0
c a b
A = -1 0 -2 = 1(0 -4) = -4
= - cos A cos B (a + b + c)-^[(a - b)2 + (b -c)2 + (c - a)2]
-1 -2 0
Given, cos A * 0, cos B * 0 and a + b + c * 0
12. Taking x 5 common from R 33,’ then
A=0
xn + 2 x2"
xn (a - b)2 + (b - c)2 + (c - a)2 = 0
x5 1 a = 0, V x e R which is independent, when a-b = 0, b-c = 0 and c - a = 0
xn xa + l x2" i.e., a=b=c
a+l-n+2 => a = n + 1 Hence, AABC is an equilateral.

16. Here, x, + x2 =6, XjX2 =3 ...(i)

(i) and yj + y2 = 4. yiy2=2
5 4
Let A = x51 y41 *1*2 7172 1

x z Let A = *1 + *2 71 + 72 2
y
sin (TtXjX,) cos ^7i72
5 4 3 1

lOOx + 50 + 1 lOOy + 40 + 1 lOOz +30 + 1

X z 3 2 1
y
1 6 4 2 [from Eq. (i)]
Applying R2 -> R2 - -(Rj + R 3), then (71
2 ‘ sin 3n cos — 1
\4
5 0 3
lOOx + 50 + 1 0 lOOz + 30 + 1 [from Eq. (i)] 3 2 i
x 0 z Applying R, -+ R2 - 2RP then A = 0 0 0 =0
1
=0 [•.• all elements of C, are zeroes] 0 1
y?
582 Textbook of Algebra

10^
10C4 C5 ”C Now, subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (v), we get
17. vA = '-6 nC
C7 ,2rum+ 2 no) -P(O) g"(0)-g'(0) no) -h"(0)
I2C
I2C 13c’-'m + 4 abc
P 9 r
Applying C2 —> C2 + C] and use Pascal’s rule
(nCr +nCr_1=n+1Cr), then = 6n - 2r = 2 (3n - r)
cos (x + a) cos (x + P) cos (x + y)
10z>
c4 nC5 ucm 20. •.• f(x) = sin (x + a) sin (x + p) sin (x + y)
A= ‘^6 % ,2C
um+ 2 = 0 [given] sin(p-y) sin(y-a) sin(a~P)
12c8 13c9 13ccm+ 4
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, then
m =5 -sin(x + a) -sin(x + P) -sin(x+y)
1. sin (a - P) 0 cos (a - P) 0 /'(*) = sin (x + a) sin (x + P) sin (x + y)
18. Let A = a sin a0 cos a0 sin (P - y) sin (y-a) sin (a - P)
a2 sin (a - P)
p) 0 cos (a - P) 0 cos (x + a) cos (x + P) cos (x + y)
Applying R, —> jR, - R3, then + cos (x + a) cos (x + p) cos (x + y)
1 - a2 ••• (0 0
sin(p-y) sin(y-a) sin(a-P)
sin(x + a) sin(x + p) sin(x + y)
A= a sin a0 cos a0 sin (x + a) sin (x + P) sin (x + y)
sin (P - y) sin (y - a) sin (a - P)
a2 sin(a - P) 0 cos (a - p) 0 cos(x + a) cos(x + P) cos(x + y)
+ cos(x + a) cos(x + P) cos(x + y)
Expanding along Rv then
sin(P-y) sin(y-a) sin(a-P)
sin a0 cos a0
A=(l-a2) = 0+0 [•.■ R, and R 2 are identical]
sin (a - P) 0 cos (a - p) 0
=0
= (1 - a2) [sin a0 • cos (a - P) 0 - cos a0 sin (a - P) 0] .-./(x) = c [constant]
= (1 - a2) sin (a0 - a0 + p0) = (1 — a2) sin P0 Now, /(0) - 2/((|)) + /(y) = c - 2c + c = 0
1 1 1
f(x) g(x) ft(x) 21. LetA = a b C
4 3 2
19. Let F(x) = abc = mx + nx + rx +sx+ t a3 b3 c3 1 1 1
P 9 r a b c
...(i) Taking a, b, c common from Cp C2, C3, then = abc 1 1 1
On differentiating twice and thrice of Eq. (i) w.r.t.x, then a2 b2 cJ
f"(x) g*(x) h"(x) On multiplying in R j by abc, then
F"(x) = a b c
be ca ab 1 1 1
P 9 r
A= 1 1 1 be ca ab [K, hR:]
= 12mx2 + 6nx + 2r ...(ii) 2J,2z.2
abc b2 a2 b2 c2

f"'(x) g"'(x) h"'(x) 1 1 1

F"'(x) = abc = 24mx + 6n (iii) a2 b2 C2 [fl2 +» R J
P 9 r be ca ab

On putting x = 0 in Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get = (a - b) (b - c) (c - a) (a + b + c)

1 1 1
/"(0) g"(0) h"(0)
Now, D = (x-a)2 (x-6)2 (x-c)2
abc = 2r -(iv)
(x-b)(x-c) (x-c)(x-a) (x-a)(x-b)
P 9 r
= (b -a)(c - b) (a - c) (3x - a - b - c)
f"(0) g"(0) h"(0) Now, given that a, b andc are all different, then D = 0
and a b c = 6n (v) 3x -a - b - c = 0
P 9 r 1 ,
x = - (a + b + c)
 Chap 07 Determinants 583

22. Given, determinant Similarly, /[/(x)] - x<0, VxgR

2a (be - 4a2) - b (b2 - 2ac) + c (2ab - c2) = 0 Thus, roots of the equation f[f(x)] - x = 0 are imaginary
=> - [(2a)3 + b3 + c3 -3-2a b-c] = 0 2 a 8
Let z= p 0 a
=» l(2a + b + c) [(2a-&)2 + (t-c)1+(c-2a)2] = 0
Y P 1
=> 2a + b + c = 0 ...(i) [v b * c ]
2 a 8 2 ? y 2 a 8
Let /(x) = 8ax3 + 2bx2 + ex + d
Then, z= p 0 a = a 0 P p 0 a =z
r fl
/(0) = d and. for (-| =a + - + - + d = 2a + b + c + d Y P 1 6 a 1 Y P 1
' '' ' 12
\2J 2 2 2
Hence, z is purely real.
=~+d=d [from Eq. (i)] 25. For infinitely many solutions
2
A = Aj = A2 = A3 = 0
2-11
-1
So, /(x) satisfies Rolle's theorem and hence f'(x) = 0 has A = 0 => 1 -2 1 = 0 => t = 5
1* t -1 2
atleast one root in 0, - .
. '2. ‘
For t = 5, A, = A2 = A3 = 0
x3 + 1 x2z r-2t f-10 f-5 f-io
Now, f /(x) dx = [ /(x) dx = J /(x) dx + J /(x) dx
23. Given, xy2 y3 + 1 y2* = 11 J0 JO JO J-5
e-10 f-10
xz2 y*2 z3 + 1 = J s /(x + 5)dx+J_s f(x)dx
Taking x, y, z common from Q, C2, C3 respectively, then f-10
x3+l
= J_5 [/(x + 5)+ f(x)]dx
x2 x2
x f-10
= J 5 2dx = 2(-10 + 5)
y3 4-1
=> xyz y2 y2 = 11
y = -10 = -2t
z3 + 1 26. On putting x = 0, we get a0 = 1
z2 z2
z
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x and putting x = 0, we get
On multiplying R , by x, R2 by y and R3 by z, we get
a, =4a
x3+ 1 x3 x3
On differentiating again w.r.t. x and putting x = 0, we get
=> y3 y3+l y3 = 11
2a2 = 12a2 + 8b
z3 z3 z3+l
or a2 =6a2 + 4b
Applying R] Rj + R2 + R3, then
ai a, a2
x3 + y3 + z3 + l x3 + y3+z3 + 1 x3+y3+z3+l
Also, given a0 a2 a0 = 0
y’ y3 + 1 = 11
a2 a0 al
z3 z3 z3 + l
-(a3 + a3 + a 2 3a 0O] a2) — 0
Applying C2 -» C2 - Cj and C3 -> C3 - Q, then
1 2 2
x3 + y3 + z3 + l 0 0 -(a0 + a, + a2)[(a0-a1) +(a!-a2)
+ (a2“ao)2l = 0
y3 1 0 = 11
z3 0 a0 + a, + a2 * 0
■ 1
(a o — a J + (a j — a 2) + (a 2 — a 0) =0
=> x3 + y 3* + z 3s + 1 = 11
=> a0-a!=0,0^00 = 0, a2-a0 = 0
=> x3 + y3 + z3=10 a0 = a, = a,
Therefore, the ordered triplets are (2,1,1), (1,2,1) and (1,1,2).
=> 1 = 4a =6a2 + 4b
24. v /(x) - x = 0 has imaginary roots.
1 □ l 5
Then, f(x) - x > 0 or /(x) - x, 0, V x e R => a = - and b = —
4 32
for f(x) - x > 0, V x 6 R, 27. v /(x) = log10 x and g(x) = e xix
then Ox)]-/(x)>0,VxeR
/(10) = log,010 = l
On adding, we get
/[/(x)] -x>0, VxeR and gdO) = e10x(=(-l),0 = l
584 Textbook of Algebra

/(10!) = log,0102=2 => (cos 0 - 3) (2 + cos 0) = 0

and g(102) = e1“"'=(-l)'00 = 1 cos0 = 3,-2, where —2 is neglected.
X -1 cos 0
/(10’) = loglo10’=3
Hence, 3 1 2 > 0 only trivial solution is possiHe-
and =1
cos 0 1 2
f(x)g(x) [/(x)]«("> 1
a2 + x2 ab ac
Given. <j>(x) = /(x2)-g(x!) [/(x2)]2<’!| 0 31. v A = ab b2 + x2 be
/(x’)g(x2) [/(xJ)]«<’’> 1 ac be c2 + x2
fWgW [/(10)]",0) 1 Taking a, b, c common from Rp R 2> R 3 respectively, then
4.(10)= y<io2) g(io2) [/(io2)]!l,°!) 0 a 2 + x2
b c
/(102)-g(10s) [/(IO3)]2""’’ 1 a
b2+x2
1 1 1 A = abc a c
b
2 2 0 =0 z.2 . „2
C + X
a b
3 3 1 c
2x
1 (a -a"2x)2 (aZx + a -2X)2 On multiplying in Cp C2, C3 by a, b, c respectively, then
(P2X + P-2X'2
2_)2
28. LetA = 1 (P2z-0 a2 + x2 b2 c2
1 (Y2x - Y-2x^2 (Y2x + Y,-2x)2 A= a2 b 2 + x2 c2
1 (a2x -a"2x)2Z 4 a2 b2 • c2 + x2
Applying C3 —> C3 - C2, then A = 1 (p2x - pr2x )2 4 =0 Now, applying Q —> + C2 + C3, then
1 (y2x - Y,-2xj2 4 x2 + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 c2
29. The given equations can be written as A = x2 + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 + x2 c2
(a-1) x-y-z = Q, x2 +a2 + b2 + c2 b2 c2 + X 2
-x + (b-l)y-z=0
Applying R2 -> R2 - Rj and R3 -> R3 - Rp then
and -x-y + (c-l)z = 0
x2 + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 c2
For non-trivial solution
a-1 -1 -1 A= 0 x2 0
-1 b-1 -1 = 0 0 0 x2
-1 -1 c-1 = x4 (x2 + a2 + b2 + c2)
Applying C\ —> C\ - C3 and C2 -> C2 - C3, then /6 2i 3 + 76
a 0 -1 32. LetA = T2 73 + 78 i 3^2 + 76 i
0 b -1 =0 Ti 7z + 712 i 727 + 2i
-c —c c-1
Applying R2 —> R 2 - 72 Rj and R 3 -> R 3 - 73 Rv then
Expanding along Rv then
=> a (be - b - c) - 0 — 1 (0 + be) = 0 76 ••• 2i ••• 3 + 76
=> ab + be + ca = abc
X -1 COS0 A= 0 3 -2^3 + 6i
30. For non-trivial solution 3 1 2 =0
cos 0 1 2 0 2 -3V2 + 2i
Applying R 3 —> R3 - R2, then Expanding along Cv we get
X -1 cos 0 73 -2^3 + -J6i
= V6
y[i -372+21
3 1 2 .= 0
= V6 [- 3^6 + 2173 + 2^6 - 21^3 ]

0 0
= 76 (- 76) =-6 [real and ration^
cos 0-3 •••
n
Expanding along R 3, then 33. X2*"1 = 1 + 2 + 2Z + ... + 2" = 2" -1
=> (cos 0 - 3) (- 2 - cos 0) = 0 k=l
 Chap 07 Determinants 585

i.e. a, b and c are in GP and (x - a) is a factor of

£—— = yn fl
11 —lr 4._
It
1
1 ax2 + 2bx + c = 0.
fc=l
k k+ 1
2 cosx 1 0
1 1 n
=—
1 n+1 n+1 35. v /(x) = 1 2 cosx 1
0 1 2 cosx
n sin = 2 cosx (4 cos,22x - 1) - 1 (2cosx - 0) + 0
2
and £sinfc0 = —
0 = 2 cosx(4 cos2x - 1-1)
k=l sin
2 = 4 cosx(2cos2x -1)
= 4 cosx cos 2x
2*’1 1
sink© = 2(cos3x+ cosx)
Jt(fc +1)
Option (a)
x y 2
7t | , 1
Given, I\ =
n
sin
n + l']
2 J
'(?)■ 2 f cos —
31t
3
+ cos— =2-1 + -
3 2
7t
= -1

2n -1
n+1 0 Option (b)
sin
2 f\x) = 2 (- 3 sin 3x - sin x)
. n
- 3 sin K - sm — '3

n 1
n
3. i 2j
^sin fc0
y~*—
t=i Option (c)

J /(x) dx = 2 £ (cos3x + cos x) dx = 2 sin3x + sin x

n X
2
x y
. (n + 1V. (n0^ 3 o
k=l n sin ------ 0 sin —
2n -1 I 2 J \2/ = 2[(0 + 0)-(0 + 0)]= 0
n+1
fPi Option (d)
sin
2j j /(x) dx = 2 J (cos3x + cos x) dx = 4 £ (cos 3x + cos x) dx

n
sin
n+1
2
0 sing) =0 [from option (c)]
2" -1 x2-5x + 3 2x-5 3
n+1
sin -I 36- vA(x) = 3x3 + x+ 4 6x+ 1 9
2j
x 2 =0 7x2-6x + 9 14x-6 21
y
n + 1^Q . (
sin ------ 0 sin — Applying R2 —» R2 - 3K, and R3 —> R 3 - 7Rl, then
n 2 )
2" -1
n+1 x2-5x +3 — 2x-5 — 3
sin
2)

a b aa + b 16x-5 16 0
34. We have, b c ba + c = 0
aa + b ba + c 0 29x -12 29 0

Applying C3 -> C3 - aCj - C2, then 16x-5 16

Expanding along C3, we get = 3
a b 0 29X-12 29

Applying C, -+ C\ - xC2, then

b c 0 =0
-5 16
A(x)=3 = 3(- 145 + 192) =3X47
-12 29
aa + b ••• ba + c -(aa2 + 2ba + c)
= 141 = ax3 + bx2 + ex + d [given]
Expanding along C3, we get
- (aa2 + 2ba + c) (ac - b2) = 0 /. a - 0, b = 0, c = 0, d = 141
=> (aa2 + 2ba + c) (b2 - ac) = 0 a2 bsinA csinA
=> b2 - ac = 0 and aa2 + 2ba + c = 0 37. vA = bsinA 1 cos A
csinA cos A 1
586 Textbook of Algebra

Taking common a from each and C,, then sec2x o i

b sinA csin A
i
a a 1 sinB sinC
b sin A f(*) = cos2x cos22 x-cos4 X •• cosec2x
A= 1 cos A sinB 1 cos A
a
c sin A sinC cos A 1 1 0 cot2x
cos A 1
a
Expanding along C2, then
[ by sine rule] sec22x 1
Applying C2 -» C2 -sinBCj and C3 —> C3 -sinCCp then f(x) = sin2 x cos,22 x
1 cot2x
1 0 0
= sin2 x cos2 x (cosec2 x -1)

A = sinB 1 - sin2 B = sin2 x cos2 x cot2 x = cos4 x

cosA-sinB sinC
option (a)
fn/4 ~ fjt/4 4 K/4
rn'
sinC cos A -sinB sinC 1 -sin2C f f(x) dx = J-
f k/4 cos xdx = 2 cos4 xdx
J-n/4J Jo
Expanding along Rv then 2
-2 fn/4 f1 + C0S dx
cos2B
cos [tc - (B + C)] I 2
A= - sin B sin C 2
1 flt/2 1 + cosx
cos [n - (B + C)] - sin B sin C cos2C =2 x
2 Jo I dx
2
(v A + B + C = 7i ] 1 f!t/2 ,
=— (1 + 2 cos x + cos x) dx
cos2B - cos (B + C) - sin B sin C 4 Jo

- cos (B + C) - sin B sin C cos2C 1 r| n/2 1 ■ dx + 1 rK/2

=-
1 pK'2 2
cos xdx
J
- cos x ax + -
4 Jo 2 J0 4 Jo
cos2B - cosB cosC _£ (71 /].!/'■
---- 0 + - (sin x)
x’t/2 1 1 7C
- cos B cos C cos2C " 4 <2 J 2 0 4 2 2
= cos2 B cos2 C - cos2 B cos2 C = 0 1 . 7t 1 .
= — + - (1 - 0) + — = — (2n + 8 + 7t) = — (371 + 8)
8 22 ’ ' 16 16 16
a a2 0
option (b)
38. v f(a, b) = 1 (2a + b) (a + b)2
f'(x) = 4 cos3 x • (- sin x)
0 1 (2a + 3b)

Applying C2 -> C2 - aC^, then ■ 4D- 0

a 0 0 option (c) and (d)

0 < cos4 x < 1
ffrb) = 1 (a + b) (a + b)2 v Maximum value of f(x) is 1.
and minimum value of f(x) is 0.
0 1 (2a + 3b) a a + x2 a + x2 + x*
40. Let A = 2a 3a + 2x2 4a + 3x2 + 2x4
Expanding along Rv then
3a 6a + 3x2 10a + 6x2 + 3x4
(a + b) (a + b) 2
f(a,b) = a Applying R2 R2 - 2R} and R3 -> R3 - 3 jRpthen
1 (2a + 3b)
a a + x2 a + x2 + x4
1 (a + b) A= 0 a 2a + x2
= a (a + b)
1 (2a + 3b) 0 7a + 3x2
3a
= a (a + b) (2a + 3b - a - b) Applying R 3 -> R 3 - 3R 2, then
= a (a + b)(a + 2b) a a + x2 a + x2 + x4
sec2x 1 1 A= 0 a 2a + x2
39. ' f(x) = cos2x cos2x cosec2 x 0 0 a
1 cos2x cot2x
= a3 = a0 + a, x + a2 x + a3x3 + a4 x4 + a5 x5
2

Applying C2 -> C2 - cos2 x Cp then + a6 x6 + a-fX1 [give:

 Chap 07 Determinants 587

a0 = a3, a} = 0, a2 = 0, a3 = 0, a4 = 0, a5 = 0, a6 = 0, a7 = 0 Applying C3-» C, -xC2, then

and f(x) = aox2 + a3x + a6 = a3x2 3 0 2a2
= 3x 2a2 2a 2x
option (a)/(x) > 0 => a3x2 > 0
3x2 + 2a2 4a2x 2a2x2 + 2a4
If a3 > 0, then x2 > 0
3 0 i
a > 0, x G R
= 4a* 3x 1 x
option (b) If a = 0, then f(x) = 0
and If x = 0, then /(x) = 0 3x2 + 2a 2 2x x2 + a2
Aliter (b) is fail Applying C, -> C, - 3 C3, then
option (c) f(x) = 0 0 0 1
=> a3x2 = 0 or x.22 = 0

x = 0, 0 f(x) = 4a4 0 1 x
option (d) For a = 0, f(x) = 0 is an identity, then it has more
than two roots. 2 x2 + a2
-a” ••• 2x •••
4x-4 (x-2)2 x3
Expanding along Cp we get
41. Let A(x)= 8X-4V2 (x-2a/2)2 (x+1),3:
= 4a* [-a2 (0-1)]= 4a6
12x-4n/3 (x-2J5)2 (x-1)3
f'(x) = 0
= a0 + OjX + a2x2 +........ (i) i.e. y = f(x) is a straight Line parallel to X-axis.
On putting x = 0 in Eq. (i), then 43. v a>b>c and given equations are
-4 4 0 ax + by + cz = 0,
-4^2 1 ~ ao 8 bx + cy + az - 0
-4yfi 12 -1 and ex + ay + bz = 0

or a0 = - 4 (- 8 - 12) - 4 (4^2 + 4^3) For non-trivial solution

a b c
= 16 (5 - -Ji - -Ji) = term independent of x in A
b c a =0
Also, on differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x and then put x = 0, we cab
get
3abc - (a3 + b3 + c3) — 0
4 -4 0 -4 4 0
-4^2 a+ b+ c=0
8 1 + 8 -4^2 3
If a andp be the roots of at2 + bt + c = 0
-4^3 12 -1 -4^3 12 -1

-4 4 0 a + P = - - and ap = -
a a
+ -4>/2 8 1 and D = b2 - 4ac =(- a - c)2 - 4ac = (a -c)2 > 0
12 -4>5 3
For opposite sign | a - p | > 0
= 4(-8-12) + 4(4>/2 + 4^3) (a - P)2 > 0 => (a + P)z - 4ap > 0

-4(4a/2 -36)-4(-8 + 12^) b2 4c „ . x2

=> —------>0 => (— a — c) — 4ac > 0
- 4 (24 + 4>/3) - 4 (- 12^2 - 12) a a
(a - c)2 > 0, true
= 48 + 48-72 - 48^3 = 48 (1 + 72 - V3)
Hence, the roots are real and have opposite sign.
= Coefficient of x in A(x) 1 1 1
3 3x 3x2 + 2a2 44. Here, A - 1 3 2 = 1(9-21) - 1 (3 — 2) + 1 (X-3)
«• /«= 3x 3x2 + 2a2 3x3 + 6a 2x 1 X 3
3x2 + 2a2 • .3J +
3x z-2zx 3x4 + 12a2x2 + 2a 4
_i_ 6a
= -(X-5)
Applying C3 -> C3 - xC2 and C2 -> C2 - x Cp then 3 1 1

3 0 2a2 A,= 6 3 2 = 3(9 - 2X) -1 (18 - 2b) + 1 (6X - 3b)

b X 3
f& = 3x 2a22
2a 4a 2x
3x2 + 2a2 4a2x 6a2x2 + 2a* = -(b-9)
588 Textbook of Algebra

1 3 1 47. The system is good, if

a2 - 1 6 2 =1 A = Aj = A2 = A3 = 0
1 b 3 => X = 5 and p = 13
(18 - 2b) - 3 (3 - 2) + 1 (b - 6) = - (b - 9) 48. The system is lazy, if
1 1 3 A = 0 and atleast one of Ap A2, A3 0
and A3 = 1 3 6 =1 => X = 5 and p 13
Sol. (Q. Nos. 49 to 51)
1 X b 2
bc-a2 ca-b2 ab-c2 a b C
(3fe-6X)-l(fe-6) + 3(X-3)=(2fe-3X-3)
Aliter (a) for unique solution A 0
v ca-b2 ab-c2 bc-a2 b c a 4)
i.e. X*5,b eR ab-c2 bc-a2 ca-b2 c a b
Aliter (b) for no solution For a = 1, b = x and c = x.2
D = 0 and atleast one of Ap A2, A3 is non-zero 4
2
X2
X=5,b*9 x3 — 1 0 x-x 1 X

x-x4 x3-l X2 1
Aliter (c) For infinite many solution 0 X

x-x4 x3-l 0 X2 1 X
A = Aj=A2=A3 = 0
X=5,b=9 A=52=25
45. For non-trivial solutions 49. v A2 =(25)2 =625
X sina cosa Sum of digits of A2 = 6 + 2 + 5 = 13
1 cosa sin a =0 50. From Eq. (i), we get
-1 sina - cosa A B C a b c
2

Expanding along Cj, we get B C A b c a

=> X (- cos2a -sin2a) -1 (- sina cosa - sina cosa) C A B c a b
2
-1 (sin2a - cos2a) = 0 a b c
=> - X + sin2a + cos 2a = 0 49 = b c a

X = (sin 2a + cos 2a) c a b

-Ji < sin2a + cos2a < Ji a b c

q b c a = ±7
-Ji<\<Ji c a b
s = [— Ji, Ji] => -(a3 + b3 + c3-3abc) = ±7
So/. (Q. Nos. 46 to 48) => a3 + b3 + c3-3abc = +7
1 1 1 a3 + b3 + c3 -3abc =7 [va + b+c>C]
A= 1 2 3 = (X—5), a b c
1 3 X 51. •/ aA + bB + cC = b c a = -(a3 + b3 + c3 -3abc)

5 i 1 c a b

A,= 9 2 3 = (X + p-18), = 4-3) = 3

p 3 X Sol. (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
v a,+ P + y = -2,ap + pY+ Y^ =-landaPy = 3
1 5 1
a p y a P Y
A2 - 1 9 3 = (4X-2p + 6)
52. Y a P p Y a =a3 + p3 + y3-3a0Y
1 p X
1 1 5
P Y a Y a P
= (a + p + y)(a2 + p2 + y2 -ap -Py-ya)
and A3 = 1 2 9 = (H-13)
1 3 p - (a + p + y)[(a + p + Y)2 -3(a0+PY+7°)!
= (-2)(4-9) = 10
46. The system is smart, if
a-1 2x+l
A £ 0 => X # 5 53. Let x = ------ =>a =--------
a+2 1-x
or A = A; = A2 = A3 = 0
a is a root of x3 + 2x2 - x-3 = 0
X = 5 and p = 13 a3 + 2a2-a-3 = 0
=>
 Chap 07 Determinants 589

2x+l
3
2x + l 2x+l 55. •■•/(2) + /(3) = [i-y + 2] + ^ 15 ]
=> -3 = 0 ---- + 2=1
+2 V4 4 J \4 4 J
1-x 1-x 1-x
--
x3 + 6x.22 + 21x-l x2 5x
=> =0 ...(i) 56. f(x) +1 = 0 => -------- + 3 = 0
4 4
Hence, ———- and ——- are the roots of Eq. (i), then „ 25 o 23 „
a+2 P+2 y+2 D=----- 3 =----- <0
16 16
a-1 + £P-1
------ — + -iy
—-1 = -6
:. Number of solutions = 0
a+2 P+2 y+2
25-2
--------- p-1 4.--------
a-1 1--------- y-1 — — m
6 =— 16 _7_
a+2 p+1 y+2 1 n 57. Minimum value of f(x) = -—
4a 1 16
m = 6 and n = 1, f7 1
Hence, range of /(x) is —, °° I
m 6 1 n2
then = 42-5 =37
m-n m + n 5 7 Sol. (Q. Nos. 58 to 60)
2 Put x = 1 on both sides, we get
a b 5 a p y
1 1 0
54. v 5 a 5 = p y a =(a3 + p3 + Y3-3apy),2
1 1 0 = a0 => 0 = aQ
b b a Yap
tanl sin2l cos2l
= (a + p + Y)2[(a + p + Y)z -Xap + PY+ 7«)]i2:
we observe that
= (-2)2[(-2)2 + 3]z = 4 X 49 = 196 =/'(!)
Sol. (Q. Nos. 55 to 57) x e (X-1)3
,2
2ax 2ax-l 2ax +5 + 1 where f(x) = x-lnx cos(x-l) (x-1)
V /'« = 5 5+1 -1 tan x sin22xx
sin cos* x
2(ax+5) 2ax + 25 + 1 2ax+ 5
1 e 3(x-l)2
Applying C2 —> C2 - and C3 -> C3 - Q, then 2

2ax -1 5+1
r(x)= x-lnx cos(x-l) (x-1)
tanx sin2 x cos2 x
/'(x) = 5 1 -1-5
2ax + 25 1 -5 X e (x-1)3

Applying R3 -> P3 - , then -sin(x-1) 2(x-l)

x
2ax -1 5+1 tanx sin2 x cos2x
f'M = 5 1 -1-5 ex-! ( ,3
x (x-1)
25 2 -25-1
+ x-lnx cos(x-l) I(x-1)2
Applying R3 -+ R3 -2R2, then sec2x sin2x -sin2x
2ax -1 5+1
1
1
1 0
0
I1
+ 0
1
0
0
0
/'(!) = 1
rw= 5 1 -1-5 =>
tanl sin2l cos‘l
2
tanl sin2l cos 1
2

0 ••• 0 1 1 1 0
+ 1 1 0
=> /(x)=(2ax+5)
sec21 sin 2 -sin 2
_f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
=0+0+0=0
/(0) = 2 => c = 2 ...(0
and /(l) = l=^a + 5 + 2 = l=>a + 5 = -l at = 0

f| - | = 0 5a + 5 = 0 58. cos l(a1) = cos"1(0) = y

Also, -(iii)
59. Let P = lim(sinx)x= lim(sinx)
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get x-»a0 x~*0
1 5
j .
a = — and 5 = — .’. Inp = limxlnsinx
4 4 x—»0 (form (0 x oo)]
x2 5x .. Insinx cotx
Z(x) = y-y + 2 = lim-------- = hm------ [ by L' Hospital's Rule]
4 4 x-»o Yx *->o-Yx
590 Textbook of Algebra

x2 ^a2b = a2b + a2c + b2a + b2c + c2a + c2b

= -lim ----- = -1X0 = 0
x-»o tanx
= (a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)-iabc
P = e° = 1
= 3p-3r
60. Required Equation is = 6-j2-3r
(x-ao)(x-ai) = O
[•/ (a + b + c)2 = a 2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc+ ca)]
(x —0)(x —0) = 0
= 3(2^2-r) [.-.p2=8=»p=?/i
x2 =0
Sol. (Q. Nos. 61 to 63) Sol. (Q. Nos. 64 to 66)
Multiplying R1(R2,R3 by a,b,c respectively and then taking a,b,c Taking a,b,c common from R],R2,R3 respectively and then
common from Cj,C2,C3, multiplying by a,b,c is CVC2,C3 respectively, we get
we get a2 + n b2 c2
-be ab + ac ac+ab a2 b2 + n c2
A = ab + be -ac bc + ab a2 b2 c2 + n
ac + be bc + ac -ab
Applying Gj —> + C2 + C3, then
Applying C2 —> C2 -Q and C3 —> C3 -Cj and then taking n + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 e2
(ab + bc + ca) from C2 and C3, we get
An = n + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 + n e2
-be 1 1
n + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 c2 + n
A = (ab + be + ca)2 ab + be -1 0
ac + bc 0 -1 Applying R2 —> R2 - R, and R3 —» R3 - R,, then

n + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 c2
• Applying RI —> Rj + R2 + R3, we get
ab + bc + ca ••• 0 0 n 0
An = 0

= (ab + bc + ca)2 ab + bc -1 0
0 0 n
An =n 3 + n2(a2 + b2 + c2) -4
ac+ be 0 -1
Also, a + b + c = X
-1 0
= (ab + bc + ca)3 = (ab + bc + ca) .3
3b = X [va.b.careinAP:
0 -1
b=*
Also, a,b and c are the roots of 3
x3-px2+ qx-r = 0 Also, bis root of x3-Xx2 + llx-6 = 0
a + b + c = p,ab + bc + ca =q,abc = r => b3-Xb2 + lib—6 = 0
=> A = q3 ...(i) X3 X3 11X z n
=> ---------- + 6=0
61. v AM > GM 27 9------3
( ab + bc + ca => 2X3 -99X + 162 = 0
=> >(ab-bc-ca)xl3
3 X=6
Then, equation becomes x3 -6x2 + llx-6 = 0
-S(r.2x1/3
!y => q3> 27r2
3 x = 1,2,3
or A ^21 f2 Let a = 1, b =2andc =3
[from Eq. (i)] From Eq. (i), we get
62. v a,b and c are in GP.
An = n3 + 14n2
mb2 = ac => b3 = abc = r =$ b - rx'3
n
and b is a root of x3 -px2 + qx-r = 0 n(n + l)(3n2 + 59n + 28)
12
=3 b3 -pb2 + qb-r = 0 n=l

7
r~pr 2,3 + qrI,3-r = 0 7-8(147 + 59-7 + 28)
64. £Ar = = (14)3
=> p3r2=q3r 12

9? = p3r 65. =
63. v A=27=>q3=27 An (n +14)
^<8
9=3
ab + be + ca = 3 and a2 + b2 + c2 =2 Afl
or
 Chap 07 Determinants 591

66. 7 Ar = r3 4- 14r2 x e‘ • (x-1)3

27 Ar-A.j,=28 69. We have, x -Inx cos(x-1) (x-1)2
27r2 3 tanx sin2x cos2x
30
^(27A r-A.—) = —X30 =280
=> = a0 4- (x -1) 4- a2 (x - I)2 4- ...4- a„ (x - 1)'/1 l
—(i)
r=l J 3
On putting x = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
32 + k 42 32 4- 3 4- k 1 1 0
67. We have, 42 + k 52 42 4- 4 4- k = 0 1 1 0 = a0 + 0 + 0 +...
2
52 + k 62 52 4- 5 4- k tan 1 sin2l COS 1

Applying C3 -» C3 - Q, then a0 = 0 [■.• Rt and R2 an identical]

On differentiating Eq. (i) both sides w.r.t.x, then
32 4- k 42 3
1 ex'* 3 (x-1)2
42 4- k 52 4 =0
x-lnx cos(x-1) (x-1)2
52 4- k 62 5
tanx sin2x cos2x
Applying R2 -> R2 - P, and R3 -» R 3 - Rv then ex“*
x (x-1)3
94- k 16 3
4- 1-1 -sin(x-l) 2(x-l)
7 9 1 =0 X.
16 20 2 tanx sin2x cos2x
X e-x-1* (x-1)3
(9 4- k) (18 - 20) - 16 (14 - 16) 4- 3 (140 -144) = 0
4- x -Inx cos(x-1) (x-1)2
=> -18 -2k 4-32 -12 = 0 =>2fc = 2
sec2x sin2x -sin2x
k=l
,2
1 1 1 = 0 4- Oj 4- 2a2 (x -1) 4- 3a, (x - 1) + ... + nan (x-1)"’*
Now, V2fc7A^Z« = (2t)2+4 + 8+“+'’
Now, on putting x = 1, we get
1 1 0 1 1 0
1
2
1 1 0 + 0 0 0
= (2*)
'rl 2 =2* =2 =2 tan 1 sin2l cos2l tanl sin2l COS21

x-1 -6 2 1 1 0
68. We have, -6 x-2 -4 =0 + 1 1 0
2
2 -4 x-6 sec 1 !sin 2 -sin 2
Applying C2 -> C2 4- 3 C3, then = al 4- 0 4- 0 4- ...4- 0
Ui =0 4- 0 4- 0 = 0
x-1 0 2
Hence,(2°° 4-3a>)“’ +1 = (2° 4- 3°)0 +1 = (14-1)* =2* =2
-6 x-14 -4 =0
2 3x-22 x-6 1 cos a COSp 0 cosa COsP
Expanding along 7?]( then 70. Given, cos a 1 cos y cosa 0 cos y

(x-1) {(x-14) (x — 6) 4- 4 (3x - 22)} - 0 4-2 cos P cos Y 1 cos p cos y 0

{-18x4-132-2x4-2} = 0 1 (1 - cos2 y) - cos a (cos a - cos p cos y)

=> (x -1)(x2 -8x - 4) 4- 2 (- 20x4- 160) = 0 4- cos p (cos y cos a - cos P)

=> x3 - 9x2 - 36x 4- 324 = 0 = 0 -cosa (0 - cosP cosy)+ C0SP (cosy cosa - 0)
=> 1 - cos2 a - cos2 P - cos2 y
=* (x-9)(x-6)(x4-6) = 0
x = 9 or 6 or -6 4- 2 cos a cos p cos y = 2 cos a cos P cos y
Now, let a = 9, p = 6, y = - 6 => 1 - cos2 a - cos2p - cos2 y = 0
1 11111 1 Hence, cos2a + cos2p 4- cos2y = 1
.'. — 4- — 4- — = —I-— — —
a P y 9 6 6 9
(h + c)2 a2 a2
-i
fl— 4-—if
4-— =9 71. -.•f(a,b.c) = b2 (c 4- a)2 b2
l<x P Y. c2 c2 (o + by.2
592 Textbook of Algebra

Applying C2 —> C2 - C, and C3 —» C3 - Cp then e=— [V0 6 [0, J»]]

(b + c)2 -(b + c)2 -(b
a22~(b a2 + c)2 4

b2 (c + a)2 - b2 Hence, »®=6

/(a, b, c) = 0
n
c2 0 (a + b)2 - c,2
1 1 1 1
(fe + c)2 (a + b + c) (a - b - c) (a + b + c) (a - b - c) 1 2 3 4
73. Let A=
b2 (c + a + b) (c + a - b) 0 1 3 6 10

c2 0 (a + b + c) (a + b - c) 1 4 10 20
Applying R2 -» R2 - R p R3 —> R3 - R j and R4 Ri-Rl, then
(b + c)2 a -b-c a -b -c
1 1 1 - 1
= (a + b + c) 2 b2 c+a-b 0
c2 0 a + b-c
0 1 2 3
Applying R}—> Rx -(R2 + R3), then
2bc -2c -2b A=
0 2 5 9
f (a, b, c) = (a + b + c)2 b2 c+ a-b 0
c2 0 a+ b-c
0 3 9 19
1 1 _ .
Applying C, —> C2 + — Q and C3 —> C3 + - Cp then
b c 1 2 3
2bc ••• 0 0 Expanding along Cp then A = 2 5 9
3 9 19

f (a, b, c)=(a + b + c)2 b2

£ 1 2 3
c
Applying R2 —> R2 - 2R{ and R3 -4 R 3 - 7? p then = 0 1 3
c* o 3 io;
c2 a+b
b 1 3
Expanding along Cp we get A = 1 = 10-9 = 1
Expanding along 7?p then 3 10
f (a, b, c) = (a + b + c)2 [2bc {(c + a) (a + b) - tc}] 1+a 1 1 1
= (a + b + c)2 { 2bc (ac + be + a2 + ab - be)} 1 1+b 1 1
74. Let A =
= 2bc (a + b + c)2 a (a + b + c) 1 1 1
1 1 1 1+d
= 2abc (a + b + c)3
We get, greatest integer n e N such that (a + b + c)" divides Taking a, b, c, d common from K p K 2> R3 andP4 respectively,
then
f(a, b, c) is 3. £
1 1. 1.
72. The system of equations has a non-trivial solution, then 1+-
a a a a
1 - sin 0 - cos 0 £ 1_ 1_
- COS0 1 -1 =0 A = abed b b b
-sin 0 -1 1 1 1 1+1 1
c c c c
Applying C3 —» C3 + C2, then 1 X £ 1
1+-
1 ■ -sin0 -sin0-cos0 d d d d
Applying P1->j?1 + 7?2 + 7?3 + jl?4 and taking
- cos 0 1 0 =0 ( 1 1 1 C
1 + - + - + -H— common, we get
\ abed)
-sin 0 -1 0 * L 4, 1 1 1 1
A = abed 1+-+-+-+-
Expanding along C3, then V abed,
1 1 1 1
(- sin 0 - cos 0) (cos 0 + sin 0) = 0
1 1 1
=> (sin 0 + cos 0)2 = 0 1+-
b b b b
=> sin 0 + cos 0 = 0 1 1 1
1+-
sin 0 = - cos 0 c c c c
=>
J_ 14
tan 0 = - 1
d d d ill
 Chap 07 Determinants 593

Applying C2 —> C2 - Cp C3 -» C3 - C, and C4 -> C4 - Cp then => x-0 + yO + gx + Jy + c+ X = 0 [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
* L . (. 1 1 1 C => gx + fy + c + k = Q ...(iv)
A = abed 1+ — + - + - + —
V a 5 c dj
According to the question Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) has unique
1 o o o
1_ solution. So, Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iv) has unique solution,
i o o
b ah g
1 1 0 then h 5 f =0
0
c
J_ g f c+k
0 0 1
d =$ a(bc + bk- f2) - h(ch + hk - fg)+ g (hf - bg)
= abed [1 + - + - + - + -] 1-1-1 => (abc + 2fgh- af2 - bg2 - ch2) = X(h2 - ab)
\ a 5 c d)
= abed + (bed + acd + abd + abc) = a4 + a3 abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2 - ch2
or =x
16 h2 - ab
=—+ =8
1 According to the question, X = 8
1+a 1 1 77. (A) -4 ( p, r); (B) -> (p, r); (C) -4 (p, q, s, t)
75. Given, 1 + 5 1 + 25 1 =0
(A) Using a2 + b2 + c2 = 0, we get
1 + c 1 + c 1 + 3c
Taking a, 5, c common from R ? R 2 and R 3 respectively, then bi2 +, c„2 ab ac -a2 ab ac
1. A= ab c„2 + z.2
J. a be ab -b2 be
1+1 1_ a be a2 + b2 ac be -c2
a a ac
abc
1+i 2+l 5
=0 -a
= abc b -b
a a
b
1+- 1+- 3+-
c c c c c
( 1 1 1
Applying R, -> R t + R2 + R3 and taking 3 + - + - + - [taking a, b, c common from Cp C2, C3 respectively]
a 5 c.
common, we get Applying C2 —> C2 + C, and C3 —> C3 + Cp then
1 1 1 -a ... 0 ... 0
.rill
abc 3 + - + - + -
\ a b c. I+i 2+i b
=0
A =abc b 0 2b
1+- 1+- 3+-
c c c
c 2c 0
Applying C2 -> C2 - C, and C3 -> C3 - Q, then
1 0 — 0 = (abc) (-a) (-4 5c) = 4a2 52 c',2

X=4
L L 1 1 1
abc 3 + - + - + -
1+1. 1 -1 = 0 a a+b a+b+c
V a b c. 2
(B) Let A = 2a 5a + 2b la + 5b + 2c
1+1 0 2 3a 7a + 35 9a + 75 + 3c
c
Expanding along Rp we get Applying R2 -> R2 -2Rj and R3 —> R3 -3RP then
, f|3 + -1 + -1 + -1 = 0
„2 abc a ••• a + b ••• a + 5 + c
V a 5 c)
a * 0, 5 * 0, c 0 A= 0 3a 5a+ 35

- + - + - = -3 or |a-1+ 5-1+ c-1|=3

a 5 c 0 4a 6a + 4b
76. Given equations 3a 5a+ 35
ax + hy + g = 0, ...(i) = aI
4a 6a + 45
hx + by + f = 0 —(ii) = a(18a2 + 12a5 -20a2 - 12a5)
and ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c + X = 0 ...(iii) =-2a3 =-1024 [given]
Eq. (iii), can be written as => a’=512=83
x(ax + hy + g) + y (hx + by + f) + gx + fy + c + X = 0 a =8
594 Textbook of Algebra

x-1 2xz—5 x3-l

Minimum value of f(x) = -— =
(C) Let A(x) = 2x2 + 5 2x+2 x3 +3
x3-l 3x2—2 Jai-M\36_9

According to the question, 4 4

A(x) = (x2 -1) P(x) + ax + b (C) v f(x) is a polynomial of degree atmost 6 in x.
3 4 5 1
If /(x) = a0 + O]X + a2 x2 + d.3',x +a4x +asx +abx.6
A(l) = a + b and A(-l) = -a + b (ii)
From Eq. (i), we get => X = O] = /'(O)
0 3 0 1 1 0 -2 -2 0 -2 1 0
1 0 1 + -1 0 1 + -1 0 3
A(l) = 7 4 4 = 3(7 - 0) = 21 1 1 8 0 2 8 0 1 12

= -8-12+ 18 =-2
0 2 1 1*1=2
79. (A) -> (r); (B) -> (r, t); (C) —> ( p, q, s)
—2 -3 2
x2 + 3x x-1 x+3
(A) Let f(x) = x2 +1 2 + 3x x-3
and A(-l) = 7 0 2 = 3(7 + 4) = 33
x2-3 x+ 4 3x

-2 0 1 /(x) = ox4 + bx3 + ex2 + dx + e 41)

From Eq. (ii), a + b = 21 and -a + b = 33, 0-1 3

e = /(0) = 1 2 -3 = 0 + 1(0-9) + 3(4 + 6) = 21
we get a = -6, b = 27
-3 4 0
4a + 2b =-24 +54 =30
Dividing both sides of Eq. (i) by x4 i.e., C} by x2, C2 by x
78. (A) -> (p, s, t); (B) -> (r, t); (C) -> ( p, q)
and C3 by x and then taking lim, we get
1 1 1 1 1 1
(A)v A=/](X]) /](x2) )](x3) 1 1 1
fi(2) /i(3) )i(5)
a= 1 3 1 = 1(8) —1(2) +1(—2) = 4
y2(xi) y2(*2) /2(^3) T2(2) /2(3) /2(5)
1 1 3
1 1 1
Hence, e + a = 25
2 + 0] 3 + O] 5 +a,
x-1 5x 7
4 + 2bj + b2 9 + 3bj + b2 25 + 5b] + b2 .3
(B) Let/(x) = x2-l x-1 8 = ax3 + bx2 + ex + d 42
Applying C2 C2 - Q and C3 -> C3 - Q, then
2x 3x 0
1 0 0
1 0 7 -1 5 7

A= 2 + Oj 1 3 c = T(0) = 0 -1 8 + -1 1 8 +
2 .0 0 0 3 0

4 + 2bj + b2 5 + b2 21 + 3b = 2(0 + 7) —3(-8 + 7) + 0 = 17

1 3 Dividing both sides of Eq. (i) by x3 i.e.,Cj by x2,c2byxand
5+A 21 + 3bj taking lim , we get
X—>“

= 21 + 3bj-15-3b]=6 0 5 7
1 ai

(B)v/(x) = 1 b> 20] -x a= 1 1 ... 8 = -1(0-21) = 21

1 2b] - x 01

Applying R2 -+ R2 - R] and R3 -» R3 - Ry then 0 3 0

1 b> Hence, c + a-3 =35
3
x + 4x x+3 x-2
0 0 at-x
(C) Let g(x) = x-2 5x x-1
x-3 x+2 4x
0 t,-x 0
= ax5 + bx* + ex3 + dx2 + ex + f
= —(a, - x)(b, - x) = -x2 + (a1 + b])x-a1 b.
 Chap 07 Determinants 595

f = g(0) = -2
-3
0 3
0
2
-2
-1 = 0-3(0—3)-2(-4 —0) = 17
0
i.e.,
1
-1
-1
0
1
1
-t -1
0
= 0,
0
1
i
= -l,
1
1
-1
1
= 2,

= -2 .’. n =5 => (n-1)2 = 16

4 3 -2 0 1 -2 0 3 1 1 1
and e = g '(0) =■- 1 0 -1 + -2 5 -1 + -2 0 1 (B) There are only three determinants of second order with
1 2 0 -3 1 0 -3 2 4 negative value
0 1 1 1 0 1
= 1-23 + 11 =-11
1 0 ’ 1 0 1 1
Hence, f + e = 17-11 =6
80. (A) -+ (p, q, r); (B) -+ ( p, q, r, s, t); (C) -> (p, q, r, s, t) Number of possible determinants with elements 0 and 1
are 24 = 16. Therefore, number of determinants with
(A) Taking common a, b, c from Rv R2 and R3 respectively and non-negative values is 13.
then multiplying in Cp C2 and C3 by a, b, c respectively, then
n = 13
a + (b2 + c2)d b2(i-d) c2(l-d) => (n-1) = 12
A= n2(l-d) b2+(c2 + a2)d c2(l-d) (C) There are only four determinants of second order with
negative value
b2(l-d) c2 + (a2 + b2)d
-1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1
Applying Cj -» Cj + C2 + C3, then 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1
1 h2(l-d) c2(l-d) n = 4 => n(n + l)=20
A= 1 b2 + (c2 + a2)d c2(l-d) 82. Statement-1
1 h2(l-d) c2 + (a2 + b2)d A(r) = r r+1
= r(r + 4)-(r + 1) (r + 3)
r+3 r+ 4
[v a2 + b2 + c2 =1]
= (rz + 4r) -(r2 + 4r + 3) = -3
Applying R2 -> R2 - and R3 -> R3 - Rv then n n

1 b2(l-d) cXl-df Xd(r) = Z(-3)

= (-3) +(-3) +(-3)+ ... + (-3) = - 3n
A= 0 d 0 = d2
n times
=> Statement-1 is true.
0 0 d Statement-2
[v a2 + b2 + c2 = 1]
/iOO /2(r)
(B) Multiplying C] by a, C2 by b and C3 by c, then
A(r) =
W /4(r)
= f^r) ~ f2(r) fAr)
a b (a + fe)
c c XA(r) = X[/;(r)/4(r)-/2(r)/3(r)]
(b + c) b c r=I r=I
A=—
abc a a a
bd(b + c) bd(a + 2b + c) (a + b)bd =Z [r,wr.<r))-f (A(r)/,w] ...(i)
r=1 r=1
ac ac ac
Applying C, -» C4 + C2 + C3, then

b and
z/.w zw
r=1 r=1
0
c c
b £
ZW LAW
A=— 0 =0 r=l r=l
abc a a
( n n
X ( n W n )
bd(a + 2b + c) (a + b)bd
0
ac ac = Ew Er.w - Zaw Z»
V=i 7 V=i 7 V -1 >
(C) Applying C3 -> C3 - cosd C4 -sind C2 , then
sin a cos a 0 n
r=1 r=1
A = sinb cosh 0 =0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get y A (r) *

sine cose 0
r=l
Z/>w Z/.w
r=1 r=l
8t (A) -+ (p, r); (B) -»( p, q, r, t); (C) -> (p, r, s)
.’. Statement-2 is false.
(A) Possible values are -2, -1, 0,1, 2 and numbering
Hence, Statement-1 is true and Statement-2 is false.
determinant = 34 =81
596 Textbook of Algebra

fl]X2 2 3
a, + b}x2 + b, ci 86. Here, A= = 8 - 3b,
83. - A= „ , . 2 b 4
a2x2 + b2 C2

a“3 + -22 +
a„ 3x a 3
a3x 2
-t- bx '3 C3 A1 = = 4a -15
5 4
b, q 1 x2 0
(i) 2 a
°2 b2 c2 x x2 1 0 and A2 - = 10-at
b 5
«3 C3 0 0 1
For infinite solutions, A = At = A2 = 0
Statement-1 If A = 0, then
15 j k 8
01 <1 1 x2 0 We get, a = — and b = -
4 3
a2 b2 c2 x x2 1 0 =0
:. Statement-1 is true and if lines O]X + b}y + q = 0
a3 b3 c3 0 0 1
and a2 x + b2y + c2 = 0 are parallel, then
1 x2 0

a2 b2 c2
=> x2 1 0 = 0 => 1 - x4 = 0 or x4 = 1
Statement-2 is true, but in Statement-1
[vx2#-l] 2 3a
0 0 1 —=—=—
b 4 5
Statement-1 is true 3 3 3
— ——■ — 1—
O1 *1 Cl
4 4 4
Now, if o2 b2 c2 = 0, then [ both equation are identical]
03 b3 C3 Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
A=0 [from Eq. (i)]
1 2 3
Statement-2 is also true.
Hence, both the statements are true but Statement-2 is not a
87. •/ 4 5 6 = 1 (0 - 48) - 2 (0 - 42) + 3 (32-35)
correct explanation of Statement-1. 7 8 0
84. Statement-2 is always true for Statement-1 = - 48 + 84-9
( it 7t it = 84-57=27*0
cos = cos ----- x • I -----
= sm n x
4 2 .4 \4 Statement-1 is true.
Also, in given determinant neither two rows or columns are
= - sin I x----
4/ identical, Statement-2 is true, Statement-2 is not a correct
n (it explanation for Statement-1.
cot I —
n + x1 = cot 71
----- x = tan ------- X
88. A88,6B8,86 C are divisible by 72, then A88 = 721,6B8 = 72p
14 J 2 (4 4
■ *0 and 86 C = 721), where 1, |1, v e N.
= - tan x----
,V 4j A 6 8
Also, In -In — 8 B 6
8 8 C
Therefore, determinant given in Statement-1 is skew-symmetric Applying B3 —> /?3 + 10B2 + 100Bv then
and hence its value is zero. Hence, both statements are true and
Statement-2 is a correct explanation of Statement-1. A 6 8
(1 + x)11 (1 + x)12 (1 + x)13 8 B 6
85. (1 + x)21 (1 + x)22 (1 + x)23 = 2% + AjX + A2x2 + [let] 100A + 80 + 8 600 + 10B + 8 800 + 60 + c
(1 + x)31 (1 + x)32 (1 + x)33 A 6 8 A 6 8
On differentiating both sides w.r.tx and then put x = 0, we get = 8 B 6 = 72 8 B 6 ..4u

11 12 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 721 72p 72 V X

1 1 1 + 21 22 23 + 1 1 1 = 0 +A, + 0+0+... Now, A88 is also divisible by 9, then

1 1 1 1 1 1 31 32 33 A + 8 + 8 = A + 16is divisible by 9
A =2
0 + 0 + 0 = Aj A, = 0
and 6B8 is also divisible by 9, then 6 + B + 8 = B + 14is
Coefficient of x in /(x) = 0
divisible by 9
Both statements are true, Statement-2 is a correct explanation
B=4
of Statement-1.
 Chap 07 Determinants 597

From Eq. (i), we get 713 + 73 2y[5 75

2 6 8 1 3 4 91. LetA = (15 + 726 5 710
= 72 8 2 6 = 288 4 1 3 = 288 [integer] 3 + 765 715 5
X g V 1 |1 v
73 2^5 75 T5 275 75
Statement-1 is true and Statement-2 is false. ^15 5 + ^6 5 710
b+c c b
3 715 5 ^65 715 5
89. Let A= c c+ac +a a
Taking common from 1st determinant 75, 75 and 75 from
b a a+b
Applying R j -+ R. -(P 2 + R 3), then Cj, C2 and C3 respectively and taking common from 2nd
0 - 2a -2a
-2a determinant 713, 75 and 75 from Cp C3 and C3 respectively,
+a
A = c c +a a we get
b a a+b
Taking (-2a) common from Rl, then
1 2 1
0 1 1
A=(-2a) c c +a a
1 2 1 5 3 5
b a a+b
= ^x5 5 75 75 +0 [’.• C, and C3 are identical]
Applying C2 -> C2 - C3, then
0 0 1
75 75 75
A=(-2a) c c a 1 2 1
b -b a + b = 5-75 75 75 72
Expanding along Ru we get
75 75 75
c c Applying C2 -> C2 - Q,
A=(-2a)-l- = (-2a)(-2bc) 1 1 1
b -b
then A =573 4$ 0 72
Hence, A = 4abc
0 75
a-b -c 2a 2a
Expanding along C2, then
90. LetA = 2b b - c -a 2b
2c 2c c -a-b A = 573-(-l)
75 72 = -5^3(5-76)
75 75
Since, the answer is (a + b + c)3, we shall try to get (a + b +c).
Applying -> P, + R2 + R3, then
= -2575 + 1575
a + b + c a + b + c a + b+c =1575 -25-75
A= 2b b - c-a 2b 92. Given that, a, b and c are p th, q th and r th terms of HP => -, -
2c 2c c-a-b a b
and - are p th, q th and r th terms of an AP. Let A and D are the
Taking (a + b +c) common from Rv we get c
1 1 1 first term and common difference of AP, then
A = (a + b + c) 2b b-c-a 2b — =A + (p-l)D
a
—(0
2c 2c c-a-b
± = A + (q-l)D -.(ii)
Applying Q -> C2 - Q and C3 -> C3 - Q
1 0 0
A = (a + b + c) 2b -a-b-c 0 -=A + (r-l)D ...(iii)
c
2c 0 -c-a-b Now, given determinant is
[by property, since all elements above J. £ 1
be ca ab
leading diagonal are zero] a b c
A= P 9 r -abc P 9 r
= (a + b + c)-l(-a - b -c)(- c -a - b)
Hence, A = (a + b + c)3 1 1 1 1 1 1
598 Textbook of Algebra

1 1 Expanding along Rt, then

On substituting the values of—, — and - from Eqs. (i), (ii) and
b
aabc sin B - sin A
A=
(iii) in A, then (sin B -sin A) (sin B +sin A +1)
A + (p-1)0 A+ (9-1)0 A + (r-1)0 sin C -sin A
A = abc p q r (sin C -sin A) (sin C +sin A +1)
1 1 1 = (sinB -sinA)(sinC-sinA)
Applying R2 —> Rj -(A - O)/?3 - DR 2,then 1 1
sin B+sin A + lsinC+sinA +1
0 0 0
A = abc P <7 r =0 = (sinB -sin A) (sinC -sin A) (sinC -sin B)
1 1 1 But, given A = 0
3 .'. (sin B - sin A) (sinC -sin A)(sin C -sin B) = 0
-5 3 + 5i - -4i
2 .’. sin B -sin A = 0 or sin C -sin A = 0
93. Let z = 3 -5i 8 4 + 5i or sin C -sin B = 0
’+4i 4 -5i 9 => sin B =sinA or sinC = sin A or sinC=sinB
2 B = A or C = A or C =B
In all the three cases, we will have an isosceles triangle.
-5 3 -5i - + 4i
2 py P/ + P'y PY
Then, z = 3+5i 8 4-5i [i.e., conjugate of z]
96. LetA = y'a y'a' + fa fa'
4 + 5i 9 ap aP' + a'P a'p'
2
3 Taking p'y', y'a' and a'P' common from RVR2 and R3
-5 3 + 5i — 4i
2 respectively, then
3 —5i 8 4 + 51
P.1 P. + l 1
-+4i
2
4 — 5i 9 P' y' • P' Y
y a 1 + a_
[interchanging rows into columns] A = (PY)Ya')(a'P') 1
=> z =z
y' a' f Y a'
a P. a k P 1
Hence, z is purely real. a' p' a' P'
ah + bg g ab + ch
Applying R2 -» R2 - Rj and R3-^ R3 - R{
94. LHS = bf + ba f hb + be
af + be c bg + fc P.1 P_ + l 1
ah + bg g a ah + bg g h
P'Y P' f
Then, A=(a'PY)2
yf a _ p.1 fi P.V 0
= b> bf+ba f h + c bf + ba f b
af + be c f
y'la' P'J la' P'J
af + be c g
P. (1-1 1 fl y 0
In second determinant, applying C\ —> Cj - bC2 - aC3, then p' la' y\J la' f)
ah + bg bg a 0 g h
= bf + ba bf h + c 0 f b P.1 P. + I 1
af + be be g 0 c f P'r P' r
In first determinant, applying C2 —> C2 - Q, then = (a'PY)2 a P a_ 1 y 1 0
ah + bg -ah a ah + bg a h
a' P' a'
P 1 0
= bf + ba -ba h + 0 = a bf + ba h b = RHS
P'
af + be -af 9 of + be g f Expanding along C3, then
1 1 1
95. Let A = 1 + sin A 1 +sin B 1 +sin C A=(a'p'y')2
a p /
a 1 y £
sin A + sin2 A sin B + sin2 B sin C +sin2 C
a7 p7 r P'J
Applying C2 —>C2 — Cjand C3 —> C3 -Cp then
= (a'pY)2 a P P 1 'y a'
1 0 a' P' P' Y
A= 1 +sinA sin B -sin A
2 (ap' - a'p) (PY - p' y) (ya' - y'a)
sin A +sin2 A (sin B -sin A) (sin B + sin A +1) = (a'PY) (a'p'y')2
0
sin C -sin A Hence, A = (ap' - a' P) (Py' - p'y) (ya' - y'a)
(sin C - sin A) (sin C +sinA +1)
 Chap 07 Determinants 599

u sin(x+a) cos(x + a) sin a

97. Since, y=-
V = sin (x + p) cos (x + p) sin p
du dv
v------ u — sin (x + y) cos (x + y) sin y
dy = dx dx vi/ - uv'
dx v 2 Applying Q -+C] - (cos x) C3 and C2 —>C2 + (sinx)C3, we get
sin xcosa cos xcosa sina
=> vi/ - uv' —(i)
dx A'(x) = sinxcosP cos xcosP sinP

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get sinxcosy cos xcosy siny

v2^ + ^L.2w' =(vu' + uV) -(uv' + Si/) cos a cos a sin a
dx dx = sinx-cos x cos P cos p sin p
2d2y dy , , cos y cos y sin y
=> v —4+2w — = vu - uv
dx2 dx = sin x • cos x x 0 (v C, and C2 are identical]
, On multiplying both sides by v, then =0
Thus, A(x) is independent of x.
v34+2”' v2u’ - uw
dx) x(x-1) x(x-l)(x-2)
dx2 X
xc, XC2 rC3 1-2 1-2-3
y(y-D y(y-i)(y-2)
v3—y + 2v'(vu' -uv') - v2u' - uw [from Eq. (i)] 99. LetA = yc2 yC3 y
dx2 1-2 1-2-3
zc2 zc3 z (z -1) z (z - 1) (z -2)
3^y = z
=> v 2uv2 - uvV' - 2vt{ /+ v2u .(H) 1-2 1-2-3
dx2 .2
1 x —1 x -3x + 2
V v 0 xyz
1 y-1 y22-3y + 2
and v' V'
v' V = u (2\/2 - vu' ) - v(2i/v'- u' v) 12
1 z—
-11 zz-3z + 2
v' v' 2v'
Applying C2 —> C2 + C,, then
‘ -4w' -2vi/v'+v2u'
= 2uv’/2 ...(Hi)
1 x x2-3x + 2
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get A=^ 1 y y2 - 3y + 2
u v 0 12
2d2y 1 z z2 -3z + 2
v i/ V v
dx2 Applying C3 -» C3 + 3C2 - 2CP then
i/ v' 2v'
1 x x2
98. Here, we have to prove that A(x) is independent of x. So, it is A=^ 1 1
y y2 = — xyz (x-y)(y-z)(z - x)
sufficient to prove that A'(x) = 0 12 12
1 z z2
sin(x + a) cos(x + a) a+xsina
Now, A(x) = sin (x + P) cos (x + P) b + x sin P 1 + sin2 x cos2x 4 sin 2x
2
sin(x+y) cos(x + y) c+xsiny 100. (i) v /(*)= sin2x 1 + COS X 4 sin 2x
sin2x COS2X 1 + 4 sin 2x
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
cos(x + a) cos(x + a) a+xsina Applying R2 R2 - Rl and R3 -» /?3 - Rv then
A'(x) = cos (x + P) cos (x + P) b + x sin p 1 + sin2 x —2 X
COS 4 sin 2x
cos (x + y) cos (x + y) c + x sin y /(*) = -1 1 0

sin(x+a) -sin(x + a) a + xsina -1 0 1

+ sin (x + P) - sin (x + P) b + x sin p Applying C2-+ C2 + Cv then

sin (x + y) -sin (x + y) c + x sin y 1 + sin2 x 2 4 sin 2x

sin(x+a) cos(x + a) sina

+ sin (x + P) cos (x + p) sin p /(*) = -1 0 0

sin (x + y) cos (x + y) sin y

-1 -1 1
sin(x+a) cos(x + a) sina
Expanding along R2, then
= 0 - 0 + sin (x + p) cos (x + P) sin p
2 4 sin 2x
sin (x + y) cos (x + y) sin y /(X) = = 2 + 4 sin 2x
-1 1
600 Textbook of Algebra

Maximum value of Z] =tX] + Xtj ...(iii)

/(x) =2 + 4(1) = 6 and Z2 = tX2 + Xt2 + 2X^ Jivi
sin2 A sin A cos A cos2 A
X Y Z
(ii) v A = sin2B sin B cos B cos2B
LHS = T, Z,
sin2C sinC cos C cos2C *2
X2 Z2
tan2 A tan A 1
X sX . tX
= cos2 A cos2 B cos2 C tan2B tanB 1 sXy + XS] tXj + Xt,
tan2C tan C 1 X2 sX2 + Xs2 + 2XjS! tX2 + Xt2 + 2X^
2
1 tan A tan A [using Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)]
= - cos2 A cos2 B cos2 C 1 tan B tan2B Applying C2 —> C2 - sC\ and C3 -» C3 - tCp then
1 tan C tan2C
X 0 0
= - cos2 A cos2 B cos2 C (tan A - tan B)
= x, Xs j A
(tan B - tan C) (tan C - tan A) *2 Xs 2 + 2X]Sj Xt2 + 2X/,
= - sin (A - B) sin(B - C) sin (C - A)
Expanding w.r.t. R}, then
= sin (A - B) sin (B - C) sin (A - C) >0 [v A > B £ C]
A>0 = X2
XS2 + 2XJS] Xt2 + 2X1t]
Hence, minimum value of A is 0.
x2 - 4x + 6 2x2 + 4x+ 10 3x2 - 2x + 16 Applying R2 —> R2 - 2X}RU then

101. Let f(x) = x-2 2x + 2 Si t,

3x —1 = X2
Xs2 Xt2
= x3 ^2
= RHS
1 2 3 S2

On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 103. Given determinant may be expressed as

2x —4 4x + 4 6x-2 f g
A= xf' + f +g
/'(x) = x-2 2x + 2 3x-l
(x2f' + 4xf+ 2f) (x2g" + 4xg'+ 2g)
1 2 3 h
.2
x - 4x + 6 2x2 + 4x + 10 3x2 -2x+ 16 x/f + h
+ 1 2 3 (x2h" + 4x¥ +2h)
1 2 3 Now, applying R3 —> K3 - 4B2 +2BP then
x2 - 4x + 6 2x2 + 4x+ 10 3xz — 2x + 16 f g h
+ x-2 A = xf'+ f xg'+ g xK + h
2x + 2 3x —1
0 x2f" x2g" x2h"
0 0
g h
f'(x) = 0, V x e R and /(x) = Constant
Applying R2 —> R2 - Rv then A = xg' xK
6 10 16
As, /(0) = -2 2 -1 = 2/. f(x) = 2
x2r xY
■ x2h'
g h
1 2 3 => A =x ' f g' K
3 •
x.2z sin x /(x)dx = 2j_33 x2 sin x
Now,
'=J. -3 77? 1 + x6
dx x2f" ‘xY
g
x2h"
h
.2
Let g(x) =
xl sin x => A= f g' K
1 + x6 x?' xY x3h"
- x2 sin x s // g h
g(- x) = = ~gW
1 + x6 A' = g' // +■ r g” h’
Hence, g is an odd function. xY xV x3r xY x’/i'
I=0 g h
102. Since, Y =X and Z = tX + f g' K

Y{ =sX, + Xsj ...(i) (x3rr (x3rr I

Y2 =sX2 + Xs2 + 2Xj$! -(ii)

 Chap 07 Determinants 601

f g h A = 0 is a cubic equation in t.
=0+ 0+ f' g' So, it has in general three solutions Z,, t2 and ty
(x3f"Y (xYY (x3h'Y Let A = <J(/3 + alt2+a2t + a3
Clearly, a0 = Coefficient of t 3= -1,
f g h a, a,
Hence, A' = f' g' " so V2^ = - —= -~ = a3 = Constant term in the expansion
ao 1
(x3f"Y (x’f)' (xV)' of 21 i.e. A (at t = 0)
a b c
104. Let the given determinant be equal to zero. Then, there exist
ht2t3~a3~ b c a
x, y and z not all zero, such that
atx + a2y + a3z = 0, b{x + b2y + b3z = 0 C a b
and qx + c2y + c3z = 0 107. (i) Eliminating a, b and c from given equations, we obtain
Assume that, | x| > | y | > | z | and x * 0. Then, from >
aix = (- «2y) + (-a3z) -1 y l
z y
laix| =|-a2y -fl3z| S|a2y| 4- |a3z| z x n
-1 - - =0 =0
=> lflil |x| <|a2||y| + |a3||z| X z
But x*0i.e.|a1|<|a2| + |a3| -1 £ Z
Similarly, IMSIM + IM y z
IM slM + IM Applying R2 -> R2 - R^ and R3 -» R3 - /?,. then
which is contradiction. Hence, the assumption that the z
-1 y
determinant is zero must be wrong. z y
(a-a,)’2 (a-aj-
(a-fli)-11 af1 *__y X z
0 =0
(a -a2))"
105. LHS = (a-a2)-2 (a-a -1‘ a’1 X z z y
(a-a3)~2 (a-a3)-1 a3-1 x_y y.„L
0
1 (a-a,) af^a-ajX,2 y z x y
Expanding along Cp then
= (a-aI)-2(a-a2)~2(a-a3)~2 1 (a-a2) a2I(a-a2).2: \
y_ z
1 (a-a3) a3’(a-a3),2 =0
lx xJlx y) ly z> z y
Applying R2 -> R2- R{ and R3 -» - 1?3 - R p then >£+~ + £Z + 1 = o
=>
x 222 y z
1 (a-fli) a^(a-aj2 (u) To eliminate x, y and z.
y z x
1 (a2 - a,a2) (a, - a2) Let a = —, P = — and y = — in the given equations,
LHS = 0 («i - a2) z x" y
TI(a-a/)2 alfl2
, c
(fl2-QiQ3)(fli ~a3) ba + — =a, •(>)
0 (a, - a3) a
Oia3
(ii)
Expanding w.r.t. 1st column, then
(a2-a1a2)(a1 -a2) b
h ~a2) and ay + — = c .(Hi)
1 aia2 Y
LHS =
H(a-a()2 (a2-a1a3)(a1 -a3) Also, aPy = l
(ai - a3)
a1a3 From Eqs. (i), (u) and (iii), we get
2
a aia2 „ aaW M ,
1 ba + — cp + - 11 ay + - = abc
_ h ~ a2) (a, - a3) ala2 a PPJI Y>
Il(a-a,)2 a2 ~ aia3
1 „ . ■> py 2, ay , 2 ap
aja3 => 2abc + ac~ — + a b — + b c —
a P Y
= h ~Q2)(ai ~a3)a2(a2 -Q3) _ -a2Il(al -a^)
aia2a3 II(a - a()2r Ila, FI(a -aI)2 + a2c— + be2 — + ab2 — ~abc
aP ya py
Numerator = - a22 (^ - a2) (a2- a3) (a3 - a,) 2 1 2, 1 ['••aPy = i]
=> ac2 — + a 2b —
The resulting expression has negative sign. a2 p2
106, The given system of equation will have a non-trivial solution + b2c-\ + a^y2 + tc2p2 + ab2a2 = - abc
in the determinant of coefficients.
Y
a -1 b C
f 2 > („2 A (h2
A= b c-t a =>a — + b2a2 + b ^ + P2c2 + c
(a2 J
’2
b-^r
= - abc
c a b-t IP ;
-.(iv)
602 Textbook of Algebra

On squaring Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get Applying R2 —> R2 - Rt and R3 -+ R3-Rv then
2 2
b2a2 + -^7 = a2 - 2bc, c2 p2 + = b2 - 2ca and
a2 p2 1 (l + b2)x (l + c2)x
l2
= 0 1-x 0 =(i-x2)
a2/ + -r = c2 -2ab
V 0 0 1-x
On putting these values in Eq. (iv), we get
Hence, degree of f(x) = 2
a (a2 - 2bc) + b(b2 - 2ca) + c (c2 - 2ab) = - abc
a3 + b3 + c3 = 5abc 110. For no solution or infinitely many solutions
a b c a 1 1

108. Here, A = b c a . According to the question, x, y and z not 1 a 1 =0

cab 1 1 a
all zero. Hence, the given system of equations has non-trivial Applying C, —> Q + C2 + C3, then
solution. a+2 1 1
A=0
a b c a+2 a 1 =0
b c a =0 a+2 1 a
c a b Applying Rl —> R2 - Rx and R3-+ R3~R\< then
1 a + 21 1 1
=>
- (a + b + c) [(a - b)2 + (b - c)2 + (c - a)2] = 0
■

2 0 a-1 0 = 0 => (a-l)2(a + 2) = 0

a+b+c=0
0 0 a-1
or (a - b)2 + (b - c)2 + (c - a)2 = 0
a =1,-2
Case I Ifa + b + c = 0
From first two equations, For a = 1, clearly there an infinitely many solutions and when
we put a = -2 in given system of equations and adding them
ax + by - (a + b)z = 0
together LHS * RHS. i.e., no solution.
bx - (a + b) y + ax = 0
111. v Oj, a2, a3,... are in GP.
[by cross-multiplication law]
Using an = a, r"-1, we get the given determinant, as
X y z
log^r""’) log^r") log^r"*1)
ab - (a + b)2 - b(a + b)-a2 -a(a + b)-b2
log(a/'+2) log(a1rn+3) log(«,r"+4)
x y z
log(fl,r"+5) log(a1rn+6) log(V"+7)
~(a2 + ab + b2} - (a2 + ab + b2) - (a2 + ab + b2)
x:y:z =1:1:1 Applying C2 -+ C2 - C, and C3 -> C3 - C, and
Case II If (a -b)2 + (b - c)z + (c -a)2 = 0 using log m - log n = log j,
we get
It is possible only, when
a - b = 0, b - c = 0 and c - a = 0 logfa/-1) logr 2 logr
Then, a=b=c
log^r”*2 ) logr 2logr = 0
In this case all the three equations reduce in the forms
log(fllr"+s ) logr 21ogr
x+y+z=0
Then, Eq. (i) will be satisfied, if [’.• C2 and C3 are proportional]
x = k, y = k(i), z = k(£>.2‘ 112. Applying R2 -+ R2 - P, and R3-+ R3-Ri, then
or x = k,y = ktt)2, z =k(i) 1 1 1
where co is the cube root of unity. D= o x 0 = *y
Then, x: y : z = 1: CD : CO2 or 1 : CD* : (0 2
o o y
1 -2 3
Hence, combined both cases, we get
X.y :z = l:l:l
113.-: D = -1 1 -2 = 0

1 : CD : CD2
1 -3 4
or
-i -2 3
2
or 1: CD : CD and k 1 -2 = (3-/c) = 0, ifJt = 3
109. Applying C, —> C} + C2 + C3, then 1 -3 4
1 (l + &2)x (l + c2)x 1 -1 3
1 1 + b2x (l + c2)x [-.' a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 = 0] D2 = -i k -2 = (k-3) = 0, if It = 3
1 (1 + Z>2)x l + c2x 1 -3 4
 Chap 07 Determinants 603

-1 -2 3 => 1(—3 + k) + k(-k + 3k) + l(k-9) * 0

D3 = k 1 -2 = (k = 3) = 0, if k = 3 2XZ + 2X-12*O
1 -3 4 => k2 + X-6*0
:. System of equations has no solution for k 3. (X + 3)(fc-2)*0
114. The system of equations X*2,-3
or ke 7?-{2,-3}
x-cy-bz = Q, -cx + y-az = 0 and -bx-ay + z=0
have non-trivial solution, if X+l 8
119. A = = (k + 1)(X + 3)-3k = k2 - 4k + 3
1 -c -b k k=3
—c 1 -a = 0 A=(X-l)(X-3)
-b -a 1 4k 8
A,= = 4k2 + 12k-24k+ 3 = 4k2-12k+ 3
=> 1 + 2(-a)(-b)(-c)-a2-b.2: -c2 = 0 3X-1 k + 3

or a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = l A, =4(X-l)(fc-2)
a a+1 a-1 a+1 b+1 c-1 X+l 4k
and A, = = (k + l)(3k -1) - 4k2 = -k2 + 2k + 1
115. -b b+1 b-1 + (-!)” a-1 b-1 c+1 = 0 k 3X-1
c c-1 c+1 a -b c .-. A2=-(fc-I)2

a + 1 a-1
a a+1 a+1 a-1 a As given no solutions
=> -b b+1 b-1 +(-l)n b+1 b-1 -b = 0 => A| and A2 * 0
but A=0
c c-1 c+1 c-1 c+1 c
k =3
[by property] 3 1 + 7(1) 1 + 7(2)
a + 1 a-1
a a+1 a + 1 a-1
a a+1 120. v 1 + 7(1) 1 + 7(2) 1 + 7(3)
=> -b b+1 b-1 +(-l)"+2 -b b+1 b-1 = 0 1 + 7(2) 1 + 7(3) 1 + 7(4)
c c-1 c+1 c c-1 c+1
1+1+1 1+a+p l + a2 + p2
116. Applying R{ -> Rx + Ry then = 1 +a+p l+a2 + p2 l + a3 + p3
e 0 2 l+a2 + p2 l + a3 + p3 1 + a3 +P‘
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7(6) = -tan0 1 tan 9
1 a P x 1 a P 1 a P
1 a 2 P2 1 a2 P2 1 a2 P2
-1 -tan 9 1
= {(l-a)(l-P)(a-P)}2:
= 2(1 + tan29) = 2sec29 >2
= (i-a)2(l-P)2(a-P)2:
.••7(6) g [2,oo)
So, k = 1.
117. Non-zero solution means non-trivial solution.
121. The given system can be written as
For non-trivial solution of the given system of linear equations
4X2 (2 - X)x, -2x, + x3 = 0
k 4 1 =0 2Xj -(3 + X)x, + 2x} = 0
2 2 1 - Xj + 2xz - Xx3 = 0
=> 4(4-2)-X(X-2) + (2X-8) = 0 For non-trivial solutions, A = 0
=> -X2 + 6X-8 = 0 2-X -2 1
=> X2-6k + 8 = 0 2 ~(3+ X) 2 =0
(X-2)(X-4) = 0
-1 2 -X
fc = 2,4
Clearly, there exist values of k. => (2-X)(X2 + 3X-4) + 2(-2X + 2) + 1(4-3-X) = 0

1 -k 1 X3 + X2—5X + 3 = 0
118. For trivial solution k 3 -k *0 X = 1,1, -3
3 1 -1 Hence, X has two values.
604 Textbook of Algebra

122. Applying R2 —> R2 - Rj and R3 -» R3 - Rlt then 3 5 or x3 = -1

=> X =-
(1 + a)2 (l + 2a)2 (1 + 3a)2 6
1/3
5
2a+ 3
4a+ 8
4a+ 3
8a+ 8
6a+ 3
12a+ 8
= -648a x=
6
I >~1
i.e. Two distinct values of x.
Applying R3 —> R3 -2R2 , then
a 2
(1 + a)2 (l + 2a)2 (1 +3a)2 125. A= = -2a-6,
3 -2
2a+ 3 4a+ 3 6a + 3 = -648a
2 2 2
X 2
A,= = -2(X + p)
-2
1
. _ C2. —> C2- —
Applying 2 (C,- + C3), then a X
or A2 - = ap -3X
(1 + a)2 - -a2 - (l+3a)2 3 H
System has unique solution for A 0
2a+ 3 4a + 3 6a+ 3 = -648a
a * -3 for all values X and p
2 0 2 System has infinitely many solution for
=> a2(4a + 6 -12a -6) = -648a A = Aj = A2 = 0
/. a = -3, X + p = 0, ap -3X = 0
-8a3 =-648a
and system has no solution
a3-81a =0 A = 0 => a = — 3
a = 0,9,-9 and X + Jl *0
123. For non-trivial solution 1 1 f
1 X -1 126. v 4 = 1 a 1 = 1 (a-b)-1(1-a) +l(b-a2) = -(a-l)2
X -1 -1 = 0 a b 1
1 1 -X 1 1 1
1(X +1) - X(-X2 +1)- 1(X +1) = 0 *i = 1 a 1 = l(a-fr)-l(l) +1(b) =(a-1)
=> X(X2-l) = 0 0 b 1
=> X = 0, ±1 1 1 1
1 1 A,2 = 1 1 1 = 1 (1) — 1(1 —a) 4-1(0 —a) = 0
124. x3 2 4 l + 8x3 = 10 a 0 1
3 9 l + 27x3 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 and A3 = 1 a 1 = l(-b) —1(—a) +l(b-a2) = -a(a-l)
.6 a b 0
x3 2 4 1 2 4 8 = 10
3 9 1 3 9 27 For a = 1, A = A, = A2 = A3 = 0
Applying C2 —> C2 - Q and C,3 C3-Cp then and for b = 1 only
1 0 0 1 0 0 x + y + z=1
x3 2 .6 x + y + z=1
2 -1 2 2 6 = 10
x+y + z = 0
3 6 -2 3 6 24
i.e. no solution (v RHS are not equal)
.3 .6 .6 .3
2x + 12x = 10 or 6x + xJ -5 = 0 Hence, for no solution b = 1 only.
or (6x3 — 5)(x3 + 1) = 0
 CHAPTER

'7

!
I

Matrices
Learning Part
Session 1
• Definition
• Types of Matrices
• Difference Between a Matrix and a Determinant
• Equal Matrices
• Operations of Matrices
• Various Kinds of Matrices
Session 2
• Transpose of a Matrix
• Symmetric Matrix
• Orthogonal Matrix
• Complex Conjugate (or Conjugate) of a Matrix
• Hermitian Matrix
• Unitary Matrix
• Determinant of a Matrix
• Singular and Non-Singular Matrices
Session 3
• Adjoint of a Matrix • Inverse of a Matrix
• Elementary Row Operations • Equivalent Matrices
• Matrix Polynomial • Use of Mathematical Induction
Session 4
• Solutions of Linear Simultaneous Equations Using Matrix Method

Practice Part
• JEE Type Examples
• Chapter Exercises

Arihant on Your Mobile! I

i
Exercises with the § symbol can be practised on your mobile. See inside cover page to activate for free.
606 Textbook of Algebra

J. J. Sylvester was the first to use the word “Matrix" in 1850 and later on in 1858 Arthur Cayley developed the theory of
matrices in a systematic way. ‘Matrices’ is a powerful tool in mathematics and its study is becoming important day by
day due to its wide applications in almost every branch of science. This mathematical tool is not only used in certain
branches of sciences but also in genetics, economics, sociology, modern psychology and industrial management.

Session 1
Definition, Types of Matrices, Difference Between
a Matrix and a Determinant, Equal Matrices, Operations
of Matrices, Various Kinds of Matrices

Definition I Example 1. If a matrix has 12 elements, what are the

A set of mn numbers (real or complex) arranged in the possible orders it can have? What will be the possible
form of a rectangular array having m rows and n columns orders if it has 7 elements?
is called a matrix of order mxnoranmxn matrix (which Sol. We know that, if a matrix is of order m x n, it has mn
is read as m by n matrix). elements. Thus, to find all possible orders of a matrix with
12 elements, we will find all ordered pairs of natural
An m X n matrix is usually written as numbers, whose product is 12.
«n a12 ai3 aln Thus, all possible ordered pairs are(l, 12), (12,1), (2,6),(6,2),
a2l a22 a23 “2n (3, 4), (4,3).
a31 a32 a33 a3n
Hence, possible orders arelxl2,12xl,2x6,6x2,3x4
and 4x3.
If the matrix has 7 elements, then the possible orders will be
1X7 and 7x1.
am2 ^mn
L ml I Example 2. Construct a 2 x 3 matrix A=[a^ ], whose
In a compact form the above matrix is represented by [aiy J elements are given by
i = 1,2,3,..., m, j = 1,2,3..... n or simply by [fly ]„, x n > where (i+2j)2
the symbols represent any numbers (ay lies in the zth (ii) 0,j =l|2i-3j|.
(0 a,j =
row (from top) and yth column (from left)). 2
Notations A matrix is denoted by capital letter such as A, B, (iii) Oy =<
C,...,X,Y,Z.
Note 4 i
(IV) Oy'y =
1. A matrix may be represented by the symbols [a,? ], (a,?). || a,y || UJ
or by a single capital letter A (say) where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
~ ] mxn ^ij )/n x n || 3/ ||
2/'
Generally, the first system is adopted. (v) Gjj
2. The numbers 3,, a,2.... etc., of rectangular array are called 3j]’
the elements or entries of the matrix. where {.} denotes the fractional part function.
3. A matrix is essentially an arrangement of elements and has no 2 )
value.
(vi) atj =
4. The plural of ‘matrix’ is ‘matrices'. where (.) denotes the least integer function.
 Chap 08 Matrices 607
■

*11 *12 *13 2i

Sol. We have, A = (v) Since, a = < —k therefore [v0<{x}<l]
.*21 *22 *23. 2 x 3 [3j

(i) Since, atJ =

(1 + 2)2
2
therefore

9 (1 + 4)2 25
'■■IF
2
-.^2
XIH
*n = • *12 *13
2 2 2 2’
(1 + 6)2 49 (2 + 2) 4
*13 ~ ~
Li Li
T"> *21 “
2 °"={^}={5}=5anda” 9
_(2 + 4)2 (2 4- 6)2
*22 18 and a2i = 32 2 1 2
2 2
’9 Hence, the required matrix is A = 3 3 9
25 49 1 2 4
Hence, the required matrix isA = 2 2 2 .3 3 9.
8 18 32
_[3i + 4j
li-. -.1.. r
(vi) Since, at] , therefore [v(x)>x]
(ii) Since, ai} = - | 2i - 3j |, therefore k 2
- 2' ' 1
1 ■ 1
O11 = l|2-3| = l|-l|=l (3.5)= 4,
Li Li 2 Li 2
1 1 . 1
a]2=-|2-6| = -|-4| = - = 2,
Li
1 1
Li
. 1 4
Li -(X©- (5.5)= 6,

O1J=1|2-9| = 1|-7| = 1 *13 =

21 1 2 2
1 1
fl21 “ ~ | 2 3
| = 1|-1| = 1,
2 1 2 1 2 *21

1
a22=i|2-6| = l|-4| = | 4 =2
2 2 *22
1 5
and a = 1| 4 — 9 1 = 1| - 5 |a: -
221 1 21 1 2 and *23 —
1 2-1
Hence, the required matrix is A = 2 2 Hence, the required matrix is
1 2 5 4 6 8’
.2 2. A=
5 7 9
(iii) Since, atj = - ' J,therefore
i + j, i<j
an = 1 - 1 = 0, a12 = 1 + 2 = 3, a13 = 1 + 3 = 4,
a21 = 2 - 1 = 1, a22 =2-2 = 0 and a23 = 2 + 3 = 5
Types of Matrices
Hence, the required matrix is 1. Row Matrix or Row Vector
fo 3 4' A matrix is said to be row matrix or row vector, if it
A=
1 0 5 contains only one row, i.e. a matrix A =[a^ ]m xn is said to
be row matrix, if m = L
(iv) Since, = - .therefore [v[x]<x]
For example,
1 (i) A=[an a12 G)3 *ln 11 xn
*n =“ [1] “ 1> *12 “ _ = [0.5] = 0,
1. Lt (ii) B=[3 5 -7 9]1x4
1' are called row matrices.
*13 = = [0.33] = 0, a21 = y = [2] = 2
3
2 2 2. Column Matrix or Column Vector
and a22 = = [1] = 1 and *23 = " = [0-67] =0
2 A matrix is said to be column matrix or column vector, if
1 0 0 it contains only one column, i.e., a matrix A =[ai; ]m xn is
Hence, the required matrix is A = said to be column matrix, if n = 1. For example,
2 1 0
608 Textbook of Algebra

au 7 Thus, A = diag (2), B = diag (-1, 2) and C= diag (3, 5,7).

fl21 0
Remark
(i)A = fl31 (ii)B = -8 (i) No element of principal diagonal in a diagonal matrix is zero.
2 (ii) Minimum number of zero in a diagonal matrix is given by
n(n -1), where n is order of matrix.
L wn J m x 1 1 5x1

are called column matrices. 6. Scalar Matrix

A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix, if its
3. Rectangular Matrix diagonal elements are equal. Thus, A =[ay ]nxn is called
A matrix is said to be rectangular matrix, if the number of scalar matrix, if
rows and the number of columns are not equal i.e., a
matrix A=[a y]mxn is called a rectangular matrix, iff aU = k, if i = j , where k is scalar.
mtn. For example,
1 3 4 5 2 -3 For example,
5 0 0
(i)A = 2 0 -3 8 (ii)B = 3 0 2 0
(i) [7] (ii) (iii) 0 5 0
7 4 2 5 4 8 0 2
3x4 3x2 0 0 5
are called rectangular matrices. are scalar matrices of order 1, 2 and 3, respectively. They
can be written as diag (7), diag (2, 2) and diag (5, 5,5),
4. Square Matrix respectively.
A matrix is said to be a square matrix, if the number of
rows and the number of columns are equal i.e., a matrix 7. Unit or Identity Matrix
[^i/lmxn is called a square matrix, iff m =n. A diagonal matrix is said to be an identity matrix, if its
For example, diagonal elements are equal to 1.
«n al2 a13 Thus, A =[ay ]nXll is called unit or identity matrix, if
a b
(i) 4 = a21 a22 a23 (ii) B =
c d 2x2 aij =
_a31 a32 a33_ 1, if i = j
3X3

are called square matrices. A unit matrix of order n is denoted by In or I. For example,
1 0 o'
Remark 1 0
If A= [a7 ] is a square matrix of order n, then elements (entries) (i) I, =[1] (ii) 12 = (iii) 1, = 0 1 0
0 1
a33 are said to constitute the diagonal of the matrix A 0 0 1
The line along which the diagonal elements lie is called principal
’14 0] are identity matrices of order 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
or leading diagonal. Thus, if A = 8 3 -2 . then the elements
8. Singleton Matrix
9 2 5
A matrix is said to be singleton matrix, if it has only one
of the diagonal of A are 1.3,5.
element i.e. a matrix A =[tZy ]m Xn is said to be singleton
5. Diagonal Matrix matrix, if m = n = 1.
For example, [3], [fc ], [-2] are singleton matrices.
A square matrix is said to be a diagonal matrix, if all its
non-diagonal
„ elements are zero. Thus, A =[a - ijy ].L xn is 9. Triangular Matrix
called a diagonal matrix, if atj =0, when i * j.
A square matrix is called a triangular matrix, if its each
For example, element above or below the principal diagonal is zero. It is
3 0 0
-1 0 of two types:
(i) A = [2] (u) B = (iii) C = 0 5 0
0 2 (a) Upper Triangular Matrix A square matrix in
0 0 7
which all elements below the principal diagonal are
are diagonal matrices of order 1, 2 and 3, respectively. A zero is called an upper triangular matrix i.e., a matrix
diagonal matrix of order n having d1,d2,d3,...,dn as A =[a,y ]n xn is said to be an upper triangular matrix,
diagonal elements may be denoted by diag(dp d2, d3,.., dn). if a(j = 0, when i > j.
 Chap 08 Matrices 609

For example, 2 3 4
0 -1 7
3 -2 4 T
For example, A = 3 5 4 is a vertical matrix.
0'v 2 -3 2
(i) 2 7 9
0 (K 7 5
-1 2 -5 5x3
0 0 0X8
[v number of rows (5) > number of columns (3)]

all ai2 ^-3- 12. Null Matrix or Zero Matrix

Ox “a-22 A matrix is said to be null matrix or zero matrix, if all
a23 fl24 a2s :
elements are zero i.e., a matrix A =[al7tj ] m xn is said to be a
(ii) 0 0 X^33 a34 fl35
I zero or null matrix, iff atJ = 0, V i, j. It is denoted by O.
0 0 6'' '^44 a45 :
For example,
0 0 0 0'' ''*55 J5J 0 0 0
0 0 0
(0 ^2x3 “ (ii) ^3x3 ~ 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
are upper triangular matrices. are called the null matrices.
(b) Lower Triangular Matrix A square matrix in
which all elements above the principal diagonal are 13. Sub-Matrix
zero is called a lower triangular matrix i.e., a matrix A matrix which is obtained from a given matrix by
A = [al7 ]n xn is said to be a lower triangular matrix, if deleting any number of rows and number of columns is
X =0, when i < j. For example, called a sub-matrix of the given matrix.

I \
8 9 5
3 4
■ io\o 0 o' For example, is a sub-matrix of 2 ! 3 4
o’ -2 5
8 9\0 0 3L2 5
(i) !5 4\0 (ii)
5 6 7''43
\2 3 4' \3x3 14. Trace of a Matrix
r1 2 3 4 X4 The sum of all diagonal elements of a square matrix
are lower triangular matrices. A =[a,7 ]n Xn (say) is called the trace of a matrix A and is
denoted by Tr (A).
Note n
Minimum number of zeroes in a triangular matrix is given by Thus, Tr(A) = £aH
n(n-1) , . , .
------- where n is order of matrix.
2 2-7
-7 9
For example, IfA = 0 33 2 , then
10. Horizontal Matrix
A matrix is said to be horizontal matrix, if the number of 8 99 4
rows is less than the number of columns i.e., a matrix Tr(A)=2+3 + 4=9
Xn is said to horizontal matrix, iff m < n. Properties of Trace of a Matrix
2 33 4 5’ LetA=[aj7]„xn,B=[biy]nxn and k is a scalar, then
For example, A = 8 99 7 -2 is a horizontal (i) Tr(fcA) =fc-Tr (A)
2 -2 -3 J3X4 (ii) Tr(A±B) = Tr(A)±Tr(B)
matrix, [v number of rows (3) < number of columns (4)] (iii) Tr (AB) =Tr(BA)
(iv) Tr(A)=Tr(A')
11. Vertical Matrix (v) Tr(/„) = n
A matrix is said to be vertical matrix, if the number of (vi) Tr (AB) *Tr (A) Tr(B)
rows is greater than the number of columns i.e., a matrix (vii) Tr(A)=Tr(CAC-1),
A =[aj? ]m Xn is said to vertical matrix, iff m >n. where C is a non-singular square matrix of order n.
610 Textbook of Algebra

15. Determinant of Square Matrix Thus, if A=[a1-/]mxn ■j ]Px<r then A = B, iff

Let A=[a,y]nxn be a matrix. The determinant formed by (i) m = p, n = q (ii) a
the elements of A is said to be the determinant of matrix ’-1 2 4
A.This is denoted by | X |. For example, If A = and
3 0 5 J2x3
For example,
a b c
3 4 5 3 4 5 B- are equal matrices, then
If A = 6 7 8 then | A | = 6 7 8 = -39.
d e f. 2x3
a=~l, b = 2,c = 4d = 3, e =0, f = 5
2 -3 5 2 -3 5
’x + 3 ly + x ” -X-l 0
Remark 0 Example 3. If then
z-1 4w-8 3 2w
1. if a. 4 4 A are square matrices of the same order,
then| A A? A••• A | = | A || A 11 A I••• |4 |■ find the value of | x + y |+| z + iv|.
2. If A is a scalar and A is a square matrix of order n, then So/. As the given matrices are equal so their corresponding
| kA | = kn | A | elements are equal.
x+3=-x-l => 2x = - 4
16. Comparable Matrices
x = —2
Two matrices A =[fly ]m xn and B =[Byi/Jpxq
]j are said to be 2y + x = 0
comparable, if m = p and n=q. [from Eq.(i)]
=> 2y - 2 = 0
For example, => y=l •••(ii)
a b c P <7 r z-l=3
The matrices and are comparable => z=4 ...(iii)
d e f. s t u
4w - 8 = 2w
T 2 2 4 6‘
2w =8
but the matrices and are not comparable.
4 8 5 3 1 w=4 ...(iv)
Hence, | x + y | + | z + w | = | -2 + 1 | + | 4 + 4 |= 1 + 8 = 9

Difference Between a Matrix [i Example 4. if

2a + 1 30 oc+3 02 + 2
and a Determinant 0 02-5p 0 -6
(i) A matrix cannot be reduced to a number but find the equation whose roots are a and 0.
determinant can be reduced to a number. So/. The given matrices will be equal, iff
(ii) The number of rows may or may not be equal to the 2a + l = a + 3=>a = 2
number of columns in matrices but in determinant the 30 = 02 + 2=>02 -30 + 2 = 0
number of rows is equal to the number of columns.
0 = 1,2 and 02 - 50 =-6 -(i)
(iii) On interchanging the rows and columns, a different
matrix is formed but in determinant it does not => p2—50+6 = 0
change the value. 0 = 2,3 ...(ii)
(iv) A square matrix A such that | A | & 0, is called a From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 0 = 2
non-singular matrix. If | A | = 0, then the matrix A is => a = 2, 0 = 2
called a singular matrix. Required equation is x2 -(2 + 2)x + 2-2 = 0
(v) Matrices represented by [ ], (), || || but determinant is
=> x2 —4x + 4=0
represented by | |.

Equal Matrices Operations of Matrices

Two matrices are said to be equal, if
(i) they are of the same order i.e., if they have same
Addition of Matrices
number of rows and columns. Let A, B be two matrices, each of order m X n. Then, their
(ii) the elements in the corresponding positions of the sum A + B is a matrix of order m x n and is obtained by
two matrices are equal. adding the corresponding elements of A and B.
 Chap 08 Matrices 611

Thus, if A=[fl, 7]_x_

l y jm xn and B=[by]mxn
, then Properties of Matrix Addition
A + B=[a h
*■ ij
+ b. /]mx _,
tj ini x n *
Property 1 Addition of matrices is commutative,
1 3 5 0 3 i.e. A+B=B+A

I Example 5. Given, A = -2 0 2 B = -2 0 where A and B are any two m x n matrices, i.e. matrices of
the same order.
0 4 -3 0 -4
Property 2 Addition of matrices is associative
4 1 -2
i.e. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
and C = 3 2 1 Find (whichever defined) where A, B and C are any three matrices of the same order
2 -1 7 m x n (say).

(i) A + B. Property 3 Existence of additive identity

(ii) A +C.
i.e. A+O=A=O+A
Sol. (i) Given, A is a matrix of the type 3x3
and B is a matrix of the type 3x2. where A be any m x n matrix and 0 be the m x n null
Since, A and B are not of the same type. matrix. The null matrix 0 is the identity element for
matrix addition.
:. Sum A + B is not defined.
(ii) As A and C are two matrices of the same type, Property 4 Existence of additive inverse
therefore the sum A + C is defined. If A be any m x n matrix, then there exists another m x n
1 3 5 4 1 -2 matrix B, such that A + B = O = B + A
:. A + C = -2 0 2 + 3 2 1 where 0 is the m x n null matrix.
0 4 -3 2 -1 7 Here, the matrix B is called the additive inverse of the
matrix A or the negative of A.
1+4 3+1 5-2 5 4 3
-2 + 3 0 + 2 2 + 1 1 2 3 Property 5 Cancellation laws
0+2 4-1 -3 + 7 2 3 4 If A, B and C are matrices of the same order m x n (say),
■
then A+B=A+C => B = C
C=$B [left cancellation law]
B Example 6. If a,b;b,c and c,o are the roots of and A=$B = C [right cancellation law]
B + A = C + A=>B
x2 -4x + 3 = 0, x2 -8x +15 = 0 and x2 -6x + 5 = 0,
o2 + c2 a2+b2' Scalar Multiplication
respectively. Compute
b2 + c2 a2 + c2 Let A =[a^ ]m xn be a matrix and k be any number called a
’ 2ac -2ab~ scalar. Then, the matrix obtained by multiplying every
+ element of A by k is called the scalar multiple of A by k
-2bc -2qc and is denoted by kA.
Sol. v x2 -4x + 3 = 0 Thus, kA=[fcaj7]mxn
=> (x-l)(x —3) = 0 x = 1,3
x2 -8x + 15 = 0
Properties of Scalar Multiplication
x = 3, 5
If A = (fly ]m x „, B = [by ]m x n are two matrices and k, I are
(x-3)(x-5) = 0
scalars, then
and x2 - 6x + 5 = 0
=> (x-5)(x-l) = 0 x = 5,1 (i) k(A +B) = kA + kB (ii) (k + l) A = kA + LA
It is clear that a = 1, b = 3 and c = 5 (iii) (fcZ)A = fc(ZA) = Z(fcA)
?+c2 a2+b2' 2ac -2ab (iv) (-fc)A = -(fcA) = fc(-A)
Now, +
b2 +c2 a2 + c2 -2bc -2ac (v) 1A = A,(-1)A = -A
a2 + c2 +2ac a2 + b2 - 2ab (a + c)2 (a-b)2 I Example 7. Determine the matrix A,
b2 + c2 - 2bc a2 + c2 - 2ac (b - c)2 (a~c)2_ 12 3 5 4 1
= (1 + 5)2 (1-3)2 = '36 4* when A = 4 -1 -2 -3 + 2 3 2 4
(3-5)2 (1 — 5)2J L4 16 4 2 6 3 8 2
612 Textbook of Algebra

4 8 12 10 8 2 3- 1 -1-2 2 + 3'
Sol. A= -8 -12 + 6 4 8 4- 5 2-0 5-2
16 8 24 6 16 4 2-1 0+1 3-1

4+10 8+8 12 + 2 14 16 14 2 -3 5 2 -3 5
-4+6 -8 + 4 -12 + 8 2 -4 -4 2C = -1 2 3 => C = - -1 2 3
2
16 + 6 8 + 16 24 + 4 22 24 28 1 1 2 1 1 2

1 -3/2 5/2'
0 2 0 3a -1/2 1 3/2
I Example 8. If A = and k A = , then
3 -4 2b 24 1/2 1/2 1

find the value of b - a - k.

I Example 10. Solve the following equations for X and
o 2 0 2k 4 1 5 ‘
5
Sol. We have, A = => k A = 3-3 0
3 -4 3k -4k Y. 2X - Y = ,2Y + X =
3 3 2 -1 4 -4
0 3a
But kA = 3 -3 0
2b 24 Sol. Given, 2X -Y =
3 3 2
0 2k ' 0 3a
On multiplying both sides by 2, we get
3k -4k 2b 24
3 -3 0 6 -6 0
2/c = 3a, 3k = 2b, -4k = 24 4X-2Y = 2 ; 4X-2Y = •••(*)
3 3 2 6 6 4
k = -6, a~- 4, b = -9
4 1 5
Hence, b-a-k=-9- (-4) - (-6) = - 9 + 4 + 6= 1 also given X + 2Y =
-1 4 -4

Subtraction of Matrices Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

6 -6 0 4 1 5
Let A, B be two matrices, each of order m x n. Then, their 5X = +
6 6 4 -1 4 -4
subtraction A - B is a matrix of order m x n and is
6+4 -6 + 1 0+5 10 -5 5
obtained by subtracting the corresponding elements of A
and B. Thus, if A = [afy ]m x „ and B =[by ]m xn, 6-1 6+4 4-4 5 10 0

then A - B = [fly - byij }Jm x n • 1 10 -5 5 2 -1 1

X =- x=
‘2 3 a b 5 5 10 0 1 2 0

For example, If A = 4 5 and B = c d Putting the value of X in Eq. (ii), we get

2 -1 1 4 1 5
6 7 e + 2Y =
1 2 0 -1 4 -4
2 3 a b 2-a 3-b
4 1 5 2 -1 1
then A-B = 4 5 c d 4-c 5-d 2Y =
-1 4 -4 1 2 0
6 7 e f. 6—e 7~f. 4-2 1+1 5-1 2 2 4

1 2 -3 -1-1 4-2 -4-0 -2 2 -4

I Example 9. Given, A = 5 0 2 and 1 1 2

Y=
-1 1 -2
1 -1 1
3 -1 2 2 -1 1 1 1 2
Hence, X= and Y =
1 2 0 -1 1 -2
B= 4 2 5 . Find the matrix C such that A+2C = B.
2 0 3
Remark
Sol. Given, A +2C = B If two matrices A and B are of the same order, then only their
3 -1 2 1 2 -3 addition and subtraction is possible and these matrices are sad
to be conformable for addition or subtraction. On the other
2C = B- A = 4 2 5 5 0 2 hand, if the matrices A and Bare of different orders, then their
2 0 3 1 -1 1 addition and subtraction is not possible and these matrices are
called non-conformable for addition and subtraction.
 Chap 08 Matrices 613

For convenience of multiplication we write columns in

Multiplication horizontal rectangles.
Conformable for Multiplication 0 1 2 I 9J 2|
If A and B be two matrices which are said to be I-2 o -■!
i 2 3 112 3 |
conformable for the product AB. If the number of columns
in A (called the pre-factor) is equal to the number of rows
1 -1 2 I-2P-1I
2 3 4 | 2 3 4 |
in B (called the post-factor) otherwise non-conformable
1 -1 2 1-20 -1]
for multiplication. Thus,
(i) AB is defined, if number of columns in A = number of 0x1 + 1 x (-1) + 2x2 0x(-2) + lx0 + 2x (-1)'
rows in B. lxl + 2x(-l) + 3x2 1 x(-2) + 2x0 + 3x(-l)
(ii) BA is defined, if number of columns in B = number of 2xl + 3x(-l)+ 4 x2 2 x (-2)+ 3x0+ 4 x(-l) 3x2
rows in A.
0 — 1 + 4 0 + 0-2 3 -2
Multiplication of Matrices 1- 2 + 6 -2 + 0-3 5 -5
Let A=[a,JmXn and B = [bij]nXp be two matrices, then 2- 3 + 8 -4 + 0-4 J 3 x 2 7 -8J 3 x 2
the product AB is defined as the matrix C = [Cy ]m xp,
n Since, the number of columns of B is 2 and the number of
where Ctj =^a(J b jk,l<i<m,l<k <p rows of A is 3, BA is not defined (v 2^3).

Remark
=an bxk +ai2 b2k +ai3 b3k +... + ain bnk
Verification for the product to be correct.
i.e., (i, k) th entry of the product AB is the sum of the From above example
product of the corresponding elements of the ith row of A '0 1 2' ■ 1 -2 '3 -2
(pre-factor) and kth column of B (post-factor). 1 2 3 X -1 0 5 -5
Note 2 3 4 2 -1 7 -8
A = Pre-factor
In the product AB, 1 Sum 3 6 9 15 -15
B = Post-factor

0 1 2 1 -2 1 = 3x 1 + 6 x(-1}+9 x2
Now, 369 -1 =3-6 + 18
I Example 11. if A = 1 2 3 and B = 0
2 =15
2 3 4 2 -1
obtain the product AB and explain why BA is not defined? -2 = 3(-2) + 6 x 0 + 9 x (-1)
and 369 0 =-6+0-9
Sol. Here, the number of columns in A = 3 = the number of
-1 =-15
rows in B. Therefore, the product AB is defined.
C] C2 0 - tan (a/2)'
0 1 2 *1 1 -2 I Example 12. If A = and I is
AB = 1 2 3 r2 x 0
tan (a/2) 0
2 3 4 r3 2 -1 a 2 x 2 unit matrix, prove that
cos a -sina'
Rv R2, R3 are rows of A and Clt C2 are columns of B. l+A = (l-A) .
sin a cos a
R& B]C2
AB = R2 ^2 ’i o' 0 - tan(a 12)
Sol. Since, I = and given A =
P3Cj BjC2 3X2 0 1 tan (a/2) 0

1 -2 1 -tan (a/2)
0
/+A= -(i)
0 1 2 0 1 2 tan(a / 2) 1
2
cos a - sin a
T -2 RHS = (I- A)
1 2 3 1 2 3 0 sin a cos a
2
1 tan(a/2) cosa -sina
“T -2
2 3 4 -1 2 3 4 0 - tan(a / 2) 1 sina cos a
2 -1 3x2
614 Textbook of Algebra

1 tan (a/2) Property 5 If product of two matrices is a zero matrix, it

- tan(a / 2) 1 is not necessary that one of the matrices is a zero matrix
1 - tan2(a/2) -2 tan (a/2) For example,
1 + tan2(a/2) 1 + tan2(a/2) 1 1 -1 1 l-l + l-(-l)
(i) x
2tan (a/2) 1 - tan2(a/2) 2 2 1 -1J [2-(-l)+2.1 2-l + 2-(-l)
1 + tan2(a/2) 1 + tan2(a/2) To 0
Let tan (a/2) = k, then = 0
—2 X 0 0
1-X2
1 X‘ 1 + X2 1 + X2 0 0 0 0 0-0+00 0-0+01 0 0
RHS = x =0
-X 1 2X 1-X2 1 0 0 1 1-0+0-0 1-0+01 0 0
1 + X2 1 + X2
None of the matrices on the LHS is a null matrix
1 - X2 + 2X2 -2X + X(1-X2) whereas their product is a null matrix.
1 + X2 1 + X2 Note If A and 8 are two non-zero matrices such that AS = 0. then
-X(1-X2) + 2X 2X2 + 1 - X2 A and 8 are called the divisors of zero. Also, if
1 + X2 1 + X2 48 = 0 => |4B| = 0 =>| A|| B| = 0
=> 14| = 0or|B| = 0 but not the converse.
1 + X2 -X(l + X2)
T -X' Property 6 Multiplication of a matrix A by a null matrix
1 + X2 1 + X2
conformable with A for multiplication.
X(1 + X2) 1 + X2 X 1 "3 4
1 + X2 1 + X2 0 0 0
For example, If A = 5 6 and O = I

1 -tan(a/2) 0 0 0 2x3
[v X = tan (a/2)] 7 8 3X2
tan(a/2) 1
0 0 0
= / +A [from Eq. (i)]
= LHS then AO = 0 0 0 , which is a 3 x 3 null matrix.
0 0 0 3x3

Pre-multiplication and Property 7 Multiplication of a matrix by itself

Post-multiplication of Matrices The product of A A A ... m times = Am and (Am)n = Amn
The matrix AB is the matrix B pre-multiplied by A and the
Note
matrix BA is the matrix B post-multiplied by A.
1. If / be unit matrix, then /2 = /3 = ... = / m =/ (me/J

Properties of Multiplication of Matrices 1 2. If A and 8 are two matrices of the same order, then
(i) (4+ B)2 = A2 + AB+ BA+ B2
Property 1 Multiplication of matrices is not commutative
(ii) (4-B)2 = 42-AB-BA+ B2
i.e. AB -A BA
(iii) (4-6)(4+8) = 42+46-64+B2
Note (iv) (4+B)(4-B) = 42- AB+BA-B2
1. If AB = - BA then A and Bare said to anti-commute. (v) 4(-B) = (-4)(B) = -4B
’1 O’ '3 0‘ ’3 0‘
2. If 4 = and B = then AB = BA = 1 2 2 1
0 2 0 4 ' 0 8 I Example 13. If A = ,B = and
Observe that multiplication of diagonal matrices of same order -2 3 2 3
will be commutative. -3 1
Property 2 Matrix multiplication associative if C= verify that (AB) C = A(BC)
2 0 ’
conformability assumed.
and A(B + C) = AB + AC.
i.e. A(BC)=(AB)C
Property 3 Matrix multiplication is distributive with
respect to addition, i.e. A(B + C) = AB + AC, whenever
Sol. We have, AB =

1-2 + 2-2
[1 R 3
11 + 2-3 6 7
both sides of equality are defined.
(-2)2 +3-2 (-2)-l + 3-3j [2 7
Property 4 If A is an m x n matrix, then Im A = A- AIn.
 Chap 08 Matrices 615

2 1 -3 1 2-(—3) + l-2 2-1+ 1-0* o o 1

BC = x
2 3 2 0 2(-3) + 3-2 2-1 + 30 P 9 r
. 2
-6+2 2+0 -4 2 • Pr P + 9r 9+r
—6 + 6 2 + 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 2 -3 1 l-(-3) + 2-2 1-14-2-0 A3 = A2•A = P 9 r X 0 0 1
AC = x 2
-2 3 2 Oj |_(-2)-(-3) + 3-2 (-2)1 + 3 0 pr p+qr q + rL P 9 r
-3 + 4 1+0 Fl 1 P 9 r
6+6 -2 + 0 12 -2 pr p + 9r q + r2 (i)
2 . _2 . 2
-1 2’ pq + r p pr + q + qr p + 2qr + r3
2 1 2-3 1+1
B+C= + 1-3 1
2 3 2 2+2 3 + 0 4 3 i o o 0 1 0

1 -18 + 14 6 + 0 and pl + qA + rA2 = p 0 1 0 +9 0 0 1

Now, (AB)C = 7]X[ -3 0 0 1
2 0 -6 + 14 2+0 P 9 r
F-4 61 o 0 1
“ 8 2 (i)
P 9 r
1 2 -4 2 Pr p + qr q + r2
A(BC) = x
-2 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 r
P 9
-4+0 2+4 -4 6 0 P 0 + 0 0 9 + pr qr r2
(ii) 2
8 + 0 —4 + 6 8 2 0 0 PJ P9 9 9''. pr2 pr + qr 2 qr + r3

Thus, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, (AB)C = A(BC) p +0 + 0 0 + q +0 0+0+r
1 2 -1 2 -1+8 2+6 0 + 0 + pr p + 0 + qr Q + q + r2
Now, A(B + C) = x n , „2 - 2
-2 3 4 3 2 + 12 -4+9 0 + pq + pr2 0 + q + pr + qr p + qr + qr + r3
7 8 P 9 r
(iii)
14 5 pr p + qr <? + r 2 -(ii)
2
6 7 1 1 6+1 7+1 pq + pr2 q + pr + qr 2 p + 2qr + r3
and AB + AC = +
2 7 12 -2 2 + 12 7-2 Thus, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get A3 = pl + qA + rA 2
7 8
-(iv) 1- 3 2 1
14 5
I Example 15. Find x, so that [1 x 1] 0 5 1 1 = 0.
Thus, from Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
0 3 2 x
A(B + C) = AB + AC 1 3 2 1
0 1 0 Sol. We have, [1 x 1] 0 5 1 1 =0

I Example 14. if A= 0 0 1 show that 0 3 2 X

1
P q r
[1 5x + 6 x + 4] 1 = 0
A* =pI+qA + rA2.
x
Sol. We have, A2 = A ■ A
=> [1 + 5x + 6 + x2 + 4x] =0
0 1 0 0 1 0
or x2 +9x + 7 = 0
0 0 1 x 0 0 1
- 9 + 7(81 -28) => x = -- ~ -53
P 9 r |P 9 r x=
2 2
616 Textbook of Algebra

Various Kinds of Matrices I Example 17. Show that

1
5
1
2
3
6 is nilpotent

Idempotent Matrix -2 -1 -3
matrix of order 3.
A square matrix A is called idempotent provided it ’ 1
1 3
satisfies the relation A2 = A.
Sol. Let A = 5 2 6
Note
-2 -1 -3
An = AV n £ 2, ne N.
1 1 3 1 1 3
I Example 16. Show that the matrix
/. A2 = A • A = 5 2 6 x 5 2 6
' 2 -2 -4
-2 -1 -3 -2 -1 -3
A = -1 3 4 is idempotent.
1 + 5-6 1 + 2-3 3 + 6-9
1 -2 -3
5 + 10-12 5 + 4-6 15 + 12-18
2 -2 -4 2 -2 -4 -2-5+6 -2-2+3 -6-6+9
2
Sol. A=A'A = -1 3 4 x -1 3 4 0I 0 0
1 -2 -3 1 -2 -3 3i 3 9
'2-2 + (-2) -(- l) + (—4)4 -1 -1 -3
= (-l)-2 + 3(-l) + 41
0 0 0 1 1 3
1 2+(—2)-(—1) + (—3) ■ 1 3 2
/. AJ = A" A = 3 3 9 x 5 2 6
2-(—2)+(—2) • 3 + (—4) • (—2)
-1 -1 -3 -2 -1 -3
(—!)•(—2) + 3-3+ 4 •(— 2)
1 •(—2) + (-2) • 3 + (—3) • (—2) 0+0+0 0+0+0
0+0+0 0+0+0 0 0 0
= 3+ 15- 18 3 + 6-9 9 + 18-27 0 0 0 =0
2-(—4) + (-2)-4 + (—4)-(—3)"
-1-5+6 -1-2+3 -3-6+9 0 0 0
(—1)-(—4) + 3-4 + 4-(—3)
l-(-4) + (-2)-4 + (-3)-(-3) A3 = Oi.e.,A* = 0

2 -2 —4 Here, k=3

-1 3 4 =A Hence, the matrix A is nilpotent of order 3.

1 -2 -3
Involutory Matrix
Hence, the matrix A is idempotent.
A square matrix A is called involutory provided it satisfies
the relation A2 = I, where I is identity matrix.
Periodic Matrix Note A = A~' for an involutory matrix.

A square matrix A is called periodic, if Afc + 1 = A, where

I Example 18. Show that the matrix
k is a positive integer. If k is the least positive integer
-5 -8 0
for which Ak + 1 = A,then k is said to be period of A
A= 3 5 0 is involutory.
For k - 1, we get A = A and we called it to be
1 2 -1
Note -5 -8 0 -5 -8 0
Period of an idempotent matrix is 1. Sol. A2 =A-A = 3 5 0 x 3 5 0
1 2 -1 1 2 -1
Nilpotent Matrix
A square matrix A is called nilpotent matrix of order m 25-24 +0 40- 40 + 0 0+0+0 1 0 0
provided it satisfies the relation Ak = O and A*-1 O, - 15 + 15 + 0 -24 + 25 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 1 o =1
where k is positive integer and 0 is null matrix and k is the -5+6-1 -8 + 10-2 0+0+ 1 0 0 1
order of the nilpotent matrix A. Hence, the given matrix A is involutory.
 Chap 08 Matrices 617

§ Exercise for Session 1

a 2]
1. If A = and | A31 = 125, a is equal to
2 a
(a) ±2 (b) ±3
(c)±5 (d) 0
’1 -1‘ a 1‘
2. If A = ,8 = and (A + B)2 = A2 + B2, the value of a + b is
2 -1 b -1
(a) 4 (b)5
(c)6 (d)7
'1 2
3. lfA = and A2 - AA -12 = O, then A. is equal to
2 3
(a)-4 (b)-2
(c)2 (d)4
0 a' a b'
4. Let A - and (A + Z)50 -50A = , the value of a + b + c + d, is
0 0 c d
(a)1 (b)2
(c)4 (d) None of these
' cos 9 sin 9'
5. lfA = , then A2 = I is true for
-sin9 cos9

(a) 9=0 (b)e=i

4

(c)9=£ (d) None of these

2
a p’
6. If is to be the square root of two rowed unit matrix, then a, p and y should satisfy the relation
y -a

(a) 1-a2 + py = 0 (b)a2 + py-1=0

(c) 1 + a2 + py = 0 (d)1-a2-py = 0
' 1 0]
7. lfA = , then A100 is equal to
1/2 1
’ 1 O' '1 O'
(a) (b)
25 0 50 1
' 1 O'
(c) (d) None of these
(1/2)100 1
’1 iiri 2iri 3' 1 n' ’1 378
8. If the product of n matrices is equal to the matrix the value ofn is equal
010101***0 1 0 1
to
(a) 26 (b) 27
(c) 377 (d)378
9. If A and B are two matrices such that AB = B and BA = A then A2 + B2 is equal to
(a) 2AB (b)2BA
(c)A+B (d) AB
Session 2
Transpose of a Matrix, Symmetric Matrix, Orthogonal
Matrix, Complex Conjugate (or Conjugate) of a Matrix,
Hermitian Matrix, Unitary Matrix, Determinant of a Matrix,
Singular and Non-Singular Matrices,

Transpose of a Matrix Sol. We have, AT A

Let A aij mxn be any given matrix, then the matrix cos 0 sin 0 cos 0 -sin 0 '1 0*
obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A is => +
-sin 0 cos 0 sin 0 cos 0 0 1
called the transpose of A. Transpose of the matrix A is
2cos 0 0 1 0
denoted by A or A or A . In other words, if
aij mxn^benA'=[aji]nXm. 0 2 cos 0 0 1
For example, 1
cos 0 = - = cos — =$> 0 = 2mt ± —, n e
2 3 4 5 2 3

If A = -2 -1 4 8
7 5 3 1 3X4 Symmetric Matrix
2 -2 7 A square matrix A atijj nXn
nXn is said to be symmetric,if
3 -1 5 A'=A i.e., atJ =a
then A'=
4 4 3 For example,
5 8 1 4X3
a h a h g
If A h b f ,then A’ = h b f
Properties of Transpose Matrices
_S f c _g f c.
If A' and B' denote the transpose of A and B respectively,
then Here, A is symmetric matrix as A' =■ A.
(i) A')' = A Note
(ii) A ± B ' = A' + B'; A and B are conformable for 1. Maximum number of distinct entries in any symmetric matr.i
matrix addition. of order n is
2
(iii) kA ' = kA'-, A: is a scalar. 2. For any square matrix A with real number entries, then 4+ '
(iv) AB ' = B' A'; A and B are conformable for matrix is a symmetric matrix.
product AB. Proof (A + A)' = A+(A)'= A + A= A + A'
In general, AAA ...An_ AnY = A'n A'n_1
A'3 A'2 A'j (reversal law for transpose).
Skew-Symmetric Matrix
Remark A square matrix A = [a^ ]nxnis said to be skew-symmetric
/'= I, where / is an identity matrix. matrix, if A' = - A, i.e. a (j =-aji,^ i, j. (the pair of
conjugate elements are additive inverse of each other)
0 -sinO" Now, if we put i = j, we have au = - au.
•’ Example 19. If A , find the values
sin 0 cos 0 Therefore, 2ait = 0 or a = 0, V i’s
of 0 satisfying the equation AT + A /2- This means that all the diagonal elements of a
skew-symmetric matrix are zero, but not the converse.
 Chap 08 Matrices 619

For example, vr „ [3 21 f 0 3 3 5’
Now, P + Q = + =A
" 0 h g |_2 2] [-3 0 -1 2
If A = -h 0 f , then Hence, A is represented as the sum of a symmetric and a
skew-symmetric matrix.
,~g ~f o.
0 ~h -g 0
A' = h
h g
Properties of Symmetric and
0 -f -h 0 f =—A
_g f 0 L-g ~f o_
Skew-Symmetric Matrices
(i) If A be a square matrix, then AA' and A' A are
Here, A is skew-symmetric matrix as A' = - A. symmetric matrices.
Note (ii) All positive integral powers of a symmetric matrix are
1. Trace of a skew-symmetric matrix is always 0. symmetric, because
2. For any square matrix Awith real number entries, then A - A' (AnY=(A')n
is a skew-symmetric matrix. (iii) All positive odd integral powers of a skew-symmetric
Proof (A - A')' = A' -(A')'= A'-A = -(A- A') matrix are skew-symmetric and positive even integral
3. Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are symmetric,
a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix. because (An)'=(A')n
i.e. If A is a square matrix, then we can write
1 1 (iv) If A be a symmetric matrix and B be a square matrix
A=2(A+ A') + -(A-A')
2 2 of order that of A, then -A kA A', A-1, A" and B' AB
are also symmetric matrices, where ne N and k is a
I Example 20. The square matrix A = [o/-/ ]mxni given scalar.
by o,y = (/ - j)n, show that A is symmetric and (v) If A be a skew-symmetric matrix, then
(a) A2'1 is a symmetric matrix for n 6 N.
skew-symmetric matrices according as n is even or odd,
respectively. (b) A2/1 + 1 is a skew-symmetric matrix for neN.
(c) kA is a skew-symmetric matrix, where k is scalar.
So/. va/J=(i-j)n=(-l)n0 -f)n
(d) B' AB is also skew-symmetric matrix, where B is
a, n is even integer a square matrix of order that of A.
= (-l)n ajt =
-ajitn is odd integer (vi) If A and B are two symmetric matrices, then
(a) A ± B, AB + BA are symmetric matrices.
Hence, A is symmetric if n is even and skew-symmetric if
n is odd integer. (b) AB - BA is a skew-symmetric matrix
(c) AB is a symmetric matrix, iff AB = BA
8 Example 21. Express A as the sum of a symmetric (where A and B are square matrices of same order)
" 3 5‘ (vii) If A and B are two skew-symmetric matrices, then
and a skew-symmetric matrix, where A = (a) A ± B, AB - BA are skew-symmetric matrices.
-1 2 ‘
Sol. We have, (b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
53 3 -1 (where A and B are square matrices of same order)
A= , then A' =
-1 2 2J (viii) If A be a skew-symmetric matrix and C is a column
matrix, then C'AC is a zero matrix, where C'AC is
Let p = 1(a + a')=^1 6
conformable.
2 2 4
1
Thus, P = -(A + A')isa symmetric matrix.
2 Orthogonal Matrix
1 0 6 ‘0 3
Also, let Q = - (A-A') =- A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal matrix, iff
2 ’ 2 -6 0 -3 0 AA' = I, where I is an identity matrix.
’ 0 3
0 -3 Note
Then, Q'= = -Q
3 0 -3 0 1. If AA’ = /. then 4"’ = A
1 . . 2. If Aand B are orthogonal, then AB is also orthogonal.
Thus, Q = -(A-A')isa skew-symmetric matrix.
2 3. If A is orthogonal, then A*’ and A' are also orthogonal.
620 Textbook of Algebra

’0 20 Y So/. Since, AA' = 9I3

I Example 22. If a P ~Y is orthogonal, then find i 2 2' 1 2 a 1 0 0
2 1 -2 2 1 2 =9 0 1 0
L“ -P Y
a 2 b 2 -2 b 0 0 1
the value of 2a2 + 6p2 + 3y2.
9 0 a + 2b + 4 9 0 O'
‘o 20 y' 0 a a
=> 0 9 2a-2b + 2 0 9 0
Sol. Let A = a p -y , then A' = 2p p -P
a + 2b + 4 2a — 2b+ 2 a2+b2 + 4 0 0 9
a -0 y ~Y Y
Y -Y
Since, A is orthogonal. Equating the corresponding elements, we get
A4' = f a+ 2b + 4 = 0
2a —2b+ 2 = 0 ...(ii
'o 2p y ’ o a a 1 0 0
and a2 + b2 + 4 = 9 ..(iii
a P -Y 20 p -P 0 1 0
a -p y’. 0 0 1 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
-y Y
ly
a = — 2 and b = - 1
402 + y2 2p2-y2 -2p2+y2 T o o Hence, |a | + p| = |-2| +1-1| = 2 + 1 = 3
2P2 -y2 a2+p2 + y2 a2 - P2 - y2 o 1 o
-20z+y2 <a2 - p2 - y2 a2 + p2 + y2 o o 1
Equating the corresponding elements, we get Complex Conjugate
4p2+y2=l
(or Conjugate) of 3 Matrix
2p2 -y2 =0 ••(ii)
If a matrix A is having complex numbers as its elements,
and a2 + P2 + y2 = 1 ■(iii) the matrix obtained from A by replacing each element of /
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get by its conjugate (a ± ib = a + ib, where i = 7-1) is called
P2 = - andy2 = 1 the conjugate of matrix A and is denoted by A.
6 3
’2+5i 3-i 7
From Eq. (iii),
For example, If A = —2i 6+i 7-5/ , where i=v-l,
a2 =1-P2 --yy2 =1-1
=l-pZ =1-1-1 = 1
6 3 2 1-i 3 6/
Hence, 2a2 +6p2+3y2=2xl + 6xl + 3xl = 3 2-51 3+i 7
2 6 3
then A= 2i 6-i 7 + 5i
Aliter
1+i 3 -6i
The rows of matrix A are unit orthogonal vectors
Note
RfR2 =o => 202-y2 =0 => 2p2 = y2 (i) If all elements of A are real, then A = A.

R2-R3 =0 => a2 -p2 -y2 =0 => p2 +y2 =a2 (ii)

Properties of Complex Conjugate
and R3R3 =1 => a2+p2+y2 =1 ...(iii) of a Matrix
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get If A and B are two matrices of same order, then
a2=A,p iandy
=ip2 = iand7!2=l
=A
2 6 3 (i) (A) = A
.-. 2a2+602+3y2 =3 (ii) (A + B) = A + B, where A and B being conformable for

2 2 'l addition.

I Example 23. If A= 2 1-2 is a matrix satisfying (iii) (kA) - kA, where k is real.

o 2 b (iv) (AB) = AB, where A and B being conformable for

AA' = 913, find the value of |a| + |b|. multiplication.

 Chap 08 Matrices 621

Conjugate Transpose of a Matrix Note

For any square matrix A with complex number entries, then
The conjugate of the transpose of a matrix A is called the 4+ A9 is a Hermitian matrix.
conjugate transpose of A and is denoted by A9 i.e. Proof (-4+ A9)9 = A9 + (A0)0 = A9 + A= / + A9
A9 = Conjugate of A' = (A')
For example, Skew-Hermitian Matrix
2 + 4i 3 5-9i A square matrix A=[a(? ]nXn is said to be skew-hermitian
If A= 4 5+2z 3i matrix. If A9 = - A, i.e. at) = - ay, V i,j. If we put j = i, we
2 -5 4-i have au = - an => au + an = 0 => au is purely imaginary
where i = 7-1, for all i’s. This means that all the diagonal elements of a
2-4i 4 2 skew-hermitian matrix must be purely imaginary or zero.
then A9 = (A') = 3 5 —2i -5 For example,
2i -2-3i -2 + i
5+9i -3i 4+i
If A = 2-3i -i 3i , where i = 7-1,
Properties of Transpose Conjugate Matrix 2+i 3i 0
If A and B are two matrices of same order, then 2i 2-3i 2 + i
W=(A') (ii) (A9)9 =A then A' = -2-3i 3i
(iii) (A + B)9 =A9 + B9, where A and B being -2 + i 3i 0
conformable for addition. -2i 2+3i 2-i
(iv) (kA)9 = k A 9, where k is real. A9 =(A') = -2+3i i -3i
(v) (AB)9 = B9 A9, where A and B being conformable for -2-i -3i 0
multiplication 2i -2-3i -2 + i
2-3i 3i = -A
Hermitian Matrix 2+i 3i 0

A square matrix A = ]nXn is said to be hermitian, if Hence, A is skew-hermitian matrix.

A = A i.e., ay - a jt, V i, j. If we put j = i, we have aH = an Note
=>aH is purely real for all i ’s. 1. For any square matrix A with complex number entries, then
A - A6 is a skew-hermitian matrix.
This means that all the diagonal elements of a hermitian
Proof (A - /40)0 = (Ae) - (A0)0 = - A = -(A- A9)
matrix must be purely real.
2. Every square matrix (with complex elements) can be uniquely
For example; expressed as the sum of a hermitian and a skew-hermitian
a A, + ip. 0 + z (j) matrix i.e.
If A is a square matrix, then we can write
If A = A.-ip P x + iy
A = 1(A+ A9) + 2 (A-A9)
0-4 x - iy y 2 2
where a, p, y, X, p,0,0, x, y g R and i = 7-1, then I Example 24. Express A as the sum of a hermitian
a A, - ip 0-4 and a skew-hermitian matrix, where
“2+3/ 7"
A' = A, + ip. P x-iy A= ,i =
1-i 2i
0 + z(j) x + iy y . 2 + 3i 7 2 —3i 1 + i
a A. + z|i 0+4 Sol. We have,A = , then A9 = (A') =
1-z 2i 7 -2z
Ae=(A') = X-ip P x + iy = A
44-2
2
Q-ty x - iy y Let P= -(A + ,4e) = 1 4 8 + i 2 = P9
Here, A is hermitian matrix as A 9 = A. 2 2 8-i 0 4-' 0
2
622 Textbook of Algebra

Thus, P = -(A + A6) is a hermitian matrix. 1 1+f

2' I Example 25. Verify that the matrix -^= . is
-1
' 6i 6-i
Also, let Q = -(A-Ae) = - unitary, where i =
2 2 -6-i 4i
Sol. Let A = -L 1 , then A9 = (A') =-4 1 1+i
3i 3-i -3i —3+- Ji l-i -1 ^[1-i
2 2 = -Q9
^-3-1 1 1 1 1+f
2i 3 + - ~2i AA e = _L| x
L 2 2 Ji |_i- -1 Ji 1-i -1
Thus, Q = -(A-Ae)isa skew-hermitian matrix.
2 =ip »1=p
3L° 3j L° d
2 <+i2 3i 3-i
Now, P+ Q = + 2 Hence, A is unitary matrix.
4-i 0 -3-i 2i
L 2 2
_ 2+3i
“ [1 — i
7
2i = A
Determinant of a Matrix
Let A be a square matrix, then the determinant formed by
Hence, A is represented as the sum of a hermitian and a the elements of A without changing their respective
skew-hermitian matrix. positions is called the determinant of A and is denoted by
det A or | A |.
Properties of Hermitian and «2 az ai a2 fl3

Skew-Hermitian Matrices i.e., IfA = b2 , then | A | = bi b2

(i) If A be a square matrix, then AA0 and A0 A are _ci c2 c3 _ ci C2 C3

hermitian matrices.
(ii) If A is a hermitian matrix, then
(a) iA is skew-hermitian matrix, where i = V-l.
Properties of the Determinant
(b) iff A is hermitian matrix.
of a Matrix
(c) kA is hermitian matrix, where keR. If A and B are square matrices of same order, then
(iii) If A is a skew-hermitian matrix, then (i) | A | exists <=> A is a square matrix.
(a) iA is hermitian matrix, where i = V-l. (u) |A'| = |A|
(b) iff A is skew-hermitian matrix. (iii) | AB\ = | A||B| and | AB| = |BA|
(c) kA is skew-hermitian matrix, where keR. (iv) If A is orthogonal matrix, then | A | = ± 1
(iv) If A and B are hermitian matrices of same order, then (v) If A is skew-symmetric matrix of odd order, then
(a) fcj A + k2B is also hermitian, where k}, k2 g R. |A|=0
(b) AB is also hermitian, if AB = BA.
(vi) If A is skew-symmetric matrix of even order, then | A]
(c) AB + BA is a hermitian matrix.
is a perfect square.
(d) AB - BA is a skew-hermitian matrix.
(vii) | kA | = kn | A], where n is order of A and k is scalar.
(v) If A and B are skew-hermitian matrices of same order,
then kt A + k2 B is also skew-hermitian matrix. (viii)| A" | = | A|", where neN
(ix)IfA= (a1,a2,u3,...,an), then
Unitary Matrix |A| = aj -a2 a3 ...an

A square matrix A is said to be unitary matrix iff AA0 = I, I Example 26. If A, B and C are square matrices of
where I is an identity matrix. order n and det(A) = 2, det (B) = 3 and det(C)=5, then
Note find the value of 1 Odet (A3B2 C“1).
1. If AA6 = I, then A"1 = A° Sol. Given, |A| = 2 , |B| = 3 and |C| = 5.
2. If Aand Bare unitary, then AB is also unitary. Now, 10det(A3 B2 C’1) = 10 x |A3 B2 C-,|
3. If A is unitary, then A-1 and A' are also unitary.
 Chap 08 Matrices 623

= 10 x |A31 x | B21 x |C~’|= 10 x |A|3 x|B|2 x|C| 1+2CD2017 + CD2018 CD2018

Sol. Let A = 1+CD2018 + 2 CD20,7

_ 10 x |A|3 x |B2| _ 10 x 23 x 32 1
= 144 2018
iqi s CD2017 CD
1
o b C CD2017

I Example 27. If A= b c a abc = l, AtA = I, then 2 +CD2017 + 2 CD 2018

CD3 = 1 => CD2017 = CD

cab
find the value of a3 +b3 +c3. and CD 20,8 = CD2, then
2 CD2
So/. v ArA=I 1 +2CD +0) 1
A= 1 1 + CD2 + 2CO CD
=> |ArA|=l/| => |At||A| = 1
CD CD2 2 + CO +2CD2
=> |A||A| = 1 [••|At| = |A|]
=> |A = ±1 CO CD2 i
a b c 1 CD (0 [•.■ 1 + co + cd2 = 01
=> b c a = ±1 CD CD2 -co
c a b
CD CD2 1 CD co 1
3abc-(a3 + b3 +c3) = ±l
Now, |A| = 1 CD CD = CD 1 1 0) =0
or 3-(a3 + b3 + c3) = ± 1 ['.• abc = 1] CD CD2 -CD CD (0 -co
or a3 + b3 + c3 = 3 + 1 = 2or 4 [•••c, = c2]
Thus, | A | =0.
Hence, A is singular matrix.
Singular and Non-Singular I Example 29. Find the rea values of x for which the
Matrices I x+1 3 5
A square matrix A is said to be a singular, if | A[ =0 and a matrix 1 x+3 5 is non-singular.
square matrix A is said to be non-singular, if | A| ^0. 1 3 x+5
For example,
x+1 3 5
1 2 3
Sol. Let A = 1 x+3 5
(i)A = -1 0 2 is a singular matrix.
1 3
2 4 6
x+1 3 5
Since, |A| =0. |A| = 1 x+3 5
2 3 1 3 x+5
(ii) A = is a non-singular matrix.
4 5 Applying Q —» Cx + C2 + C3, then

Since,|A| = 10-12 = -2^0 x + 93 3 5

|A| = x + 9 x+3
x+3 5
I Example 28. If © 1 is a complex cube root of unity, x+9 3 x+5
then prove that Applying R2 —> R2 - Fj and — Rit then
1+2©2017+©2018 Q)2018
x+9 3 5
1 1+©2018 + 2©2017 |A| = 0 x 0 = x2(x + 9)
co2017 ©2018 0 0 **• x

1 v A is non-singular.
co2017 is singular. |A|*0 => x2(x + 9)?to
x # 0, - 9
2+©2017 + 2©2018
Hence, x e R - {0, - 9}.
624 Textbook of Algebra

g Exercise for Session 2

4 x+2
1 If A- is symmetric, then x is equal to
2x -3 x +1
(a) 2 (b)3
(c)4 (d)5
2 If A and 8 are symmetric matrices, then ABA is
(a) symmetric matrix (b) skew-symmetric matrix
(c) diagonal matrix (d) scalar matrix
3 If A and 8 are symmetric matrices of the same order and P = AB + BA and Q = AB - BA, then (PQ/ is equal to
(a)PQ (b)QP
(c) - QP (d) None of these
4 If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and n is odd positive integer, then An is
(a) a skew-symmetric matrix (b) a symmetric matrix
(c) a diagonal matrix (d) None of these
5 If A is symmetric as well as skew-symmetric matrix, then A is
(a) diagonal matrix (b) null matrix
(c) triangular matrix (d) None of these
6 If A is square matrix order 3, then | (A - A')')2015|is
(a)|A| (b)|A'|
(c) 0 (d) None of these
7 The maximum number of different elements required to form a symmetric matrix of order 6 is
(a) 15 (b)17
(c) 19 (d)21
8 If A and 8 are square matrices of order 3x3 such that A is an orthogonal matrix and 8 is a skew-symmetric
matrix, then which of the following statement is true?
(a) |A8|= 1 (b) |AB| = 0
(c) |AB| = - 1 (d) None of these
/ 1-2/“
9 The matrix A = , where / = V-1, is
-1-2/ 0
(a) symmetric (b) skew-symmetric
(c) hermitian (d) skew-hermitian
10 If A and B are square matrices of same order such that A = A and 8* = 8, where A*denotes the conjugate
transpose of A then (AB - BA) * is equal to
(a) null matrix (b) AB - BA
(c) BA - AB (d) None of these
ij 1
11 If matrix A = -7= /' i = V-1 is unitary matrix, a is equal to
/2 -i a '
(a) 2 (b)-1
(c)0 (d)1
12 lfAisa3x3 matrix and det (3A) = k {det( A)}, k is equal to
(a)9 (b)6
(c)1 (d)27
13 If A and 8 are square matrices of order 3 such that | A| = -1,181 = 3, then |3AB | is equal to
(a) - 9 (b) - 81
(c) - 27 (d) 81
 Chap 08 Matrices 625

14 If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A, then det (A) is equal to

(a)0or1 (b)-2or2
(c) - 3 or 3 (d) None of these
15 If / is a unit matrix of order 10, the determinant of / is equal to
(a) 10 (b) 1
(c)2 (d)9

2 3
16 if/\ = , then y det(^) is equal to
3 2 /=1

(b) —
24
(d) —
144
3-x 2 2
17 The number of values of x for which the matrix A = 2 4 -x 1 is singular, is
-2 -4 — 1 —x
(a)0 (b)1
(c)2 (d)3
3 -1+ x 2 '
18 The number of values of x in the closed interval [-4, -1], the matrix 3 -1 x +2 is singular, is
x +3 -1 2
(a)0 (b)1
(c)2 (d)3
-x X 2'
19 The values of x for which the given matrix 2 X -x will be non-singular are
x -2 -x
(a)-2<x<2 (b) for all x other than 2 and - 2
(c) x £ 2 (d)xS-2
Session 3
Adjoint of a Matrix, Inverse of a Matrix (Reciprocal Matrix),
Elementary Row Operations (Transformations), Equivalent
Matrices, Matrix Polynomial, Use of Mathematical Induction,

Adjoint of a Matrix Rule to Write Cofactors of

LetA =[fly ] be a square matrix of order n and let Cj be an Element a,y
cofactor of atJ in A. Then, the transpose of the matrix of
Cross the row and column intersection at the element
cofactors of elements of A is called the adjoint of A and is
and the determinant which is left be denoted by D, then
denoted by adj (A).
D, if i + j =even integer
Thus, adj(A) =[Ct7]' Cofactors of a- = <
-D, if i + j =odd integer
=> (adj A)J; = Cjt = Cofactor of a ji in A

an °12 a13 3 1 H
i.e. if A= fl21 a22 °23 ,then 0 Example 30. Find the cofactor of a23 in 0 2 -1
_fl31 a32 a33_ 1 -3 5
1 4-
^12 ^13 ^11 Qi ^31

adj A = ^21 ^22 C*23 ^12 ^22 ^32 Sol. Let A- 0 --2---- 1
_C31 ^32 C33_ ^13 C-23 ^33. Ll -3 5J
Cofactor of a23 = - D [-.• 2+3=odd]
where Cijti denotes the cofactor of a„ in A.
3 1
a22 a23 where D =
Here, — a22a33 a23 a 32, 1 -3
a32 a33 [after crossing the 2nd row and 3rd column]
a21 a23 = -9-1 = -10
C12 - - fl31a23 a33a21 > Hence, cofactor of a23 = - (- 10) = 10
a31 a33
Note
fl21 a22
^13 “
- a2ia32 a31fl22>
The adjoint of a square matrix of order 2 is obtained by
a31 a32 interchanging the diagonal elements and changing signs of
off-diagonal elements.
fl12 a13 'a b
Qi ~ - o13a32 “12a 33 > If A= then
fl32 a 33 c d
flU fl13 ~ d -b'
(adj A) =
C22 ~ 33 31fl13’ -c a
a31 a33

^23 ~
an fl12 ! Example 31. Find the adjoint of the matrix
~ai2a31 fllla32’
fl31 a32 1 2 31
fl12 a]3 A = 0 5 0.
C31 - - a12fl23 a22ai3 >
a22 a23 2 4 3
ail fl13 So/. If C be the matrix of cofactors of the element in | A|, then
C32 - - 013^21 alla23
a21 a23
Cn C 12
C12 C13
“11 ai2 C = C2i ^22
C22 C23
and C33 = ~flllfl22 a2iai2
a21 a22 C31 C32 C33
 Chap 08 Matrices 627

5 0 0 5
4 3
00
2 3 2 4
Properties of Adjoint Matrix
12 0 -10
2 3 1 3 1 2 Property 1 If A be a square matrix order n, then
6 -3 0
4 3 2 3 2 4 A(adjA) = (adj A)A=|A|/„
-15 0 5
2 3 1 3 1 2 i.e., the product of a matrix and its adjoint is commutative.
5 0 0 0 0 5
’ 12
Deductions of Property 1
6 -15 '
Deduction 1 If A be a square singular matrix of order n,
=> adjA = C' = 0 -3 0
then A(adj A) = (adj A) A = 0 [null matrix]
-10 0 5
Since, for singular matrix, | A| =0.
Deduction 2 If A be a square non-singular matrix of order
Maha Shortcut for Adjoint n, then | adj A | = | A |n ~1
(Goyal’s Method) Since, for non-singular matrix, | A | 0.
This method applied only for third order square matrix.
Proof A (adj A) = | A11n
1 2 3‘
Taking determinant on both sides, then
Method : Let A = 0 5 0
|A(adj A)1=||A|/„|
2 4 3. |A||adj A| = |A|n|/„|=|A|n [••|/n| = l]
Step I Write down the three rows of A and rewrite first two
|adj A|=|A|'’*1 [•••|A|*0]
rows.
i.e. Note
1 2 3 In general|adj (adj (adj... (adj A)))[ = |
0 5 0 ao> repeat m times

2 4 3 Property 2 If A and B are square matrices of order n, then

1 2 3 adj (AB) = (adj B)(adj A)
0 5 0 Property 3 If A is a square matrix of order n, then
Step II After Step I, rewrite first two columns, (adj A)' = adj A'
i.e. Property 4 If A be a square non-singular matrix of order
122 3 12 1
n, then adj (adjA) = | Aj"“2 A
0 5 0 0 5
Proof v A (adj A) = | A | In
2 4 3 2 4
Replace A by adj A, then
12 3 12
1
(adj A)(adj (adj A)) = | adj A | In
0 5 0 0 5
Step III After Step II, deleting first row and first column, then
= \A\n~lIn MadjAHAr1]
we get all elements of adj A i.e., = /n|A|"-1
1 ••• 2 ••• 3 1 ••• 2
Pre-multiplying both sides by matrix A, then
A(adj >1)(adj (adj A)) = AI„ | A |" = A| A’
0 5 0 0 5
=> |A|/n(adj(adjA)) = A|A|n"1
X =>15 0 -10
X first column of adj A (adj(adjA)) = A|A|"-2
2 4 3 2 4
=> 6 -3 0 or adj (adjA) = |A|"’2 A
X X
^second column of adj A
1 2 3 1 Property 5 If A be a square non-singular matrix of order
X X X => -15 0 5 n, then
third column of adj A (n-1)2
0 5 0 o 5 |adj (adj A)|=|A|
' 15 6 -15 Proof v adj adj A = | A|"-2 A
or adj A = 0 -3 0 Taking determinant on both sides, then
-10 0 5 |adj(adj A)| = |M|"-2X|
628 Textbook of Algebra

= | A|n(n“2) [vn=3j
1^1 [v|kA| = kn|A(] (i) |A||adj A| = |A||A|2
= |X|”!-2”+1 (n-l)2 = |A|3 = 43 =64
= 1*1 (ii) | adj (adj (adj A ))| = | A |(3"1)3 = | A |8 = 48 = 216
Note
In general, |adj (adj (adj... (adj A))) | =|A|(n“1)n’ (iii) | adj (3A)| = |32 adj A| = (32)3| adj A|
adj m times
= 36|A|2 = 729 X 42 = 11664
Property 6 If A be a square matrix of order n and k is a (iv) adj( adjA) = | A|2 A = 16A
scalar, then
adj (kA) = k"-1 - (adjA) 3-3 4
Proof v A(adj A) = | A | In „.(i) I Example 33. If A = 2 - 3 4 and B is the adjoint
Replace A by kA, then 0 -1 1_
kA(adj(kA)) = |kA|/n=k"|A|/n of A, find the value of | AB + 211, where I is the identity
=> A(adj(kA)) = kn-I|A|Zn matrix of order 3.
3 -3 4
= kn-1A(adj A) [from Eq. (i)] Sol. •/ A = 2 -3 4
Hence, adj (kA) = k" “1 (adj A) 0 -1 1
Property 7 If A be a square matrix of order n and me N, 3 -3 4
then (adj Am) =(adj A)m |A| = 2 -3 4
0 -1 1
Property 8 If A and B be two square matrices of order n
= 3(—3 + 4)+ 3(2-0) + 4(-2-0)=l*0
such that B is the adjoint of A and k is a scalar, then
|AB + k/„|=(|A| + k)n /. I AB + 2Z| = (I A| + 2)3 [by property S]
= (1 + 2)3 = 33 = 27
Proof */ B=adj A
AB = A(adj A) =|A\In
LHS = |AB + W„| = ||A|I„+«„| = |(|A|+fc)/„|
Inverse of a Matrix
(Reciprocal Matrix)
= (|A| + t)”|Z„| = (|A|+t)"=RHS
A square matrix A (non-singular) of order n is said to be
Property 9 Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal invertible, if there exists a square matrix B of the same
matrix. order such that AB = In = BA,
a 0 0 be 0 0 then B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denote
i.e. If A = 0 b 0 , then adj A = 0 ca 0 by A’1. Thus, A-1 = B <=> AB = In = BA
0 0 c 0 0 ab
Wehave, A(adj A) = |A|/n
Note => A^1 A(adj A) = A-1/J A|
adj (/„) = /„.
=> /„(adj A) = A-1|A|ln
-1 1 1
I Example 32. if A ~ 1 -1 1 find the values of A provided | A| £0
1 1 -1 Note The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix;
to be invertible is that | A * 0.

(i) | A|| adj 4 (ii) | adj (adj (adj A))|

(iii) I adj (3A)|
-1
(iv) adj adj A Properties of Inverse of a Matrix
1
-1 1 Property 1 (Uniqueness of inverse) Every invertible
Sol. *.* A= 1
matrix possesses a unique inverse.
1
1 -1.
Proof Let A be an invertible matrix of order n x n. Let B
.-. |A| = (-1)(1 -1) - (i)(-1 -1) + (i)(i +1) = 4 *o
and C be two inverses of A. Then,
=> A is non-singular.
AB = BA = In -.4
 Chap 08 Matrices 629

and AC = CA-I n -(ii) Proof We have,

Now, AB = In (Afc)-1 = (A x A x A x... x A)-1
■ " V '
=> C(AB) = CIn [ pre-multiplying by C ] repeat k times
(CA)B = CIn [by associativity] =A x A-1 x A-1 x...xA
=> InB = CIn [vCA = Z„ by Eq. (ii)] repeat k times
=> B=C [ by reversal law for inverse]
Hence, an invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse. = (A-’)‘=A-t
Property 2 (Reversal law) If A and B are invertible
Property 5 Let A be an invertible matrix of order n, then
matrices of order n x n, then AB is invertible and
(A’^-^A.
(AB)-1 =B"1A"1.
Proof We have, A-1 A = In
Proof It is given that A and B are invertible matrices.
|A| 0and|B | 0 => |A11B | 0 Inverse of A-1 =A => (A-1) -A
=> |AB|*0 Note
Hence, AB is an invertible matrix. z;’ = in as z;1 in = in
Now, (AB)(B -1 A"’) = A(BB -1)A [by associativity] Property 6 Let A be an invertible matrix of order n, then

= AA-1 [•••Afn=A]
|A“l=Ri-
Proof v A is invertible, then | A| ^0.
= In [•.AA-‘=Z,]
Now, AA = In = A A
Also, (B -1 A-1 )(AB) = B ~l(A~1A)B [by associativity]
= B~\lnB) [•.•A-‘A = Zn]
|A||A-‘| = 1
= B~lB [•••/„B = B]
[•.•|AB|=|A||B|and|I„| = l]
[vB-1B = l„]
Thus, (AB)(B~1A’1) = Zn = (B",A"1)(AB)
Hence, (AB)-1 =B -1A-1 Property 7 Inverse of a non-singular diagonal matrix is a
diagonal matrix.
Note
'a 0 0
If A B, C,.... Y, Z are invertible matrices, then
(ABC...YZ)-' =Z-1r’ ...C~]B~]A~' [reversal law] Le. IfA = 0 b 0 and | A | 0, then
0 0 c
Property 3 Let A be an invertible matrix of order n, then
A' is also invertible and (A')-1 = (A-1)'. j.
0 0
a
Proof •.• A is invertible matrix
A 0 0
|A| 0 => | A' | £ 0 1
Hence, A-1 is also invertible. 1
0 0
Now, c
AA = In = A A
Note
=> (AA-'Y=(InY = (A-'A)'
The inverse of a non-singular square matrix A of order 2 is
(A-'YA'
=> = In^A'(A-'Y obtained by interchanging the diagonal elements and changing
signs of off-diagonal elements and dividing by | A|.
[by reversal law for transpose] For example,
=> (A' )-1 = (A-1)' [by definition of inverse] a b
If A= and | A| = (ad - be) * 0. then
c d
Property 4 Let A be an invertible matrix of order n and
1 ' d -b'
| keN, then =
(ad - bcj -c a
(Aky'=(A-')k=A
630 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 34. Compute the inverse of the matrix I Example 36. Matrices A and B satisfy AB=B ,
0 1 2' F 2 -2
where B = , find the value of X for which
A= 1 2 3 . -1 0
3 1 1 XA-2B + 1=0, without finding B-1.
0 1 2 Sol. v AB = B"1 or AB2 = I
Sol. We have, A = 1 2 3 Now, kA - 2B-1 + 1=0
3 1 1 [post-multiplying by
=> kAB- 2B-1B + IB = O
0 1 2 B]
Then, Ml = 1 2 3 = 0 (2-3)-1(1-9)+ 2(1-6) kAB-2I + B = O
3 1 1 => kAB2 -2IB+ B2 = 0
= -2*0 [again post-multiplying by B,
.•. A-1 exists. => k AB2 - 2B + B2 = O
Now, cofactors along R} = - 1, 8, - 5 kI-2B + B2 =0 [v AB2 = 11
cofactors along R2 = 1, - 6, 3 fo 0
-2 2 -2 2 -2
cofactors along R3 = - 1, 2, - 1 "x[o 1H-1 0
+
-1 0 -1 0
=
0 0
l'

Let C is a matrix of cofactors of the elements in | A|

'k 0 4 -4 6 -4 0 0
-1 8 -5 +
0 k -2 0 -2 2 0 0
C = 1 -6 3
-1 2 -1 k +2 0 0 o'
=>
0 k +2 0 0
-1 1 -1
adj A = C' = 8 -6 2 => k +2 = 0
-5 3 -1 k = -2

-1 1 -1 I Example 37. If A, B and C are three non-singular

adj A 1
Hence, A 8 -6 2 square matrices of order 3 satisfying the equation
" W’2
-5 3 -1 A = A-1 and let B = A8 and C = A2, find the value of
1 1 1 ' det (B-C).
2 2 2 Sol. v B = A8 = (A2)4 = (A-1)4 [•.■A-1 = A:
-4 3 -1 = (a4)-1 = (a2-2)-1
5 3 1
. 2 2 2. = ((a2)2)-1 = ((a2)-1)2
= ((a-')-')2 = a2 = c
I Example 35. If A and B are symmetric non-singular
matrices of same order, AB = BA and A-1B-1 exist, So, B = C=>B-C=0
prove that A~1B-1 is symmetric. det(B-C) = 0
Sol. A' = A, B'= B and |A| * 0, |B|' * 0
(a-1b-1)'= (B"1)'(a-1)' Elementary Row Operations
[ by reversal law of transpose]
= (B ')~\A' )-1 [by property 3]
(Transformations)
The following three types of operations (transformations)
= B“1A'1 [‘.‘ A' = A and B' = B ]
on the rows of a given matrix are known as elementary
= (ABf [ by reversal law of inverse] row operation (transformations).
= (BA)~' [-.- AB = BA] (i) The interchange of ith and jth rows is denoted by
Rj Rj or Rjj.
[by reversal law of inverse]
(ii) The multiplication of the ith row by a constant
Hence, is symmetric. k(k *0) is denoted by Rt —> kRt or Rt(k)
 Chap 08 Matrices 631

(iii) The addition of the /th row to the elements of the jth 1 0 9
row multiplied by constant k(k *0) is denoted by A~ 0 1
Rj -> Rt +kRj or Rfj(k). 0 0 i

Note Applying R{ -> Rx - 9 R3 and R2 -> R2 + 2B3, we get

Similarly, we can define the three column operations, T 0 o'
qy(C; <-> C,). C,W(Ct -> AC,) and C- (k)^ -> Ct + AC,).
A- 0 1 0
0 0 1

Equivalent Matrices Hence, A~I

Two matrices are said to be equivalent if one is obtained 1 1 1

'2 3
from the other by elementary operations I Example 39. Given A = 2 4 1 8 = . Find
(transformations). The symbol ~ is used for equivalence. 3 4
2 3 1
Properties of Equivalent Matrices P such that BPA =
’1
0 1‘

0 1 0
(i) If A and B are equivalent matrices, there exist
non-singular matrices P and Q such that B = PAQ
1 0 1
(ii) If A and B are equivalent matrices such that B = PAQ, So/. Given, BPA =
0 1 0
then P-1 BQ"' = A
1 0 1
(iii) Every non-singular square matrix can be expressed P=B A ...(i) ( by property]
0 1 0
as the product of elementary matrices.
2 3 _1 4 -3 -4 3
1 3 3 B= => B
3 4 (-1) L-3 2 3 -2
I Example 38. Transform 2 4 10 into a unit -4 3
B (ii)
3 8 4 3 -2
matrix. 1 1 1
1 3 3 and A= 2 4 1
Sol. Let A= 2 4 10 2 3 1
3 8 4
.-. |A| = 1(4-3)-1(2-2)+1(6-8)=-1*0
Applying R2 -> R2 - 2B, and R3 -> R3 - 3Rlt we get => A-1 exists.
13 3 1 2 -3
A - 0-2 4 Now, adj A = 0 -1 1 [by shortcut method]
0 -1 -5 -2 -1 2

Applying R2 -> R2 and R2 -> (- 1)B2, we get -1 -2 3

adj A

1 3 3
A
w 0
2
1
1
-1
-2
(iii)

A - 0 1 -2
Substituting the values of A 1 and B 1 from Eqs. (ii) and (iii)
0 1 5 in Eq. (i), then
Applying R^-t R{- 3R2 and R3 -» R3 - R2, we get -1 -2 3
-4 3 1 0 1
‘1 0 9 P= 0 1 -1
3 -2 0 1 0
A- 0 1 -2 2 1 -2
0 0 7 -4 3 1 -1 1 -4 7 -7
1 3 -2 0 1 -1 3 -5 5
Applying R3 -+ - R3, we get
7
• 632 Textbook of Algebra

To Compute the Inverse of a Non-Singular Applying R3 P3, we get

Matrix by Elementary Operations
(Gauss-Jordan Method) 1 0 -13 -3 2 0
0 1 9 2 -1 0 A
If A be a non-singular matrix of order n, then write
0 0 1 5_ _£ 1
A = ZnA.
.21 7 21.
If A is reduced to In by elementary operations (LHS), then
Applying R2 —» R2 - 9P3 and Pj -» P( + 13P3, we get
suppose In is reduced to P(RHS) and not change A in RHS,
then after elementary operations, we get
2_ £ 13
1 0 0 21 7 21
A, = PA, £ 2 3
then P is the inverse of A 0 1 0 A
7 7 7
P = A-1 0 0 1 _5_ £ £_
21 7 21.
I Example 40. Find the inverse of the matrix _2_ £ 13
21 7 21
1 2 5 _£ 2 3
Hence, A
2 3 1 , using elementary row operations. 7 7 7
-1 1 1
J£ £ 1
21 7 21
1 2 5
Sol. Let A = 2
-1
3
1
1
1
Matrix Polynomial
1 2 5 Let/(x) =a0 xm 4-^ xm-1 + a2 xm~2

•• |A| = 2 3 1 = 1(3 - 1) - 2(2 4- 1) 4- 5(2 4- 3)= 21 * 0 be a polynomial in x and let A = [<iy ]nxn, then expression
-1 1 1 of the form
/(A)=a0A/n 4-aiAm-1
m-1 + a2Am~2 + ... + am_i
A exists.
We write A = IA called a matrix polynomial.
1 2 5 1 0 o' Thus, to obtain /(A) replace x by A in J(x) and the
constant term is multiplied by the identity matrix of order
=> 2 3 1 0 1 0 A
equal to that of A.
-1 1 1 0 0 1
For example, If/(x) = x2 -7x 4- 32 is a polynomial in x and A
Applying P2 —> P2 - 2R{ and P3 —> P3 4- Pp we get is a square matrix of order 3, then /(A) = A2 — 7 A + 3213 is a
T 2 5 1 0 0‘
matrix polynomial.
0 -1 -9 -2 1 0 A
Note
0 3 6 1 0 1
1. The polynomial equation f(x) = 0 is satisfied by the matrix
1 A = [^]nxn, then/(A) =0.
Applying R2 -> (- 1)P2 and P3 -» - P3, we get
3 2. Let A = [a,y]nx0 satisfies the equation
^4-^X4- ^X2 4- ... 4- arXr =0,
1 2 5 1 o o then A is invertible of * 0, | A| = 0 and its inverse is given by
0 1 9 2 -1 o A
A-1 = — (a]ln 4- A 4- ...4- a, Ar~').
0 1 2 1 •
0
£ A
3.
Applying P, —> Pj — 2P2 and P3 —» P3 - R.■2, we get Z1
I Example 41. If A = and kn * Im, show that
m n
1 0 -13 -3 2 0
A2 -(k + n)A + (kn-lm)l=O. Hence, find A"1.
0 1 9 2 -1 0 A
0 0 -7 5 £ 'k r k I
1 Sol. We have, A = , then | A| =
. 3 3. m n m n
 Chap 08 Matrices 633

= kn - ml 0 [given] 11
A-1 exists.
=>
8 'J-E H :]■[::]
Now, A2 = A • A =
lll> r k2 + lm kl + ln =>
I’ll + 3a + b 4 +a 1 _ To 01

m n m n ml + n2
I 8 + 2a 3+a+ ~ [o 0]
mk + nm
A2 - (k + n)A + (kn - lm)I Equating the corresponding elements, we get
11 + 3a + b = 0 —(i)
= F k2 + Im kl + ln
-(k + n)
[A: r +(kn - Im) 1 0 4 +a=0 -(ii)
mk + nm ml + n2 m n 0 1
8 + 2a = 0 ...(iii)
k2 + lm kl + In k2 +nk kl + nl 3+a+b=0 -(iv)
mk + nm ml + n2 km + nm kn + n2 From Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get a = - 4 and b = 1
|a|+|fe|=|-4|+|l|= 4 + 1 = 5
kn - Im 0
+ As A2 +aA + bl = O
0 kn — Im
A2-4A + I = O => I = 4A-A2
k2 + Im - k2 - nk + kn - Im
=> IA~' =(4A - A2) A"*
mk + nm - km - nm
A’’ = 4(AA"’)- A(AA-1)
kl + In - kl - In
= 41 - Al = 41 - A
ml + n2 - kn - n2 + kn - Im
0 0
0 0
=0 -[:
ri
H H :]
A
As A2 - (k + n) A + (kn - Im) 1 = 0 “ -2 3

=> (kn-lm)I = (k + n)A- A2

=> (kn - lm)IA~l =((k + n) A- A2)A-1 Use of Mathematical Induction
(kn - lm)A~l =(k + n) AA“’ - A(AA~1) 0 1
= (k + n)I-AI [vAA_1 = 7]
I Example 43. Let A- show that
0 0
= (k + n)I-A (o/ + bA)n = an I + nan~l bA, V n e N.
1 0 k I
= (k + n) Sol. Let P(n):(al + bA)n = anI + nan~'bA
0 1 m n
Step I For n = 1,
k+n 0 k r LHS = (a/ + bA)l = a7 + M
0 k+n m n and RHS = a* I + 1- a” bA = al + bA
n -I LHS = RHS
(kn - lm)A~x =
-m k Therefore, P(l) is true.

Hence, A
1 n -r Step II Assume that P(k) is true, then
P(k):(aI + bA? = ak I+kak~xbA
(kn - /m)[_-m k
Step III For n = k +1, we have to prove that
’3 1' P(k +1) :(al + bA)k + 1 = a" I + (k + 1) akbA
I Example 42. If A = find the value of |o| + |b|
LHS = (al + bA)k + i =(al + bAf (al + bA)
2 1_
such that A2 + aA + bl = O. Hence, find A"1. = (akI + kak~xbA)(aI+ bA) [from step II]

3 1 3 i = a■t+112 + akb(LA) + kakb(AI)+k ak ~xb2 A2

Sol. We have, A = , then | A| = = 3-2 = 1 0
2 1 2 1 = ak+l I + (k + l)akb A + 0
[v A/= A, A2 = Oand I2 = I ]
A exists.
= ak"l +(k + V)akbA = RHS
Now,
—E:1E
Since, A2 +aA +bl =0
4
3
Therefore, P(k + 1) is true.
Hence, by the principal of mathematical induction P(n) is
true for all n e N.
634 Textbook of Algebra

3 -4 Step II Assume that P(k) is true, then

I Example 44. If A = use mathematical T + 2k -4k '
1 -1 ’ P(k): Ak =
k l-2k
1 + 2n -4n Step III For n = k + 1, we have to prove that
induction to show that An , V n e N.
n 1-2n P(k + l):Afc + 1
3 +2k -4(k + l)
1 + 2n -4n k +1 -1 - 2k
Sol. Let P(n):An = LHS = Ak + l = Ak-A
n 1 -2n
_ T + 2k -4k 3 -4
[from step II]
k l-2k 1 -1
Step I For n = 1,
_f3(l+2fc)- 4k -4(l + 2k) + 4k
LHS = A’ = A
[3k + 1(1 - 2k) -4k- <l-2k)
1+2 -4 3 -4 _3 + 2k -4(k + l)
and RHS = —A = RHS
1 1-2 1 -1 -[k + l — 1 — 2k
=> LHS = RHS Therefore, P(k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P(1)is true. Hence, by the principal of mathematical induction P(n)is
true for all n e N.

§ Exercise for Session 3

-1 -2 -2
1 If A = 2 1 -2 , then adj A equals to
2 -2 1
(a) A (b)Ar (c)3A (d) 3Ar
2 If A is a 3 x 3 matrix and B is its adjoint such that | B | = 64, then | A| is equal to
(a) 64 (b) ± 64 (c) ± 8 (d)18
’10 O'
3 For any 2 x2 matrix A, if A (adj A) = then | A] is equal to
0 10 ‘
(a) 0 (b) 10 (c)20 (d) 100
4 If A is a singular matrix, then adj A is
(a) singular (b) non-singular (c) symmetric (d) not defined
-1'
T 1 2
5 \fA = -1 1 2 , then det (adj (adj A)) is
2 -1 1
(a) 14* (b) 143 (c) 142 (d)14
6 If A e Ro, then det adj (k/n)) is equal to

(a)kn-1 (b)kn(n"1) (c)kn (d)k

7 With 1, co, co2 as cube roots of unity, inverse of which of the following matrices exists?
'1 (0 CO2 1
(a) CO CO2 (b)
1 (0

to CO2
(c) (d) None of these
co2 1
 Chap 08 Matrices 635

-1 2 ‘-4 1‘
8 If the matrix A is such that A then A is equal to
3 1 7 7 ’

(a)
'1
2 -3
1‘
(b) 1 11
-2 3
(c)
1 -1'
2 3
(d)
-1 1'
2 3
cosx sinx 0'
9 lfA = -sinx cos x 0 = f(x), then A"1 is equal to
0 0 1
(a)f(-x) (b)f(x)
(c)-f(x) (d)-f(-x)
'1 2 -31
10 The element in the first row and third column of the inverse of the matrix 0 1 2 . is
0 0 1
(a)-2 (b)0 (c)1 (d) None of these
CO 1 -f
11 IM = 2 1 3 , then (A(adj A) A~}) A is equal to
3 2 1

0
1 r
r-6 0 O' 6 6 3 0 O' '1 0 O'
(a) 0 -6 0 (b)
_1 1 J (c)2 0 3 0 (d)2 0 1 0
3 6 2
0 0 -6 0 0 3 0 0 1
J J J
.2 3 6.
0 1 -1‘
72 A is an involutory matrix given by XI = 4 -3 4 , then the inverse of — will be
2
3 -3 4

(a) 2A (b)£i
(dM2
(c)i
73 If A satisfies the equation x3 -5x2 +4x + X =0, then A"1 exists, if
(a) X # 1 (b) X * 2
(c) X * -1 (d) X * 0
14A square non-singular matrix A satisfies the equation x2 - x + 2 = 0, then ?T1 is equal to
(a)/-A (b)(l-A)l2
(c)l + A (d)(/ + Xt)/2
75 Matrix A is such that A2 =2A-1, where I is the identity matrix, then for n > 2, An is equal to
(a) nA - (n - 1) I (b)nA-l
(c) 2n~1 A - (n -1)/ (qr-'A-l
3 -4
16 ifx = , the value of Xn is
"1.
.1
'3n -An' '2n + n 5-n
(a) (b)
n -n n -n
3” (-4)n
(c) (d) None of these
f (-1)"
Session 4
Solutions of Linear Simultaneous Equations Using
Matrix Method
Solutions of Linear Pre-multiplying Eq. (ii) by A 1, we get
Simultaneous Equations Using A-1 (AX) = A-1 B => (A-1A)X = A-1B

Matrix Method => ZX'=A*1B

Let us consider a system of n linear equations in n. unknowns (adj A)B
=> x=a~'b =
say Xj, x2, x3,..., xn given as below \M
an Xj + a12 x2 + a a 13 x3 +... + a lnXn = b.
a21 *1 + a22 X2 +a+ a23
23 X3 + -+%rXn = b2 Types of Equations
a31 Xi +a32 x2 +a 33 x3 + ... + a3niXn
+ a33 = b3
(1) When system of equations is non-homogeneous
(i) If | A 10, then the system of equations is
consistent and has a unique solution given by
flnl X1 +an2 x,
A2 +a
~run3 A3 .......... “nn ~x=b
n ~ "n X = A-1B.
If b{ =b2 = b3 =... = bn =0, then the system ofEq.(i) is (ii) If | A | = 0 and (adj A) ■ B 0, then the system of
called a system of homogeneous linear equations and if equations is inconsistent and has no solution.
atleast one of bif b2, b3,bn is non-zero, then it is called (iii) If | A | = 0 and (adj A) • B = O, then the system of
a system of non-homogeneous linear equation. We write equations is consistent and has an infinite
the above system of Eq. (i) in the matrix form as number of solutions.
all fl12 ai3 aln bl
*i (2) When system of equations is homogeneous
a21 a22 a23 a2n X2 b2 (i) If | A ^0, then the system of equations has only
a3l a32 a33 a3n X3 b3 trivial solution and it has one solution.
(ii) If | A | = 0, then the system of equations has
non-trivial solution and it has infinite solutions.
(iii) If number of equations < number of unknowns,
Qnl an2 an3 ••• &nn XnJ IAJ then it has non-trivial solution.
=> AX = B ...(ii)
Note
«n ai2 a13 aln
Non-homogeneous linear equations can also be solved by
fl21 a22 a23 ••• a2n Cramer's rule, this method has been discussed in the chapter on
a31 a32 a33 "• a3n determinants.
where A=
I Example 45. Solve the system of equations
x + 2y + 3 z = 1, 2x + 3y + 2z = 2 and 3x + 3y + 4 z = 1
anl an2 a713 &nn _
with the help of matrix inversion.
So/. We have,
X1
b2
x + 2y + 3z = 1, 2x +3y + 2z =2 and 3x + 3y + 4z = 1
X2
The given system of equations in the matrix form are
x3 b3 written as below.
X- and B =
’1 2 3 x 1
2 3 2 y 2
[A J 3 3 4 z 1
 Chap 08 Matrices 637

AX = B 1 1 1 X 6
=> X =A~}B 1 2 3 y 14
1 2 3 x 1 1 4 7 z 30
where A = 2 3 2 ,X = y and B = 2 AX =B
3 3 4 z 1 1 1 1' x 6

| A | =1(12-6)-2(8-6)+ 3(6-9) where, A = 1 2 3 ,X = y and B = 14

= 6-4-9 = -7 *0 1 4 7 z 30

A~1 exists and has unique solution. | A | = 1(14 - 12) -1(7 - 3) + 1(4 - 2) = 2 - 4 + 2 = 0
Let C be the matrix of cofactors of elements in | A |. The equation either has no solution or an infinite
Now, cofactors along R{ = 6, - 2, - 3 number of solutions. To decide about this, we proceed to
find
cofactors along R2 = 1, - 5,3 (adj A)B.
and cofactors along R3 = - 5, 4, - 1 Let C be the matrix of cofactors of elements in | A [.
’ 6 -2
-2 -3‘
Now, cofactors along Rl = 2, - 4,2
C= 1 -5 3 cofactors along R2 = -3,6,-3
-5 4 -1 and cofactors along R3 = 1, - 2,1
adj A = CT 2 -4 2
T C = -3 6 -3
6 -2 -3 6 1 -5
1 -2 1
adj A = 1 -5 3 -2 -5 4
-5 4 -1 -3 3 -1 2 -3 1
=> adj =Cr = -4 6 -2
6 1 -5
A’1
_ adj A _ 1 2 -3 1
=> = “H =” -2 -5 4
7
-3 3 -1 2 -3 1 6 o'
_6 1 5 then (adjA)B = -4 6 -2 14 0 =0

7 7 7 2 -3 1 30 0
2 5 4
= — Hence, both conditions | A | = 0 and (adj A) B = O are
7 7 7 satisfied, then the system of equations is consistent and has
3 3 1
an infinite number of solutions.
L7 7 7
Proceed as follows:
From Eq. (i), X = A~ 1 1 1 : 6
6 1 5 3 [A:B] = 1 2 3 : 14
x 7 7 7 1 7 1 4 7 : 30
2 5 4 8
y 2 Applying R2 —) R2 -Rt and R3 -> R3 -Rx, then
7 7 7 7
z 3 3 £ 1 2 111:6 1 : ’
7 7 7 . 7 [A: B] = 0 12:8
2 :
3 8 2 0 2 4 : 16
Hence, x = —, y = - and z = — is the required solution.
7 7 7
Applying R3 -> R3 - 2R2,then
I Example 46. Solve the system of equations 1 11:6
x+y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 14 and x + 4y+ 7z = 30 (A:B] = 0 12:8
with the help of matrix method. 0 0 0:0
Sol. We have, x + y + z = 6, Then, Eq. (i) reduces to
x + 2y + 3z = 14 1 1 1 x 6 x+y+z 6
and x + 4y + 7z’ = 30 0 1 2 y 8 => y + 2z 8
The given system of equations in the matrix form are 0 0 0 z 0 0 0
written as below:
638 Textbook of Algebra

On comparing x + y + z = 6 and y + 2z = 8 AX = 0 ■40

Taking z =k G R, then y = 8 - 2k and x = k - 2. 2 3 -3 X 0
Since, k is arbitrary, hence the number of solutions is where A = 3 -3 1 ,X = y and 0 = 0
infinite. 3 -2 -3 z 0

I Example 47. Solve the system of equations | A | = 2(9 + 2) - 3(-9 - 3) - X-6 + 9)

x+ 3y -2z = 0, 2x - y + 4z = 0 and x-11y + !4z = 0. = 22 + 36 - 9 = 49 * 0
Sol. We have, x + 3y — 2z = 0 Hence, the equations have a unique trivial solution x = 0,
2x — y + 4z = 0 y — 0 and z = 0 only.
x - lly + 14z = 0
The given system of equations in the matrix form are Echelon Form of a Matrix
written as below.
A matrix A is said to be in echelon form, if
T 3 -2 x 0
(i) The first non-zero element in each row is 1.
2 -1 4 y 0
(ii) Every non-zero row in A preceds every zero-row.
1 -11 14 z 0
(iii) The number of zeroes before the first non-zero
AX =0 —(i) element in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, rows should be in
1 3 -2 0 increasing order.
where A = 2 -1 4 ,X = y and O = 0 For example,
1 -11 14 z 0 1 2 3 4
1 2 3
| A |=1(—14 + 44) — 3(28 — 4) — 2(—22 + 1) 0 1 4 5
= 30-72 + 42 = 0 (i) 0 1 4 (ii)
0 0 1 9
and therefore the system has a non-trivial solution. Now, 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
we may write first two of the given equations
x + 3y = 2z and 2x - y = - 4z 1 2 3 4 5
Solving these equations in terms of z, we get 0 1 2 4 3
(iii)
10 , 8 0 0 1 2 5
x =----- z and y = - z
7 7
0 0 0 0 0
10 8
Putting x =----- z and y = - z in third equation of the
7 7
given system, Rank of Matrix
10 88
we get, LHS =----- z------ z + 14 z = 0 = RHS The rank of a matrix is said to be r, if
7 7
Now, if z = 7 k, then x = - 10k and y =8k. (i) It has atleast minors of order r is different from zero.
Hence, x = — 10k, y = 8k and z =7k (where k is arbitrary) (ii) All minors of A of order higher than r are zero.
are the required solutions. The rank of A is denoted by p(A).
Note
I Example 48. Solve the system of equations
1. The rank of a zero matrix is zero and the rank of an identity
2x + 3y - 3z = 0, matrix of order n is n.
3x-3y + z = 0 2. The rank of a matrix in echelon form is equal to the number
and 3x-2y- 3z = Q of non-zero rows of the matrix.
Sol. We have, 2x + 3y - 3z = 0 3. The rank of a non-singular matrix (|4| *0) of order nis n
3x - 3y + z = 0
3x - 2y - 3z = 0 Properties of Rank of Matrices
The given system of equations in the matrix form are (i) IfA=[ay]mXB and B=[^]
B= [^] mXB, then
written as below. p(A+B)<p(A)+p(B)
2 3 -3 x O'
(ii) If A =[□,]„,„ and B=[By]BXp, then
3 -3 1 y 0
p(AB) <p(A) andp(AB) <p(B)
3 -2 -3 z 0
(iii) If A =[<!,, ]„x„, then p (A) =p(A')
 Chap 08 Matrices 639
f

3 2 We write the above system of Eq. (i) in the matrix form as

I Example 49. Find the rank of -3 1 2 fl12 *13 “in X1

x2 ^2
-6 2 4 “21 a22 a23 a2n

Sol. We have, a3l a32 a33 “3n X3

3 -1 2
Let A = -3 1 2
-6 2 4 “m2 “m3 ‘ a_„
mn XnJ bm

Applying R2 -» R2 + R{ and R3 -> R3 + 2RP we get => AX = B ...(ii)

3 -1 2
*11 a\2 *13 “in
A= 0 0 4
*21 a22 *23 a2n
0 0 8
*31 a32 fl 33 a3n
Applying R3 -> R3 - 2R.I2, we get where A =
3 -1 2
A= 0 0 4
0 0 0 Lami “m2 “m3 mn

Applying
1
and R2 ->
£ R2 , then X1
3 4 X2
1 2 x3 b3
1
3 3 X= and B=
A= 0 0 1
0 0 0

This is Echelon form of matrix A.

L*nJ LM
Rank = Number of non-zero rows => p(A) = 2 The matrix A is called the coefficient matrix and the matrix
3 -1 2 bi'
an *12 fl13 “in
Aliter |A | = -3 1 2 a2\ a22 fl23 °2n b2
-6 2 4 a3l a33 a3n b3
a32
C=[A:B] =
= 3(4 - 4) + 1(-12 + 12) + 2(- 6 + 6) = 0
Rank of A 3 but less than 3.
There will be 3C2 x 3C2 = 9 square minors of order 2. Now,
bm
we consider of there minors. Laml “m2 “m3 mn

1 2 3 2 is called the augmented matrix of the given system of

(i) =0 (ii) = 24 *0
2 4 -6 4 equations.
Hence, all minors are not zero.
Hence, rank of A is 2. => p(A)= 2 Types of Equations
Solutions of Linear Simultaneous 1. Consistent Equation If p(A)=p(C)
Equations Using Rank Method (i) Unique Solution If p (A) =p (C) = n, where n =
Let us consider a system of n linear equations in n number of knowns.
unknowns say xp x2, x3,..., xn given as below. (ii) Infinite Solution If p (A) = p (C) = r, where
+ ... + a
an x, +u12 x2 +a13 x3 +... Q lnxn =bx r < n.
+-
a2\ X1 +a22 X2 +a23 X3 + ...+a2nX
+a2n . n =b2 2. Inconsistent Equation If p(A) *p(C), then no
solution.
+ ...’ +
a31 X1 +a32 X2 "*■ a33 X3 +" +a 3n Xn =b3
a3n
—(i)
I Example 50. Determine for what values of X and p
the following system of equations
*mlXl + “m2 x2+a m3X3 +... + a mnn xn
= bm.
640 Textbook of Algebra

and x + 2y+A,z=p Xj = X
have (i) no solution? (ii) a unique solution? [O' is the mid-point of P and P'J
. Yi =-y
(iii) an infinite number of solutions?
Sol. We can write the above system of equations in the matrix These may be rewritten as
form Xj =1 • x +0-y
1 1 1 x 6 yx = 0-x+(-l)-y
1 2 3 y 10
1 2 X z These system of equations in the matrix form are written
P
as below.
AX =B
1 1 1
1 o X
X 6
where A = 1 2 3 , X- y and B = 10 7i. 0 -ij LyJ
1 2 A, z 7. 1 0
Thus, the matrix describes the reflection of a
.’. The augmented matrix 0 -1
111:6
1 1 : point P (x,y) in the X-axis.
C = [A :B] = 1 2 33 : 10
1 2 A,A, : p (ii) Reflection in the Y-axis
Applying R2 -> R2 -Rxand P3 —> P3 -Pp we get Let P(x,y) be any point and P' (xl,yi) be its image after
1 1 1 : 6 reflection in the Y-axis, then
C= 0 1 2 : 4 Xj = -x
0 1A.-1 : p-6 < [O' is the mid-point of P and P7]
7i =y
Applying R3 —» P3 - R.■2 >we get
’1 1
These may be written as
1 : 6
C= 0 1 2 4 : Xj = (-l)-x+0-y
0 0 A, -3 : p - 10 y-i = 0 ■ x +1 -y

(i) No solution p(A) p(C) y

i.e. A. - 3 = 0 and p — 10 A 0
X =3 and p * 10 (xi.ydp7- -P(x.y)
O'
(ii) A unique solution p(A) = p(C) = 3
i.e., A,-3^0 andp g P
X'- ■>x
A, 3 and p g P o
(iii) Infinite number of solutions
Y'
p(A) = p(C)(Z3)
i.e. A,-3 = 0 andp - 10 = 0 These system of equations in the matrix form are written
X =3 andp = 10 as below.
-1 0 x
Reflection Matrix 7i. 0 iJbd
-1 0
(i) Reflection in the X-axis Thus, the matrix describes the reflection of a
0 1
Let P(x,y) be any point and P'(x1,y1) be its image after
reflection in the X-axis, then point P (x,y) in the Y-axis.
y+
(iii) Reflection through the origin
^(x.y) Let P(x,y) be any point and P' (x1,yi) be its image after
reflection through the origin, then
o To7
*x x, = - x
[O' is the mid-point of P and P7]
7i =~y
y/P'M)
 Chap 08 Matrices 641

These may be written as Yl

'.P' (*. y)
y
•iP(x,y)
P'(x.iy;)
N !n X' ---------- ►x
X' -X 0
0 M

P'fXvY,) Y' Kt
Xj = (-l) x + 0 • y xx = x cos 20 + ysin20
<
yx =0x+(-l)-y yx = x sin 20-y cos 20

These system of equations in the matrix form are written [O' is the mid-point of P and P']
as below. These may be written as
-1 0 X
Xj = x-cos20+y sin20
7i. 0 -iJLxJ yx = x sin20 +y• (-cos20)
-1 o
Thus, the matrix describes the reflection of These system of equations in the matrix form are written
0 -1 as below.
a point P (x, y) through the origin. FxJ [cos 20 sin20 "IFxj
[yjj [sin20 -cos20 J|_yj
(iv) Reflection in the line y= x
Let P(x,y) be any point and P' (xx,yj) be its image after fcos20 sin20
Thus, the matrix describes the
reflection in the line y = x , then sin 20 -cos 20
PfryL reflection of a point P (x, y) in the line y = x tan0.
Y
7p' Note
& P'^Yy)
By putting Q = 0, —, —, we can get the reflection matrices in the
/45° 2 4
X' -*X
X-axis, Y-axis and the line y = x, respectively.

I Example 51. The point P (3,4) undergoes a reflection

Y'
in the X-axis followed by a reflection in the Y-axis. Show
y [O' is the mid-point of P and P*] that their combined effect is the same as the single
IXi = x reflection of P (3,4) in the origin.
These may be written as Sol. Let P, (xp yj be the image of P (3, 4) after reflection in the
Xj = 0x+l-y X-axis. Then,
yj = l-x+0-y
These system of equations in the matrix form are written
as below.
ffl) >[-.]
Therefore, the image of P(3,4) after reflection in the
X-axis is P, (3,-4).

0
M:][;]
1
Y
P (3. 4)

Thus, the matrix describes the reflection of a X' ■X

1 0
point P (x, y) in the line y = x.
P2 (-3.-4) Pi (3,-4)

(v) Reflection in the line y = xtanO

Let P(x,y) be any point and P'(xx,yx) be its image after Now, let P2 (x2> y2) he the image of P, (3, - 4) after reflec­
reflection in the line y = x tan 6, then tion in the Y-axis, then
642 Textbook of Algebra

CM MA
Therefore, the image of Px (3,-4) after reflection in the 0=—
8
7C
On comparingy — x tan — by y = xtan0

Y-axis is P2 (- 3,-4). 8
Further, let P3 (x3,y3) be the image of P (3, 4) in the fX]l Feos 20 sin 20 2
Now,
origin 0. Then, l_yj Lsin20 -cos2 0 7i

CM >[::]
Therefore, the image of P (3, 4) after reflection in the
~ i
. . 75
1 _J_
i
--Vz] [o'
vdT~2.
origin is P3 (- 3, - 4). It is clear that P2 = P3 .75 75.
Hence, the image of P2 of P often successive reflections in On comparing Xj = 0 and y, = - 2.
their X-axis and Y-axis is the same as P3, which is single
reflection of P in the origin. Therefore, the required image is (0, - 2).

I Example 52. Find the image of the point (-2,-7)

under the transformations (x,y)-> (x-2y,-3x+y).
Rotation Through an Angle 0
So/. Let (xp yj be the image of the point (x, y) under the Y
given transormations, then
Jxj = x - 2y = 1 x + (- 2) • y
[y, = - 3x + y = (- 3) • x + 1- y

- f:TU ■?]];] o N M ■X

r1 ~2 -2 -2+141 [121
Let P (x, y) be any point such that OP = r and APOX -
1-3 1 -7 6-7 n-ij
Let OP rotate through an angle 0 in the anti-clockwise
Therefore, the required image is (12, - 1). direction such that P' (xp yj is the new position.
OP'=r, [vOP = OPl
I Example 53. The image of the point A (2, 3) by the
Xj = xcos0 - y sin0
line mirror y = x is the point B and the image of B by then
Xj = xsin0 + ycos0
the line mirror y = 0 is the point (a, p). Find a and 0.
So/. Let B (xp yj be the image of the point A (2,3) about the These system of equations in the matrix form are written as
below.
line y = x, then

ch: :h
xi COS0 - sin 01 [xl
sin 6
cosO j|_yj
Yi.
cos0 -sin0
Therefore, the image of A (2, 3) by the line mirror y = x is B Thus, the matrix describes a rotation of a
(3,2). sin0 cos0
Given, image of B by the line mirror y - 0 (X-axis) is (a, 0), line segment through an angle 0.
then Remember Use of complex number
OP' = OP e * i = 7^1
(xj + iyj = (x + iy) (cos0 + isin0)
On comparing, we get a = 3 and 0 = — 2. = (x cos0-ysin0) + i(xsin0+ycos6)
I Example 54. Find the image of the point (-75,72) . Xj = x cos0- ysin0
and Yi = x sin0 + ycos0
by the line mirror y = x tan
I Example 55. Find the matrices of transformation
So/. Let (xp yj be the image of (- 75,72) about the line T|T2 and when T\ is rotation through an angle 60°
and T2 is the reflection in the Y-axis. Also, verify that
3'=xtan(i) U2^2T}.
 Chap 08 Matrices 643

1 4V Therefore, the coordinates of the vertices O,A,B and C are

fl
cos60° - sin 60' 2 2 1 (0,' 0), (2, 0),
Sol. T1 = (2, 2) and (0, 2), respectively. Let after rotation A map into
sin60° cos60° 7| 1 A',B map into B',C map into C’ but the O map into
. 2 2 . itself.
-1
and T2 = If coordinates of A',B'and C'are (x', y'), (x", y") and
0 J (x'", y'" \ respectively.

••• =
1 '■mi 0
1
1 -i + o 0-73
=—
2 -yfi + 0 0 + 1
x' i
y 'J
1 x'=l,y'=73 => A(2,0)-> A'(l,73)

and T2 Tj =
1
2
-1
-73

-1 o’ 1
x-
V3
1
2
JI
2 ■fl
V3 _ 1 -1+0 73+0
...(i)
43 =
=>
1 i
2 |_73
-TTipi ir2-2vq=ri-75i
1 JL2J

x" = l-73,y" = 73 + l
B(2»2)—> B'(l-73,73 + 1)
2L2^ + 2j [73 + 1]

0 1 1 2 0 + 73 0+1
x
1 V3 — —1 1
-1

L 2
fl2-
2
A
2
i
(ii)
y"’. 2 [73
x'" = -73,y '" = 1
C(Q,2)-*C'(-43,1)
It is clear from Eqs.(i) and (ii), then

Eigen Values or Characteristic roots

I Example 56. Write down 2x2 matrix A which
corresponds to a counterclockwise rotation of 60° about
and Characteristic Vectors of a
the origin. In the diagram the square OABC has its square matrix
diagonal OB of 272 units in length. The square is Let X be any non-zero vector satisfying
rotated counterclockwise about O through 60°. Find the AX = XX ...(i)
coordiates of the vertices of the square after rotating. where X is any scalar, then X is said to be eigen value or
Sol. The matrix describes a rotation through an angle 60° in characteristic root of square matrix A and the vector X is
counterclockwise direction is
called eigen vector or characteristic vector of matrix A
Y-
x Now, from Eq. (i), we have
C B
(A-X1)X = O
Since, X * O, we deduce that the matrix (A - X/) is
x X singular, so that its determinant is 0
i.e.
0 x A
-X | A - X/| =0 ...(ii)
Y' is called characteristic equation of matrix A
1 J3 If A be n x n matrix, then equation | A - XZ| = 0 reduces to
cos 60°
sin 60°
-sin60c
cos60°
L 2
A
2 2
1
2 -
1

fl polynomial equation of nth from degree in X, which given

n values of X i.e., matrix A will have n characteristic roots
or eigen values.
Since, each side of the square be x,
then x2 +x2 =(272)2
Important Properties of Eigen Values
(i) Any square matrix A and its transpose A have the
=> 2x2 = 8 => x 2 = 4
same eigen values.
x = 2 units (ii) The sum of the eigen values of a matrix is equal to the
trace of the matrix.
644 Textbook of Algebra

(iii) The product the eigen values of a matrix A is equal to I Example 58. If A and P are the square matrices of
the determinant of A. the same order and if P be invertible, show that the
(iv) If Xj, X2, X3, X4,.„, Xrt are the eigen values of A, then matrices A and P-1AP have the same characteristic
the eigen values of roots.
(a) XAare/cX1,XX2,XX3,XX4,...,XXn. Sol. Let P~XAP = B
(b) Am are X"X” X" Xm4,..„ X™
|B- X/| = |P-1AP — X/|
1111 1
(c) A are —, —, —,—. = |P'1AP-P'1XP|
Xj X2 X3 X4 X„
= |P-1(A — Xl)P|
Remark = |P-1| |A — XZ| |P|
1. All the eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are real and
the eigen vectors corresponding to two distinct eigen values = Aj|A-X/||P|=|A-X/|
are orthogonal.
2. All the eigen values of a real skew-symmetric matrix are
purely imaginary or zero. An odd order skew-symmetric I Example 59. Show that the characteristic roots of an
matrix is singular and hence has zero as an eigen value. idempotent matrix are either zero or unity.
4 6 6 So/. Let A be an idempotent matrix, then
I Example 57. Let matrix A = 1 3 2 find the A2 = A -(>)

-1 -4 -3 If X be an eigen value of the matrix A corresponding to

eigen vector X, so that
non-zero column vector X such that AX = XX for some AX = XX (ii)
scalar X. where X *0
Sol. The characteristic equation is | A - XI| = 0 From Eq. (ii), A (AX) = A (XX)
f4-X 6 6 => (AA)X = X(AX)
=> 1 3- X 2 =o => A2X = X(XX) [from Eq. (ii)}
-1 -4 -3- X AX = X2X [from Eq. (i)]
XX = X2X [from Eq. (□)]
X3 - 4X2 - X + 4 = 0
=> (X - X2)X =0
or (X +1)(X— 1)(X —4) = 0
The eigen values are X = - 1,1, 4 X - X2 = 0 [vX*0j
If X = - 1, we get 5x + 6y + 6z = 0, x + 4y + 2z = 0 X =0
and -x - 4y - 2z = 0 or X—1
6
I Example 60. If 3, -2 are the eigen values of a
Giving * = y=^,x = 2
6 2-7 non-singular matrix A and | A| = 4, find the eigen values
-7
of adj (A).
If X = 1, we get 3x + 6y + 6z = 0, x + 2y + 2z = 0
Sol. v A = a^~~, if X is eigen value of A, then X-1 is eigen
and -x - 4y - 4z = 0
0
value of A"1.
Giving, ^=y=^,x = 1
Thus, for adj (A)X = (A-1X) | A| = | A|X-I7
0 1 -1
-1 4
Thus, eigen value corresponding to X = 3 is — and
If X = 4, we get 0-x + 6y + 6z = 0, x — y + 2z=0
and —x — 4y — 7z = 0 4
corresponding toX = - 2 is — = - 2
3 -2
x y 3
Giving, — = — = —, x = 1
3 1 -1
-1 Cayley-Hamilton Theorem
6 0 3 Every square matrix A satisfies its characteristic equation
Hence, vector are X = 2 1 1 |A-Xf|=0
-7 -1 -1 i.e., <20Xn +a1X"-1 + a2X'" 2 + =0
 Chap 08 Matrices 645

By Cayley-Hamilton theorem (2-X)2 -3 = 0

a0An +a1An~1 +a2An~2 + ... + anI = O => X2 - 4X + 1 = 0
a By Cayley-hamilton theorem,
=>A • — An~1+ — A"~2 + —An-3 + ... +-
an A2 — 4A + I = O or I = 4A - A2
Multiplying by A-1, we get
I Example 61. Find the characteristic equation of the A-1 = 4A-lA - A-1AA
2 1
matrix A = and hence find its inverse using = 4I-IA = 4I- A
3 2
Cayley-hamilton theorem.
Sol. Characteristic equation is
■■[::]
r 2 -ii
2-X 1
|A-X/| = o => =o I-3 2
3 2-X

g Exercise for Session 4

1 If the system of equations ax + y = 1, x + 2y = 3,2x + 3y = 5 are consistent, then a is given by
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) None of these
2 The system of equations x + y + z=2,2x-f-y-z=3,3x + 2y + Xz=4 has unique solution if
(a)X#0 (b)-1<X<1 (c)X = 0 (d)-2<X<2
3 The value of a for which the following system of equations a3x + (a + 1)3y + (a + 2)3z = 0,
ax + (a + 1) y + (a + 2) z = 0, x + y + z = 0 has a non-trivial solution is equal to
(a) 2 (b)1 -(c) 0 (d)-1
4 The number of solutions of the set of equations
2x2 v2 z2 x2 2v2 z2 x2 y2 2z2
Oi * 0,-^-4 + ^Ois
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c)8 (d)9
0 1'
5 The matrix is the matrix reflection in the line
1 o
(a) x = 1 (b) x + y = 1 (c) y = 1 (d) x = y
6 The matrix S is rotation through an angle 45° and G is the reflection about the line y = 2x, then (SG)2 is equal to
(a) 7/ (b)5f
(b)5/ (c) 3/ (d) /
-2 3'
7 If A = then A3 is equal to
-1 1 ’

(a) 2A (b)A (c)2/. (d)/

2 2 1'
8 If A = 1 3 1 and the sum of eigen values of A is m and product of eigen values of A is n, then m + n is equal
1 2 2
to
(a) 10 (b)12 (c) 14 (d)16
‘1 2
9 lfA = and 0 be the angle between the two non-zero column vectors X such that AX = XX for some
-1 4
scalar X, then 9 sec2 0 is equal to
(a) 13 (b) 12 (c)11 (d) 10
 Shortcuts And Important Results To Remember
7 | A exists <=> A is square matrix. 13 The adjoint of a square matrix of order 2 can be easily
2 No element of principal diagonal in a diagonal matrix is obtained by interchanging the principal diagonal elements
zero. and changing the sign of the other diagonal.
3 If A is a diagonal matrix of order n, then 'a b' I'd -b
i.e., If A = then adj (A) =
(a) Number of zeroes in A is n (n -1) c d a
(b) tfdvd2,d3......dn are diagonal elements, then 1
14 If | A * 0, then | A-1| = -—-
' ' Ml’
A = diag {d„d2,d3..... dn}
and | A =dpl^l3 ...dn 15 If A and B are invertible matrices such that AB =C, then
A"1 =diag (d^\d2\d3\ ...,d^) |B|=£1
' 1 Ml
(c) Diagonal matrix is both upper and lower triangular.
76 Commutative law does not necessarily hold for matrices.
(d) diag {a,,a2, a3..... an} x diag {b,. b,,.... bn}
17 If AB = - BA, then matrices A and 8 are called
= diag {a^, a2b2, a3b3, ...,anbn} anti-commutative matrices.
4 If A =
1 1
and B =
'1 o' then Ak =
'1 k'
and 78 If AB = O, it is not necessary that atleast one of the matrix
0 1 1 1 0 1 should be zero matrix.
Bk =
1 o' VkeN. '0 2' "3 O'
k 1 For example, If A = and B = then
0 0 0 0
5 If A and B are square matrices of order n, then 0 o'
AB = while neither A nor B is the null matrix.
(a) | kA | = kn| A], k is scalar 0 0
(b) |AB|=|A||B| 79 If A, B and C are invertible matrices, then
(c) \kAB\ = kn\A\\B\,kis scalar (a) (AB)"1 = B-1A“1
! (d) |AB|=|BA| (b) (ABC)-1 =C"1B-1A-1
I
1
(e) | Ar| = | A| = | Ae|., where A0 is conjugate transpose 20 If B is a non-singular matrix and A is any square matrix,
matrix of A then det (B~1 AB) = det (A)
(f) |A|m=|Am|,rne/V 27 If A is a non-singular square matrix of order n, then adj
i
(adj A) =| A|n“2 A
6 Minimum number of zeroes in a triangular matrix is given
■

by —where n is order of matrix. 22 If A is a non-singular square matrix of order n, then

|adj (adj (adj... (adj (adjA))))| = | A|(n“1)m
7 If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order, then | A| = 0
m times
and of even order is a non-zero perfect square.
0 a'
8 If A is involutory matrix, then 23 lfA = Am=0ym>2
0 0
(a) |A| = ±1
(b) ^ (/ + A) and (/ - A) are idempotent and (A +/)"=/ + nA

I 24 If A and B are two symmetric matrices, then

A ± B, AB + BA are symmetric matrices and AB - BA is a
skew-symmetric matrix.
9 If A is orthogonal matrix, then | A[ = ± 1 25 If A and B are two square matrices of order n and X be a
10 To obtain an orthogonal matrix 8 from a skew-symmetric scalar, then
matrix A then (i) Tr (AA) = %Tr(A)
B = (/-A)"1(/ + A)orfl = (/-A)(/ + A)’1 (ii) Tr (A±B) = Tr(A)±Tr(B)
7 7 The sum of two orthogonal matrices is not orthogonal (iii) Tr(AB) = Tr(BA)
while the sum of two symmetric (skew-symmetric) (iv) Tr(A) = Tr(A')
matrices is symmetric (skew-symmetric) (v) Tr(/n) = n
72 The product of two orthogonal matrices is orthogonal (vi) Tr(O)=0
while the product of two symmetric (skew-symmetric)
(vii) Tr(AB)*Tr(A)-tr(B)
matrices need not be symmetric (skew-symmetric)

contd__
26 If rank of a matrix A is denoted by p(A), then (iv) If r =2, s = 3, then planes form a triangular prism
(i) p (A) = 0, if A is zero matrix. (v) If r = s = 3 then planes meet at a single point
(ii) p (A) = 1, if every element of 4 is same. 28 If P is an orthogonal matrix, then det (P) = ± 1
(iii) If A and B are square matrices of order n each and (i) P represents a reflection about a line, then
p (A) = p (8) = n, then p (AB) = n det (P) = -1.
(iv) If A is a square matrix of order n and p (A) = n -1, then (ii) P represents a rotation about a point, then
p (adj >4) = 1 and if p (A) < n — 1, then p (adj A) = 0 det (P) = l
27 System of planes 29 Cayley-Hamilton Theorem : Every matrix satisfies its
aiiX + a12y + a]3z = b1, characteristic equation.
a21x + a22y + a23z = b? For Example, Let A be a square matrix, then | A - X/| = 0 is
and a31x + a32y + a^z = b. the characteristic equation for A.
Augmented matrix C = [A: 8] and if Rank of A = r and If X3 - 6X2 + 11X - 6 = 0 is the characteristic equation for
Rank of C = s, then A then A3 - 6A2 + 11A - 6/ = 0. Roots of characteristic
(i) if r = s = 1, then planes are coincident equation for A are called eigen values of A or
(ii) If r = 1, s = 2, then planes are parallel characteristic roots of A or latent roots of A If X is a
(iii) if r = s = 2, then planes intersect along a single straight characteristic root of A then X'1 is characteristic root of
line A"1.
JEE Type Solved Examples:
Single Option Correct Type Questions
I
■ This section contains 10 multiple choice examples. = A2PTPAPT(PAPT)997P
Each example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of = A2IAPt(PAPt)997 P
which ONLY ONE is correct.
= A3Pt(PAPt)997P
• Ex. 1 If A is a square matrix of order 2 such that
A J=^ = [J. The sum o/elements and _ A1000
PTP= A 1000 = I [v A is involutory]
Hence, B~x = 1^ = 1
product of elements of A are S and P, then S + P is
(a)-1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5 • Ex. 3 If A is a diagonal matrix of order 3x3 is
fa commutative with every square matrix of order 3x3 under
So/, (d) Let A = d|
c multiplication and trace (A) =12, then
(a) | A | = 64 (b)|A| = 16
From first part, A

a
[-M —(i) (c)|A| = 12 (d)|A| = 4
Sol. (a) A diagonal matrix is commutative with every square

or
c !][-W
a - b = -1 ...(ii)
matrix, if it is scalar matrix so every diagonal element is 4.
f4 0 0
A= 0 4 0
and c—d =2 ...(iii) 0 0 4
From second part,
| A | = 4 • 4 • 4 = 64

4H1 => a(Ia[L-11Jl=p

From Eq. (i), we get
) L°
Ex. 4 If A =[ajj]4x4, such that ajj = <
2, when i = j ,
0, when /1 j
., th"1

a b -1 1
- c d 2 “ 0_
det (adj (adj A))
<--------------------- > is [when {•} represents fractional part
7
or - a + 2b = 1 -(iv) function]
and - c + 2d = 0
From Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get
a = — 1, b = 0
<b>7 <4
(<

2 0 0 0
«>7
and from Eqs. (iii) and (v), we get
0 2 0 0
c = 4, d = 2 Sol. (a) v A=
S=a+b+c+d=5 0 0 2 0
and P = abed = 0 0 0 0 2
Hence, S+P=5 2 0 0 0
• Ex. 2 If Pis an orthogonal matrix and Q = PAPT and |A| =
0 2 0 0
= 24 = 16
B = PTQf000 P, then B -1 is, where A is involutory matrix 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 2
(a) A (b) A1000 (c) / (d) None of these
Sol. (c) Given, P is orthogonal v det (adj (adj A)) = | adj (adj A) | = | A |3 = | A |9
PTP = I —(0 = (24)9 = 236 = (23)12 =(l + 7)'2
and Q = PAP7 ...(ii) = 1 + 12C1(7)+12C2(7)2+...
Now, B = PtQ1000P= Pt(PAPt)}000P [from Eq. (ii)] det (adj (adj A)) 1
---- -——-—— = - + Positive integer
= PtPAPt(PAPt)999P
= IAPt -PAPt(PAPt)99SP fdet (adj (adj A))| _ 1
= AIAPt(PAPt')99SP 7
 Chap 08 Matrices 649

1 1 a b
• Ex. 5 If A = and det (An -/)=1-Xn ,neN, then Sol. (a) Let X =
1 1 c d

the value ofk, is = Fa2 + hc fe(a + d)l Fl 11

X2 [given]
(a)1 (b)2 (c)3 (d)4 [c(a + d) hc + d2J L2 3J
Sol. (t) v A a2 + be = l,b(a + d) = 1,

c(a + d) = 2 and be + d2 = 3

H: :]•“ => d2-a2=2

2 1
A3 = A2-A=2A2 =22A => d - a =------ = 2b and d + a = -
d+a b
Similarly, An =2"-1A

An -1 =
2"-’
2"’1
2"
"l-p °l
2n-iJ L° U Also,
2d = 2b + - and 2a = - - 2b

c = 2b
b b

2" "1 - 1 2" -1 i Now, from be + d2 = 3

2"-’ 2fl",-lJ
2 1
2b2 + [ b + — = 3 => 3b2 + —- -2 = 0
=> det(An -/) = (2n-1-l)2-(2n-1)z I 2b. 1 4fe2

= 1 - 2” = 1 - X" [given] 12b4 -8b2 + 1=0

X =2 or (6£>2 — l)(2b2 — 1) = 0

1 2 L 1 1 ' 1
b = ±—f= or b = + —^
• Ex. 6 If A = and f(x) - then f(A) is V6 V2
2 1 1-x
Therefore, matrices are
1 1 2 2
(a) (b) 2 2 1
1 1 2 2 1_
0 0 J6
-1 -1
f~2 Ji £ and
2 _4_
(c) (d) None of these 2 Ji 2 J~2
-1 -1 Jf> V6 V6.
1+x
So/.(c)v f(x) = 1 2r-1
1-x • Ex. 8 For a matrix A = , the value of
0 1
=> (l-x)/(x) = l + x
50 1 2r-1
(/-A)/(A) = (Z + A) n
r=1 0 1
is equal to

f(A) = (I - A)~l (I + A) ’l 4950"

1 100 1 5050 1 2500
r 1 0 (a) (b) (c) (d)
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

UP :])([: H 3) soi. (d) n

50

r=1
1 2r -1
0 1
i
o
1 +3 + 5 + ... + 99
1
0 -22T |2 21 _J_Fo 2jp 21
o] [2 2j ~ 4 [2 0] [2 2] 1 (SO)2 = 1 2500
-2
0 1 0 1
4
1 4
4 4 4 • Ex. 9lfA},A2,A3,.. .,A 2n ! are n skew-symmetric
n
• Ex. 7 The number of solutions of the matrix equation matrices ofsame order, then B = (2r -1) (A^ _ 1) 1 will be
1 1 r=1
X2 = is
2 3 (a) symmetric
(b) skew-symmetric
(a) more than 2 (b)2 (c) neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric
(c)0 (d)l (d) data not adequate
650 Textbook of Algebra

Sol. (b)'.' B = Aj + 3A3 + 5A| + ... + (2n - 1)(A2b 1 • Ex. 10 Elements of a matrix A of order 10 X10 are defined

A Bt = (A, + 3A33 4- 5A55 4-... 4- (2n - 1)(A2n j)2" ’*)T as ajj = CD'+ 7 (where (O is cube root of unity), then trace(A)

= A( 4-3(A3 )3 4-5(A3 )5 4-... 4-(2n — 1) (A2n j)2" ~1 of the matrix is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) None of these
= _A1 +3(-A3)3 +5(-A5)s + ...+ 10 io io
(2n - 1)(—A 2n - 1/\2n - 1 Sol. (d) tr (A) = \ a ‘j
i=j=1
= x®”
i=j= 1
= Z«>i=1
2i

= —(A]+3A3 +5A55 4-... 4-(2n — 1) A2" 2j) = CO2 4-CO4 4-CO6 4-CO8 4-... 4-CO 20

= -B = (CO2 4- CO 4- 1) 4- (CO2 4- CO 4- 1) 4- (CO2 4- (0 4-1) 4- CO20

Hence, B is skew-symmetric.
= 04-04-04-CO2 = CO2

JEE Type Solved Examples:

More than One Correct Option Type Questions i mita m ■ - ■ ■'rir~-r »-MKirii>mrwi>l i jli m wii - -j

■ This section contains 5 multiple choice examples. Each cos 0 sin 0 sin 0 cos 0
Sol. (a, c) sin A = and cos 0 =
example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which - sin 0 cos 0 cos 0 sin 0
more than one may be correct.
| sin A | = cos20 4- sin20 = 1 0
a b Hence, sin A is invertible.
• Ex. 11 If A = (where be * 0) satisfies the
c d cos 0 sin 0"| f cos 0 - sin 0
Also, (sin A) (sin A)T =
equations x2 4- k = 0, then - sin 0 cos 0 sin 0 cos 0

(a) a 4- d = 0 (b)k = -|A| 1 0

=1
(c) k = | A | (d) None of these 0 1

a &ir<a b Hence, sin A is orthogonal.

a2 + be ab + bd
Sol. (a, c) We have, A2 = cos 0 sin 01 P sin 0 cos 0
c d <c d ac + cd be + d2 Also, 2 sin A cos A = 2
- sin 0 cos 0 cos 0 sin 0
As A satisfies x2 4- k = 0, therefore
sin 20 1
A2 4- kl = 0 =2 * sin 2A
cos 20 0
'a2 + be 4- k (a + d) b 1 fo 01
(a 4- d) c be + d2 + kJ ” [0 oj
• Ex. 13 Let A and B are two square idempotent matrices
such that AB ± BA is a null matrix, the value of det (A-B)
a2 + be 4- k = 0, (a 4- d) b = 0,
can be equal
(a 4- d) c = 0 and be 4- d2 4- k = 0
(a)-1 (b)0
As be b *0, c *0
(c) 1 (d)2
So, a 4- d = 0 => a = -d Sol. (a, b, c)

Also, k = - (a2 4- be) = - (-ad + be) = (ad - be) = | A | v(A - B)2 = A2 - AB - BA 4- B2

=A+B ['.• AB + BA =0and A2 = A,Bz = B]
and f is a function, we define
/. | A - B |2 = | A 4- B | ...(0
f»_
2
e e and (A 4- B)2 = A2 4- AB 4- BA 4- B2
= A + B [v AB 4- BA =0and A2 = A,BZ = Fj
/(^)=[/(^)]nxn . Let A = ,then
-e --0 => I A 4- B I2 = I A 4- B|
2
(b) sin A = cos A
=> |A4-B|(|A4-B|-l) = 0
(a) sin A is invertible
(c) sin A is orthogonal (d) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A | A 4- B | = 0,1
 Chap 08 Matrices 651

From Eq. (i), Sol. (a, b, d) It is clear that A = I and A =21 satisfy the given
| A - B |2 = 0,1 => | A - B | = 0, ± 1 equaionA3 - 2A2 - A + 21 = 0 and the characteristic
or det (A - B) = 0, — 1,1 equation of the matrix in (c) is
2-X -1 2
0 Ex. 14 If AB = A and BA = B, then
1 -X 0 =0
2
(a) A2B = A2 (b) B2A = B
0 1 -X
(c) ABA = A (d) BAB = B
Sol. (a. b, c, d) X3 - 2X2 + X - 2 = 0,
We have, A2B = A(AB) = A-A = A2, giving A3 -2A2 + A-22 = 0
B2A = B(BA)=BB=B2,
* A3 -2A2 -A + 21 = 0
ABA = A(BA) = AB = A, BAB = B(AB) = BA = B
and the characteristic equation of the matrix in (d) is
• Ex. 15 If A is a square matrix of order 3 and I is an Iden­ 2-X 1 -2
tity matrix of order 3 such that A3 -2A2 - A +21=0, then 1 -X 0 =0
A is equal to 0 1 -X
2 -1 2 2 1 -2
X3 - 2X2 - X + 2 = 0,
(a)/ (b)2/ (c) 1 0 0 (d) 1 0 0
giving A3 -2A2 - A + 21 =0
0 1 0 0 1 0

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 2 solved passages. Base upon each Sol. (Ex. Nos 16 to 18)
of the passage 3 multiple choice question have to be ’ 2 -2 -4
answered. Each of these question has four choices (a), (b), Ao = 3 4 =>|Ao| = O
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
1 -3
Passage I T
(Ex. Nos. 16 to 18) -4 1 4 -4 -3 -3
2 -2 -4 -4 -3 -3 and adjB0 = -3 0 4 1 0 1 = B0

lfA0 = -1 3 4 and Bo = 1 0 1 and -3 1 3 4 4 3

1 -2 -3 4 4 3 Bn = adj(Bn _t), n € N
Bn = adj (B„ _ |), n e N and I is an identity matrix of order 3. Bj = adj(B0)= Bo
16. det(Ao +/4q Bq + Aq +Aq Bq +...upto 12 terms) is B2 = adj(Bj) = adj(B0) = Bo,
equal to Similarly B3 = B0,B4 = Bo>...
(a) 1200 (b)-960 Bn = Bo
(c) 0 (d) -9600
16. (c) det (Ao + .Ao Bq + Aq + Aq Bq +... upto 12 terms) = det
17. B2 + B3 +B4 + ... + B50 is equal to
{Ao (/ + A0Bq + Ao + Aq Bq + ... upto 12 terms)}
(a)B0 (b)7B0
(c)49B0 (d) 49/ = | A0|(f + AqB20 + Ao + Aq Bq +... upto 12 terms)

18. For a variable matrix X, the equation Ao X = B0 will =0 [v|Ao| = O]

have 17. (c) B2 + Bj + B4 +... + B50 = Bq + Bq + Bo +... + Bo = 49Bq

(a) unique solution 18. (d) v|Ao| = O
(b) infinite solution
=> Aq1 is not possible.
(c) finitely many solution
Hence, system of equation Ao X = Bo has no Sol.
(d) no solution
652 Textbook of Algebra

1 0 O' 1 0 o' 1 0 0
Passage II
(Ex. Nos. 19 to 21) 20. (d) ■/ A2 = 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 o' 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
Let A = 1 0 1 satisfies An = A" 2 4- A2 - I for n > 3 and 25 0 0 24 0 0
2
0 10 .-. A50 = 25A2 — 241 = 25 25 0 0 24 0
consider a matrix U with its columns as Ux, U2, U3, such that 25 0 25 0 0 24
3X3
1 o' 0 [from Eq. (i)]
1 0 o'
ASOUX = 25 ,A50U2 = 1 and A50(73 = 0 25 1 0
25 0 1 25 0 1
19. The value of |A50| equals Hence, trace of A 50 = 1 + 14-1=3
(a)-1 (b)0 I (c)l (d) 25 x
20. Trace of A50 equals 21. (c) Let U,= y
(a) 0 (b) 1 I (c)2 (d) 3 z

21. The value of |U\ equals 1 1 0 0 x 1

(a)-1 (b)0 (c) 1 (d)2 Given, A5OUX = 25 25 1 0 y 25 [from Eq. (ii)]
Sol. (Ex. Nos. 19 to 21) 25 25 0 1 z 25
An=An"2 4- A 2 -I => A SO = A48 4- A2 -I
x 1
Further, A48 = A46 4-A2 -Z 25x 4- y 25 , we get x = 1, y = 20 and z = 0
A 46 = A44 + A2 -Z 25x + z 25

1 0
A4 = A2 +A2 -Z4 Ui = 0 , similarly U2 = 1
On adding all, we get 0_ 0
y^SO _ oc A 2
= 25A -24Z (0 o' 1 0 0
50
1 0 0 and [/3 = 0 => U = 0 1 0 =Z
19. (c) |A50| = |A|50 = 1 0 1 = (-l)50=l 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 |U| = 1

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. The answer to each a=P=y
example is a single digit integer ranging from 0 to 9 a 0 0
(both inclusive).
A= o a 0

• Ex. 22 Let A be a 3 X 3 diagonal matrix which commutes o 0 a

with every3 x 3 matrix. Ifdet(A) =8, then tr A is => det (A) = a3 =8 [given]
a 0 0 a=2
Sol. (6) Let A = 0 P 0
2 0 0
0 0 Y
A= 0 2 0
a 0 0 a A .1 a h g a 0 0 0 0 2
0 0 0 h b f h b f 0 P 0
trA=2 + 2 + 2 = 6
=>
0 0 yJLs f c. 1/ f c 0 0 y
 Chap 08 Matrices 653

• Ex. 23 Let A and B be two non-singular matrices such =$ A"’BBA(BA2)A4 = / [v AB= BA2]
that A * I, B3 = I and AB = BA2, where I is the identity A“*BB(AB)A6 = /
matrix, the least value ofk such that Ak = / is => A~'BB(BA2)Ab = I [v AB = BA2]
Sol. (7) Given, AB=BA2 =* B=A~' BA2 => B3 = I => =I
=> (A-1 BAA)(A“* BAA){A~}BAA)= I => (A~'I)A6 = I . [V B'=I]
(A"1 BA) (BA) {BAA) = I [•.•A-*A=Z] A-,A8 = 1
=> A-1B(AB)(AB)AA = I => A7 = I = A k [■.Ak=I]
=> A"*B(BA2)(BA2) AA = 1 [vAB = BA2] => Ak = A 7
=> A-1BBA (AB) A4 = / Least value of k is 7.

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. Example 24 have three => 2 det(A) det(B) = O => 4det(B) = 0 [v det (A) = 2]
statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and four det(B) = O
statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II and example 25
have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I • Ex. 25
and five statements (p, q, r, s and t). In Column II any Column I Column II
given statement in Column I can have correct matching
(A) 1 2 a 1 18 2007 (P) 4
with one or more statement(s) given in Column II.
If 0 1 4 0 1 36
• Ex. 24 0 0 1 0 0 1
Column I Column II then (n + a) is divisible by_______
(B) If A is a square matrix of order 3 (q) 6
(A) If A is a square matrix of order 3 and (p) 3
such that | Aj = a, B = adj (A) and
det (A) =3, then
| B| = b, then (ab2 + a2b + 1 )X is
det (6A-1) is divisible by
divisible by,
(B) If A is a square matrix of order 3 and (q) 4
1. a a2 a3
det (A) = then det [adj (adj (2A))] is where - A = - + — + — + ... upto
4 2 b b' b5
divisible by ooanda =3
a b c (r) 10
(C) If A and B are square matrices of odd (r) 5
(C) Let A = P 9 r and B = A2.
order and (A + B)2 = A2 + B2, if det
(A) = 2, then det(B) is divisible by 1 1 1

(s) 6 If(a-&)2 + {p-q)2 =25,

(b - c)2 + {q - r)2 = 36 and
Sol. (A) -> (p, q, s); (B) -4(q); (C) -»(p, q, r, s) (c - a)2 + (r - p)2 = 49, then det
(A) det(6A’l) = 63 det(A-,)=-^- = —= 72
is divisible by
det (A) 3
(B) det [adj (adj (2A))] = [det(2A)]4 = [23det (A)]4 12
= 212 [det(A)]4 (t) I 15

= 212
n4 = 24 =16 So/. (A) —> (p, r); (B) —>(t): (C)-» (q, s)
1 2 a
4J (A) V A= 0 1 4
(C) v (A + B)2=AZ +AB + BA + B2
0 0 1
=> A2 + B2 = A2 + AB +BA +B2
[v(A + B)2 = A2 + B2] 1 2 a 1 2 a 1 4 2u + 8
=> AB + BA = 0 => AB = - BA a2 = 0 1 4 0 1 4 0 1 8
det (AB) = det(- BA) = - det (BA) 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
=> det (A)-det (B) =-det B-det(A)
654 Textbook of Algebra

1 4 2a+ 8 1 2 a 1 6 3a + 24 1
a3 = 1 1 1 9_
0 1 8 0 1 4 0 1 12 = - + —+ ---------- 1- ...+ 00 = 3
3 81 27x8.1 1 26
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1- —
27
Similarly, we get

1 2n na + 8^r 13
1 18 2007
9
An = 0 1 4n 0 1 36 [given] Now, (ab2 4- a2b + 1)% = (3 X 81 + 9 x 9 +1) x -=225
13
0 0 1 0 0 1
a b c a P 1 a P 1
(C) det(A) = P <? r b 9 1 = 2x1 b q 1
=> 2n = 18 => n = 9 2
n-1 8
1 1 1 c r 1 c r 1
na 4- 8 ]£r = 2007 => 9a 4- 8^r = 2007
= 2 x Area of the triangle with vertices
r=0 r=0
(a, p), (b, q) and (c,r) with sides 5,6,7
8x9
=> 9a + 8- = 2007 => 9a = 2007 - 288 = 1719 = 2 x fs(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) = 2 X 6^6 - 12-76
2
a = 191
Hence, n 4- a = 9 + 191 = 200 Hence, det det (B) = det (A2)
(B) B = adj A
=> b = | B| = | adj A| = | A |2 = a2 =9 => a = 3, b = 9 = - (det A)2 = -(12V6)2 = 108
8 8
1. 3 32 33
and -A. = — 4- — 4—-4- ...4-00
2 9 93 95

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Statement I and II Type Questions
■ Direction example numbers 26 and 27 are • Ex. 27 Statement-1 If A and B are two matrices such
Assertion-Reason type examples. Each of these examples that AB ~B, BA = A, then A2 + B2 = A + B.
contains two statements:
Statement-2 A and B are idempotent matrices, then
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) A2 = A, B2 = B.
Each of these examples also has four alternative choices,
Sol. (b) v AB = B
ONLY ONE of which is the correct answer. You have to
select the correct choice as given below. B(AB) = BB
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 (BA)B = B2 [by associative law
is correct explanation for Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 AB = B2 [v BA = A
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 B = B2 [•:AB = E
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true and BA = A
A(BA)~ A- A
• Ex. 26 Statement-1 A is singular matrix of order n x n, (AB) A = A2 [by associative law
then adj A is singular. BA = A2 [vAB = J
n —1
Statement-2 | adj A | = | A |
A = A2 [v BA = A
Sol. (d) If A is non-singular matrix of order n x n, then
Hence,;. A2 +B2=A + B
ladjAMAI"-1
Here, both statements are true and Statement-2 is not a
Hence, Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true. correct explanation for Statement-1.
 Chap 08 Matrices 655

Subjective Type Examples

■ In this section, there are 12 subjective solved examples. Sol. Given, AB = BA

• Ex. 28 If An = 0, then evaluate

(i) l + A + A2 + A3 + ... + A"-1
[: !:■:]■[: 3:3
a + 2c b + 2d 1 pa + 3b 2a + 4b
=>
(ii) /-A + A2 - A3 +... 4- (— 1)n-1 A”-1 for odd ‘n\ 3a + 4c 3b + 4d] c+3d 2c+ 4d
where I is the identity matrix having the same On comparing, we get
order of A. a + 2c = a + 3b
Sol. (i) An = 0 => An - I = - I b-^
...(0
3
=> An -In =- I => In - A" = I b + 2d = 2a + 4b
=> (I-A)(/ + A + A2+A3+... + An"1)=I d=a+— (ii)
2
=> (I + A + A2 + A3 +... + A"-1)
3a + 4c = c 4-3d
= (/-A)-1f = (/-A)‘ d=a+c (Hi)
(ii) A" = 0=>Art + 1 = 1 and 3b+ 4d = 2c + 4d
b=*
=> An + r = i -(iv)
3
=> In+An=I d-b d-b
------ = 1 [from Eq. (iii)]
=> (I + A)(Z - A + A2 - A3 +... +A"-1) = I a+c-b d-b
[n is odd] 2c
2 3 d-c
=> I-A + A2-A3 + ... + A"-1 Now, 3
= (I + A)-1I = (I + A)' c d
20]
I a-pa —
• Ex. 29 If A is idempotent matrix, then show that If c = p and d - a, then B = 3
(A + I)n = / + (2n -1) A, V n G N, where I is the identity L 0 «
matrix having the same order of A.
3 5
Sol. v A is idempotent matrix
• Ex. 31 Given the matrix A = 1 -3 -5 and X be
A2 = A,
3 5
similarly A = A2 = A 3 = A4 = ... = An (i) the solution set of the equation Ax = A, where xeN - {!}.
Now, (A+/)"=(/ +A)' \3+1
Evaluate J~J where the continued extends for all
= I + "CjA + "C2 A2 + nC3A3 +... + nCn An kx3-V
[from Eq. (i)] XG X.
= I + CC1 + nC2 + nc3 +... + nCn )A
-1 3 5 -1 3 -1 3 5
= I + (2" - 1)A
Sol. v A2 = 1 -3 -5 1 -3 1 -3 -5
Hence,(A +/)n = I + (2" - 1)A, V ne N.
-1 3 5 -1 3 -1 3 5
=A
1 2 a b
• Ex. 30 If the matrices A = and B = (a,b,c, 2
= A3J = A 4 = A55 =... = A
3 4 c d
but given Ax = A
d not all simultaneously zero) commute, find the value of
d-b x = 2,3,4, 5,... [•.• x # 1, given]
•--------- . Also, show that the matrix which commutes with A
n \3 + f =n
3
a + c-b
<x3-l> (x-l in
is of the form
a-P
3 On putting x = 2, 3, 4, 5,...
0 a.
656 Textbook of Algebra

r x22 - X + 1 \
n n
n
x3 + P = lim fl X+1
Sol. We have, First part
A O A 0
x3-l / n'*>°°x-2 x - 1 x - 2 v X2 + X + 1; B C - C~'BA C~
3-4-5...(n - l)n(n + 1) AA 0
= lim . .
n->^1-2-3...(n-3)(n -2)(n - 1)J BA - CC'^BA CC’1
3-7-...(n2 - n + 1) I O I 0
x lim
n —> 7-13.,.(n2 -n + l)(n2 + n + 1) BA -BA I 0 I
n(n + 1) 3
= lim ----------- x A-1 O A 6
n —» o» 2 (n2 + n + 1) Hence, is the inverse of
- C-1BA C" B C
(1 + -1
3 Inn y nJ 3 (1+0) 3 1 0 0 o'
=-
2"-*~ 2 (1 + 0 + 0) 2 1 1 0 0 A 0
i+i+4
n n .
Second part
1 1 0 B C
1
1 1 1 1
♦ Ex. 32 IfP is a non-singular matrix, with (P"1) in
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
terms of ‘P then show fhafadj(Q"1BP~1) = PAQ. Given where A = ,B = ,C = and 0 =
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
that, (B) = A and|P| = |Q |=1.
Sol. v adj(P~l) = IPKP"1)’1 = |P|P = P 1 0 1 0
[v|P| = l] and A ,C-1 =
-1 1 1
and adj(Q“1BP"1) = adj(P-1)- adjB - adj(Q-1)

= -La--Q-= PAQ
|P| IQI
MP| = |Q| = 1] Now, C~lBA 1 =

1 0
-1
1

0 0
0

M 1
1

0
0
1

0
0 1'
0 0
0
• Ex. 33 Let A and B be matrices of order n. Prove that if
1 1 0 0 -1 1 0 0
(/ - AB) is invertible, (/ - BA) is also invertible and .'. Inverse of is
(/ - BA)"1 = I + B(J - AB)"1 A, where I be the identity matrix 1 1 1 0 0 -1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 -1 1
of order n.
Sol. Here, I - BA = BIB - BABB"1 = B(I - AB)B-1 -(i) 3 a -1
Hence, |/- BA] = |B||I - AB||B"’| = |B||I - AB| — • Ex. 35 LetA = 2 5 c is symmetric and
lBl b 8 2
= |/-AB|
If |/-AB|*0,then|7-BA|#0 d ' 3 a
i.e. if (I - AB) is invertible, then (7 - BA) is also invertible. B = b-a e -2b-c is skew-symmetric, find AB. If AB
Now, (/ - BA)[/ + B(I - AB)-1 A] -2 6
= (/ - BA) + (I - BA)B(7 - AB)-1 A [using Eq. (i)] is symmetric or skew-symmetric or neither of them. Justify
= (I - BA) + B(I - AB)B-1B(/ - AB)"1 A your answer.
= (I - BA) + B(7 - AB)(7 - AB-1)A Sol. A is symmetric
= (I - BA) + BA = I .'. c = 8, b = - 1 and a = 2 J.
Hence, (/ - BA)'1 = I + B(I - AB)-1 A. and B is skew-symmetric
d = e — f = 0 and 2b + c = 6, a-2, b - a = -3 -4’
A o From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
• Ex. 34 Prove that the inverse of is
B c a = 2,b = -l, c=8, d = 0, e = 0, f =0
' 3 2 -1 0 3 2
A o , where A, Care non-singular matrices and A = 2 5 8 and B = -3 0 -6
-C~'BA c~ -1 8 2 -2 6 0
1 0 0 0
-4 3 -6
1 1 0 0
O is null matrix andfind the inverse. AB = -31 54 -26
1 1 1 0 -28 9 -50
1 1 1 1 which neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric.
 Chap 08 Matrices 657

• Ex. 36 If B, C are square matrices of order n and if 3-X 2 2

A = B + C, BC = CB, C2 = 0, show that for any positive inte­ 2 4-X 1 =o
ger p, Ap + ' =Bp[B+(p+V)C]. -2 -4 -1-X

Sol..- A = B + C => Ap + ' = (B + C)P + 1 Applying B3 -+ R3 + R2, then

3-X 2 2
= P + ,COBP + 1 + P + IC1BPC + P + 1C2BP~1C2 + ...
2 4-X 1 =o
0 -X -X
= Bp + ,+ p + 1CtBpC+ 0+ 0 +...
Applying C2 —> C2 - C3, then
[vC2 = 0=>C2 =C3 =... = 0]
= Bp[B + (p + l)C] 3-X 0 2
=> 2 3-X 1 =o
Hence, Ap + 1 = Bp[B + (p + 1)C]
0 0 -X
• Ex. 37 If there an three square matrices A, B, C of same -X(3-X)2 =0
order satisfying the equation A2 = A-1 and let B = A2 and
=> X =0,3
_ <"-2>
C = A2 , prove thatdet(B - C) =0. It is clear that X = 0, p = 3
’ 3
2 2 x 0
so/.-.- b = a 2" = a2-2‘"=(a2)2"'=(a-,): [vA2=A-1]
For X = 0, AX = 0 => 2 4 1 y 0
= (A2"' )-’ = (A2-2 )-'=[(A2r’]- -2 -4 -1 z 0

= [(A-1)2” TMa-=1)-A1)2' =C 3x + 2y + 2z = 0 and 2x + 4y + z = 0

=> B-C = 0 => det(B-C) = 0 x y z
-6~1~ 8
• Ex. 38 Construct an orthogonal matrix using the
-6
~ 0 2'
skew-symmetric matrix A = So, X= 1
-2 0 '
8
0 2 1 -21
Sol. v A = =} I - A = Forp =3, (A-3I)Y =0
-2 0 2 1
' 0 2 2 a o'
1 2 1 2
=> (j-xj-'-l and (I + A) = => 2 1 1 P 0
-2 1 -2 1
-2 -4 - 7. 0
Let B be the orthogonal matrix from a skew-symmetric
matrix A, then B = (/ - A)~\l + A) 0a + 2p + 2y = 0and2a + p +y = 0

3 4 «=&=X
1 1 2 1 2 1 -3 4 5 5 0 4-4
5 -2 1 -2 1 5 -4 -3 4 3
-=A=I
5 5. 0 -1 1
3 2 2 'o'
• Ex. 39 If A = 2 4 1 and X, Y are two non-zero So, y = -1
“2 “4 -1 1
-4
column vectors such that AX = XX, AY =p.y, X *p,find If 0 be the angle between X and Y, then
angle between X and Y. 0(- 6) + (— l)l + l-8 7
cos 0 =
Sol. v AX = XX => (A - XI)X = 0 7(0 + 1 + 1)^36 +1 + 64 l202
X *0 7 A
0 = cos
det(A-Xl) = 0 ^202 J

I
g Matrices Exercise 1:
Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 30 multiple choice questions. -1 2 5
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of 8. The rank of the matrix 2 -4 a - 4 is
which ONLY ONE is correct
1 -2 a+1
1. If A5 =0 such that An 1 for 1 < n < 4, then (/ - A) is
(where a = -6)
equal to (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d)4
(a) A4 (b)A3 1 -1
0
(c) I + A (d) None of these
9. A is an involutory matrix given by A = 4 -3 4 •the
a b c
3 -3 4
2. Let A = P <7 r and suppose that det (A) = 2, then
A
* y z inverse of — will be
4x 2a -p 2
I

det (B) equals, where B = 4y 2b -q (a) 2 A

2
(c>42 (d)A2
4z 2c -r
10. Let A be a nth order square matrix and B be its adjoint,
(a)-2 (b)-8 (c) -16 (d) 8
then | AB + kln |, is (where k is a scalar quantity)
1 1
3. If both A — I and A + - 1 are orthogonal matrices, then (a)(|A| + fc)"-2 (b)(| A| + fc)n
2 2 (c)(| A | + Ar)"-1 (d)(| A| + fc)n + 1
(a) A is orthogonal
(b) A is skew-symmetric matrix of even order 11. If A and B are two square matrices such that
B = -A~1BA, then (A + B)2 is equal to
4 (a) 0 (b) A2 + B2
(d) None of the above
(c) A2 + 2AB + B2 (d) A + B
Z x 1 f X 3 - 16x
4. Let a = lim , b= lim 12. If matrix A = [atj ]3 x 3, matrix B = [b,y ]3 x 3, where
X -» i ^ln x x In x 7 x—>0 k 4x + x
/
a{j + a;j = 0 and by - b^ = 0, then A4 • B3 is
fin (1 + sin x)l
c = lim and
x-> o \ x ) (a) skew-symmetric matrix (b) singular
. j. (* + l)3 (c) symmetric (d) zero matrix
a b
a = inn -------------------- -, then is
x-»-i 3[sin(x + l)-(x + 1)] c d 13. Let A be a n x n matrix such that An = aA, where a is a

(a) idempotent (b) involutory real number different from 1 and -1. The matrix A + /a is
(c) non-singular (d) nilpotent (a) singular (b) invertible
(c) scalar matrix (d) None of these
1 4 -1 -
5. Let A = . If 0 is the angle between the two
3 2 2i 2i , i = V-l and f(x) = x2 + 2
14. lfA =
non-zero column vectors X such that AX = XX for some l-H\/3 l-iV3
scalar X, then tan 0 is equal to 2i 2i
(a) 3 (b) 5 then /(A) equals to
(c) 7 (d) 9 '1 O’ 3 - ifi} r 1 o'
6. If a square matrix A is involutory, then A 2n +1
is equal to (a) (b)
0 1 2 / L
0 1
(a)/ (b)A
(c)A2 (d) (2n + 1) A (s-h/T 1 0
(d)(2 + ia/3)
0
(c)
cos 0 sin 0 4"
2 JL° 1 1
7. If A = ,then lim -----is (where 0 e R) 15. The number of solutions of the matrix equation X' = I
-sin0 cos 0 n-> « n
(a) a zero matrix (b) an identity matrix other than I is
0 1* 0 11 (a)0 (b)l
(c) (d) (c)2 (d) more than 2
-1 0 0 -1
 Chap 08 Matrices 659

16. If A and B are square matrices such that A 2006 = 0and 24. If A and B are different matrices satisfying A3 = B3 and

AB = A + B, then det (B) equals to A2B = B2A, then

(a) -1 (b)0 (a) det (A2 4- B1) must be zero
(c) 1 (d) None of these (b) det (A - B) must be zero
it . it (c) det (A2 4- B2) as well as det (A - B) must be zero
cos — sin —
1 1 (d) atleast one of det (A2 4- B2) or det (71 - B) must be zero
17. IfP = 6 6 ,A = and Q = PAPT, then
. it it 0 1
-sin — cos — 25. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 2 and B, C are
6 6. Fl 41 r 9 -4"
pT q2007 matrices respectively, then
P is equal to
|2 9J [-2 1
1 a/3/2 1 2007
(a) (b) A3(BC)4-A5(B2C2)4-A7(B3C3) + ...
0 2007 0 1
+ AZn + '(BnCn\is
45/2 2007 45/2 -1/2
(c) (d) (a) a symmetric matrix (b) a skew-symmetric matrix
0 1 1 2007
(c) an identity matrix (d) None of these
18. There are two possible values of A in the solution of the a b c 9 -b y
2A4-1 -5 A-5 B 14 D 26. If A = x z ,B = ~P a -x and if A is
matrix equation y
-4 A 2A-2 C E F ’
p q r r —c z
where A, B, C, D, E, F are real numbers. The absolute
invertible, then which of the following is not true?
value of the difference of these two solutions, is
(a) |A|=|B|
(c>| (b) |A| = -|B|
(a)~
<“>T (c) | adj A |=| adj B |
cos2 0 cos 0 sin 0 - sin 0 (d) A is invertible <=> B is invertible

cos 0 sin 0 sin2 0 cos 0 , then / is 2 1 3 4

27. Let three matrices A = ,B = and
sin0 - cos 0 0 4 1 2 3
/ A(BC)2'
(a) symmetric (b) skew-symmetric 3 -4 ABC
C= .then tr (A) 4- tr 4-tr
(c) singular (d) non-singular -2 3 2 \ 4
20. In a square matrix A of order 3 the elements nl7’s are the A(BC)3>I
4- tr + equals to
sum of the roots of the equation x2 - (a 4- b) x 4- ab = 0;
a, j + j’s are the product of the roots, at ,■ _ t’s are all unity (a) 4
I 8 ) " (b) 9 (c) 12 (d) 6
and the rest of the elements are all zero.
28. If A is non-singular and (A - 21) (A - 41) = O, then
1 . . 4*
1 1
- A 4- - A is equal to
The value of the det (A) is equal to 6 3
(a)0 (b)(a-Fb)3
(a)O (b)/
(c)?-63 (d)(a2 + b2)(a + b)
(c)2/ (d)6/
21. If A and B are two non-singular matrices of the same 0 1 2 '1/2 -1/2 1/2
order such that Br = I for some positive integer r > 1. 29. If A = 1 2 3 and A = -4 3 b . then
Then A-1Br-1A-A" B~lA is equal to 3 a 1 5/2 -3/2 1/2
(a)Z (b)2/ (c)0 (d)-I
cos 0 sin 0 ’ 1 0
22. ]fA = ,B = , C = ABAT1, then (a) a = 1, b = -1 (b)a=2.b = --
sin 0 - cos 0 -1 1 2
1 1
ATCnA, ne I+ equals to (c) a = -1. b = 1 (d) a = -. b = -
2 2
-n 1 1 -n 0 1 1 0
(a) (b) (c) (d) x 3 2
1 0 0 1 1 -n -n 1
30. Given the matrix A = 1 y 4 . If xyz = 60 and
23. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that | A | = 2, then
2 2 z
|(adj A"1)"1 | is
8x 4- 4y 4- 3z = 20, then A (adj A) is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c)4 (d)8 (a)64/ (b)88/
(b)88/ (c)68/ (d)34/
660 Textbook of Algebra

g Matrices Exercise 2:
More than One Correct Option Type Questions
■ This section contains 15 multiple choice questions. 39. Let A and B are two matrices such that AB - BA, then
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of
for every n e N
which MORE THAN ONE may be correct.
(a) A"B = BA"
1 1 1
(b) (AB)" = AnBn
31. If A = 1 1 1 , then
(c) (A + B)" = "C0A" + nC1A"“1B + ... + "C„B"
1 1 1
(d) A2" -B2" = (An -Bn)(An + B")
(a) A3 = 9A (b) A3 = 27A
(c) A + A = A2 (d) A-1 does not exist 40. If A and B are 3 x 3 matrices and | A | * 0, which of the
following are true?
32. A square matrix A with elements from the set of real
numbers is said to be orthogonal ifA' = A-1.IfAisan (a) | AB | = 0 => | B | = 0

orthogonal matrix, then (b) | AB 1 = 0=^ B = 0

(a) A' is orthogonal (b) A-1 is orthogonal (c) | A-11 =| A T*
(c) adj A = A' (d) | A-1 | = 1
(d) |A + A|=2|A|
1 2 2 41. If A is a matrix of order m X m such that
33. Let A = 2 1 2 , then A2 + A + 21 = O, then
2 2 1 (a) A is non-singular (b) A is symmetric
(a) A2 - 4A — 5/3 = 0 (d) A'1 =-|(A + I)
(c) | A | * 0
(c) A3 is not invertible (d) A2 is invertible
42. If A2 - 3A + 21 = 0, then A is equal to
34. D is a 3 x 3 diagonal matrix. Which of the following
(a) I (b)2/
statements are not true? 3 -2 3 1
(a) Dt = D (c) (d)
1 0 -2 0
(b) AD = DA for every matrix A of order 3x3
(c) D-1 if exists is a scalar matrix 43. If A and B are two matrices such that their product AB is
(d) None of the above a null matrix, then
-122 5 (a) det A * 0 B must be a null matrix
35. The rank of the matrix 2 -4
—4 a - 4 . is (b) det B * 0 => A must be a null matrix
1 -2 a +1 (c) atleast one of the two matrices must be singular
(a) 2, if a = -6 (b) 2, if a = 1 (d) if neither det A nor det B is zero, then the given statement
(c) 1, if a =2 (d) 1, if a = -6 is not possible

3 -3 4 44. ]fDx and D2 are two 3x3 diagonal matrices where none
36. If A = 2 -3 4 .then of the diagonal elements is zero, then
(a) DJD2 is a diagonal matrix
0 -1 1
(b) DjD2 = D2Dt
(a) adj (adj A) = A (b) | adj (adj (A) | = 1 (c) D2 + D2 is a diagonal matrix
(c) | adj(A) | = 1 (d) None of these
(d) None of the above
37. If B is an idempotent matrix and A = I - B, then 0
45. Let, Ck = nCk for 0< k < n and Ak - for
(a) A2 = A (b) A2 = I
0
(c) AB = O (d) BA = 0 k> 1 and
fcj 0
38. If A is a non-singular matrix, then Aj + A2 + A3 +...+ An = .then
(a) A-1 is symmetric if A is symmetric 0 k 2.
(b) A-1 is skew-symmetric if A is symmetric (a) K = kz (b) + k2 =2
(c) |A-1|=|A| (c)fc1 = 2nCn-l (d)fc2 = 2nCfl + 1
(d) i a-1 1=1 a r*
 Chap 08 Matrices 661

g Matrices Exercise 3:
Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 6 passages. Based upon each of Passage IV (Q. Nos. 54 to 56)
the passage 3 multiple choice questions have to be ’1 0 o'
answered. Each of these questions has four choices (a),
Let A = 2 1 0 be a square matrix and C,, C2, C3 be three
(b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
3 2 1
Passage I (Q. Nos. 46 to 48) 1 '2 'i
Suppose A and B be two non-singular matrices such that column matrices satisfying AC, = 0 , AC2 = 3 and AC3 = 3
AB = BAm, Bn = I and Ap = I, where I is an identity matrix. 0 0 1
46. If m = 2 and n = 5, then p equals to
of matrix B. If the matrix C=-( A • B).
(a) 30 (b) 31 3
(c) 33 (d) 81 54. The value ofdet(B-1), is
47. The relation between m, n andp, is (d)l
(a) 2 (b); (c) 3
(a) p = mn2 (b) p = m" -1 2
(c) p = nm - 1 (d) p = rn "1 55. The ratio of the trace of the matrix B to the matrix C, is
9 5 2 3
48. Which of the following ordered triplet (m, n, p) is false? (a)-; (V-- (C)-- (d)~
5 9 3 2
(a) (3, 4, 80) (b) (6, 3, 215)
56. The value ofsin-1(det A) + tan-1 (9detC), is
(c) (8, 3, 510) (d) (2, 8, 255)
(a) 7 (b)£ (c)5l (d)*
Passage II (Q. Nos. 49 to 51) 4 2 • 4
a b c
Passage V (Q. Nos. 57 to 59)
Let A = b c a is an orthogonal matrix and abc = X(< 0).
If A is symmetric and B skew-symmetric matrix and A + B is
c a b
non-singular and C = (A + B)“*(A - B).
49. The value of a2b2 4- b2c2 + c2a2, is 57. CT(A + B)C equals to
(a) 2X (b)-2X (a) A + B (b) A - B
(c) X2 (d) -X (c)A (d)B
50. The value of a3 + b3 + c3, is 58. Ct(A - B)C equals to
(a)X (b)2X (a) A + B (b) A - B (c)A (d)B
(c) 3X (d) None of these
59. CT AC equals to
51. The equation whose roots are a, b, c, is
(a) A + B (b)A-B
(a) x3 - 2x2 + X = 0 (b) x3 - Xx2 + Xx + X = 0 (c)A (d)B
(c) x3 - 2x2 + 2Xx + X = 0 (d) x3 ± x2 - X = 0
Passage VI (Q. Nos. 60 to 61)
Passage III (Q. Nos. 52 to 53) Let A be a square matrix of order 3 satisfies the matrix equation
Let A = [fy ]3 x 3. If tr is arithmetic mean of elements of rth row A3 - 6A2 + 7A-8I = 0 and B = A -21. Also, det A = 8.
and O/j +aJk + akl = 0 holds for all 1 <5 i, j, k<3. 60. The value of det(adj (I - 2A'1)) is equal to
ciy is not equal to , ,—
(a) 25 (b) —/M125
ISi ;S3 16 64
, , 64 ... 16
(a) t, + t2 + t3 (b) zero (c) — (d) —
(c)(det(A))2 125 25
(d) txt2t3

53. Matrix A is 61. If adj — B, where p,qeN, the least value of

(a) non-singular .9J
(b) symmetric (p + q) is equal to
(c) skew-symmetric (a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 29 (d)41
(d) neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric
662 Textbook of Algebra

g Matrices Exercise 4:
“ Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 questions. The answer to each question is a single digit integer, ranging
from 0 to 9 (both inclusive).

62. Let A, B, C, D be (not necessarily) real matrices such and x c N, the minimum value of E (cos x 0 + sin 0),
that At = BCD-,Bt = CDA-, CT = DAB and DT = ABC 0 e Br>
A I mt
, n e /r > is
for the matrix S = ABCD, the least value of k such that I2
Sk =Sis 67. If A is an idempotent matrix and I is an identity matrix
1 tan x of the same order, then the value of n, such that
63. If A = and a function /(x) is defined as (A +/)" = f + 127 A is
- tan x 1
3a b c
/(x) = det (ATA'1) and if /(f(/(/.../(x)))) is (n > 2) X,
68. Suppose a, b, c e R and abc = 1, if A = b 3c a is such
the value of 2k is
c a 3b
X jX 2 X]X3 I and | A | > 0, the value of a3+ b + c3 is
that AT A = 41/3
64. If the matrix A = X 2A,j X2 X 2X 3 is idempotent,
0 1 and (A8 + A6 + A4 + A2 + I)V = ° ,
X3Xj X3X 2 X23 69. IfA —
3 0
the value of X2 + X22 + X3 is
where V is a vertical vector and I is the 2 X 2 identity
65. Let A be a 3 x 3 matrix given by A = [a^ } If for every matrix and if X is sum of all elements of vertical vector
column vector X, XTAX = O and a23 = - 1008, the sum V, the value of 11X is
3 2
70. Let the matrix A and B be defined as A = and
of the digits of a32 is
'3 1 u 2 I
66. Let X be the solution set of the equation A x = I, where B= .then the absolute value of det 2/49 B *)is
‘0 1 -1 7 3j’
A = 4-3 4 and I is the corresponding unit matrix o a a-1 h-1
71. Let A = and(A+/)70 -70A = , the
3-3 4 J) c-1 d-1
value of a + b + c + d is

g Matrices Exercise 5:
Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 4 questions. Question 72 has four statements (A, B, C and D) given in Column I and four
statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II and questions 73 to 75 have four statements (A, B, C and D) given ia
Column I and five statements (p, q, r, s and t) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct
matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column II.
72. Suppose a, b, c are three distinct real numbers and /(x) is a real quadratic polynomial such that
4a2 4a 1 7(-D‘ 3a2 + 3a
4b2 4b 1 /(i) 3b2 + 3b
4c2 4c 1 f(2)_ 3c2 +3c

Column I Column II
(A) x-coordinate(s) of the point of intersection of y = f(x) with the X-axis is (P) -2
(B) 3 1
Area (in sq units) bounded by y = - fix') and the X-axis is (q)

(C) Maximum value of /(x)is (r) 2

(D) Length (in unit) of the intercept made by y = f(x) on the X-axis is (s) 4
 Chap 08 Matrices 663

73. If A is non-singular matrix of order n X n, _____________ Column I____________ Column II

(D) If the equations x + y = 1, (t) 9
Column I Column II
(c + 2)x + (c+ 4)y= 6,
(A) adj (/T1) is (P) A (det A)”-2 (c + 2)2x + (c+ 4)2y = 36 are consistent
(B) det (adj (4-1)) is (q) (det 4)^' (adj A) and q, Cj (q > Cj) are two values of c, then
(C) adj (adj A) is (r) adj (adj A) q C2 is divisible by
(det4)"~1
(D) adj (A det (J)) is (det 4)'~"
75. Column I Column II
(s)
(A) If C is skew-symmetric matrix (P) invertible
(0 A
of order n and X is n x 1 column
(det 4)
matrix, then XTCX is
74.__ Column I Column II (B) If A is skew - symmetric, then (q) singular
(A) If A is a diagonal matrix of order 3 x 3 is Ip) 3 I - A is, where I is an identity
commutative with every square matrix of matrix of order A.
order 3x3 under multiplication and tr 'o i r (r) symmetric
(4) = 12, then |4| is divisible by If S = 10 1;and
(C)
(q) 4 J 1 0
(B) Let a,b,c e R+ and the system of equations (r) 6 b+c c-a b-a
(l-a)x+ y+z = 0,x+(l-6)y+z = 0, A = c-b c+a a-b
x+ y + (l-c)z = 0 b-c a-c a+b
has infinitely many solutions. If 1 be the (a, b, c * 0), then SAS~l is
minimum value of a be, then X is divisible by
(D) If A, B, C are the angles of a (s) non-singular
(C) Let A = [ag ]3x3 be a matrix whose (s) 8 triangle, then the matrix
elements are distinct integers from 1,2, 3,
sin 2.4 sinC sin 5
.... 9. The matrix is formed so that the sum
of the numbers is every row, column and A- sinC sin2B sin A is
each diagonal is a multiple of 9. If number sin B sin A sin 2C
of all such possible matrices is X, then X is
(0 non-invertible
divisible by

g Matrices Exercise 6:
Statement I and II Type Questions
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 76 to 85) are Assertion-Reason 77. Statement-1 If A and B are two square matrices of order
type questions. Each of these questions contains two n x n which satisfy AB = A and BA = B, then
statements: (A + B)7 =26 (A + B\
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason)
Statement-2 A and B are unit matrices.
Each of these questions also has four alternative
choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You 78. Statement-1 For a singular matrix A, if AB=AC=> B = C
have to select the correct choice as given below. Statement-2 If | A | = 0, then A”1 does not exist.
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 79. Statement-1 If A is skew-symmetric matrix of order 3,
then its determinant should be zero.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 Statement-2 If A is square matrix,
(c) Statementl is true, Statement-2 is false det (A) = det (A') = det (- A').
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true 80. Let A be a skew-symmetric matrix, B = (/ - A) (I + A)"1
76. Statement-1 If matrix A = ]3x3, B = [b(y]3x3, where and X and Y be column vectors conformable for
multiplication with B.
atJ + ajj =0 and by - bJ{ = 0, then A4B5 is non-singular
Statement-1 (BX)T (BY) = XTY
matrix.
Statement-2 If A is non-singular matrix, then | A | * 0. Statement-2 If A is skew-symmetric, then (f + A) is
non-singular.
664 Textbook of Algebra

83. Statement-1 A = [ay ] be a matrix of order 3x3, where

81. Statement-1 Let a 2 x 2 matrix A has determinant 2. If
a(y = -—— cannot be expressed as a sum of symmetric
B = 9A2, the determinant of BT is equal to 36.
Statement-2 If A, B and C are three square matrices and skew-symmetric matrix.
Statement-2 Matrix A = [a]n x n, = -—— is neither
such that C = AB, then | C | = | A 11 B |. i + 2j
1 -1 -1 symmetric nor skew-symmetric.
82. Statement-1 If A = 1-1
-1 0 , then 84. Statement-1 If A, B, C are matrices such that
1 0 -1 |A 3X3 I ~ 3> I B3x3 |— 1 and I C2 x 2 I — 2,12ABC] -12
Statement-2 For matrices A, B, C of the same order
A3 + A2 + A = I.
|ABC| = |A||B||C|.
Statement-2 If 85. Statement-1 The determinant of a matrix A = [fly ]aX1.
det (A - kI) = Cok3 +CjV + C2X + C3 =0, where ajy- + a 7 = 0 for all i and j is zero.
thenC0A3 + Cj A2 + C3A + C3f = O. Statement-2 The determinant of a skew-symmetric
matrix of odd order is zero.

g Matrices Exercise 7:
' Subjective Type Questions
■ In this section, there are 12 subjective questions. Office superintendent ? 500, Head clerk ? 200, cashier
86. If S is a real skew-symmetric matrix, the show that I — S ? 175, clerks and typist
? 150 and peon ? 100. Using matrix notation find
is non-singular and matrix
(i) the total number of posts of each kind in all the offices
A = (Z+S)(I -S)-1 =(i-S)~1(l + S)is orthogonal.
taken together,
87. If Al is a 3 x 3 matrix, where det M = I and MMT = I, (ii) the total basic monthly salary bill of each kind of office
where I is an identity matrix, prove that det(A4 - I) = 0. (iii) the total basic monthly salary bill of all the offices taken
cos a - sin a cos 2(3 sin 2p together.
88. IfA = ,B = , where
sin a cos a sin 20 - cos 2p 92. In a development plan of a city, a contractor has taken a
contract to construct certain houses for which he needs
0 < p < —, then prove that BAB = A -1. Also, find the least building materials like stones, sand etc. There are three
2
firms A, B, C that can supply him these materials. At one
value of a for which BA4 B = A -1. time these firms A, B, C supplied him 40, 35 and 25 truck
89. Find the product of two matrices loads of stones and 10, 5 and 8 truck loads of stone and
cos20 cos 0 sin 0 cos2 (J> cos 0sin sand, respectively. If the cost of one truck load of stone
A= and sand are 1200 and 500 respectively, find the total
cos 0 sin 0 sin2 0 J [cos sin (J> sin2 0
amount paid by the contractor to each of these firms A,
Show that, AB is the zero matrix if 0 and <t> differ by an B, C separately.
odd multiple of —. 1 a a aa
'1 mi
93. Show that the matrix A = 1 b P bp is of rank 3
90. Show that the matrix m2 n2 is orthogonal,
1 c y cy
h m3 «3
provided no two of a, b, c are equal and no two ofa,p,Y
if I2 +m2 +n2 = Yl2=\ = Yl 22 =
- Z/2 and
<uiu are equal.
+nin2 = 0=2 ^3 = ^Mr 94. By the method of matrix inversion, solve the system.
91. A finance company has offices located in every division, 1 1 1 x u 9 2
every district and every taluka in a certain state in India. 2 5 7 y v 52 15
Assume that there are five divisions, thirty districts and 2 1 -1 z w 0 -1
200 talukas in the state. Each office has one head clerk,
one cashier, one clerk and one peon. A divisional office 95. IfXj = 3^ + 2y2 — y3, yi — '• Z1 %2 + Z3
has, in addition, one office superintendent, two clerks, x2 =~yi +4y2 + 5y3,y2, —* z 2 4" 3z 3
one typist and one poen. A district office, has in =yi-V2
* 3 =?1 y3. y3=2zl+Z2
-y2 +3T3«
addition, one clerk and one peon. The basic monthly express xp x2, x3 in terms of zp z2,z3.
salaries are as follows:
 Chap 08 Matrices 665

96. For what values of k the set of equations a 1 o a 1 1 a X

2x - 3y + 6z - 5t = 3, y - 4z +1 = 1, A= 1 b d ,B = Ode ,U = g ,v = 0 ,X = y
4r - 5y + 8z - 9t = k has 1 b c h 0
(i) no solution? (ii) infinite number of solutions?
f s h. z

97. Let A, B, U, V and X be the matrices defined as If AX = U has infinitely many solutions, show that BX = V
follows. cannot have a unique solution. If afd * 0, show that BX = V
has no solution.

g Matrices Exercise 8:
Questions Asked in Previous 13 Year's Exam
■ This section contains questions asked in IIT-JEE, (i) The value of | U | is
AIEEE, JEE Main & JEE Advanced from year (a) 3 (b)-3 (c) 3/2 (d)2
2005 to year 2017. (ii) The sum of the elements of U~l is
'1 0 0 1 0 0 (a) -1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3
98. A = 0 1 1 ;/ = 0 1 0 and r3y
0 -2 4 0 0 1 (iii) The value of(3 2 0) U 2, is
1 - [IIT- JEE 2006, 5+5+5M]
A“1 = - [A2 + cA + di ] wherec,de R, the pair of (a) 5 (b) 5/2 (c)4 (d) 3/2
6'
values (c,d) [IIT- JEE 2005, 3M] rl 2y 'a o'
103. Let A = and B = a, b e N. Then,
(a) (6,11) (b)(6, -11) (c)(-6,11) (d)(-6, -11) <3 [AIEEE 2006, 4%M]
j/3 1 ' (a) there cannot exist any B such that AB = BA
2 2 1 1 (b) there exist more than one but finite number of B’s such that
99. If P = ,A = and Q = PAP7, the
1 7[ 0 1 AB = BA
2 2 . (c) there exists exactly one B such that AB = BA
P(Q2005 ) PT equal to (d) there exist infinitely among B’s such that AB = BA
[IIT- JEE 2005, 3M]
i 2005’ 73/1 2005 104. If A and B are square matrices of size n x n such that
(a) (b)
o 1 1 0 A2 - B2 =(A- B) (A + B\ which of the following will be
1 2005 1 73/2 always true? [AIEEE 2006, 3M]
(c) (d) (a) A = B (b) AB = BA
73/2 1 0 2005
(c) Either of A or B is a zero matrix
'i o’ 1 0 (d) Either of A or B is identity matrix
100. IfA = and I - , which one of the "5 5 a a
i i 0 1
following holds for all n > 1, (by the principal of 105. Let A = 0 a 5a . If| A2 | = 25, then | a | equals to
mathematical induction) [A1EEE 2005, 3M] 0 0 5 [AIEEE 2007, 3M]
(a) An = nA+ (n-l) I (b) An =2"-1 A + (n-l)I (a) 52 “ (b) 1 (c)l/5 (d)5
(c) An = nA -(n -1) I (d) A" = 2n-1 A-(n-l)/ 106. Let A and B be 3 x 3 matrices of real numbers, where A is
101. If A2 -A + I = 0, then A-1 is equal to [AIEEE 2005,3M] symmetric, B is skew-symmetric and (A + B) (A - B)
(a) A-2 (b) A+I (c)I-A (d)A-/ = (A - B) (A + B). If(AB)1 = (- l)fc AB, where (AB)' is the
(b)A +I
/1 0 0") transpose of matrix AB, the value of k is [IIT- JEE 2008,1’AM]
(a)0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
102. If A = 2 1 0 , Uj, U 2 and U3 are column matrices
107. Let A be a square matrix all of whose entries are integers.
I3 2 V Which one of the following is true? [AIEEE 2008,3M]
(1\ (2\ (a) If det A * ± 1, then A“1 exists and all its entries are
satisfying AU} = 0 , AU2 = 3 and AU3 = 3 and non-integers
(b) If det A = ± 1. then A-1 exists and all its entries are integers
w (c) If det A = ± 1, then A-1 need not exist
U is3x3matrix when columns areUp U2,U3, then (d) If det A = ± 1, then A-1 exists but all its entries are not
answer the following questions necessarily integers
666 Textbook of Algebra

108. Let A be a 2 X 2 matrix with real entries. Let I be the 2x2 112. Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following
identity matrix. Denote by tr(A), the sum of diagonal set of2x 2 matrices.
entries of A. Assume that A2 = Z. [AIEEE 2008, 3M]
„ R b
; o,6,c,g {0,1,2,...,p-l}>
Statement-1 If A I and A #= - I, then det A = - 1. c a
Statement-2 If A I and A * — 1, then tr( A) 0. [IIT-JEE 2010,3+343J/J
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a
correct explanation for Statement-1 (i) The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric w
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not skew-symmetric or both and det (A) divisible by p, is
a correct explanation for Statement-1 (a)(p — I)2 (b) 2 (p — 1)
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false (c)(p-l)2 + l (d)2p-1
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(ii) The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is net
109. Let A be the set of all 3 x 3 symmetric matrices all of divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p, is
whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these entries are [Note The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries]
1 and four of them are 0. [IIT- JEE 2009,4+4+4M] (a)(p-l)(p2-p + l) (b)p3-(p-l)2
(c)(p-l)! (d)(p-l)(p2-Z>
(i) The number of matrices in A is
(a) 12 (b) 6 (iii) The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not divisible
(c) 9 (d) 3 by p, is
(a)2p2 (b) p3 — 5p (c)p3 -3p (d)p’-ps
(ii) The number of matrices A for which the system of linear
x 1 113. Let k be a positive real number and let
equations A y 0 has a unique solution, is r2k -1 24k 2414 0 2k-l 4k
z 0
A = 24k 1 -2k and l-2fc 0 24k
(a) less than 4 (b) atleast 4 but less than 7
-24k 2k -1 -4k -24k 0
(c) atleast 7 but less than 10
(d) atleast 10 If det (adj A) + det (adj B) = 106, then [Ar] is equal to
(iii) The number of matrices A in which the system of linear [IIT-JEE 2010,3 V]
x 1 Note adj M denotes the adjoint of a square matrix M and [A]
equations A y 0 is inconsistent is denotes the largest integer less than or equal to k}.
z 0 114. The number of 3 x 3 non-singular matrices, with four

(a)0 (b) more than 2 entries as 1 and all other entries as 0, is [AIEEE 2010,8M]
(c)2 (d)l (a) 5 (b) 6
(c) atleast 7 (d) less than 4
110. Let A be a 2 x 2 matrix
115. Let A be a 2 X 2 matrix with non-zero entries and let
Statement-1 adj (adj A) = A A2 = I, where I is 2 x 2 identity matrix. Define
Statement-2 | adj A | = | A | [AIEEE 2009, 4M]
Tr(A) = sum of diagonal elements of A and
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a
| A | = determinant of matrix A.
correct explanation for Statement-1
Statement-1 Tr(A) = 0
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not
a correct explanation for Statement-1 Statement-21 A | = 1 [AIEEE 2010, Ui]
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false (a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is nc<
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
111. The number of 3 x 3 matrices A whose are either 0 or 1 (c) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
x 1 (d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a
correct explanation for Statement-1.
and for which the systemA y 0 has exactly two
116. Let M and N be two 3x3 non-singular skew-symmetric
z 0
matrices such that MN = NM. If PT denotes the
distinct solutions, is [IIT- JEE2010, 3M] transpose of P, then M2N2 (A4rN)-1 (MN~')T is equal
(a)0 (b)2’-l
to . [IIT-JEE 2011,441’
(c) 168 (d)2
(a) M2 (b) - N2
(b)-N (c) - M2 (d) MN
!
Chap 08 Matrices 667

4
117. Let a, b and c be three real numbers satisfying 121. Let P = [a,y ] be a 3 x 3 matrix and Q = [by 1 where
’1 9 7 btJ = 21 +1 atj for 1 < i, j< 3. If the determinant of P is 2,
[a b c] 8 2 7 = [oooj -(E) the determinant of the matrix Q is [IIT- JEE 2012, 3M]
7 3 7 (a) 21’ (b)212
(c)213 (d)210
(i) If the point P(a, b, c), with reference to (£), lies on
the plane 2x + y + z = 1, then the value of 7 a + b + c 122. If P is a 3 x 3 matrix such that PT =2P+1, where Pr is
is the transpose of P and I is the 3 x 3 identity matrix, then
(a) 0 (b) 12 (c) 7 (d) 6 x 0
(ii) Let to be a solution of x3 -1=0 with lm(co)>0. If
there exists a column matrix X = y * 0 such that
a = 2 with b and c satisfying (£), the value of
3 13
z 0
—- + — + — is equal to 0 [IIT-JEE 2012, 3M]
<0° <o‘
(a) PX = 0 (b)PX = X (c)PX=2X (d)PX=-X
(a) — 2 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d)-3
0
(iii) Let b = 6 with a and c satisfying (£). If a and 0 are
1 4 4
the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,
123. If the adjoint of a 3 x 3 matrix P is 2 1 7 , then the
/
then£ -1 + -1 is 1 1 3
n = 0 Va [IIT-JEE 2011.3+3+3M] possible value(s) of the determinant of P is (are)
(a) 6 (b)7 [IIT-JEE 2012, 4M]
(a)-2 (b)-l (c)l (d)2
(d)oo
rl 0 O'

118. Let co * 1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all 124. IfA = 2 1 0 , Uj and u2 are the column matrices such

1 a b <3 2 1,

non-singular matrices of the form CD 1 c , where

T (6}
CD2 that Au} = 0 and Au2 - 1 , then ut + u2 is equal to
CD 1
each of a, b and c is either CD or CD2. The number of [AIEEE 2012,4M]

distinct matrices in the set S is [IIT- JEE 2011,3M]

r-f rr
(a) -1 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d) 1
(a) 2 (b) 6
(c)4 (d)8 <0, -1,
0 -1 125. Let P and Q be 3 x 3 matrices with P Q. If P3 = Q3 and
119. Let M be a 3 x 3 matrix satisfying M 1 2 P2Q = Q2P, the determinant of(P2 +Q2) is equal to
0 3 [AIEEE 2012,4M]
(a)0 (b)-l (c)-2 (d)l
1 1 '1 'o'
1 a 3'
M -1 1 and M 1 0
0 -1 1 12
126. IfP = 1 3 3 is the adjoint of a 3 x 3 matrix A and
2 4 4
The sum of the diagonal entries of M is [IIT- JEE 2011,4M]
| A | = 4, then a is equal to [JEE Main 2013,4M]
120. Let A and B are symmetric matrices of order 3. (a) 11 (b) 5 (c)0 • (d)4
Statement-1A (BA) and (AB) A are symmetric matrices. •
127. For 3x3 matrices Al and N, which of the following
Statement-2 AB is symmetric matrix, if matrix
multiplication of A with B is commutative. statement(s) is (are) not correct?
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not (a) NTMN is symmetric or skew-symmetric, according as M
a correct explanation for Statement-1 is symmetric or skew-symmetric
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false (b) MN - NM is skew-symmetric for all symmetric matrices
(c) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true M and N
(d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a (c) MN is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
correct explanation for Statement-1 [AIEEE 2011, 4M] (d) (adj M) (adj N) = adj (AIN) for all invertible matrices M
and N [JEE Advanced 2013, 4M]
668 Textbook of Algebra

128. Let co be a complex cube root of unity with co 1 and 5a -b

134. If A = and A adjA = AAT, then 5a+Hs equal
P = [pjj ]be a n x n matrix with py = (Oi + J. Then, p2 0, 3 2
to [JEE Main 2016,4V]
when n is equal to [JEE Advanced 2013, 3M]
(a) 55 (b) 56 (c) 57 (d) 58 (a) 5 (b) 13
129. If A is a 3 x 3 non-singular matrix such that AA' = A' A (c) 4 (d)-l

and B = A “1 A', then BB' equals to [JEE Main 2O14,4M] 3 -1 -2

135. Let P = 2 0 a , where a e P Suppose Q - [q(y ] is a
(a)B-* (b)(B-‘y (c) 7 + B (d) I
3 -5 0
130. Let M be a 2 x 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries.
matrix such that PQ = kl, where kGP,fc#0andIisthe
Then, M is invertible, if k
identity matrix of order 3. If g23 = — and
(a) the first column of M is the transpose of the second row of 8
M k2
(b) the second row of M is the transpose of the first column of det. (Q) = —, then
[JEE Advanced 2016,4 V]
M
(c) m is a diagonal matrix with non-zero entries in the main (a) a = 0, k = 8 (b) 4a -fc + 8 = 0
diagonal .9 (d) det (Q adj (P)) =213
(c) det (Padj (Q)) = 2
(d) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not the
square of an integer [JEE Advanced 2014, 3M] 136. Let z =--------- where i = J-l,and r,s = {1,2,3}.
131. Let M and N be two 3x3 matrices such that MN = NM. 2

Further, if M * N2 and M2 = N4, then = <-z)r z2s

LetP and / be the identity matrix of
z2'
(a) determinant of(M2 + MN2) is 0
oreder 2. Then the total number of ordered pairs (r,s)
(b) there is a 3 x 3 non-zero matrix 17 such that (M2 + MN2) U
for which p2 = -I is [JEE Advanced 2016,3V]
is the zero matrix
(c) determinant of (M2 + MN2) > 1 (a);|a-b| (b)lja + b|
Li

(d) for a 3 x 3 matrix 17, if (M2 + MN2) U equals the zero

(c)|a - b | (d)|a+ b|
matrix, then 17 is the zero matrix ’ 1
0 0
[JEE Advanced 2014, 3M]
1 2 2 137. Let P = 4 1 0 and I be the identity matrix of order

132. If A = 2 1 -2 is a matrix satisfying the equation 16 4 1

a 2 b 3. If Q = [?jj] is a matrix such that P50 - Q = I, then

AA = 91, where I is 3 x 3 identity matrix, then the ?31 +?32

equals
ordered pair (a, b) is equal to [JEE Main 2015,4M] 9 21 [JEE Advanced 2016,3M]
(a) (2,1) (b)(—2, —1) (c)(2,-l) (d) (- 2,1) (a) 52 (b) 103
133. Let X and Y be two arbitrary 3x3 non-zero, (c) 201 (d) 205

skew-symmetric matrices and Z be an arbitrary 3x3 2 -3

138. If A = .then adj (3A2 +12A) is equal to
non-zero, symmetric matrix. Then, which of the following -4 1 (.IFF Main 20
[JEE Main 2017.4K]
matrices is (are) skew-symmetric? ' 72 -84’
72 -63
[JEE Advanced 2015, 4M] (a) (b)
-84 51 -63 51
(b)X44 + y44
(a) y3z4 - z*y3
51 63' 51 84
(c)X4Z3-Z3X4 (d) x23 + y23 (c) (d)
84 72 63 72
 Answers
Exercise for Session 1 68.(9) 69.(1) 70.(2) 71.(6)
l.(b) 2.(b) 3. (d) 4- (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 72. (A) -> (p, r); (B) (s); (C) -> (q); (D) -> (s)
7.(b) 8.(b) 9. (c) 73. (A) -»(r, t); (B) -> (s); (C) -> (p); (D) -> (q)
74. (A) -> (q. s); (B) -> (p, t); (C) -> (p, q, r, s); (D) -> (q, s)
Exercise for Session 2 75. (A) -> (q, t); (B) -> (p, s); (C) -> (p, r, s); (D) -» (q, r, t)
l.(d) 2. (a) 3- (c) 4. (a) 5.(b) 6- (c) 76. (d) 77. (c) 78.
78. (d)
(d) 79. (c) 80.
80. (a)
(a) 81. (d)
7.(d) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (d) 82. (d) 83. (d) 84. (d)
84. (d) 85. (a)
13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (b) cos0cos0cos (0 - 0) cosOsin 0cos(0 ~ 0)
88.a = — 89.
19. (b) 3 sin0cos0cos(0-0) sinOsin 0cos(0 - 0)

Exercise for Session 3 91. (i) Number of posts in all the offices taken together are 5 office
superintendents; 235 head clerks; 235 cashiers; 275 clerks; 5
l.(d) 2.(c) 3- (b) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b)
typists and 270 peons.
7.(d) 8- (c) 9. (a) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (a) (ii) Total basic monthly salary bill of each division or district and
13. (d) 14.(b) 15. (a) 16. (d) taluka offices an ? 1675, ?875 and ?625. respectively.
(iii) Total basic monthly salary bill of all the offices taken together
Exercise for Session 4 is? 159625.
l.(a) 2-(a) 3.(d) 4.(d) 5. (d) 6. (d) 92. ?53000; ?44500; T34000, respectively
7.(d) 8. (b) 9.(d) 94. x = 1, u = -1, y = 3, v = 2, z = 5, h’ = 1
95. X] = Z] - 2z2 + 9z3,X2 = 9zt + 10z2 + I lz3,Xj = 7zt + z2 - 2z3
Chapter Exercises
96. (i) k *1 (ii)k = l
l.(d) 2.(c) 3.(b) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (b)
98. (c) 99. (a) 100. (c)
7. (a) 8. (a) 9- (a) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12- (b)
101. (c) 102. (i) (a), (ii) (b). (iii) (a) 103. (b) 104. (b)
13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (d)
22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (d) 105. (c) 106. (b.d) 107. (d) 108. (c)
19-(d) 20. (d) 21. (c)
25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (c) 109. (i) (a), (ii) (b), (iii) (b)
31. (a, d) 33. (a, b, d) 34. (b, c) 110. (b) 111. (a)
32. (a, b, d)
35. (b, d) 38. (a, d) 112. (i)(d), (ii)(c), (iii) (d) 113.(4) 114. (c)
36. (a, b, c) 37. (a, c, d)
39. (a,c,d) 40. (a, c) 41. (a, c, d) 42. (a,b,c,d) 115. (b) 116. (c)
43. (c, d) 44. (a, b, c) 45. (a, c) 117. (i)(d), (ii) (a), (iii) (b)
46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (b) 50. (d) 51. (d) 118. (a) 119.(9) 120. (a) 121. (c)
52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (a) 56. (c) 57. (a) 122. (d) 123. (a, d) 124. (b) 125. (a) 126. (a) 127. (c.d)
58. (b) 59. (c) 60. (a) 61. (a) 128. (a,b.d) 129. (d) 130. (c, d) 131. (a. b) 132. (b) 133. (c, d)

62.(3) 63.(2) 64.(1) 65.(9) 66. (2) 67.(7) 134. (a) 135. (b,c) 136.(1) 137. (b) 138. (c)
Solutions
.. In (1 + sin x)
c= bm —-------------
x-+o x
In (1 + sin x) sinx , < i
= lim • hm ------ = 1-1=1
x-» 0 sin x x-» 0 X

3
d= lim ---------
A4 (I -A) = A4I-A5=A4-0 = A4*I 3[sin(x + 1) -(x + 1)]
A\l - A) = A3! - A4 = A3 - A4 * I 3(x+ I)2
= lim [using L’Hospital’s Rule]
(I + A) (I - A) = I2 - A2 = I - A2 * I 3[cos (x + 1) - 1]

4x 2a ~P x a P = - lim ____ 1____= _2

[1 - cos(x + 1)]
2. v det (B) = 4y 2b = -8 y b Q (X+1)2
4z 2c -r z c r
2 -4
x y z a b c Let, A= =* A2 = 0
1 -2
= -8 a b c =8 x y z [by property]
5. •/ (A-AJ)X = 0
P 9 r P 9 r
| A - X/ | = 0
a b c
1 -X 4
= —8 P r = -8 det (A) = -16 =0
3 2-X
X y z
=> X2 - 3X -10 = 0
T
1
3. v A--I A--I I =1 X = -2,5
2 2
(0
x ' 4
T
For X =-2 =>
LyJ -3
and A + -/| A + -/|
2 J 2 J
I =/ ...(ii)
X 1
For X =5
(a-1 -! At _I_ 1_
=> =1 17 J
I 2 2 4-1+ (-3)1
_______ 1
cos 0 =
and A + -/I xr + b|=/ 7(16 + 9) 7(1 + 1) ~ 5^2
2 J 2 )
tan 0 = 7(sec20 -1) = 49 =7
A + AT = 0 [subtracting the two results]
=> 6. vA2"*1 = (A2)n-A =(/)n-A = IA = A
AT = -A
cos 0 sin 0
A is skew-symmetric matrix. 7. v A=
From first result, we get - sin 0 cos 0
cos n0 sin nd
AAt = - I An =
4 - sin n0 cos n0
=> ' bm cosn0 bm sin n0
4 r —= 0 0
=> lim n n
n->“ n ~ bm sinne bm cos nd 0 0
|A2|=
4 L n n
n = a zero matrix [v -1 < sin«> < 1 and -1 < cos» < 1]
Ml2 -i 2 5‘

8. Let A = 2 -4 -10 [va = -6]

=> n is even.
/ 1 -2 -5
x 1 "x2 -1
4. v a = lim = lim Applying R2 -> R2 + 2R} and R3 -> R3 + Rt, then
x-»i Ln x x In x, x-> i kx In x
’-I 2 5
/
2x A= 0 0 0 => p(A) = l
= lim [by L’Hospital’s Rule]
kl + In x,
0 0 0
rx3 -16x
b = lim 9. v A is involutory
x —> 0 . 4x + x2 A2 = I => A = A
x(x + 4) (x - 4)
= lim = lim (x - 4) = - 4 2A = 2A
x(x + 4) x —+ o
 Chap 08 Matrices 671

10. V B = adj A => det (B) = det (A)-det (B - /)= 0

=> AB = A(adj A) = | A | [v A2006 = 0 => det A 2004 = 0] [.-.det A = 0]
AB + Hn=|A|4 + k/,,=(|A| + k)/B 17. We have, PT = P"‘ [vPPT = f]
=> |AB + WB|=|(|A| + k)fB| = (|A| + k)n Now, Q = PAPT = PAP~X
11. •; B=-A~'BA Q™ =
=> AB=-BA PtQ2007P = P"’(PA 2OO7P-1) P
=> AB + BA = 0 1 2007'
= A2007
Now, (A+B)2=(A + B)(A + B) 0 1
= A2 + AB + BA + B2 1 2 1 3
v A2 = A3 =
= A2 + 0 + B2 0 1 0 1

= A2 + B2 A-5 B 2A + 1 -5 14 D
18. v
12. Since, A is skew-symmetric. 2A-2 C A E F
|A| = 0 => A -5 =28A + 14-5E
=> |A4B3|=|A4||B3| = |Ap|B|3 = 0
5E=27A + 19 •••(0
13. Let B = A + ln 2A-2 = -56 + AE
A = B-fn AE = 2A + 54 (ii)
Given, A" =aA From Eq. (i), we get
(B-fn)n=a(B-/„) 5A£=27A2 + 19A
B" -"QB”-1 + "C2Bn~ 2+ :.. + (-!)" In 5(2A + 54) = 27A2 + 19 A [from Eq. (ii)]
= aB -aln => 27AZ + 9A-270 = 0
l -2 + nC2Bn~‘> + ...+ (-l)n- 1/»-«/„)
=> B(Bn~'-nClBI"
9(A - 3) (3A + 10) = 0
= [(-l)n + 1 -a]/„#o [va #± 1] „ A« =----1°
A = 3,
Hence, B is invertible. 3
—1 + 173 -1 - i73 Absolute value of difference
14. cd = and co2 =
2 2 „ 10 19
= 3+— =
Also, CO3 = 1 and CD + CD2 = -1 3 3
-to -to cos20 cos 0 sin 0 -sin0
Thus, A =
to2 to 19. v|/(0)| = cos 0 sin 0 sin20 cos 0
-to -to -to -to -CD2 + CD 0 sin0 - cos0 0
A2 = 2
to2 to to2 to 0 —CD + CD On multiplying in R3 by cos 0 and then take common cos 0
from Cp then
-CD2 + CD 0 2 0
Now, f(A) = A2 + 21 = + cos 0 cos 0 sin 0 -sin0
0 -CD2 + CD 0 2
17(0)1 = sin 0 sin20 COS0
-CD2 + CD + 2 0
sin 0 - cos20 0
0 -CD2 + CD + 2
Applying R2 -» R2 - Rv we get
1 0 1 0
= (—CO2 + CD + 2) = (2 + 173) COS0 cos0sin0 -sin 0
0 1J 0 1
17(0)1 = 0 1 COS0 =1
15. •: X2 = I=>(X“1X)X = X“1I
sin0 -cos20 0
=> IX = X~l
Applying C, —> C2 - sin 0 Cp then
=> X = X-1 cos 0 0 -sin0
which is self invertible involutory matrix.
17(0)1 = 0 1 cos 0 =i
There are many such matrices which are inverse of their own. sin 0 -1 0
16. v AB = A + B
=> is non-singular matrix.
B = AB - A = A(B - I)
672 Textbook of Algebra

20. *.• (2] | — a22 ~ a33 — a 4- b, = A3 + A5 + A7 + ...+ A2"*1

°12 = a23 = ab' a21 = a32 = L ai3 = a31 = ®
= A(A2 + A4 + A6 + ... + A2”)
a+b ab 0
A= 1 a+b ab 0 a
Let, A=
0 1 a+b -a 0

a+b ab 0 -a2 0
A2 = = -a2I
=>MI = 1 a+b ab 0 -a 2
0 1 a+b :. D = IA(-a2 + a4 - a6 + ... + (-1)" a2") [a>0]
= (a + b) [(a + b)2 - afe] - ab(a + b) = (a + b) (a2 + b2) = A(-a2 + a4 -a6-i-... + (-l)noa’)
Hence, D is skew-symmetric.
21. Given, Br = I => BrB~1 = IB~'
Q -b y
Br~' =B"' 26. |B| = ~P a -x
A-1Br-,A = A‘’B-1A r -c z
A~IBr~1A-A“1B~1A = 0 Applying R2 -> (-1) R2, then
cos 0 sin 0 <7 ~b y
22. Here, A= |B| = p -a x
sin 0 - cos 0
r -c z
AAT = 1
Applying C2 -> (-1) C2, then
c = abat => atc = bat
Now, ATCnA = ATC-Cn~1A 9 b y 9 P r
|B| = P a X = |Br| = b a c
= BATCn~iA=BATCCn~2A
r c z y x z
= B2ATCn~2A b a c
9 P r [K[ H R,]
= Bn~'ATCA = Bn-\BAT) A y x z
b a c
1 0 [R2hRjO]
= BnATA = BnI = Bn = y x z
-n 1
9 P r
1
23. v | adj A-11 = | X-112 = a b c
Ml2 =- x y z = -M|
i
.-. | (adj A-1)*11 = = | A |2 = 22 = 4 P q r
1 adj A-11
=> |B|=-|A|
24. A3 - A2B = B 3 -B2A
Also,| adj B |=| B |2
A2(A - B) = B 2(B - A)
= |A|!=|adjA| [v| A | 0, then | B | #
or (A2 + B2)(A-B) = 0 ’3 4 3 -4 1 0
27. BC = =1
or det (A2 + B2) • det (A - B) = 0 2 3 -2 3 0 1
/ A(BC)2>|
ABC
Either det (A2 + B2) = 0 or det (A - B) = 0 tr (A) + tr
0 al
2 V 4 J I 8 J
25. Let, A=
-a 0 = tr(A)+ttg] + tr(A] + ...upto°°
1 4 9 -4 1 0
BC = =1
2 9 -2 1 0 1 = tr (A) + - tr (A) + ~ tr (A) + ... upto °°
2 2
.-. B2C2 =(BC)2 = I2 = I _ tr(A)
= 2 tr (A) = 2(2 + 1) =6
1
Similarly, B2C2 = B3C3 = ...= B’C" = I 1-
.2
Let, D = A3(BC) + A\B2C2) + A\B3C3) 28. We have, (A-2Z)(A-4Z) = 0
+ ... + A 2n + 1(B"Cn) => A2 -4A-2A + 8I2 = 0
 Chap 08 Matrices 673

=> A2-6A + 87 = 0 9 8 8 i 2 2 1 0 0

=> A"‘(A2-6A + 87) = A“10 8 9 8 -4 2 1 2 -5 0 1 0

8 8 9 2 2 1 0 0 1
=> A -67 + 8A’1 =0
0 0 0
=1
6 3 0 0 0 =0
29. We have, AA“* = 7 0 0 0
[ 1 1 r
=> 573 = A2 - 4A = A(A - 473)
0 1 22 2 2 1 0 0
=> 1 2 3 -4 3 6 0 1 0 => 73=|a(A- 473)
3 a 1 5 3 1 0 0 1
L2 2 2. A = l(A-4/3)
1 00 b+1 ' 1 0 0
Since, |A|=5
=> 0 11 2(b +1) 0 1 0
| A31=| A |3 = 125*0
4(1 -a) 3(a —1) ab + 2 0 0 1
=> A3 is invertible
On comparing, we get
Similarly, A2 is invertible.
i> + l = 0, ab + 2 = l, a-l = 0
a = l,b = -l fa 0 0] Oj a2 a3

30. A (adj A) =| A 11 ...(i) 34. Let, D = 0 b 0 = Dt and let A = b2 b3

x 3 2 0 0 c .Cl C2 C3.

Now, M| = 1 y 4 a 0 0 Oj a2 a3 aa, aa2 aa3

2 2 z DA = 0 b 0 *i b2 b3 bbx bb2 bb3
= x(yz -8)-3(z-8) + 2(2-2y) 0 0 c .q C2 C3 cc2 CC,

= xyz -(8x + 4y + 3z) + 28 Oj a2 a3 a 0 O' Oja ajo a3c

= 60-20 + 28 = 68 AD = b\ b2 b3 0 b 0 bxa bjb b3c * DA
From Eq. (i), A (adj A) = 687
.Cl c2 c3 0 0 cj c,a Cjh c3c
31. Here, | A | = 0
’1
’ :. A"1 does not exist. 0 0
a
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3‘
and D-1 = 0
£ 0
Now, A2 = 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 = 3A b
1 1 3 3 3 1
1 1 1 1 0 0
A3 = A2-2=3AA = 3A2=3(3A) = 9A
32. v [•/ a * 0, b * 0, c * 0]
A' = A-1=>AA' = 7 ...(i) a be
Now, (A')'A'= 7 -1 2 5
A' is orthogonal 35. Let A= 2 - a-4
From Eq. (i), (AA' )“l = 7-1 1 -2 a + 1
=> (A')-1 A"1 = 7 Applying R2 -> R2 + 2Rj and R3 -> R3 + R,. then
(A-’)'(A-1) = 7 -12 5
A= 0 0 a+6
A-1 is orthogonal 0 0 a+6
Since, adj A = A-11 A | # A'
1 Applying R3 —> R3 - R2, then
and I A-11 = —y—= ± 1 [for orthogonal | A |= ± 1] T-l 2 5
Ml
1 2 2 1 2 2 9 8 8 A= 0 0 a+6
33. v A2 = 2 1 2 2 1 2 8 9 8 0 0 0

2 2 1 2 2 1 8 8 9 Fora = - 6, p (A) = 1
For a = 1,2, p (A) = 2
We have, A2 -4A- 513
674 Textbook of Algebra

3-3 4 di 0 0 'd< 0 0
36. Here, | A | = 2-3 4 44. Let Dl = 0 d2 0 and D2 = 0 d, 0
0 -1 1 0 0 d3 0 0 d.
= 3(-3 + 4) + 3(2 - 0) + 4(—2 + 0)= 1 * 0 'dA 0 0
adj (adj A) = | A |3-2 A = A (i) £*1^2 0 dA 0 - D2Di
and | adj (A) | =| A |3-1 =| A |2 = I2 = 1 0 0 d3d6_
Also, | adj (adj (A)) | = | A | = 1 [from Eq. (i)] 0 0 dl 0 0
37. •.• A = I -B and D2 + D2 - 0 dl
i 0 + 0 dl 0
A2 = I2 + B2-2B = I - B = A [v B is idempotent] 0 0 dl 0 0 dl
and AB = B-B2 = B-B = 0 [null matrix] dl + dl 0 0
f2
and BA = B-B2 = B- B~Q [null matrix] 0 dl + d. 0

38. v |A| 0 => A-1 is also symmetric, if A is symmetric 0 0 d32 + d, 'I

C2 0 C2 <0
andM"ii=^j=i^r 45. Al + A2 + A3 + ... + An = (-o0 CiZ.
+ .2
0 c’2.
39. v A2B = A(AB) = A(BA) = (AB)A = (BA)A = BA 2 FcC22 0 Cl-1 0
+ + ...+
Similarly, A3B = BA3 0 c32 0 c«.
In general, AnB = BA", Vn £1 = c2 + c2 + c24-... + c2_1 0
and (A + B)n =nC0An + "CjAn
1 ~yB 0 cl + c2 + c3 + ...+q:,
= ^-1 o’
+ "C2c An~2B2 + ... n+ "C Bn 0 [given]
Also, (An - Bn)(An + Bn) = AnAn + AnBn - BnAn - BnBn 0 %~1 Lo k2.

= A2n - B2” [v AB = BA] K = ^2 = 1

40. | AB | = 0 => | A 11 B | = 0
Passage (Q. Nos. 46 to 48)
| B | = 0 as | A | # 0
AB = BAm
Also, lA-'MAr*
B = A~XBA'm
41. Here, A(A + I) = —21 ...(i) Bn = (A-1BAm)(A-1BA'n)...(A-1BA'")
| A(A + /) | = | —2/ | =(—2)m 0 n times

Thus, I A | * 0, = A-1BAm-1 BAm~x BA m~lA

J

n times
also, I = -±A(A + I) [from Eq. (i)]
Given, AB = BAm
A = -|(A+/) AAB = ABAm = BA2m => AAAB = BA3m
Ct
Similarly, AxB = BAmx\fmeN
2
42. v A2-3A + 2I =0 -(i) From Eq. (i), we get
A2-3AI + 2I2 = 0 B'1 = A-1BAm-1 BAm'1 BAm~Y BAm~'BA^A
(A - I) (A - 21) = 0 (n-1) times

A = I or A = 21 = A~1B(Am~1B)Am~1BA,n~1 ...BAm~'BA^A
‘
(n-2) times
Characteristic Eq. (i) is
= A~lBBA{m'1)mAm~l BAm~'...BAm~'BA‘m~lA
A.2 - 3X + 2 = 0 X = 1,2
(n-2) times
It is clear that alternate (c) and (d) have the characteristic
equation X2 - 3X + 2 = 0. = A-1B2ZA
A (m2~'}BAm
‘ ~'...BAm~lBA.^A
(n-2) times
43. AB = 0
=> | AB| = 0 => | A||B| = 0 = A~lBrn(A){m"~l}A
or (det A)(det B) = 0
I= A
=> Either det A = 0 or det B = 0
I = A~lA(mn~})A = A~lA^
Hence, atleast one of the two matrices must be singular
otherwise this statement is not possible. I =A{n,n~l}
p = mn-l
 Chap 08 Matrices 675

46. Put m = 2, n = 5 in Eq. (ii), we get Ou 012 013

p = 25 -1 =31 and det A = o2i a22 O23

47. From Eq. (ii), we get 031 O32 033

p = mn - 1 Applying -> C\ + C2 + C3, we get
48. From Eq. (ii), we get 0 012 Ojj
510*83-l = 0 a22 a2i = 0
0 a32 °33
Passage (Q. Nos. 49 to 51) (detA)2 = 0
v A is an orthogonal matrix
AAT = I 53. •: On + oB + an = 0, a,! + + a2I = 0,

a b c a b c 1 0 0 On + On +U31 = 0, + a22 + a22 — 0,

b c a b c a =1 0 1 0 a22 "*■ O12 fl21 = a22 + a23 + O32 = 0»

c a b C a b 0 0 1 O33 + O13 +O31 = 0. O33 + fl23 + O32 = 0

and a33 + Oj2 + a2l = 0, we get
a2 + b2 + c,2 ab + be + ca ab + be + ca 1 0 0
2 , I 2 , „2 On = a22 = O33 = 0
ab + be + ca ab + be + ca
a +b +c 0 1 0
and a12 = ~ ^2i> ^23 ~ ~ O32 > ^3 ~ ~ a3\
ab + be + ca ab + be + ca a2 + b2 + c2 0 0 1
Hence, A is skew-symmetric matrix.
By equality of matrices, we get
a + b + c =1 —(i) Passage (Q. Nos. 54 to 56)
ab + be + ca = 0 -(ii) «i Pi Yi
(a + b + c)2 + a2 = b2 + c2 + 2(ab + be + ca) Let B = a2 P2 Y2

=1+0=1 a3 P3 Y3.
a+ b + c=± 1 -(iii) 'Pl' Yi
49. •; a2b2 + b2c2 + c2a2 = (ab + be + ca)2 - 2abc(a + b + c) G= a2 • c2 = P2 and C3 = Y2
= 0-2ahc(± 1) = + 2X [vabc = X] a. K y3.
= - 2X [*•■ X < 0] 1
50. v a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc =(a + b + c) => AQ = 2a! + a2 0
(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - be - ca) 3at + 2a 2 + a3j 0
=> a3 + h3 + c3-3X =(± 1)(1-0) => aj =l,a2 = -2,a3 = 1
[from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) and abc = X] Pi 2
=> a3 + b3 + c3 =3X ± 1 => ac2 = 2Pi + P2 ~ 3
51. Equation whose roots are a, b, c is 3Pi + 202 + P3 0
x3 - (a + b + c)x2 + (ab + be + ca)x - abc = 0 => p!=2,P2 = -l,P3=-4
=> x•3-(±l)x2 + 0-X = 0 Yi 2
x3 ± x2 - X = 0 and AC3 = 2Yi + Y2 3
3Yi + 2y, + Y3J 1
Passage (Q. Nos. 52 to 53)
=> Yi =2,Y2=-1. Y3=-3
au 012 on
‘ 1 2 2
A= a21 a22 a23
a31 B = -2 -1 -1
«32 033.
1 -4 -3
_ Oil 012 + 013 _
0, + ajk + aki
3 1 2 2
t _ a21 + °22 + a23 _ q => detB = -2 -1 -1
2 3
1 -4 -3
f _ a31 + 032 + 033 _ Q
and = 1(3 - 4)-2(6 + 1) + 2(8 + 1) =3
3 3
51 Z =3<^ + t2 + t3) = 0 = t, + t2 + t3 1 0 0 1 2 2
is;. ;$3 and cA 2 1 0 -2 -1 -1
3
* ^2f3 [’•’ tj = 0, t2 = 0, t3 = 0] 3 2 1 1 _ 4 -3
676 Textbook of Algebra

1 2 2 From Eq. (i), we get B = A - 2/

1
0 3 3 B3 =(A -2/)3 = A3 -6A2 + 12A -8/
3
o 0 1 = 5A [••• A3 -6A2 + 7 A -81 = 0]
1 2 2 |B3|=|5A|
3 3 3 1
detC = 0 1 1 |B|i = 5!|A|
1 9 => |B|3 = 53 X8
0 0
3 |B|3 = (10)3
1 1 |B| = 10
54. det(B“’) = ------- = —
det B 3 From Eq. (ii), we get
55.
Trace of B
Trace of C
(- 3)
f 5^
9
5 det[adj(f - 2A ')] w
= l|A|J
B B
56. sin-1(detA)+ tan-1(9detC) = sin~’(l) + tan-1(l)
61. adj 2 = 2 [v|B| = 10]
n n 3n B |B| 10
=—+—=
2 4 4 2
Passage (Q. Nos. 57 to 59) =2
-b = —B [given]
Given, AT = A, BT = - B, det(A + B) 0 5 9
and C=(A + B)"’(A-B) p = 2 and q = 5
(A +B)C = A-B Hence, p + <7=7
...(i)
Also, (A + B)T = A- B 62. S = ABCD = A(BCD) = AAT ..(D
••■(ii)

and (A - B)T = A + B S3 = (ABCD) (ABCD) (ABCD)

...(iii)
57. CT(A + B)C = Cr[(A + B)C] = (ABC) (DAB) (CDA) (BCD)
= DTCrBTAT = (BCD)tAt
= Ct(A - B) [from Eq. (i)]
= CT(A + B)t
= (At)t at = aat = s
[from Eq. (ii)]
= [(A + B)C]t
=> s3=s
Hence, least value of k is 3.
= (X-B)t [from Eq. (i)]
1 tan x
=A+ B [from Eq. (iii)] 63. v A-
- tan x 1
58. Cr(A - B)C = [Cr(A + B)t]C [from Eq. (ii)]
1 tan x
= [(A + B)C]rC det A = = (1 + tan2 x) = 2x
- tan x 1
= (A-B)TC [from Eq. (i)] det At = det A = sec21- x
= (A + B)C [from Eq. (iii)] f(x) = det (At A-1) = (det AT) (det A"1)
Now,
= A-B [from Eq. (i)]
det Ar j
A+B+A-B^ = (det Ar) (det A)“‘=
59. ctac = CTI det A

= -CT(A + B)C + -CT(A - B)C n times =1 ['•‘/(x)=l]

2 2
Hence, 2:x =2* =2
-(A +
=1 + |[from Q13 and Q15]
X? XtX2 XjXj 1^2
=A 64. -:A2=A-A= X2Xj X2 X2 X3 X2Xj X2, X,).j

X3 Xj X3X2 X2 X3X, X3X2

Passage (Q. Nos. 60 to 61)
B = A-2I X2 (X2 + X2 + X3) X]X2(X2 + X2 + X2)
A~1B = I—2A~1 ...(i) X|X2(X2 + X2 + X2) X2(X2 + X 2 + X3)
60. det{adj(/ - 2A-1)]= det[adj(A-1B)] [from Eq. (i)] X|X3(X2 + X2 + X2) X3X2(X2 + X2 + X3)
= |adj(A",B)| XjX3(X2 + X2 + XJj)
2 X2X3(X^ + X2j + Xj)
=|x-‘b|2=(|a-||B|)2 = (!^)
(ii) X3(X2 + X2, + X2)
 Chap 08 Matrices 677

- (X2 + X2 + X3) a => (A +/)" =/ + (2"-1)A ...(ii)

Given, A is idempotent Given, we get
=> A2 = A (A+ /)"= / + 127 A ...(iii)
X2 + X2 + X 3 = 1 From Eqs (ii) and (iii), we get
X1 2" -1 = 127
65. Let X = X2 and given XTAX = 0 2" = 128 = 27
_X3. n =7
*11 *12 *13 xi '3a b c
[%! X2 X3] *21 a22 *23 x2 = 0 68. *.* A= b 3c a
.*31 *32 .X3.
fl33. c a 3b
anXi +a12x2 + a13x3 3a b c
=> [Xj x2 x3] a21Xj + a22x2 + a23x3 =0 :. det (A) = b 3c a = 29abc - 3(a3 + b3 + c3)
a3iXi + a32x2 + a33x3 c a 3b
=> anXj + aiZx1x2 + 0^X3 + a2yxxx2 + a22x.222 + a23x2x3
2 Or
2 [ A1 = 29abc - 3(a3 + b3 + c3) •(>)
! + a31XjX3 + a32x2x3 + a33x3 = 0
Given, AtA = 41/3 I
i => aux2 + a22x2 + a33x2 + (a12 + a21) x,x2 + (a23 + a32) x2x3
+ (a31 + °13) X3X1 = 0
=> | Ar A | =| 41/3 11

it is true for every xp x2, x3, then => |Ar||A|=(4,/3)3|/|

^11 = a22 ~ a33 ~ 0 and °12 = — a21> fl23 = “ a32> flI3 = ~ a31 |AUA| = 4-1
Now, as a23 = - 1008 => a32 = 1008 |A|2 = 4
/. Sum of digits = 14-0 + 0 + 8= 9 |A|=2 [•/|A|>0]
0 1 -1 From Eq.(i), we get
66. -:A = 4 -3 4 2 = 29abc - 3 (a3 + b3 + c3)
3 -3 4 2 = 29 -3 (a3 + b3 + c3) [••• abc = 1]
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 .-. a3 + b3 + c3 =9
A2 = A-A = 4 -3 4 4 -3 4 0 1 0 =1
0 1
3 -3 4 3 -3 4 0 0 1 69. A=
3 0
=> a2 = /=>a4 = a6 = a8=... = / 0 1 0 1 3 0
.’. A2 = A-A = = 31
Now, Ax = I 3 0 3 0 0 3
=> x = 2, 4,6,8,... => A4 = (A2)2 =9/, A6 =27/, A8 =81/
£(cos* 6 + sin* 9) = (cos2 0 + sin2 0) + (cos4 0 + sin4 0) Now, (A8 + A6 + A4 + A2 +/) V=(121)/V = (121) V ...(i)
+ (cos6 0 + sin6 0) + ... To'
Given,(A8 + A6 + A1 + A2 + 1)V= ••■(ii)
= (cos2 0 + cos4 0 + cos6 0 + ...)

+ (sin2 0 + sin4 0 + sin6 0 +...) 0 0

From Eqs.(i) and (ii), (121) V = => V =
cos2 0 sin2 0 11
=--------- 5—+ .11.
1 - cos2 0 1 - sin2 0 1 1
:. Sum of elements of V = 0 + — = — = X [given]
= cot2 0 + tan20>2 11 11
Hence, minimum value of £(cos* 0 + sin* 0) is 2. 11 X = 1
3 2 3 1
67. v A is idempotent matrix 70. vA = and B =
2 1 7 3
A2=A
=> A = A2=A3 = A4 =AS = ... det A = -1 and det B = 2
(i)
Now, det (2A9 B-1) = 22 • det (A9) • det (B-1)
Now, (A+ /)”=(/ + A)n
= 22(det A)9-(det B)"’
= I + "C, A + nC2 A2 + nC3 A3 + ... + "C„An
= 22(-l)’(2)~, = -2
= I + ("Q + nC2 + nC3 + ... + nC„) A
Hence, absolute value of det (2 A9B ~1) = 2
[from Eq.(i)]
678 Textbook of Algebra

0 a 73. (A) (r, t); (B) -> (s); (C H (p); (D) (q)
71. v A-
0 0 (A) adj(A-1)=(A-’)-'det(A-')=-A-
0 a o a 0 0 det(A)
A2 = AA = =0
0 °J o 0 0 0
Also,
adj adj A _ A[det(A)]n'2 A
(adj A)"-1 " (detA)"’1 det(A)
=> = AaS —... = 0
A2 = A3 = Aa _
(B) det(adj A“*))=(det A-1)”-1
Now, (A + J)70 =(/ + A)70
1
7°r a 70 = (detA)1-"
= I + 70CI A + 70C2 A2 + 70C3 A3 +.. + '-70 ™ "(det A)"-1

= I + 70 A + 0 + 0 + ... = I + 70A (C) adj [adj A] = A(det A)"-2

1 0 a-1 b-1 (D) adj (A det A) = (det A)"-1 (adj A)
=> (A + Z)70 -70A = / = [given]
0 1 c-1 d-1 74. (A)—>(q, s); (B)-»(p, t); (C)—»(p, q, r, s); (D)-»(q, s)
a - 1 = 1, b - 1 = 0, c - 1 = 0, d - 1 = 1 (A) A diagonal matrix is commutative with every square
=> a = 2, b = 1, c = 1, d = 2 matrix, if it is scalar matrix, so every diagonal element is 4-
Hence, a + b + c + d=6 4 0 0
72. (A) -> (p, r); (B) -> (s); (C) -» (q); (D) -> (s) Therefore, |A| = 0 4 0 = 64
On comparing, we get 0 0 4
{4/(-l)-3}a2 + {4/(1) - 3}a + /(2) = 0 1-al1 1
{4/(-l) - 3}b2 + {4/(1) - 3}b + /(2) = 0, (B) 1 1-b1 =0

and {4/(-l) -3}c2 + {4/(1) -3}C + /(2) = 0 1 1 1-c

Applying > 7?] - R3 and R2 —> R2 - R3, then
It is clear that a, b, c are the roots of
-a 0 c
{4/(-l) — 3}x2 + {4/(1) -3}x + /(2) = 0, then
0 -b c =0
4/(—1) — 3 = 0,4/(1) — 3 = 0,/(2) = 0
111-c
3 3
=> Z(-i) = 7./(i) = 7./(2) = o -a(-b + be - c) - 0 + c(b) = 0
4 4
ab + be + ca = abc
Let /(x)=(x-2)(ax + b)
Now, AM>GM
3 3 1 i
Now, /(-I) = - => (-3)(-<j + b) = - => a - b = - ab + be + ca
4 4 4 > (abbc-ca)3
3 3 3 3
/(!) = - => (-l)(a + b) = - =>a + b =—
4 4 4 [from Eq. (i)J
a =----1 ,bL = —1 3
i
4 2
=> (abc)3 >3
/(x) = l(4-x2)
4 abc > 27
Graph of y = /(x) Hence, X =27
y ^2 a13

(C) v A= <*21 a22 a23

a3i a32 a33_
1
3
Given, ^aik = 9X,, V i e {1,2,3};
X' -X k=l
-2 0 2
3
£afc7=9p j, V j e{l, 2,3} and
k=l
(A) x-coordinates of the point intersection of y = f(x) with an + a22 + a33 = ; where X(, p7 v e {1,2}
the X-axis are -2 and 2. Following types of matrices are possible:
(B) Area = | f ±(4 - x2)dx = - f2(4 - x2)dx T 2 7
2J-24 4Jo
2
A= 3 ;B = 3 ; C= 3
3 x3 5 4 8
4x------ = —X—= 4
4 3 . 4 3 6 3
1
(C) Maximum value of /(x) is 1. D= 3 £= 6 F= 6
(D) Length of intercept on the X-axis is 4. 9 2 9
 Chap 08 Matrices 679

4 5 i Now, (AX)T = XrAr=>X t=-XtA

G= 6 H= 6 /= 9 => XTX = - xtax = - XTX [from Eq. (i)]

8 7 8
=> 2XTX = 0 =5- |X| = O
2 3 4
(I - A)X = O has only trivial solution
J= 9 K- 9 L= 9
I - A is non-singular
7 6 5
=> (I - A) is invertible
Now, if we interchange 1 and 5 to obtain
0 1 1
5 4 9
(C) v S= 1 0 1
7 3 8
1 1 0
6 2 1
1 1
1 8 9 1
=> s 1 1
Also, At = 2 3 4 2
1 1
6 7 5
0 1 1 b + c c-a b-a
5 7 6
We have, SA = 1 0 1 c-b c + a a-b
and A] = 4 3 2
1 1 0 b-c a-c a + b
9 8 1
0 2a 2a
Then, from A we get four matrices A, APA T , AtT .
2b 0 2b
Similarly, from B, C, D,...,K,L we get 4 matrices.
2c 2c 0
Thus, total 12 x 4 = 48 matrices. Hence, X = 48.
1 1 1 0 2a 2a -1 1 1
1
(D) For consistent, c+2 c+4 6 =0 SAS 2b 0 2b 1 -1 1
2
(c + 2)2 (c+4)2 36 2c 2c 0 1 1
Applying C2 -+ C2 - Cp we get 0 a a -1 1 1 2a 0 0
1 0 1 b 0 b 1 1 0 2b 0
c+2 2 6 =0 c c 0 1 1 0 0 2c
(c + 2)2 4c+ 12 36 |SAS ’| =8abc * 0
1 0 1 sin2A sinC sinB
2 c+2 1 6 =0 (D) v A = sinC sin2B sin A
(c + 2)2 2c + 6 36 sin2C
sinB sin A
=> - 12c - 0 + l[(c + 2)(2c + 6) -(c + 2)2] = 0 2akcosA ck bk
c2 -6c+ 8 = 0 |A| = ck 2bkcosB ak
=> c = 2, 4 bk ak 2ckcosC
c, = 4, c2 = 2 a cos A + a cos A acosB + bcosA
=> c? = 42 = 16 = k3 acosB + bcosA bcosB + bcosB
75. (A) —>(q, t); (B) ->(p, s); (C) ->(p, r, s); (D) —>(q, r, t) acosC + ccosA bcosC + ccosB
(A) Here, X is a n x 1 matrix, C is n x n matrix and XT is a a cosC + ccosA
1 x n matrix. b cosC + c cosB
Hence, XTCX is a 1 x 1 matrix.
ccosC + ccosC
• Let XTCX = [X], then
a cos A 0 cos A a 0
(XTCX)T = XTCT(XT)T = XT(-C)X = - XTCX
= k3 b cosB 0 x cosB b 0 =k3-0-0= 0
W = -[X] c cosC 0 cosC c 0
=> X=0
=» XTCX = 0 76. Since, matrix A is skew-symmetric
|A| = 0
i.e., XTCX is null matrix.
(B) Consider the homogeneous system | A4B51 = 0
(/ - A)X = O => AaB 5 is singular matrix.
=> AX = IX=X (i) Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true.
680 Textbook of Algebra

77. v AB = A, BA = B => A2 = A and B2 = B 1 2

o
(A + B)2 = A2 + B2 + AB + BA = A + B + A + B 5 7
1_ 1
= 2(A + B) 83. A= 0
4 8
(A + B)3=(A + B)2.(A + B) 2 1
0
= 2(A + B)2 =22 (A + B) 5 7
which is neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric. Infact every
(A + B)7 = 26 (A + B)
square matrix can be expressed as a sum of symmetric and
Statement-1 is true and Statement-2 is false. skew-symmetric matrix. Hence, Statement-1 is false and
78. A 'exists only for non-singular matrix Statement-2 is true.
AB = AC => A~\AB) = A~\AC) 84. ABC is not defined, as order of A, B and C are such that they
are not conformable for multiplication.
=> (A'1 A)B=(A~' A) C
Hence, Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true.
IB = IC
85. Ar=-A
B = C, if A-1 exist
=> I AT| = |-A|
| A|*0
= (-1)51 A | =-| A |
Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true.
79. Statement-2 is false => I a| = -| a|
det (A~1) * det (- A') => 2| A| = 0
[•■• det (—A') = (-l)3 det(A') = - det(A')] |A| = 0
Both Statements are true but Statement-2 is a correct
but in Statement-1 explanation of Statement-1.
A' = — A=>A= — A'
86. •; S is skew-symmetric matrix
det (A) = det(— A')
ST=-S -(i)
= - det A' = - det (A)
=> 2 det (A) = 0 First we will show that I - S is non-singular. The equality
11 - S| = 0 => I is a characteristic root of the matrix S but this is
det (A) = 0 not possible, for a real skew-symmetric matrix can have zero
Then, Statement-1 is true. or purely imaginary numbers as its characteristic roots. Thus,
80. v(BX)7 (BY) = {(I -A) (I + A)-1 X}7 (I - A) (I + A)’1 Y 1I - S| * 0 i.e., I - S is non-singular.
We have,
= XT {(I + A)"1}7 (I - A)t (I — A)(I + A)-1 Y
At = {(I + S)(I -S)-')T = {(I -S)-'(Z + S)}7
= XT(I + A7)"1 (I - A7) (I -A)(I + A)’1 Y
= ((I - S)-1)7(I + S)T = (I + S)7{(I -S)’1}7
= XT (I - A)'* (I + A)(I -A)(I + A)"1 T = ((I - S)T)-'(I + S)T = (I + S)7((I - S)T)-'
= X7(I-A)"1(I-A)(I + A)(I + A)-1 Y = (IT -ST)-\IT + ST)=(IT + ST)(IT -ST)~l
[v At = - A and (I - A) (I + A) = (I + A) (I - A)] = (I + S)~1(I-S)=(I-S)(I + S) [from Eq. (i)]
= X7- IIY = XTY :. AtA = (I + S)"'(I - S)(I + S)(I - S)"1
Both Statements are true; Statement-2 is correct explanation = (I-S)(I + S)-\I-S)-1(I + S)
for Statement-1.
81. •: I A| =2
=d + syXi + s)(i-s)(i-s)-i
= (I-S)(I-S)~\I + S)-\I + S)
and B=9A2 (given)
= i-i = i-i = i = i.
| B | =| 9 A21 =92 |A |2
Hence, A is orthogonal.
= 81 X4 =324 => | BT | =| B| =324 87. v MMr = I • G)
Hence, Statement-1 is false but Statement-2 is true. Let B = M-I ...(ii)
1-X -1 -1 BT = MT -IT = MT - MtM [from Eq. (i)J
82. :. det (A - XI) = 1 -1-X 0 =0
= Mt(I -M) = - MtB [from Eq. (ii)]
1 0 -1 -X
Now, det(B7) = det(- MTB)
=> (l-X)(l + X)2-l-X-l-X = 0
X3 + X2 + X + l = 0 = (- I)3 det(AZ7)det(B) = - det(Mr)det(B)

a3 + a2 + a + z = o => det(B) = - det(M)det(B) = - det(B)

=> A3 + A2 + A=-I det(B) = 0

Statement-1 is false but Statement-2 is true. det(M -1) = 0

 Chap 08 Matrices 681

88. v BAB = A~' ll}l2 1 0 0

=> AB AB = I = ll2 11^ 0 1 0 =/
(AB)2 = I 1^3 ll2 0 0 1
cos (a + 2p) sin (a + 2P) Hence, matrix A is orthogonal.
Now, AB-
sin (a + 2p) - cos (a + 2P)
91. Let us use the symbols Div, Dis, Tai for division, district,
1 o' taluka respectively and O, H, C, Cl, T and P for office
and (AB)2 =(AB)(AB) = =/ [v(AB)(AB) = f]
0 1 superintendent, Head clerk. Cashier, Clerk, Typist and Peon
Also, b/4b = a-1 respectively.
or Then, the number of offices can be arranged as elements of a
A4B = B-1A = (AB)-1 = AB
row matrix A and the composition of staff in various offices
or A4 =A (i)
can be arranged in a 3 x 6 matrix B (say).
cos a - sin a cos a -sin a
Now, A2 = Div Dis Tai
sin a cos a sin a cos a A=[ 5 30 200]
cos 2a - sin 2a
sin 2a cos 2a 1 1 1 2+1 1 1+1
cos 4a - sin 4a and B= 0 1 1 1+1 0 1+1
Similarly, A4 - 1 1 0 1
sin 4a cos 4a 0 1
Hence, from Eq. (i)
cos 4a -sin 4a cos a -sin a 1 1 1 3 1 2
sin 4a cos 4a sin a cos a or B= 0 1 1 2 0 2
or 4a =2n + a 0 1 1 1 0 1
2n
a =—
3 The basic monthly salaries of various types of employees of
cos20 cos 0 sin 0I COS2 0 cos 0 sin 0 these offices correspond to the elements of the column matrix
89. AB = C.
cos 0 sin 0 sin20 cos 4> sin $ sin2 4>
O 500’
cos20 cos2 0 + cos 0 cos (j) sin 0 sin 0
H 200
cos2 0 cos 0 sin 0 + sin20 sin 0 cos 0 C 175
C=
cos2 0 cos sin <J> + sin2 4>sin 0 cos 0 Cl 150
cos 0 cos 0 sin 0 sin (|) + sin20sin2({) T 150
cos 0 cos 0(cos 0 cos § + sin 0sin (*>) P 100
sin 0 cos 0(cos 0 cos 0 + sin 0 sin 4>) (i) Total number of Posts = AB
O H C CI T P
cos <$> sin 4>(cos 0 cos <{> + sin 0 sin (p)
sin 0 sin 0(cos 0 cos 0 + sin 0 sin 0) Div Dis Tai 1 1131 3 12
= [5 30 200] x 01112
1 2 0 2
cos 0 cos 0 cos (0 - (j)) cos 0 sin <$> cos (0 - 0)
011110
1 1 1
sin 0 cos 0 cos (0 - (J)) sin 0 sin (|) cos (0 - <$>)
OH C Cl T
TP
Clearly, AB is the zero matrix, if cos (0 - 4>) = 0 i.e., 0 — 0 is an
K
= [5 235 235 275 5 270]
odd multiple of —.
i.e., Required number of posts in all the offices taken
mj n, together are 5 office Suprintendents, 235 Head Clerks,
90. Let A= ^2 235 Cashiers, 275 Clerks, 5 Typists and 270 Peons.
™2 n2
m, n3 (ii) The total basic monthly salary bill of each kind of office
-BC
R /2 /3
500 0
At = m2 m3
O H C Cl T P 200 H
.'h n2 n3J 1 1 1 3 1 2 175 C
x
'k 4 ^2 0 1 1 2 0 2 150 Cl
Now, AAr = m2 n2 x m, m2 mj
150 T
0 1 1 1 0 1
_/3 "h n3 nj n.
n, n3_
100 P
682 Textbook of Algebra

500 + 200 + 175 + 3 x 150 + 1 X 150 + 2 X 100 1 a a aa

= 0+ 1 X200+ 1 X 175 + 2X150 + 0 + 2 X100 A = 0 b - a P-a
P - a bp - aa
0 + 1 X 200 + 1 X 175 + 1 X 150 + 0 + 1 X 100 0 c-a y-a cy-aa
[16751 Applying C2 -> C2 - aC,, C3 -» C3 - aQ and
= 875 C4 —> C4 — aaC,, we get
625 1 0 0 0
i.e., The total basic monthly salary bill of each divisional, A = 0 b - a P-a Z?P - aa
district and taluka offices are ? 1675, ? 875 and ? 625, 0 c - a y-a cy-aa
respectively. Applying C4 —> C4 - aC2 - bC3, we get
(iii) The total basic monthly salary bill of all the offices taken 1 0 0 0
together
A- 0 b - a p -a o
= ABC = A(BC)
1675 0 c-a y-a (c-b)(y-a)
=[5 30 200] X 875 For p(A) =3
625 c-a* 0, y - a * 0, c-b* 0, b-a^O, P - a 0
i.e., a*b, b*c, c*a and a^p, P^y, y^a
= [5 X 1675 + 30 X 875 + 200 X 625]
= [159625] 1 1 1 x u 9 2
Hence, total basic monthly salary bill of all the offices 94. We have, 2 5 7 y v 52 15
taken together is ? 159625. 2 1 -1 z w 0 -1
92. The total load of stone and sand supplied by A can be or AX = B
represented by row matrix X! and cost of one truck load of
stone and sand can be represented by column matrix yp
or X = A-1B •••(>)
1200’ 1 1 1 X u 9 2
= [40 10], Y} =
500 Where, A = 2 5 7 ,X = y v and B = 52 15
Total amount paid by contractor to A = X,^ 2 1 -1 z CD 0 -1

1200' | A| = 1(- 5 - 7) - 1(- 2 - 14) + 1(2 - 10)

= [40 10]
500 = —12 + 16-8 = — 4 0
= [48000 + 5000] Let C be the matrix of cofactors of elements of | A|.
= [53000] Qi C]2 £-13
/.Amount paid by contractor to A is ? 53000. C = £-21 C22 £■23
1200 .£-31 £-32 C33.
Similarly for B, X2 = [35 5], Y2 = ’ 5
500 7 2 7 2 5
Total amount paid by contractor to B = X2Y2 1 -1 2 -1 2 1
1200 1 1 1 1 1 1
= [35 5] = [42000 + 2500]
500 1 -1 2 -1 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
= [44500]
/.Amount paid by contractor to B is ? 44500.
5 7 2 7 2 5
Similarly for C, -12 16 -8
1200 2 -3 1
X3=[25 8],r3 =
500 2 -5 3
Total amount paid by contractor to C = X3T3 -12 2 2
1200’ /. adj A = C = 16 -3 -5
= [25 8]
500 -8 1 3
= [30000+ 4000] = [34000] -12 2 2
/. Amount paid by contractor to C is ? 34000. _ adj A _ 1
A 16 -3 -5
“W”4
1 a a aa -8 1 3
93. We have, A = 1 b P bP -12 2 2 9 2
1 c y <7 Now, A-1B = - — 16 -3 -5 x 52 15
4
Applying R2 -» R2 - Ri and R3 “* R3 ~ Rv we get -8 1 3 0 -1
 Chap 08 Matrices 683

-4 4 1 -1 Further, *3 = yt - y2 + 3?3
1
-8-12 3 2 yi
4
-20 -4 5 1 [x3] = [l -1 3] y2
From Eq. (i) X = A~‘B 73.
Putting the values of yp yt y-^ we get
x u Fl -1 zi -z2 + z3'
=> y V = 3 2
[x3] = [l -1 3] 0 + z2 + 3z3
z w' 5 1
2zx + z2 + 0
On equating the corresponding elements, we have ’1 -1
-1 1 Z1
x = 1, u = - 1
y =3,v = 2 = [1 -1 3] 01 13 z2

z = 5, w = 1 2 1 0 _Z3.

95. Since, Xj = 3yt + 2y2 - y3 zi

yi = [1-0 + 6 -1-1+3 1-3+0] z2

[xj = [3 2 -1] y2 .z3.

zi
173.
Putting the values of yp y2, y3, we get = [7 1 -2] Z2 = [7Zj + z2-2z3]
Zj — z2 + z3 lZ3.
[xj = [3 2 -1] 0 + z2 + 3z3 x3 = 7z, + z2 - 2z3 (iii)
2Z[ + z2 + 0 Hence, from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
’1 -1 1 Z1 Xj = Zj - 2z2 + 9z3, x2 = 9zt + 10z2 + 1 lz3, x3 = 7Zj + z2 -2z3
= [3 2 -1] 0 1 3 z2 96. Given equations can be written as,
2'11 0
2x - 3y + 6z = 5t + 3
_Z3.
y - 4z = 1 -1
Z1 4x - 5y + 8z = 9t + k
= [3 + 0-2 -3 + 2-1 3+6+0] Z2 which is of the form AX = B.
.Z3.
Let C be the augmented matrix, then
2 -3 6 : 5t + 3 '
Z!
C = [A:B] = 0 1 -4 : 1-t
= [1 -2 9] Z2
4 -5 8 : 9t + k
LZ3.
Applying R3 -> R3 - 2RV then
[*i] = [zi “2z2 + 9z3]
’2-3-3 6 : 5t + 3
Xj = z, - 2z2 + 9z3
C= 0 1 -4 :1-t
Further, x2=~y\+ 4y2 + 5y3
y/ 0 1 -4 i-t+k-6
=> [x2] = [-l 4 5] y2 Applying R3 —> R3 - R2, then
‘2-3 6 :5t + 3 ‘
73.
C= 0 1 - 4 : 1 -1
Putting the values of yp y2, y3, we get
000
0 :fc-7
z, - z2 + z3
[x2] = [- 1 4 5] 0 + z2 + 3z3 (i) For no solution
2Zj + z2 + 0
k*7
"1 -1 1 zi
(ii) For infinite number of solutions
= [-l 4 5] 0 1 3 Z2

21 10 _Z3. fc = 7
Z1
97. AX = U has infinite many solutions
= [-1 + 0 + 10 1 + 4 + 5 -1 + 12+0] z2
=> |A| = 0 = |A1|=|A2|=|A3|
_Z3.
Now, |A| = 0
zi a 1 0
= [9 10 11] z2 =[9z3+ 10z2 + llz3] => 1 b d = 0 => (ab — l)(c — d) = 0
,Z3. 1 b c
Hence, x2 =9Zj + 10z2 + llz3 (ii) => ab = 1 or c = d (i)
684 Textbook of Algebra

and l*r = 0 c 0 0 d 0 0
f 1 0 cA = 0 c c ;dJ = 0 d 0
g b d =0 0 -2c 4c 0 0 d
h b c 1
By A-1 = - [A2 + cA + di ]
6
=> fb(c - d) - gc + hd = 0
=> 6 = 1 4- c + d [By equality of matrices)
fb(c -d) = gc -hd ...(ii)
.'.(- 6,11) satisfy the relation.
|A2| = 0 99. If Q = PAPr
a f o then PtQ = APT [v PP7 = I)
=> 1 g d =0
=> PTQ2005'P = APtQ>2004
‘ p
1 h c
= A2PtQi2003p = A3PtQ|2002p
‘
a(gc - dh) — f(c — d)-Q
= A2004[Pt(QP)
=> a(gc - dh) = f(c-d) .(iii) [Q = PAPT=>2P = PA]
= A2004jPT (PA)
|A3 = 0 = A2005
a 1 f
=>
T 2005
1 b g =0 A2005
0 1
1 b h
1 0 1 0 1 0
=> (h-g)(ah-l) = 0 100. A2 =
1 1 1 1 2 1
=* h = g or ab = 1 (iv) 1 0 1 0 1 0
A3 =
Taking c = d => h = g and ab * 1 (from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iv)) 2 1 1 1 3 1
Now, taking BX = V, 1 0
A" =
a 1 1 n 1
Then, |B[ = 0 d c =0 n 0 n -1 0
nA = ,(n-l)I =
g h n n 0 n -1
[v In view of c = d and g = h, c2 and c3 are identical]
1 0
=> BX = V has no unique solution. nA -(n -1) I = = Art
n 1
a2 1 1
101. A 2 -A + 1 = 0
and |BJ = 0 d c =0 [•/ c = d, g = h]
0 g h => I = A-A2 => I=A(I-A)

a a2 1 => A-1 1=A"’(A(/-A)) => A"’=/-A

|B2| = 0 0 c = a2fc = a2df [■’c = d]
V (1 0 o>i M T
f o h
102. (i) Let Ux be y so that 2 1 0 o
y
a 1 a2 V* 2 A
<z>
and |b3| = 0 d 0 ~-a2df (x\
f g 0 y -2
lfa2df * 0, then|B2| = |B3| * 0
Hence, no solution exist. ( 2 A f2y
1 0 0 6 0 0 Similarly, U2= -1 ,U3= -1
98. Given, A = 0 1 1 .a-'A 0 4 -1 <-4j 1-3,
6
0 -2 4 0 2 1 '1 2 2 >
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Hence, U= -2 -1 -1
a2 = 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 -1 5 <1 -4 “3,

0 -2 4 0 -2 4 0 -10 14 |l/|=3
 Chap 08 Matrices 685

r-l -2 0 ' 1/2 -1

and A~} =
(ii) v Adj 17= -7 -5 -3 0 2
<9 -6 3> 3 0
and let A=
_ Adj 17 Adj 17 -3 -1/3
U~>
~ |17| ’ 3
3 0
det A - = -l
=> sum of the elements of -3 -1/3
[/■’=-(-1-2 + 0- 7-5- 3 + 9 + 6 +3) = 0 A“* =
1/3 0
3 and
-3 -3
(iii) The value of
r3>
( 1 2 2 ' 1 0 -1 0
108. Let A = or
(3 2 0 ) 17 2 =(3 2 0) -2 -1 -1 2 0 -1 0 1

J U -6 -3> A Then, A2 = I
V .’. det A =
1 0
= - 1 and tr (A) = 0
= (-l 4 4) 2 0 -1
A 109. (i) If two zero’s are the entries in the diagonal, then
= (-3 + 8 + 0) = 5 3C2 x 3Cj = 9
'1 2 a 0 If the entries in the principal diagonal isl, then
103. A= ,B =
3 4 0 b 3Ct =3
a 2b => Total matrix = 9 + 3 = 12
=> AB-
3a 4b 0 a b
a 0 1 2 a 2a (ii) a 0 c either b = 0 or c = 0 => | A | * 0
and BA =
0 b 3 4 3b 4b b c 1

Hence, AB = BA only when a = b. => 2 matrices

104. A2-B2=(A-B) (A + B) 0 a b
a 1 c either a = 0orc = 0=>|A|*0
=> A2-B2 = A2 +AB-BA-B2
b c 0
=> AB = BA
5 5a a =$ 2 matrices
1 a bl
105. A = 0 a 5a =>| A-A| = | A|| A| = (25a)2=25
a 0 c either a = 0 or b = 0 => | A | * 0
0 0 5
b c 0
2 1
=> a =— => 2 matrices
25
1 a b
=> a=±‘ a 1 c
5
106..’ A‘ = A, Bf = - B b c 1

Given, (A + B)(A-B)=(A-B)(A+ B) If a = b = 0 =^| A | = 0

=> A2 - AB + BA - B2 = A2 + AB - BA - B 2 If a = c = 0 =>| A | = 0
If b = c = 0 =>| A| = 0
=> AB = BA
=> There will be only 6 matrices.
Also, given (AB)' = (-l)* AB
(iii) The six matrix A for which | A | = 0 are
=> B‘A‘ =(-1/ AB 0 0 1
-BA=(-l)fc AB 0 0 1 => inconsistent
=> (->)=(-1)* [v AB = BA] 1 1 1
jt = l, 3,5,... 0 1 0
2 1 1 1 1 => inconsistent
107. Let A =
0 1/2 0 1 0
2 1 1 1 1
det A = =1
0 1/2 1 0 0 => infinite solutions
1 0 0
686 Textbook of Algebra

1 1 0 => (2k + I)3 = 103

1 1 0 => inconsistent 2k + 1 =10
0 0 1 it = 4.5
1 0 1 [fc] = 4
0 1 0 => inconsistent 114. First row with exactly one zero
1 0 1 Total number of cases = 6
1 0 0 First row 2 zeroes, we get more cases.
Total we get more than 7.
0 1 1 => infinite solutions
a b
0 1 1 115. Let A = , abed * 0
c d
710.| adj A | =1 A |n-I = | A |2-1 =| A | a b a b'
adj(adj A) = | A |""2 A a2 =
c d c
= | A ( 2-2 A =| A |° A = A a"2 + be ab + bd
=> a2 =
111. Three planes cannot meet only at two distinct points. ac + cd be + d2;
Hence, number of matrices = 0 => a2 + be = l,bc + d2 =1
112. If A is symmetric matrix, then b = c ab + bd = ac + cd = 0
. ... a b c * 0 and b 0
det (A) = = a2-b2 =(a +b)(a-b)
b a and a+d=0
Trace A -a + d = 0
a,b,ce {0,1,2,3,..., p - 1}
| A | = ad -bc = -a2 - be = 1
Number of numbers of type
np = 1 116. MN-NM
np + 1 = 1 M2N2 (MtN)~1 (MN~')t M2N2N~' (MtY1 (N~')t ■ MJ
np + 2 = 1
= M2N • (N_,)t Mt = - M2 • N (M)-1 (Nr)-1
= + m2nm~ = -m- nmm~ ‘at1 m
np + (p — 1) = 1 V n e I
= - M2
(i) as det (A) is divisible by p => either a + b divisible by p
corresponding number of ways = (p -1) [excluding zero] or Note
(a - b) is divisible by p corresponding number of ways = p A skew-symmetric matrix of order 3 cannot be non-singular
Total Number of ways = 2p -1 hence the question is wrong.
(ii) as Tr (A) not divisible by p =>a # 0 117. (i) a + 8b + 7c = Q-, 9a + 2b + 3c = 0
det (A) is divisible by p => a2 - be divisible by p 7a + 7b + 7c = 0
Number of ways of selection of a, b, c Solving these equations, we get
= (P-!)[(P-I)xl]=(p-1)
,2 b =6a
=> c = ~7a
(iii) Total number of A = pxpxp = p3
Now, 2x + y + z = 0
Number of A such that det (A) divisible by p => 2a + 6a + (- 7a) = 1
= (p - I)2 + number of A in which a = 0 => a=l, b=6, c = -7
= (p-l)2 + p + p-l = p2 7a + b + c =7 + 6- 7 = 6
Required number = p3 - p2 (ii) v a = 2 with b and c satisfying (E)
:. 2 + 8b + 7c = 0,18 + 2b + 3c = 0
113. | A | = (2k -1) (-1 + 4k2) + 2-fk (2Vk + 4kjk)
and 2 + b + c = 0
+ 2-Jk (4kjk + 2-Jk)(2k -1) (4k2 -1)
we get b = 12 and c = -14
+ 4k + 8k2 + 8k2 + 4k 3 11
Hence, — + -r + — =
33 -2_
(02 (012 (0
1
-
3
14
(0a (D (0 6 (0 c co-"
= (2k -1) (4k2 -1) + 8k + 16k2
3(0
= 8k3 - 4k2 -2k + 1 + 8k + 16k2 ’
= 8*? + 12k2 + 6k+ 1
v+ i + W’1
= 3(0 + 1 + 3(02
| B | = 0 as B is skew-symmetric matrix of odd order. = 1 + 3((0 + (02)
=> (8k3 + 12k2 + 6k + l)z =(103)2 = 1 + 3(-l) = -2
 Chap 08 Matrices 687

(iii) 7 b = 6, with a and c satisfying (£) => A (BA) is symmetric

:. a + 48 + 7c = 0,9a + 12 + 3c = 0, a + 6 + c = 0 Now, let Q = (AB)A
we get a = 1, c = - 7 Q'=((AB)A)'
Given, a, 0 are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 = A' (ABJ = A' (B' A')
a + 0 = - - = - 6, = A (BA) [•/ A' = A, B' = B]
a = (AB) A [By associative law]
ap=-=-7 =Q
a
=> (AB) A is symmetric.
XT 1 11 _ a + p _ -6 6
Now, — + - /. Statement-1 is true.
a pp” ap a0 ~-7 ~7
n Statement - 2 (AB)' = B' A' = BA [•/ A' = A,B' = B]

•• X n=0
1 1'
—+—
a P.
6T
7)
= AB
=> AB is symmetric matrix
['/ AB = BA]

-(HP
=--------- =7
/.Statement-2 is true.
Hence, both Statements are true, Statement-2 is not a correct
explanation for Statement-1.
22fln 2’012 240j3
1-6/7
121. We have, |Q|= 23a2i 2*0^ 2’023
118. For the given matrix to be non singular
24<hi 25o32 26o33
lab
(0 1 c *0 On 0,2
*12 a,3
a)2 CO 1 = 2z-23-24 2a2, 2a22 2d23
22a31 22a32 22a3:I3
=> 1 -(a + c)co + act!)2 * 0
=> (1 - aco) (1 - ao) * 0 On °12 °13

a * co2 and c * co2

= 29 -2- 22 a2t aa22
22 a23 = 2121 P |
O31 o32 a33
a, b and c are complex cube roots of unity.
:.a and c can take only one value i.e., co while b can take two |Q|=212X2 = 2,J
values i.e., co and co2. 122. •/ Pt=2P + I — (i)
:. Total number of distinct = 2 (PT)T =(2P + I )T
a b
=> P = 2Pt + I ...(ii)
119. Let M = d e
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
L# h
P=2(2P + /)+ I
o' -1
=> P = -I
M i 2 =}£ = -!, e = 2,h=3 PX=-IX=-X
0 3 1 4 4
1 1 123. Given, adj P = 2 1 7
M -1 1 =>a = 0, d=3, g=2 1 1 3
0 -1 1 4 4
1 0 I adjP| = 2 1 7
M 1 0 1 1 3
1 12 = 1 (- 4) - 4 (-1) + 4 (1) = 4
/• Sum of diagonal elements = a + e+i = 0 + 24-7=9 => |P|S-1=4
120. Since, A and B are symmetric matrices => |P| = ±2
A’ = A and B' = B
Statement-1 Let P = A(BA)
y
P'=(A(BA))'=(BAX A'
= (A' B') A'
[•/ A' = A,B' = B]
T
= (AB)A
Now, Au, + Au, = 1
= A (BA) [By associative law]
=P <0,
688 Textbook of Algebra

co2 co3 CO4

=> A(ui + u2) = 1 to3 to4 CD5

128. P — [p^]rt xn = [w' + ?]nxn co5 Ci)6 ...COJ+
<0> to4
T 0 0> con + 2 con+3
2 1 0 y 1
0 0 0 ... 0
<3 2 b <0,
0 0 0 ... 0
/ X rr p2 =
0 0 0 ... 0
=0
2x4- y i
0 0 0 ... 0
k3x + 2y + z, <0,
If n is multiple of 3, so for P2 # 0, n should not be a multiple of
x = 1,2x + y = 1
and 3x + 2y 4- z = 0 3, i.e. n can take values 55, 56 and 58.
=> x = 1 ,y = - 1, z=-l 129.B=A~' A'
f 1 B'=(A~' A')'=A(A~1)'
Hence, “i + u2 = -1 . Now, BB' = (A~'A') A(A~')'=A~l (A' A) (A'1)'
= A~l(AA')(A~1)' [■: A'A = A.K']
.3
125. Given, P3 = Q = (A-’A)A/(A"1)'
and P2Q = Q2P ...(u) = (ZA/)(A"1)/=A,(A"1)'=(A‘1 A)'=r = I
Subtracting Eq. (i) and (ii), we get a b'
P3 - p2Q = Q3 - Q2p 130. Let M = , where a, b, c e I
b c
p2 (P-Q) = -Q2 (P-Q)
a b
M is invertible if 0 =>ac — b2 0
(P2 + Q2)(P-Q) = O b c
=> \(P2 + Q2)(P-Q)\=\O\ a fbl
(a) => a — b = c =5 ac — b2 = 0
=> |p2 + Q2IIP-QI = o b c
|P2 + Q2| = 0 [vP#Q] Option (a) is incorrect
126. Given, adj A = P (b) [b c] = [a b] => a = b = c => ac - b2 = 0

I adj A| = | P| Option (b) is incorrect

=> |A|3-*=|P| [v|A| = 4] a 0
(c) M — , then | M | = ac * 0
16 = PI 0 c.
1 a 3 :. M is invertible
16 = 1 3 3 .’. Option (c) is correct.
2 4 4 (d) As ac (Integer 2 => ac * b,2
=$ 16 = 1(0) - a (4 - 6) + 3(4 - 6) :. Option (d) is correct.
=> 16 = 2a -6 131. Given, MN = NM, M * N2 and M2 = N<
=> 2a =22
Then, m2 = n4
a = 11
127. (a) (NtMN)t = NtMt(Nt)t = NTMTN = NTMN => (M + N2) (M ~N2) = 0
m + n2 = o [7
or - NtMN According as M is symmetric or
skew-symmetric. => | M + N21 = 0
:. Correct. (a) | M2 + MN21 =| M| | M + N21 = 0
(b) (MN - NM)t = (MN)t - (NM)t = NtMt - MTNT Option (a) is correct.
= NM - MN [•/ M, N are symmetric] (b) (M2 + MN2) U = M(M + N2)U = 0
= -(MN-NM) :. Option (b) is correct.
;. correct (c) •/ | M2 + MN21 = 0 from option (a)
(c) (MN)T = NTMT = NM* MN [v M, N are symmetric]
| M2 + MN21 £1
Incorrect.
Option (c) is incorrect.
(d) (adjM) (adjN) = adj (NM) # adj (MN)
(d) If AX = 0 and | A | = 0, then X can be non-zero.
Incorrect.
 Chap 08 Matrices 689

(c) 7 | M2 + MN21 = 0 from option (a) or adj A = A7

~2 b 5a 3
| Af2 + AIN21 2:1 or
-3 5a -b 2
Option (c) is incorrect.
=> 5a =2 and b = 3
(d) If AX = 0 and | A | = 0, then X can be non-zero. 5a + b = 5
132.7 AAt=9I
135.7 PQ = kl =^^- = 1I =>
=>PP"’ = -
...(i)
1 2 2 1 2 a 1 0 0 k k
Also |P| = 12a + 20 ...(ii)
2 1 -2 2 1 2 =9 0 1 0
-k
a 2 b 2 -2 b 0 0 1 and given q23=~
o

9 0 a + 4 + 2b 9 0 0 Comparing the third element of 2^ row on both sides,

=> 0 2a+ 2-2b
9 0 9 0 we get ----- ------ (- (3a + 4)) = - x —
a + 4 + 2b 2a+ 2-2b a2 + 4+ b2 0 0 9 (12a+ 20)------ k 8
=> 24a + 32 = 12a + 20
On comparing, we get a = -l -(Hi)
a + 2b + 4 = 0 ••• (i) From (ii), |P| = 8 ..•(iv)
2a-2b+ 2 = 0 •••(ii) Also PQ = kI
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
a=-2,
b=-l k2>
Ordered pair is (- 2, - 1). 8x— =k3 7|p|=8,|Q| = y
2 2>
133. 7 x7 = -x,y7 = -y,z7 = z k=4 ...(v)
(a)(y3 z4 -z4y3)7=(y3z4)7-(z4y3)7 (b) 4a-k + 8 = -4-4 + 8 = 0
=(z4)7 (y3)7-(y3)7 (z4x7
4)7 (c) det (P adj(Q)) = IPI I adj Q|= IP11<?I2 = 8 X82 = 2'

=(z7)4 (y7)3-(y7)3 (z7)4 (d) det (Qadj (P)) = | Q| | adj P|= | Q| | P|! = 8 X82 = 2’

= -z4y3 + y3 z4 136. -. Z = = co ...(0

2
= y3z4 - z4y3
=> (D3 = 1 and 1 + (i) + (D2 =0
Option (a) is incorrect. (—co)f co21
(b) X44 + y44 is symmetric matrix. Option b is incorrect. Now, P= Cl)2’ (I)r

(c) (X4 Z3-Z3X4)7=(X4Z3)7-(Z3 X4)7 (—a>)r co2’ (-©)r (i)2’

■3x7
P2 =
= (Z3)7 (X4)7-(X4)7 (Z3)7 0)2’ cor (D21 (0r

= (Z7)3(X7)4 -(X7)4 (Z7)3 co^ + co4’ (02r((-G))r + C0r)

C02’((—co)r +(Dr) (O4* +0)^
= Z3X4 -X4Z3
co^ + co’ <O2,((-<O)r+(Or)
= -(X4Z3-Z3X4) (V CD3 = 1)
cd2s((—(I))r+ co’) CD1 +(02r
Option (c) is correct.
01
(d) X23 + y23 is skew-symmetric matrix. Option (d) is P2=-I = ...(ii)
0 -1
correct.
Form Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
134.7 A adj A = AAT
co^ + co’ =-l
=> A~l(A adj A) = A-1(AA7) and Ci)2’((-<i))r + (i)r) = 0

=> (A-1A) adj A =(A-1A)A7 => r is odd and s = r but not a multiple of 3. Which is possible
/(adj A) = 1At when r = s = 1
.-. Only one pair is there.
690 Textbook of Algebra

1 0 0 0 0 0
9u 912 913 0 0 0
137. P = 4 1 0 =/+ 4 0 0 =I+A
200 0 0
921 922 923
16 4 1 16 4 0
.931 932 933. 20400 200 0
0 0 0
On comparing, we get
Let A = 4 0 0
92i = 932 = 200, = 20400
16 4 0
<?3i + qi2 20400 + 200
0 0 0 0 0 0
921 200
A2 = 0 0 0 and A3 = 0 0 0
16
= 102 + 1 = 103
0 0 0 0 0
=> An is a null matrix Vn > 3 2 -3 2 -3 16 -9
138. ■■ A2 =
-4 1 -4 1 -12 13
P50=(Z + A)50 = 1 + 50A + 50X49 A2
2 16 -9 2 -3
3A2 + 12A=3 + 12
Q+J = J + 50A + 25X49A2 -12 13 -4 1
or Q = 50A + 25 X 49A2
72 -63
0 .0 0 0 0 0 -84 51
200 0 0 + 0 0 0 '51 63
=> adj (3 A 2 + 12A) =
800 200 0 19600 0 0 84 72
 ■ i I )

Probability
Learning Part
Session 1
• Some Basic Definitions
• Mathematical or Priori or Classical Definition of Probability
• Odds in Favour and Odds Against the Event
Sesstion 2
• Some Important Symbols
• Conditional Probability
Sesstion 3
• Total Probability Theorem
• Baye's Theorem or Inverse Probability
Sesstion 4
• Binomial Theorem on Probability
• Poisson Distribution
• Expectation
• Multinomial Theorem
• Uncountable Uniform Spaces

Practice Part
• JEE Type Examples
• Chapter Exercises

Arihant on Your Mobile! I

Exercises with the @ symbol can be practised on your mobile. See inside cover page to activate for free. iI
J
Session 1
Some Basic Definitions, Mathematical or Priori or
Classical Definition of Probability, Odds in Favour
and Odds Against the Event

Some Basic Definitions Each element of a sample space is called a sample point
For example,
1. Random Experiment (i) If we toss a coin, there are two possible results,
An experiment whose outcome cannot be predicted with namely a head (H) or a tail (T).
certainty, is called a random experiment. So, the sample space in this experiment is given by
Or S = {H,T}.
If in each trial of an experiment, which when repeated (ii) When two coins are tossed, the sample space
under identical conditions, the outcome is not unique but S = {HH, HT,TH,TT}o
the outcome in a trial is one of the several possible where, HH denotes the head on the first coin and
outcomes, then such an experiment is known as a random head on the second coin. Similarly, HT denotes the
experiment. head on the first coin and tail on the second coin.
For example, (iii) When we throw a die, then any one of the numbers 1,
(i) “Throwing an unbiased die” is a random experiment 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 will come up. So, the sample space
because when a die is thrown, we cannot say with S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}.
certainty which one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
will come up. 3. Elementary Event
(ii) “Tossing of a fair coin” is a random experiment An event having only a single sample point is called an
because when a coin is tossed, we cannot say with elementary or simple event.
certainty whether either a head or a tail will come up. For example, When two coins are tossed, the sample space,
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}, then the event, Ex = {HH} of getting
(iii) “Drawing a card from a well-shuffled pack of cards”
both the heads is a simple event.
is a random experiment.
Remark
4. Mixed Event or Compound Event or
1. A die is a solid cube which has six faces and numbers 1, 2, 3, Composite Event
4, 5 and 6 marked on the faces, respectively. In throwing or An event other than elementary or simple event is called
rolling a die, then any one number can be on the uppermost
mixed event.
face.
2. (i) A pack of cards consists of 52 cards in 4 suits, i.e (a) For example,
Spades (♦) (b) Clubs (*) (c) Hearts (v) (d) Diamonds (i) When two coins are tossed, the sample space
(♦). Each suit consists of 13 cards. Out of these, spades
and clubs are black faced cards, while hearts and S = {HH, HT,TH,TT}
diamonds are red faced cards. The King, Queen, Jack (or Then, the event E = {HH, HT, TH} of getting atleast
Knave) are called face cards or honour cards. one head, is a mixed event.
(ii) Game of bridge It is played by 4 players, each player is
given 13 cards. (ii) When a die is thrown, the sample space
(iii) Game of whist It is played by two pairs of persons. S = {U,3,4,5,6}
Let A = {2,4,6} = the event of occurrence of an even
2. Sample Space number
The set of all possible results of a random experiment is and B = {3,6} = the event of occurrence of a number
called the sample space of that experiment and it is divisible by 3.
generally denoted by S. Here, A and B are mixed events.
 Chap 09 Probability 693

5. Equally likely Events Then, Ej U E2u..,u£„ =S

The given events are said to be equally likely, if none of For example, If we thrown an unbiased die, then sample
them is expected to occur in preference to the other. space S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} in which
For example, £, = {1,2,3,4} = the event of occurrence of a number less
(i) When an unbiased coin is tossed, then occurrence of than 5 and E2 = {3,4,5,6} = the event of occurrence of a
head or tail are equally likely cases and there is no number greater than 2.
reason to expect a ‘head’ or a ‘tail* in preference to Then, Ex kj E2 = {1,2,3,4,5,6} and Ex n E2 = {3,4}
the other. So, Et u E2 = S and Ej n E2 # 0
(ii) When an unbiased die is thrown, all the six faces 1, 2, Hence, Ej and E2 are exhaustive events.
3, 4, 5 and 6 are equally likely to come up. There is no
reason to expect 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 in 10. Mutually Exclusive
preference to the other. and Exhaustive Events
6. Independent Events A set of events is said to be mutually exclusive and
exhaustive, if above two conditions are satisfied. If a set of
Two events are said to be independent, if the occurrence
events Ei,E2,...,En for mutually exclusive and exhaustive
of one does not depend on the occurrence of the other.
events.
For example, When an unbiased die is thrown, then the Then, Ex u E2^j..aj En=S and Ei n E2 En = 4>
sample space S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} For example, If we thrown an unbiased die, then sample
Let Ex = {1,3,5} = the event of occurrence of an odd space
number and E2 = {2,4,6} = the event of occurrence of an S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} in which
even number. Clearly, the occurrence of odd number does Ex = {1,3,5} = the event of occurrence of an odd number
not depend on the occurrence of even number. So, Ej and and E2 = {2,4,6} = the event of occurrence of an even number.
E2 are independent events. Then, Ex U E2 = {1,2,3,4,5,6} and Et nE2 =4)
So, Ex kJ E2 =S and Ex n E2 = 0.
7. Complementary Event Hence, Et and E2 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive
Let E be an event and S be the sample space for a random events.
experiment, then complement of E is denoted by E' or Ec
or E. Clearly, E' means E does not occur.
Thus, E' occurs <=> E does not occur. Mathematical or Priori
For example, When an unbiased die is thrown, then the or Classical Definition of Probability
sample space S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}.
The probability of an event E to occur is the ratio of the
If E = {1,4,6}, then E'= {2,3,5} number of cases in its favour to the total number of cases
8. Mutually Exclusive Events (equally likely).
n(E) _ Number of cases favourable to event E
A set of events is said to be mutually exclusive, if •• P J _
occurrence of one of them precludes the occurrence of any n(S) Total number of cases
of the remaining events. If a set of events Eif E2,.... E„
for mutually exclusive events. Range of Value of P(E)
Then, Ei n E2 n ...n En = 4>
Probability of occurrence of an event is a number lying
For example, If we thrown an unbiased die, then the between 0 and 1.
sample space S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} in which
Proof Let S be the sample space and E be an event. Then,
Ei = {1,2,3} = the event of occurrence of a number less
than 4 and E2 = {5,6} = the event of occurrence of a EqS ...(i)
number greater than 4. Clearly, Ej n E2 = 0 Also, 4>c5 ...(u)
So, Ej and E2 are mutually exclusive. where 0 is a null set. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
(*)CSdE=> «(<})) <n(E) <n(S)
9. Exhaustive Events => o<^<i [••• "<♦) =0]
A set of events is said to be exhaustive, if the performance n(S)
of the experiment results in the occurrence of atleast one of
them. If a set of events Ex, E2,.... En for exhaustive events. 0<P(E)<l
694 Textbook of Algebra

Remark B Example 2. One ticket is drawn at random from a

1. For impossible event <j>; P(0) = 0 bag containing 24 tickets numbered 1 to 24. Represent
2. For sure event S, P(S) = 1 the sample space and the event of drawing a ticket
Relationship between P(£) and P(E') containing number which is a prime. Also, find the
If E is any event and E' be the complement of event E, then number of elements in them.
P(f) + P(E') = 1
Proof Let S be the sample space, then Sol. Let S be the sample space and E be the event of
occurrence a prime number.
E' = S - E
n(E') = n(S) - n(E) Then, S= {1,2,3, 4,5.... 24}
n(E') _^n(E) and £ = {2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23}
n(S) n(S) Also, n(S) = 24 andn(£) = 9
P(E') = 1-P(E)
i.e. P(E) + P(E') = 1 I Example 3. Two dice are thrown simultaneously.
What is the probability obtaining a total score less
than 11?
Odds in Favour and Sol. Let S be the sample space and E be the event of obtaining
a total less than 11.
Odds Against the Event Then,? = {1,2,3, 4, 5, 6} X {1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6} => n(S) = 6 x6 = 36
Let S be the sample space. If a is the number of cases Let E' be the event of obtaining a total score greater than or
favourable to the event E, b is the number of cases equal to 11.
favourable to the event E', the odds in favour of E are Also, E' = {(5,6), (6,5), (6,6)}; n(E') = 3
defined by a: b and odds against of E are b: a. Then, probability of obtaining a total score greater than or
equal to 11,
i.e. odds in favour of event E is
3_
n(E) P(E') = n(Ez)
n(S) 36 12
a n(E) n(S) _ P(E) P(E') _b
11
b n(E') n(Ez) P(EZ) P(E) a P(E) = 1- P(E')=1~ —
12 12
n(S)
P(EZ) + P(E) _b+a Hence, required probability is — •
P(£) " a
1 b +a
I Example 4. If a leap-leap year is selected at random,
then what is the chance it will contain 53 Sunday?
P(E) a
Sol. A leap-leap year has 367 days i.e., 52 complete, week and
a b three days more. These three days will be three
P(E) = and P(E') =
a+b a+b consecutive days of a week. A leap-leap year will have 53
Sundays, if out of the three consecutive days of a week
Remark selected at random one is a Sunday.
We use the sign '+' for the operation ‘or’ and ‘x‘ for the operation Let be the sample space and E be the event that out of the
'and' in order to solve the problems on definition of probability. three consecutive days of a week one is Sunday, then
S = {(Sunday, Monday, Tuesday), (Monday, Tuesday.
I Example 1. If three coins are tossed, represent the Wednesday), (Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday), (Wednesday.
sample space and the event of getting atleast two Thursday, Friday), (Thursday, Friday, Saturday), (Friday
heads, then find the number of elements in them. Saturday, Sunday), (Saturday, Sunday, Monday)}; n(S)=7
Sol. Let S be the sample space and E be the event of and E = {(Sunday, Monday, Tuesday), (Friday, Saturday,
occurrence of atleast two heads and let H denote the Sunday), (Saturday, Sunday, Monday)}
occurrence of head and T denote the occurrence of tail, n(£) = 3
when one coin is tossed. Now, required probability, P(E) = |
Then, S = {H, T} x {H, T} x {H, T}
S = {(H, H, H), (H, H, T), (H, T, H), (T, H, H),
( T, T,H), (T, H, T, T),(T, T, T)}
I Example 5. From a pack of 52 playing cards, three
cards are drawn at random. Find the probability of
and E = {(H, H, H), (H, H, T), (H, T, H), (T, H, H)}
drawing a King, a Queen and a Knave.
Also, n(S) = 8 and n(E) = 4
 Chap 09 Probability 695

So/. Let S be the sample space and E be the event that out of n(S) ~ Number of ways of selecting 3 balls out of
the three cards drawn one is a King, one is a Queen and 13(8 + 5) = ,3C3 = —-21.1. = 286
one is a Knave. 1-2-3
n(S) = Total number of selecting 3 cards out of 52 cards (i) n(Ei) = Number of ways of selecting 3 white balls out of 5
_ 52 r
- (-3 = ’Cj=sC2 = —=10
and n(E) = Number of selecting 3 cards out of one is King, 1-2
one is Queen and one is Knave = 4C] •4C1 • 4Cj = 64 n(£,) _ 10 _ 5
P (getting 3 white balls) =
64 n(S) 286 143

/.Required probability, P(£)=^^ = 64 52-51-50 16 (ii) n(E2) = Number of ways of selecting 3 red balls out of 8
_8r -8‘7-6
n(S) 52/-.
c3 1-2-3 5525 — c3--------- = 56
1-2-3
I Example 6. A bag contains 8 red and 5 white balls. n(E2)
P (getting 3 red balls) =
Three balls are drawn at random. Find the probability n(S)
56 _ 28
that
(i) all the three balls are white. 286 143
(ii) all the three balls are red. (iii) n(£3) = Number of ways of selecting 1 red ball out of
(iii) one ball is red and two balls are white. 8 and 2 black balls out of 5 = 8Ct • 5C2 = 8-10 = 80

So/. Let S be the sample space, E} be the event of getting 3 P (getting 1 red and 2 black balls)
white balls, E2 be the event of getting 3 red balls and £3 n(£3) _ 80 40
be the event of getting one red ball and two white balls. n(S) 286 143

g Exercise for Session 1

1. A problem in mathematics is given to three students and their respective probabilities of solving the problem
1 1 1
are - , - and -. The probability that the problem is solved, is

(a) 5 (b)J (c)? (dU

4 2 3 3
2. A dice is thrown 3 times and the sum of the 3 numbers thrown is 15. The probability that the first throw was a
four, is
(a) J (b)J (c)J (d)|
5 4 6 5
3. Three faces of a fair dice are yellow, two faces red and one blue. The dice is tossed three times. The
probability that the colours yellow, red and blue appear in the first, second and third toss respectively, is
(a)- (b)J- (c)-l (d)-l
6 12 24 36
4. A speaks truth in 75% of cases and B in 80% of cases. The percentage of cases they are likely to contradict
each other in stating the same fact, is
(a) 30% (b) 35% (c)45% (d) 25%
5. An unbiased dice with faces marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 is rolled four times. Out of four face values obtained the
probability that the minimum face value is not less than 2 and the maximum face value is not greater than 5, is
(a)— (b) — (c)®? (d) —
81 . 81 81 81
6. Three numbers are chosen at random without replacement from {1, 2, 3,.... 10}. The probability that the
minimum of the chosen number is 3 or their maximum is 7, is
(a) — (b)— (c)— ’ (d) —
20 20 40 40
7. Seven white balls and three black balls are randomly placed in a row. The probability that no two black balls are
placed adjacently, is
(b)l (c)A
15 15
696 Textbook of Algebra

8. Two numbers are selected randomly from the set S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} without replacement. The probability that
minimum of the two numbers is less than 4, is
(a)— (b) — (0^
15 15
1 + 3p 1-p , 1~2p
9. If are the probabilities of the three mutually exclusive events, then p g
3 4 2
r 1 ii
(a)[Q 1] (b) QJ (d)
L3 2J
10. Three identical dice are rolled once. The probability that the same number will appear on each of them, is
(a)- (b)J- (c)A (d)^
6 36 18 28
11. If the letters of the word ASSASSIN are written down in a row, the probability that no two S's occur together, is

w-i
(a)—
35
(»)i
(b) —
21
(c) —
14
(d) —
28
12. A box contains 2 black, 4 white and 3 red balls. One ball is drawn at random from the box and kept aside. From
the remaining balls in the box another ball is drawn and kept beside the first. This process is repeated till all the
balls are drawn from the box. The probability that the balls drawn from the box are in the sequence 2 black, 4
white and 3 red, is
(a)— • (b)— (c) — (d) —
• 126 630 1260 2520
13. If three distinct numbers are chosen randomly from the first 100 natural numbers, then the probability that all
three of them are divisible by both 2 and 3, is
(a) — (b)± (c)-i (d) —
(d)
55 35 33 1155
14. There are 2 vans each having numbered seats, 3 in the front and 4 at the back. There are 3 girls and 9 boys to
be seated in the vans. The probability of 3 girls sitting together in a back row on adjacent seats, is
(a) — (b)— (c)-l (d) —
13 39 65 91
15. A and B stand in a ring along with 10 other persons. If the arrangement is at random, then the probability that
there are exactly 3 persons between A and B, is
(a) — (b) — (c)-
(c)^- (d)A
11 11 11 14
16. The first 12 letters of English alphabet are written down at random in a row. The probability that there are
exactly 4 letters between A and B, is
(a) — (b)-I (C)Z (d)A ’
33 66 99 33
17. Six boys and six girls sit in a row randomly. The probability that the six girls sit together or the boys and girls sit
alternately, is
(a)-A (b)—1_ (C)_L (d)A
308 100 205 407
18. If from each of three boxes containing 3 white and 1 black, 2 white and 2 black, 1 white and 3 black balls, one
ball is drawn, the probability of drawing 2 white and 1 black ball, is
(a) — (b)J (c)-l
(d) —
32 4 32 16
19. The probability that a year chosen at random has 53 Sundays, is
(a)- (b)- (c)A (d)2
7 7 28 28
20. If the letters of the word MATHEMATICS are arranged arbitrarily, the probability that C comes before E, E
before H, H before I and I before S, is
• (a)— • (b) — (c) — (d)~
10 20 120 720
Session 2
Some Important Symbols, Conditional Probability

Some Important Symbols => P(AuB) = P(A) + P(B)-P(AnB)

If A B and C are any three events, then Remark
(i) A n B or AB denotes the event of simultaneous If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then A n B = 0.
occurrence of both the events A and B. Hence, P(An B) =0.
(ii) A u B or A + B denotes the event of occurrence of /.P(AuB) = P(A) + P(B)
atleast one of the events A or B. (b) P (exactly one of A, B occurs)
(iii) A - B denotes the occurrence of event A but not B. = P(AnB) + P(AnB)
(iv) A denotes the not occurrence of event A. = P(A)-P(AnB) + P(B)-P(An B)
(v) An B denotes the occurrence of event A but not B. = P(A) + P(B)-2P(AnB)
(vi) A n B = (A u B) denotes the occurrence of neither
= P(AuB)-P(AnB)
A nor B.
(c) P (neither A nor B)
(vii) A u B u C denotes the occurrence of atleast one
event A, B or C. = P(AnB) = P(AuB) = l-P(AuB)
(viii) (An B)<J (An B)denotes the occurrence of
exactly one of A and B. Remark
(ix) An Bn C denotes the occurrence of all three P(AuB) = 1-P(AnB)
A B and C. 2. If A, B and C are three events, then
(x) (An BnC)u(An BnC)<u(An BnC)denotes (a)P(Au BuC) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(An B)
the occurrence of exactly two of A B and C. -P(BnC)-P(CnA) + P(AnBnC)
Remark Remark
Remember with the help of figures
If AB and C are mutually exclusive events, then
A u AnB = fy,Br\C = & CnA = fy AnBnC=$
P(AnB) = 0,P(BnQ=0,P(CnA)=0. P(AnBnQ=Q
Ar\BrtC P( A u B u C) = P( A) + P(B) + PfQ
ArtCriB, General form of Addition Theorem of Probability
AAbAC/ P(A^ A2u...u An) = ^P(Ai)-^jP(Ain Aj)
BnCnA :r\A CriArS
i=l i<j

8 ye
Ary BAC i<j<Jc

P(AlnA2n...nAn)
Important Results
Remark
1. If A and B are arbitrary events, then If Av A2.... An are mutually exclusive events, then
(a) P(Au B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A n B) JP(A,n4)=0. ^P(AnAy n4)=0
Proof Let S be the sample space. Since, we know that i<l kj<A

n(Au B) = n(A) + n(B) -n(An B) and P(4 n A n.„ n A) =0

n
n(Au B) _ n(A) n(B) _ n(An B) P(A vj A u...o A) = £P<4)
n(S) n(S) n(S) n(S)
698 Textbook of Algebra

(b) P (atleast two of A, B, C occur) Remark

= P(An B) + P(BnC) + P(Cr\ A) If Ey, E2 En are independent events,
then P(E, o E2 o... u £„ )
-2P(An£nC)
= 1 - P(Ey E2 o ... o EnY= 1 - P(Ey n E2
(c) P (exactly two of A, B, C occur)
= 1 -P(Ey) • P(E'2)... P(En)
= P(AnB) + P(BnC) + P(CnA)
-3P(An Bn C) I Example 7. For a post, three persons A, B and C
(d) P (exactly one of A, B, C occur) appear in the interiew. The probability of A being
= P(A) + P(B) + P(C)- 2P(An B)- 2P(Bn C) selected is twice that of B and the probability of 8
- 2P(C n A) + 3P(A n B n C) being selected is thrice that of C. What are the
3. (a) If Als A2,..., A„ are independent events, then
individual probabilities of A, B and C being selected?
Sol. Let Eh E2 and E, be the events of selection of A, B and C
P(A1nA2n...nAn) = P(A])P(A2)...P(An)
respectively.
(b) If A j, A An are mutually exclusive events, then
Let P(E3)=x.
P(Aj uA2u ...U An)
Then, P(E2) = 3P(E3) = 3x and P(E,) = 2P(E2) = 6x
= P(A1) + P(A2) + ... + P(A„)
Since, Eb E2 and E3 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive
(c) If Au A 2,..., A„ are exhaustive events, then events.
P(AiU A2cj...u A„) = l P(£jU£2 uE3) = P(E,) + P(E2) + W = l
(d) If A j, A 2,.... A „ are mutually exclusive and P(E1)+P(E2) + P(E3) = 1
exhaustive events, then 6x + 3x + x = 1
P(AiO A2n...n AJ 1
x=—
10
= P(Al) + P(A2) + ... + P(An) = l 3
4. If Aj, A2 An are n events, then Hence, P(E1') = 6x = —
10 5
(a) P(A1uA2u...uA„)<P(A1HP(A22+... + P(>l„) 3 1
P(E2) = 3x = —and =x=—
(b) P(A,nA2n...nA„)>l-P(A1)-P(A2)- 10
...-P(A„)
I Example 8. If A and B are independent events, the
Important Result probability that both A and B occur is - and the
If £i and £2 are independent events, then
probability that none of them occurs is Find the
(a) £i and £2 are independent events.
(b) £i and £2 are independent events. probability of the occurrence of A.
(c) £! and £ 2 are independent events. Sol. We have,
Proof Given, and £2 are independent events, then P(AnB) = -=>P(A)P(B) = - 4D
8 8
P(E,nE2) = P(E, )-P(E2) [v A and B are independent]
(a) P(Et r>E2) = P(Ei)-P(E, nE2) — - 3 — - 3
andI P(AnB) = -=>P(A)P(B) = -
= P(E,)-P(E,). P(E2) 8 8
3
= P(E1)[1-P(E2)] = P(E1)-P(E2) (1-P(A))(1-P(B)) = -
So, £j and £2 are independent events.
1 3
(b) Same as in part (i). 1-P(A)-P(B) + - = - [from Eq. (iV
8 8
(c) P(E1r,E2) = P(E,uE2) 3
P(A) + P(B)=-
= l-P(E,uE2) = l-[P(E1) + P(E2)-P(E,nE2)] 4
= 1-P(E,)-P(E2) + P(E,)-P(E2) The quadratic equation whose roots are P(A) and P(B) is
= P(E,)-P(E2)[1-P(E1)J x2-[P(A)+P(B)]x + P(A)-P(B) = 0
= P(E,)- P(E2)- P(E, )= P(E,)[1 - P(E2)] 2 3 1
X --x+- = 0 [from Eqs. (i) and (ir
4 8
= P(E,)P(E2)
 Chap 09 Probability 699

? 1 1
or 8x 2 -6x + l=0 or x = -,— = 0.3+ 0.4+0.8-0.08-x - 0.28 + 0.09 = 123-x
2 4
But given that, P(A U B C) > 0.75 and P(A u B u C) < 1
j_
Hence, P(A) = - or 0.75 < 123- x < 1 => - 0.75 > - 123 + x > - 1
2 4
or 123-0.75 > x > 123 -1 or 023£ x £ 0.48
I Example 9. A and B are two candidates seeking
admission in IIT. The probability that A is selected is
0.5 and the probability that both A and B are selected
is atmost 0.3. Is it possible that the probability of 8
Conditional Probability
getting selected is 0.9? The probability of occurrence of an event Ej, given that
E2 has already occurred is called the conditional
Sol. Let Ej and E2 are the events of A and B selected, respectively.
probability of occurrence of Et on the condition that E:2
Given, P(£ n£2)< 0.3 and P(£) = a5 (E y
Since, P(Ei v E2)= P(EJ +P(E2)-P(EX n E2) has already occurred, it is denoted by P — .
P(E1<jE2)<1
n(Et n E2)
P(Ei) + P(E2)-P(Ei ri E2)< 1
=> P(El) +P(E2)<1 + P(Ei<~\E2)
<E = P(Ein£J = n(S)
Thus, P
=> Q5 + P(£2)<l+Q3=>P(£2)<0.8 k^2 > n(£2)
Hence, P(£2)*0.9 n(S)
n(Ei n E2)
I Example 10. Let A, B and C be three events. If the h(E2)
probability of occurring exactly one event out of A and
B is 1 - a , out of 8 and C is 1 - 2a , out of C and A is Remark
l-o and that of occurring three events simultaneously 1. If £ and E2 are independent events, then P| — I| = P(E2)
P(E?)
is a2, then prove that the probability that atleast one (,£ )
1 2. If £ and E2 are two events such that E2 * 0
out of A, 8 and C will occur is greater than -.
thenP| — |+ P\ — ) = 1
Sol. Given, l£2j
P(A) + P(B)-2P(AnB) = l-a 3. lf£.E2.E3, E4 are independent events, then
P(E, E2 u E3u..xjE„ ) = 1 - P(E,) • Pt E?) • P{E3)...P(En)
P(B) + P(C) - 2P(B n C) = 1 - 2a ...(ii)
4. If £, E2 and E3 are three events such that £ # 0 £E2 * 0 then
and P(C) + P(A)~ 2P(C n A) = 1 - a ...(in) P(£rln£;nE
pi — r — r\ ru e1\).p||
3) = «E nl Ey UA.
1 1—1 4 - •— • * — i' I _

P(AoBnC) = a2 ...(iv) k£J ^£E2j

P(AvBuC) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A n B) Generalised form
- P(B n C) - P(C n A) + P(A n B n’C) If £, E2, £3... En are n events such that £ * 0 £ E2 * 0. £ E2E3 # 0
= {P(A) + P(B) - 2P(A n B) + P(B) + P(C) - 2P(B n C) ...,£E2E3...E„_1 *0. thenP(£ nE2nE3r>...r>E„)
£
= P(£).p|^|.p| A_|.p| En
+ P(C) + P(A) - 2P(C n A)} + P(A n B n C) ...P
l£j 1^1 f J 1
E,E22 E,E2E3/ £E2E3...En_^
= ^{l-a + l-2a + l-a} + a2 [from Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)]
I Example 12. Two dice are thrown. Find the
3 •> , 1 1 probability that the sum of the numbers coming up on
= --2a + a2 =(a-I)2 +->-
2 2 2 them is 9, if it is known that the number 5 always
occurs on the first dice.
I Example 11. If A, B and C are three events, such that Sol. Let S be the sample space
P (A) = 0.3, P (8) = 0.4, P (C) = 0.8, P (AB) = 0.08, S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} X {1,2,3,4,5,6}
P(AC) = 028, P (ABC) = 0.09. If P (A u B u C) > 0.75, then • n(S) = 36
show that P(BC) lies in the interval 023 < x < 0.48. and let E{ = The event that the sum of the numbers coming
So/. Let P(BC)=x up is 9.

Since, P(A u B u C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(AB) and E2 = The event of occurrence of 5 on the first dice.
- P(BC) - P(CA)+P(ABC) £ = {(3,6), (6,3), (4,5),(5, 4)}
n(E,) = 4
700 Textbook of Algebra

and E2 = {(5,1), (5,2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5,5), (5, 6)} Sol. Let S be the sample space.
n (E2) = 6 If n(S)= 100, then
E1nE2={(5,4)} E] = The event that the student chosen fail in English
n(E] nE2) = l n(E]) = 30

Now, P(£, n £,) = =1 and E2 s The event that the student chosen fail in Hindi
n(S) 36 n(E2) = 20and n(E1nE2) = 10
n(P2) _6_ 1 n(E2)
and P(£z) = p(e2) =
n(S) 36 6 n(S)
Required probability, 20 _ 1
100 " 5
pA _ P(Ei nE2) = 36 = 1
n(E] n E2) _ 10
U2. P(E2) 1 6 and P(Ei C\E2) =
n(S) " 100 10
6
p A = n(£i nE 2) 1 I E _ -io-!
Aliter Required probability, P —
I £2) n(£2) 6 \E2. P(E2) 1'2
5
I Example 13. In a class, 30% students fail in English; n(£] nE2)
20% students fail in Hindi and 10% students fail in Aliter p A =
n(E2)
English and Hindi both. A student is chosen at random,
then what is the probability that he will fail in English, 10 1
if he has failed in Hindi? 20 2

g Exercise for Session 2

I
1 If P(A) = 0-8, P(B) = 0-5, then P(AnB) lies in the interval
(a)[0-Z0-5] (b) [0-2,0-3] (c) [0 ^0-5] (d) [0-1 05]
2 lfP(A) = P(B) = y^ and P(AnB) = then the value of P(AnB), is

(a) — (b)A (c)2_ (d) —

13 13 '13 13
3 If A and 8 are independent events such that P(A nB) = —- and P(A nB) = then P(B) is
15
(a) J (b)2 (d)|
□ 6 6
5
4 If A and 8 are two events such that P(A uB) = 6'PW =
?P(S>4 then A and B are

(a) mutually exclusive (b) dependent (c) independent (d) None of these
5 If A, B and C are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with a random experiment. If
3 1
P(B) = -P(A)and P(C) = -P(B), then P(A) is equal to

(a) — (b)— (c)A (d)-

13 13 13 13
6 If A and B are two events, thenP(A) + P(B) = 2P(AnB)if and only if
(a)P(A) + P(B)= 1 (b)P(A) = P(B) (c)P(A) +P(B) > 1 (d) None of these
1 — - i
7 If A and 8 are two events such that P(A nB) = -, P(A nB) = - and P(A) = P(B) = p, then p is equal to
44’ 5
(a)^ (b)— (c)21 (d)??
40 40 40 40
 Chap 09 Probability 701

3 1 2
8 If A and 8 are two events such that P(A <jB) = -, P(A nB) = -, P(A) = Then (A nB) is equal to
4 4 3
(a)- (b)? <c)|
12 8 8
3 — 1 — — 1
9 IfP(B) = P(AnBnC) = - and P(AnBnC) = -, then P(BnC) is equal to
4 3 3
(a) — (b)- (c) —
12 6 15
10 If A and B are two events such that P(A)>Q and then P =• isequalto

1-P(AoB)
<a)H( (b) Mi) (c)
P(B)
(d)^>
P(B)
3 5 3
11 |fP(A) = -,P(B) = - and P(AuB) = then P ■= is equal to
8 8 4’

(a)J (b)J . (c)| (dp4

b = Yis equal to
12 If two events A and 8 are such that P(A) = 0-3, P(8) = 0-4 and P(AnB) = 0-5, thenP -----
AuBJ
(a) J (b)J (c)| (d)|
*T 0 0 0

13 Two dice are thrown. The probability that the number appeared have a sum of 8. If it is known that the second
die always exhibits 4, is
(a) (b)J <c)| (d)J
0 0 J J

14 A is targetting to 8,8 and C are targetting to A The probability of hitting the target by A 8 and C are
2 1 1
3' 2’3
respectively. If A is hit, the probability that 8 hits the target and C does not, is
(a)- (bp (c)- (d)?
3 2 3 4
15 If >4 and B are two events such that A nB > cp, p\'(P^P^.Then,

(a)A = B (b)P(A) = P(B)

(c) A and B are independent (d) All of these
704 Textbook of Algebra

Then, P(£) = - IE \
6
Clearly, I I is the event he knew the answer to the
___ 1 5
P(£) = l-P(£)=l-- = question, given that he correctly answered it.
6 6
3 fET
- P (man speaking the truth) = — P(P3)-P-
4
£ • • *0 =
I EJ
__________________ ■ IP3J_________ _
I E
r-*lf E\A ( e\ (~
p(l)= 4 4
3
P (man not speaking the truth) =1---- -- 1
\
P(E1)-P - +P(E2)-P - +P(£2)-Pr
' —* 7 "

kPJ 1^27
\E\)
I T- I '

-•
“ ■

e- . (—
Clearly, eVis the event that it is actually a six, when it is lx!
'\EJ ______ 2_________ ’ 24 ■ __ ■- .

11111
known that the man reports a six. -X-+-X-+-X1 29
fp \ 3 4__ 6 8 2
P(E)-P|
£
I Example 20. A and B are two independent witnesses
— (F
P(E).P[|] + P(£)-P —
I E
(i.e., there is no collusion between them) in a case. The
probability that A will speak the truth is x and the
1 3
-X-
probability that B will speak the truth is y. A and B
6 4 3 agree in a certain statements. Show that the
13 5 1 8 probability that the statements is true, is
-X—+-X—
6 4 6 4 xy
I Example 19. In a test, an examinee either guesses or 1 - x - y + 2xy
copies or knows the answer to a multiple choice Sol. Let Ej be the event that both A and B speak the truth, E2
question with four choices. The probability that he be the event that both A and B tell a lie and E be the
1 event that A and B agree in a certain statements.
makes a guess is - and the probability that he copies
And also, let C be the event that A speak the truth and D be
the event that B speaks the truth.
the answer is The probability that his answer is
Et = C n D
[•." C and D are independent events]
correct given that he copied it is -. Find the probability
8 and E2 = C D
that he knew the answer to the question given that he then, P(El) = (C D)= P(C)-P(D)= xy
correctly answered it.
and P(E2)= P(C r>D)= P(C) P(D)
Sol. Lest Ei be the event that the answer is guessed, E2 be the
event that the answer is copied, £3 be the event that the = {1-P(C)} {l-P(D)} = (l-x)(l-y)
examinee knows the answer and £ be the event that the = l- x- y- xy
examinee answers correctly. fEA
Now, P — = Probability that A and B will agree, when
Given, P(£j) = -, P(£2) = - <•^17
3 6 both of them speak the truth = 1
Assume that events £b £2 and £3 are exhaustive (E\
P(E,)+P(E2)+P(E,)=1 and P — = Probability that A and B will agree, when both
\E2 J
P(E,) 1
P(£3) = l-P(£1)-P(£22)) =
= l-P(£,)-P(E = l-i-i
l-^ of them tell a lie = 1
3 6 2 7e . .
f EA Clearly, — be the event that the statement is true
Now, P — I EJ
( E\
= Probability of getting correct answer by guessing P(EJ P ~
.-.p£ = ______
=— [since 4 alternatives]
4 I EJ ( p>
Pf^-p ~ +P(E2)-P —
(r £f '
(EA 11 ^£2
P — = Probability of answering correctly by copying = -
<£27 88 xy ■ 1 xy
Ce> xy-l + (l-x-y + xy) • 1 1 - x - y + 2xy
and P — s Probability of answering correctly by
\E3J
knowing = 1
 Chap 09 Probability 705

g Exercise for Session 3

1. A bag A contains 3 white and 2 black balls and another bag B contains 2 white and 4 black balls. A bag and a
ball out of it are picked at random. The probability that the ball is white, is
(a)-2 (b)-7 (c)A4
(d)±7
7 9 15 15
2. There are two bags, one of which contains 3 black and 4 white balls, while the other contains 4 black and 3
white balls. A die is cast. If the face 1 or 3 turns up a ball is taken out from the first bag and if any other face
turns up, a ball is taken from the second bag. The probability of choosing a black ball, is
(a)— (b) — (c)— (d) —
15 15 21 21
3. There are two groups of subjects, one of which consists of 5 Science subjects and 3 Engineering subjects and
the other consists of 3 Science and 5 Engineering subjects. An unbiased die is cast. If number 3 or 5 turns up,
a subject from group I is selected, otherwise a subject is selected from group II. The probability that an
Engineering subject is selected ultimately, is
(a) — (b)— (c)— (d) —
13 17 24 20
4. Urn A contains 6 red and 4 white balls and um B contains 4 red and 6 white balls. One ball is drawn at random
from urn A and placed in um B. Then a ball is drawn from urn B and placed in um A. Now, if one ball is drawn
from urn A, the probability that it is red, is
6 17
(a) -J (b) 50 (o’® (d)?-2
55 55
5. A box contains N coins, of which m are fair and the rest are biased. The probability of getting head when a fair
1 2
coin is tossed is - , while it - when a biased coin is tossed. A coin is drawn from the box at random and is
2 3
tossed twice. The first time it shows head and the second time it shows tail. The probability that the coin drawn
is fair, is
(a)-J™- (b)-^L_ (c)
(C) —(d)-^- (d)
(b)
m+8N m+8N m+8N m+BN
6. A pack of playing cards was found to contain only 51 cards. If the first 13 cards which are examined are all red,
then the probability that the missing card is black, is
(a)- (b)2 (c) — (d)l®
3 3 26 39
7. A purse contains n coins of unknown values. A coin is drawn from it at random and is found to be a rupee.
Then the chance that it is the only rupee coin in the purse, is
(a)- (b)— (c) ———— (d)
(d)—L_
n n+1 n(n+1) n(n+1)
8. A card is lost from a pack of 52 playing cards. From the remainder of the pack, one card is drawn and is found
to be a spade. The probability that the missing card is a spade, is
(a)— (b)A (c)-i (d)A
17 17 17 17
9. A person is known to speak the truth 4 times out of 5. He throws a die and reports that it is an ace. The
probability that it is actually an ace, is
(a)l (b)| (c>5 (d)|

10. Each of the n urns contains 4 white and 6 black balls, the (n +1) th urn contains 5 white and 5 black balls. Out of
(n +1) urns an um is chosen at random and two balls are drawn from it without replacement. Both the balls are
1
found to be black. If the probability that the (n + 1)th um was chosen to drawn the balls is — , the value

of n, is
(a) 10 .(b) 11 (c)12 (d)13
Session 4 ■ av t?.r—tit-...- . » -ic-r-r - .-t - ~m—. • *~rm~r* n r~r~TT r~r~~r~^ s .ntj. .e«cr. . wac i v-'-'c.W^.nrv '

Binomial Theorem on Probability, Poisson Distribution,

Expectation, Multinomial Theorem, Uncountable Uniform
Spaces (Geometrical Problems)

Binomial Theorem 9
i
io
on Probability Let X be the random variable, showing the number of ships
Suppose, a binomial experiment has probability of success reaching safely.
p and that of failure q (i.e., p + q = 1). If E be an event and Then, P (atleast 4 reaching safely) - P(X = 4 or X = 5)
let X = number of successes i.e., number of times event E
= P(X = 4) + P(X =5)
occurs in n trials. Then, the probability of occurrence of
4 5-4 5 5-5
event E exactly r times in n trials is denoted by 9 1 £
= SC4 + 5c5
P(X = r) or P(r) and is given by P(X = r) 10 10 10 10
or P(r) = nCr prqn~r 5 x 94 95 94 X 14
= (r +1) th terms in the expansion of (g + p)" 105 105
where, r = 0, 1, 2, 3,.... n.
[| Example 22. Numbers are selected at random one at
Remark a time, from the numbers 00, 01, 02,..., 99 with
1. The probability of getting atleast A success is replacement. An event E occurs, if and only if the
n
P(r>k) = product of the two digits of a selected number is 18. If
r =k four numbers are selected, then find the probability that
2. The probability of getting atmost A success is E occurs atleast 3 times.
A
P(0 < r < A) = ^nCrprqn-'. Sol. Out of the numbers 00, 01, 02, ..., 99, those numbers the
r=0 product of whose digits is 18 are 29, 36, 63, 92 i.e., only 4.
4 1 — 1 24
3. The probability distribution of the random variable X is as p = P(E) = — = -,q = P(E) = l-- = -
given below 100 25 25 25
_X ■J 1 2 r n Let X be the random variable, showing the number of times
E occurs in 4 selections.
P(X) nCj pqn n.
nCrprqn Tn Then, P(E occurs atleast 3 times) = P(X = 3 or X = 4)
4. The mean, the variance and the standard deviation of = P(X = 3) + P(X = 4) = 4C3 p 3ql + 4C4 p V
binomial distribution are np. npq, y/npq. 4
5. Mode of binomial distribution Mode of Binomial |3
24
- 4p3q + p4 = 4 X x—+
distribution is the value of r when P(X = r) is maximum. 25 1 25 25
(/?+ 1) p - 1 < r < (n+ 1)p 97
390625
I Example 21. If on an average, out of 10 ships, one is
drowned, then what is the probability that out of 5 I Example 23. A man takes a step forward with
ships, atleast 4 reach safely? probability 0.4 and backward with probability 0.6.
So/. Let p be the probability that a ship reaches safely. Then, find the probability that at the end of eleven
9 steps he is one step away from the starting point.
"P=1° 99 Sol. Since, the man is one step away from starting point mean
/. q = Probability that a ship is drowned = 1 - p = 1----- that either
10 (0 man has taken 6 steps forward and 5 steps backward.
 Chap 09 Probability 707

(ii) man has taken 5 steps forward and 6 steps backward. I Example 25. Write probability distribution, when
Taking, movement 1 step forward as success and 1 step three coins are tossed.
backward as failure. Sol. Let X be a random variable denoting the number of heads
p = Probability of success = 0.4 occurred, then P(X = 0) = Probability of occurrence of
and q = Probability of failure = 0.6 zero head
1 1 1
:. Required probability = P(X = 6 or X =5) = P(T7T)=-
2 2 2 8
= P(X = 6) + P(X = 5) = "C6 p6q5 + nC5 p55q66 P(X = 1) = Probability of occurrence of one head
- C5{p q +I p»5 q_6\)
_ = P(H7T)+ P(7HT) + P(77H)
111 111 111 3
_ 11-10-9-8-7 = —• — • — + —. — ■ — 4-- • — • — = —
{(0 - 4)6(0-6)5 + (0-4)5(0-6)6} 222 222 222 8
1-2-3-4-5
P(X = 2) = Probability of occurrence of two heads
= 1140^ s=037
= P(HHT) + P(HTH)+ P(THH)
1-2-3-4-5
111' 111 111 3
• Hence, the required probability is 0-37. =---------- 1---------- 4.--------- = -
222 222 222 8
I Example 24. Find the minimum number of tosses of P(X = 3) = Probability of occurrence of three heads
a pair of dice, so that the probability of getting the
= P(HHH) = -•-■- = -
sum of the digits on the dice equal to 7 on atleast one 2 2 2 8
toss, is greater than 0.95. (Given, log10 2 = 0-3010, Thus, the probability distribution when three coins are
log10 3 = 0-4771) tossed is as given below
Sol. The sample space, X o ; 1 2 3
S = {1,2,3, 4,5,6} X {1,2,3, 4,5,6} P(X) TTH
8 8
3
81
1
8
n(S) = 36 and let E be the event getting the sum of
digits on the dice equal to 7, then
£ = {(1,6), (6,1), (2,5), (5,2), (3,4), (4,3)} X : 0 12 3
n(£) = 6 another form,
p = Probability of getting the sum 7 P(X) : 13 3 1
6 1 , .15 <3888,
p =—=- q = l-p=l-- = -
36 6 6 6
v Probability of not throwing the sum 7 in first m trials = q m
I Example 26. The mean and variance of a binomial
variable X are 2 and 1, respectively. Find the
P (atleast one 7 in m throws) = 1 - q m = 1 - -T
6J
probability that X takes values greater than 1.
Sol. Given, mean, np = 2 —(i)
According to the question,
( sY"
1 - I - I >0-95
and variance, npq - 1 —(ii)
On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get q = -
m m 2
5 5 1
I <1-0-95 => I <0.05 P=1-9=-
.6 6

=> -V<-
6 J 20
From Eq. (i), n X =2 n=4

The binomial distribution is I - + - |

Taking logarithm, 12 2)
=> m {log! o 5 - log10 6} < logio 1 - log10 20
Now, P(X > 1) = P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) + P(X = 4)
=> m{1 - log^ 2 - log10 2 - logl0 3} < 0 - logl0 2 - log1010 2 2 3
I +4C.■ PTi I +4C.<2
=* m{l-21og102- log103} < - log102 - 1 1 1 i
= 4c. 2 2 2
=> m {1 - 0.6020 - 0.4771} < - 03010 - 1
=> -0.079m <-13010 6+4 + 1 11
=—
1-3010 16 16
m >------- = 16.44 Aliter P(X > 1) = 1 - {P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)}
0.079
3
m > 16.44
Hence, the least number of trials is 17.
= 1-
I =1-
1+4
16
11
16
708 Textbook of Algebra

Poisson Distribution P(A wins at the first trial) = -

6
It is the limiting case of binomial distribution under the P(A wins at the 3rd trials) = -■-•-
6 6 6
following conditions: 5 5 5 5 1
P(A wins at the 5th trials) = and so on.
(i) Number of trails are very large i.e. n —> oo 6 6 6 6 6
(ii) p —> 0 5 ,21 5 ? 1
Therefore, P(A wins) = - + -+ •-+...00
(iii) nq —> X, a finite quantity (X is called parameter) 6 k6 6 6 1 6
(a) Probability of r success for poisson distribution is 1
6_ _6_
given by P(X = r) =------- ,r =0,1, 2....... 2
li
r! (-
1~
(b) Recurrence formula for poisson distribution is
given by P(r +1) = P(r) 5 1 5 i3l 5 i5l
Similarly, P(B wins) - ----- + -+
6 6 6 1 6 6 I 6
5 1
Remark _5_
_ 6 6
1. For poisson distribution, mean = variance = X = np 2
n
5
2. If X and Y are independent poisson variates with parameters 1-
X, and X2, then X + Y has poisson distribution with parameter 6
X, + X2.
Hence, expectations of A and B are ? X 11 and ? — x 11.
respectively, i.e. Expectations of A and B are ? 6 and ? 5,
Expectation respectively.

If p be the probability of success of a person in any

venture and m be the sum of money which he will receive
in case of success, the sum of money denoted by pm is
Multinomial Theorem
called his expectation. If a dice has m faces marked 1, 2, 3,..., m and if such n dice
are thrown, then the probability that the sum of the
I Example 27. A random variable X has Poisson’s numbers of the upper faces is equal to r is given by the
distribution with mean 3. Then find the value of f x + x2 + + x m)n
coefficient of xr in ------------ —------- —.
P(X>2.5) mn
Sol. P(X > 2.5) = 1 - P (X = 0) - P(X = 1) - P(X = 2)
xk I Example 29. A person throws two dice, one the
P{X=k) = e~X~ common cube and the other a regular tetrahedron, the
kl
number on the lowest face being taken in the case of
p e x-X* e~x-X2
P(X > 2.5) = 1 - — - the tetrahedron, then find the probability that the sum
0! 1! 2! of the numbers appearing on the dice is 6.
( ' 12 >
= 1 - e~X 1 + X + — Sol. Let S be the sample space, then
I 2J S = {1,2,3, 4} X {1,2,3, 4,5,6}
=1-e 1 + 3 + -1 (•.• X = np = 3) n(S) = 24
2J
If E be the event that the sum of the numbers on dice is 6.
=>-4 2e3 Then, n(E) = Coefficient of x6 in
(x1 + x2 + x3 + x4) x (x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6)
I Example 28. A and B throw with one die for a stake
=1+1+1+1=4
of ? 11 which is to be won by the player who first
throw 6. If A has the first throw, then what are their /.Required probability, P(E) = = 24 = 6
respective expectations?
Sol. Since, A can win the game at the 1st, 3rd, 5th,.trials.
I Example 30. Five ordinary dice are rolled at random
If p be the probability of success and q be the probability of
fail, then and the sum of the numbers shown on them is 16.
1 j 5 What is the probability that the numbers shown on
p = - and q = -
6 6 each is any one from 2, 3, 4 or 5?
 Chap 09 Probability 709

So/. If the integers xb x2, x 3, x4 and x 5 are shown on the So/. Let A and B arrive at the place of their meeting x minutes
dice, then x, + x2 + x3 + x4 + x 5 = 16 and y minutes after 11 noon.
where, 1 < x( < 6 0 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) Y
The number of total solutions of this equation. R B
C
= Coefficient of x16 in (x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x66x5 )5 (0, 60)
0
= Coefficient of x16 in x5 (1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5)5 z

= Coefficient of x11 in (1 + x + xz + x3 + x4 + x5)5

= Coefficient of x11 in —r x'~

r
S
(0. 20)
P
(0.60)
A
(60.0)
-X

= Coefficient of x11 in (1 - x6)5(l - x)-5

The given condition => their meeting is possible only if
= Coefficient of x11 in
|x-y|<20 ...(i)
(1 - 5x6 + ...)(1+ 5CjX+ 6C2x 2+...
OABC is a square, where A = (60,0) and C = (0,60)
+ 9CCix 5 + ...+ ,5C11x1,+...)
= ,5Ch-5-’C5 Considering the equality part of Eq. (i)
i.e., |x-y| = 20
= 15C4-5-’C4 = 15141312 -5---------- = 735
9-8-7-6
1-2-3-4 1-2-3-4 /.The area representing the favourable cases
IfS be the sample space = Area OPQBRSO
n(S) = 735 = Area of square OABC - Area of
Let E be the occurrence event, then APAQ - Area of ASRC
n(E) = The number of integral solutions of
= (60)(60) - -(40)(40) - -(40)(40)
X] + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 16, 2 2
where 2 < x( < 5 (i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) = 3600 - 1600 = 2000 sq units
= Coefficient of x16 in (x2 + x3 + x4 + x5)5
Total way = Area of square OABC = (60)(60) = 3600 sq units
= Coefficient of x16 in x10(l + x + x2 + x3)5 _ • . . .... 2000 5
Required probability =----- = -
= Coefficient of x6 in (1 + x + x2 + x3)5 3600 9
4\51
1 - x4 I Example 32. Consider the cartesian plane/?2 and let
= Coefficient of x6 in
i-x J X denote the subset of points for which both
= Coefficient of x6 in (1 - x4 )5 (1 - x)-5 coordinates are integers. A coin of diameter - is tossed
= Coefficient of x6 in
randomly onto the plane. Find the probability p that
(1 -5x4 + ...)(! + 5CjX + 6C2x2 + ...+ ,0Ctx6 + ...) the coin covers a point of X.
= 10C6 -5-6 C2 = 10C4 -5-6 C2 Sol. Let S denote the set of points inside a square with comers
10-9-8-7 „ 6-5 n,n (a, b), (a, b + 1), (a + 1, b\ (a + 1, b + l)e X
=-------------- 5------= 210-75= 135
1-2-3-4 1-2 (a. b+1) (a + 1.b+1)
135 9 C
/. The required probability, P(E) = ci 1/4/
n(S) 735 49

Uncountable Uniform Spaces S

(Geometrical Problems)
8
I Example 31. Two persons A and B agree to meet at a (a.b) (a+1, b)
place between 11 to 12 noon. The first one to arrive
Let P denotes the set of points in 5 with distance less than
waits for 20 min and then leave. If the time of their
arrival be independent and at random, then what is from any comer point, (observe that the area of P is equal
the probability that A and B meet? to the area inside a circle of
710 Textbook of Algebra

and Z-(x + y)>0

radius —). Thus a coin, whose centre falls in S, will cover a
4 i.e., x + y <1 or y <1 - x
point of X if and only if its centre falls in a point of P.
2
Since, in a triangle, the sum of any two sides is greater than
7t
2 third side, so
area of P •4 , . I
Hence,p = — =0.2 x + y > / - (x + y)=>y > - - x
area of S 1 15
, , I
and x + Z-(x + y)>y=>y<-
I Example 33. Three points P, Q and R are selected at 2
random from the circumference of a circle. Find the and
. , I
y + /-(x + y)>x=>x<-
probability p that the points lie on a semi-circle. 2
1
Sol. Let the length of the circumference is 2s. Let x denote the — x < y < -/ and 0 < x < I-
clockwise arc length of PQ and let y denote the clockwise 2 2 2
arc length of PR. rI //2 r"2 dydx
. .
Jl/2-x J
So, required probability =

f//2J1 - 1 >
— x ■dx f"2xdx
12 2 J Jo______ Z2/8 2
R ^(Z - x)dx I212 4
O' | (/ - x)dx
''........ y
Aliter
Thus, 0 < x < 2s and 0 < y < 2s
The elementary event w is characterised by two parameters
Let A denotes the subset of S for which any of the following
x and y [since z - I - (x + y)]. We depict the event by a
conditions holds:
point on x, y plane. The conditions x>0, y>0, x + y<l
(i) x, y < s (ii) x < s and y - x > s are imposed on the quantities x and y, the sample space is
(iii) x, y > s (iv) y < s and x - y > s 1 of a right angled triangle with unit legs
the interior
Then, A consists of those points for which P, Q and R lie on i.e. 5q —.
a semi-circle. Thus, 2
4 Y

2s 1 1

1/2
*~F'
-X
II Z: 0 1/2 1
:ii
The condition A requiring that a triangle could be formed
0 2s
from the segments x, y, I - (x + y) reduces to the following
area of A 3s2 3 two conditions: (1) The sum of any two sides is larger than
p =----------
area of S 4s2 4 the third side, (2) The difference between any two sides is
smaller than the third side. This condition is associated
I Example 34. A wire of length / is cut into three with the triangular domain A with area.
pieces. Find the probability that the three pieces form 1
a triangle. 1 8 £
J. = i ... p(A) = ^ = W
SA =
So/. Let the lengths of three parts of the wire be x, y and 2 4 8 Sa 1 4
l-(x + y). Then, x > 0, y > 0 2

I
 Chap 09 Probability 711

§ Exercise for Session 4

1 A coin is tossed three times. The probability of getting exactly 2 heads is
(a) -
4
(b) -
8
(c) -
8
(d)l
2 A coin is tossed 4 times. The probability that atleast one head turns up is
<a)~ (b) -! . (C)Z (d)L5
1b 8 8 16
3 The following is the probability distribution of a random variable X.
X
~P<X)
rz 0.1
2
0.2
3
k I 0.3
4 5
2k
The value oik is
(a)— (b)-^
(b) — <e)J (d) —
15 15 15
4 A random variable X has the distribution
X | 2 3 4
P(X=x)\ 0.3 1 0.4 0.3

Then, variance of the distribution, is

(a) 06 (b) 0 7 (c) 0-77 (d) $55
5. Ina box containing 100 bulbs, 10 bulbs are defective. Probability that out of a sample of 5 bulbs, none is defective, is
(a)10-5 (b)2“5 (c)(0-9)5 (d)0-9
6. A pair of dice is rolled together till a sum of either 5 or 7 is obtained. The probability that 5 comes before 7, is
(a) - (b) - (c) - (d) None of these
5 7 7
7. If X follows the binomial distribution with parameters n = 6 and p and 9P (X = 4) = P(X = 2), then p is
(a)1 (b)J (c)J (d)?
» 0 X- 0

8. If probability of a defective bolt is 0.1, then mean and standard deviation of distribution of bolts in a total of 400, are
(a) 30,3 (b)40,5 (c)30,4 (d)40,6
n 5 15
9. The mean and variance of a binomial distribution are - and — respectively, then value of p, is
4 16
(a) J (b)l| (c)J (d)3
10. The mean and variance of a binomial distribution are 6 and 4, then n is
(a) 9 (b) 12 (c) 18 (d) 10
11. A die is thrown 100 times. Getting an even number is considered a success. Variance of number of successes, is
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d)50
12. 10% of tools produced by a certain manufacturing process turn out to be defective. Assuming binomial
distribution, the probability of 2 defective in sample of 10 tools chosen at random, is
(a) 0368 (b) 0.194 (c)Q271 (d) None of these
1
13. If X follows a binomial distribution with parameters n = 100 and p = -, then P (X = r) is maximum, when r equals
3
(a) 16 (b) 32 (c)33 (d) None of these
14. The expected value of the number of points, obtained in a single throw of die, is
(a) | (b)| (c)Z (d)|

15. Two points P and Q are taken at random on a line segment OA of length a. The probability that PQ > b, where
0 <b <a,is
,2
(b)^ a-2b
(a)- (d)
a a V a J a -b
f

Shortcuts and Important Results to Remember

1 If n letters corresponding to n envelopes are placed in the (b) Dice If ‘one’ die is thrown ‘n ’ times or ‘n ’ dice are
envelopes at random, then thrown once, then number of simple events (or simple
points) in the space of the experiment is 6° (here dice
(i) probability that all letters are in right envelopes = —.
n! is cubical). All events are equally likely.
(ii) probability that all letters are not in right envelopes (c) Playing Cards A pack of playing cards has 52 cards.
=1-1. There are four suits Spade (± black face), Heart (V
n! red face), Diamond (♦ red face) and Club (♦ black
(iii) probability that no letter is in right envelopes face) each having 13 cards. In 13 cards of each suit,
there are 3 face (or court) cards namely King, Queen
2! 3! 4! n! and Jack (or knave), so there are in all 12 face cards 4
(iv) probability that exactly r letters are in right envelopes King, 4 Queen and 4 Jacks (or knaves). 4 of each suit
=2 1
.. + (-1)n-f
1__ namely Ace (or Ekka), King, Queen and Jack (or
r! 2! 3! 4! K ' (n - r)l * knave).
(i) Game of bridge It is played by 4 players, each
2 When two dice are thrown, the probability of getting a player is given 13 cards.
total r (sum of numbers on upper faces), is
(ii) Game of whist It is played by two pairs of persons.
^,if2<r<7 (ii) (13 ~ (iii) If two cards (one after the other) can be drawn out
(i) ,if2<r<7 (ii) , if8<r <12
36 36 of a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards, then number of
3 When three dice are thrown, the probability of getting a ways; (x) With replacement is
total r (sum of numbers on upper faces), is 52 x 52 = (52)2 =2704(0) Without replacement is
—^-,if3<r<8 (ii) — , if r = 9 52x51=2652.
(>) if 3 < r < 8
216 216 (iv) Two cards (simultaneously) can be drawn out of a
27 25 well-shuffled pack of 52 cards, then number of
(iii) —, if r = 10,11 (iv)-----
(iv) ——, , ififrr==12
12
216 216 ways is C2 = —-— = 1326
(20-r)c2
8 Out of (2n + 1) tickets consecutively numbered, three are
(v) , if 13 < r < 18
216 drawn at random, then the probability that the numbers
3n
4 If A and B are two finite sets (Let n (A) = n and n (S) = m) and on them are in AP, is —x—■.
4n2 -1
if a mapping is selected at random from the set of all
mappings from A to 8, the probability that the mapping is 9 Out of 3n consecutive integers, three are selected at
mp random, then the probability that their sum is divided by 3,
(i) a one-one function is — . (3n2 -3n + 2)
m IS (3/7-1)(3n-2)
n*
(ii) a one-one onto function is —
m 70 Two numbers a and b are chosen at random from the set
mp {1,2,8 . 5n}, the probability that a4 -bA is divisible by 5,
(iii) a many one function is 1----- A . 17n-5
m is------ .
5(5n-1)
5 If r squares are selected from a chess board of size 8x8
then the probability that they lie on a diagonal line, is 11 Two numbers a and b are chosen at random from the set
{1,2,8, 3n} the probability that a2 - b2 is divisible by 3,
4(7C, + 6C, + 5C, + ... + 'C,) + 2(eC,) , £f s7
,s(5n-^
“C,
3(3n -1)
6 If n objects are distributed among n persons, then the
72 Two numbers a and b are chosen at random from the set
probability that atleast one of them will not get anything, is
{1,2,8..., 3n}, the probability that a3 + b3 is divisible by
nn -n\
nn ’ 3, is -.
3
7 Points about coin, dice and playing cards: 73 There are n stations between two cities A and B. A train is
(a) Coin If ‘one’ coin is tossed n times ‘n ' coins are to stop at three of these n stations. The probability that
tossed once, then number of simple events (or simple no two of these three stations are consecutive, is
points) in the space of the experiment is2n. All these (n-3)(n-4)
events are equally likely. n(n -1)
 JEE Type Solved Examples:
Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 multiple choice examples. Sol. (d) n (S) = Total number of ways of selecting 3 integers
Each example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of from 20 natural numbers = 20C3 = 1140.
which ONLY ONE is correct. Their product is multiple of 3 means atleast one number is
divisible by 3. The number which are divisible by 3 are 3, 6,
• Ex. 1 The probability that in a year of 22nd century 9,12, 15 and 16.
chosen at random, there will be 53 Sundays, is n(E) = The number of ways of selecting atleast one of
(a)- (b)— (c)- (d)- them multiple of 3
28 28 28 28 = 6G x ,4C2 + 6C2 x x 6C3 = 776
So/, (d) In the 22nd century, there are 25 leap years viz. 2100,
2104, 2108,..., 2196 and 75 non-leap years. Required probability =
Consider the following events: n(S)
E} = Selecting a leap year from 22nd century _ 776 194
£2 = Selecting a non-leap year from 22nd century ” 1140 285
£ = There are 53 Sundays in a year of 22nd century
We have, • Ex. 4 If three numbers are selected from the set of the
first 20 natural numbers, the probability that they are in
25 , P(£2) = —
P(Ef) = — £ | = - and p| — | = 1_
75 , p| —
GP, is
100 100 <e100J 7 Ei ^£2J 7
1 4
Required probability = P(£) = P((£ n £,) u(£ n £2)) (b)^

= P(£n£1)+P(£n£2)
(c) — (d)-
„/r.x /£") 1140 71
= P(E,).P| A | + P(E2).p[A
Sol. (c) n(S) = Total number of ways of selecting 3 numbers
from first 20 natural numbers = 20C3 = 1140
25 2 75 1 5
=__ x — 4-__ x — =__
100 7 100 7 28 Three numbers are in GP, the favourable cases are 1, 2,4; 1,
3, 9; 1, 4, 16; 2, 4, 8; 2, 6, 18; 3, 6, 12; 4, 8, 16; 5, 10, 20; 4, 6, 9;
• Ex. 2 In a convex hexagon two diagonals are drawn at 8, 12, 18; 9,12, 16
random. The probability that the diagonals intersect at an .’. n(£) = The number of favourable cases = 11
interior point of the hexagon, is _ . , , .... n(£) 11
.*. Required probability =------ =------
< < n(S) 1140

So/, (a) We have, • Ex. 5 Two numbers b and c are chosen at random with
Number of diagonals of a hexagon = 6C2 -6 = 9 replacementfrom the numbers 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. The
n (s) = Total number of selections of two diagonals probability that x2 + bx + c>0 for all x G R, is
= 9C2 = 36 . X 17 /kX 32
(a) — (b) —
and n(£) = The number of selections of two diagonals 123 81
which intersect at an interior point , x 82 MX 45
(c) — (d)-----
= The number of selections of four vertices = 6C4 =15 125 143
So/, (b) Here, x2 + bx + c > 0, V x G R
Hence, required probability =
=----- - = — = —
n(S) 36 12 D<0
=> b2 < 4c
• Ex. 3 If three integers are chosen at random from the set
offirst 20 natural numbers, the chance that their product is
a multiple of 3, is

194
(d) — X
’ 285
 714 Textbook of Algebra

Value of b Possible values of c c* Ex. 7 A quadratic equation is chosen from the set of all
1 1 < 4c 1 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, quadratic equations which are unchanged by squaring their
=>c > — =>
4 9} roots. The chance that the chosen equation has equal roots, is
2 4 < 4c =>c > 1 =>
(a) 7 (b) 1
3 9 < 4c 9 {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} 2 3
=>c > — =>
____ 4
(c) — (d) None of these
4 16<4c =>c> 4 =>{5, 6, 7, 8, 9} 4
5 25 <4c =>c>6.25=> {7,8,9} Sol. (a) Let a and p be the roots of the quadratic equation.
£ 36 < 4c => c > 9 => Impossible According to question,
7 Impossible a + p = a2 +p2 andap = a2 p2 => aP(ap-l) = 0
8 Impossible => «P = 1 or ap = 0
9 Impossible => a = 1, p = l;a = cqp = co2 [cube roots and unity]

n(E)= Number of favourable cases = 9 + 8 + 7 + 5 + 3 = 32 a = l,p = 0;a=0,P = 0

n(S) = Total ways = 9x9=81 .•.n(S) = Number of quadratic equations which are
32 unchanged by squaring their roots = 4
n(-E)
Required probability = and n(E) = Number of quadratic equations have equal roots
n(S) 81
=2
n(£) 2 1
• Ex. 6 Three dice are thrown. The probability of getting Required probability =
a sum which is a peifect square, is n(S) 4 2

(b)^
• Ex. 8 Three-digit numbers are formed using the digits 0,
20
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 without repetition of digits. If a number is chosen

I (c> 4 (d) None of these at random, then the probability that the digits either increase
or decrease, is
Sol. (d) n(S) = Total number of ways =6x6x6 = 216
12 3 4
The sum of the numbers on three dice varies from 3 to 18 (% (b)n (c)~ (d)n
and among these 4, 9 and 16 are perfect squares.
Sol. (c) n(5) = Total number of three digit numbers
n(E) = Number of favourable ways
= 6P3 - 5P2 = 120-20 = 100
= Coefficient of x4 in
(x + x2 +... + x6)3 + Coefficient of x9 in n(E) = Number of numbers with digits either increase or
decrease
(x + x2+... +x6)3 + Coefficient of x16 in
= Number of numbers with increasing digits + Number of
> _i_ ~-2 , , 6'3
numbers with decreasing digits
= Coefficient of x in(l + x + ... + x5)3 + Coefficient of x6 = 5C3 + 6C3 = 10 + 20 = 30
in (1 + x + x2 +... + x5)3 + Coefficient of x13 30 _3_
/. Required probability =
in (1 + x + x2 +...+ x5)3 n(S) 100 10

= Coefficient of x in(1 - x6)3(l - x)"3 + Coefficient of x6 in

• Ex. 9 If X follows a binomial distribution with
(1 - x6)3(l - x)-3 + Coefficient of x13 in(l - x6)3(l - x)-3
parametersn=8 andp = then p(| x - 41 < 2) is equal to
= Coefficient of x in (1) (1 + 3C\x +...) + Coefficient of x6 (b)-2
in (1 - 3x6)(l + 3CjX + ...) + Coefficient of x13 in , x 121
(a) — (c) —
(l-3x6 +3x12 +...);(! + 3CjX+...) 128 128 128 128

= 3Cj + (8C6 - 3) + (15C13 - 3 x 9C7 + 9) Sol. (b) Here, p = -, n = 8

2
= 3Q + (8C2 - 3) + (15C2 - 3 x 9C2 + 9)
, p=l-=
g=l- , 1 1
9=l-p=l~-
= 3 + 25 + 6 2 2 8
= 34 .'.The binomial distribution is (— + —
34 17 12 2
„ . , , , ci(E)
.'. Required probability =------ Also, |x — 4|<2
n(5) 216 108
=> -2<x-4<2 =>2<x<6
 Chap 09 Probability 715

p(|x - 4| < 2) = p(x = 2) + p(x = 3) + p(x = 4) The probability of having a rash for a child sick with the
+ p(x = 5) + p(x = 6) measles is 0.95. However, occasionally children with the flue
1
2
1
6
1
3 5
1A
4
1
4 also develop a rash with conditional probability 0.08. Upon
1
= 8C
C2 I +8c3 I +8c4 examination the child, the doctorfinds a rash, then the
2 2 2 2 2J 2
probability that the child has the measles, is
5 3 6 2
1 1 1 1 . x 89 ... 91 . . 93 .95
+ 8c5 + 8C6 (a)----- (b)----- (c)----- (d)-----
2 2 2 2 167 167 167 167
8c2 + 8c3 + 8c4 + 8c5 + 8c6 Sol. (d) v P(F) = 0-90, P(M) = 0-10,
28 ( ( r\ R
P - =0-08, P — =0-95
238 119 (F M
256 128 / R
P(M)P -
0 Ex. 10 A doctor is called to see a sick child. The doctor
knows (prior to the visit) that 90% of the sick children in that
4-
I RJ= ( p\
I M
(p
P(M).P - +P(F)-P -
FJ
neighbourhood are sick with the flue, denoted by F, while
10% are sick with the measles, denoted byM. A well-known 010x095 0 095 95
symptom of measles is a rash, denoted by R. 0-10x 0-95 + 0 90x 0 08 0-167 167

JEE Type Solved Examples:

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
■ This section contains 5 multiple choice examples. Each • Ex. 12 A random variable X follows binomial distribution
example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which with mean a and variance b. Then,
more than one may be correct.
(a) a > b > 0
b
* Ex. 11 Let pn denote the probability of getting n heads,
when a fair coin is tossed m times. Ifp4,p5,p^ are 'n AP, a2 . . ... a2
aninteger
(c) ------ isisan integer (d)
(d) is an integer
then values ofm can be a -b----------------------------- a + b
(a) 5 (b)7 (c) 10 (d) 14 Sol. (a, b, c) Suppose, X ~ B(n, p) i.e. (q + p)n
4 m-4
Sol. (b, d) v p4 = mC4
1
2
1
2
I
! -
f’"'
c4 -T
2J
Here, np = a and npq = b
b , b
q = -, then p = 1 - q = 1----
5 m-S m a a
1 1 _ TH z-* 1
Ps = mC5 : - e5
2 2 2 Now, 0<q<l=>0<-<l => a> b>Q [alternate (a)]
6 z m-6 m a
1 1 1
and P6 = mC6 i “ C6 and -> 1 [alternate (b)]
2 2 2 b
a2 (np)2 np np
According to the question, p4, p5, p6 are in AP Also, = —— = - - = n = Integer
a-b np - npq 1 - q p
2ps = p4 + P6 [alternate (c)J
m
2 X mC5
ir = mC4 1 Im +mC6 1
• Ex. 13 If A}, A An are n independent events, such
2 2 2
that P (A,) = yi-, i = 1,2,...,n, then the probability that
or 2X mC5 = C4 + mC6
m
5 m-6+1
or => 2 = ------------ 4- none of Ay, A 2, A An occur, is
mcs ' (-5 m-5+ 1 6
(a)-"- (b)
5 m-5
=> 2= ------+ => (m2 -2) m + 98 = 0 n +1 n +1
m- 4 6
1
=s (m - 14)(m-7) = 0 (c) less than - (d) greater than
n n+2
m = 7 or 14
716 Textbook of Algebra

Sol. (b, c, d) Ab A2, A3,..., An are n independent, then 3

As the maximum value of P(A n B) = we get
Required probability = P(A[ n A2 H A3 n... n A'n)
= P(A[).P(A$).P(A5)...P(A') 3 11
P(A) + P(B) - - < 1 => P(A) + P(B) < — [alternate (a)]
= (1 - P(A,))(1 - P(A2))(1 - P(A3))...(1 - P(An)) 8 8
1 '
= 1-1 i-i 1 --1 |... 1 - • Ex. 15 A, B,C and D cut a pack of 52 cards successively in
k 2 3 4 n + 1, the order given. If the person who cuts a spade first receives
1 2 3 n 1 350, then the expectations of
= - X-X - X...X
2 3 4 n+1 n+1 (a) B is ? 96 (b) D is ? 54
1 1 1 (c)(A + C)is ? 200 (d) (B - D)is ? 56
v n + 2 > n + 1 > n; ------ <
n+2 n+1 n Sol. (a, b, c) Let E be the event of any one cutting a spade in
one cut and let S be the sample space, then
3 n(E) = l3C, = 13 and n(S) = 52 C} = 52
• Ex. 14 A and B are two events, such that P(A<J B) > —
4 = i and q = p(E) = 1 - p = |
1 3 p = P(E) =
and - < P(A n B) < -, then n(S) 4 4
8 8 The probability of A winning (when A starts the game)
(a) P(A)+P(B)s!1 3 _64_
(b) P(A)-P(B)<- — P + 94P + 98P + • ■ •oo = P 4_
8 8 l-94 4
175
(-
7 1-
(c) P(A) + P(B)>- (d) None of these
:.
64
E(A) = ? 350 x — = ? 128
I4
3 175
Sol. (a, c) v - < P(A u B) < 1 3
r 4 E(B) = ? 128 X q = ? 128 x - = ? 96
3 4
=> -<P(A) + P(B)-P(AnB)<l 3
4 E(C) = ?96 X q = ?96 X - = ? 72
4
As the minimum value of P(A n B) = -, we get 3
8 and E(D) = ?72 X q = ?72 x - = ? 54
13 7
P(A) + P(B) -->-=> P(A) + P(B) > - [alternate (c)J E(A + C) = ? 200 and E(B - D) = ? 42.
8 4 8

J EE Type Solved Examples:

Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 3 solved passages based upon each
of the passage 3 multiple choice examples have to be Value of b Possible values of a and c
answered. Each of these examples has four choices (a), (b), 3 (1,1), (1,2), (2,1)___________________
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
4 (1.1) , (1,2), (2,1), (1,3), (3, 1)_________
Passage I 5 (1.1) ,(1,2), (2,1),(1,3), (3, 1), (2, 2), (1,4),
(Ex. Nos. 16 to 18) (4, 1), (1, 5), (5, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2), (1, 6), (6,1)
6 (1.1) , (1,2), (2, 1),(1,3),(3,1), (2, 2), (1,4),
Each coefficient in the equation ax + bx + c = Qis (4, 1), (1, 5), (5, 1),
determined by throwing an ordinary die. (2, 3), (3, 2), (1, 6), (6, 1), (2, 4), (4, 2)
16. The probability that roots of quadratic are real and If E be the event of favourable cases, then n(E) = 38
distinct, is Total ways, n(S) = 6 x 6 x 6= 216
, . 5 ... 19 . . 173 17 u • j . k i n(£) 38 J9_
(a)-- (b)-£
(b)-- (c)
(c) --
— (d) — Hence, the required probability, pj =------ = — = -
216 108 216 108 n(S) 216 108
So/, (b) For roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 to be real and distinct, 17. The probability that roots of quadratic are equal, is
b2 - 4ac > 0 5 7 11 17
(a) — (b) — (c) — (d) —
Possible values of a and c 216 216 216 216
Value of b
So/.(a) For roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 to be equal b2 = 4ac
1,2 No values of a and c
i.e. b2 must be even.
 Chap 09 Probability 717

Value of b Possible values of a and c " ( E

Sol. (b)P = P(E) = £-P(£JP|- -(ii)
2 (1. 1)
n
4 (2, 2), (1, 4), (4, 1)
6 (3, 3) i -1 n

If E be the event of favourable cases, then n(E) = 5 + £n2]

n /=i n
Total ways, n(S) = 6x6x6 = 216

Hence, the required probability, p2 =

=-----
k f n(n + l)2^ n(n + l)(2n + 1)
n(S) 216 n \
2 7
6
18. The probability that roots of quadratic are imaginary, is k (n + l)(n + 2)(3n + 1)
. . 103 ... 133 . . 157 ... 173 12
(a)— b)--- (c)-- (d)--
216 216 216 216 3 (n + l)(n+2)(3n+ 1)
[from Eq. (i)|
So/, (d) Let p3 = Probability that roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are n(n + l)(n + 2) 12
imaginary
3n + 1 3 1
= 1 - (Probability that roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are real) =------- = — +----
4n 4 ' 4n
= 1 - (pi + p2) [from above] 3 1 3.3
_ ! 43 _ 173 .’. lim P = lim - + — =-+0=-
n -♦ oo n -♦<» 4 3n 4 4
216 216
21. If a coin is selected at random is found to be biased, the
Passage II probability that it is the only biased coin the box, is
(Ex. Nos. 19 to 21) 1 .. 12
(a) (b)
A box contains n coins. Let P(Ej) be the probability that (n + l)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4) n(n + l)(n + 2)(3n + 1)
exactly i out of n coins are biased. IfP (E,) is directly ________ 24________
(c) (d)-------------- ------------
proportional to i(i +1); 1 < i < n n(n + l)(n + 2)(2n + 1) n(n + l)(n + 2)(3n + 1)
19. Proportionality constant k is equal to

(a)—|---- (b)—’------- /Fi

PfEO-pJjl 2k x -
____ n [from Eq. (ii)]
n(n2 + 1) (n2 + 1)(n + 2) Sol. (d) 1=
P(E)
3 1
(c)--------- - --------- (d)-------------- --------------
n(n + l)(n + 2) (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
2*
So/, (c) v P(£j) oc j(i + 1)
n 8k
P(E,) = ki(i + 1), where k is proportionality constant.
(3n + 1 (3n + 1)
We have, P^) + P(E2) + P(£3) +... + P(£„) = 1 I 4n
(v Ei, E2,..., En are mutually exclusive 24
and exhaustive events) ------------------------------ [from Eq. (i)]
n (n + l)(n + 2)(3n + 1)
=> s p(Ei)=i
i=l Passage III
n