Past perfect (I had done) Study this example situation: at 10.30 at 11.00 Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to the party too, but they didn’t see each other. Paul left the party at 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o'clock. So: When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn't there He had gone home. Had gone is the past perfect (simple): Uwelthey/you he/shelit Pau saRaH ‘The past perfect simple is had + past participle (gone/seen/finished etc). Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past: © Sarah arrived at the party. This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we want to talk about things that happened before this time, we use the past perfect (had ...): © When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home. Some more examples: ©) When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat. © Karen didn’t want to go to the cinema with us because she'd already seen the film, © At first I thought I'd done the right thing, but I soon realised that I'd made a big mistake. © The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn't flown before. or... He had never flown before TERI compare the presen perfect have seen et.) snd the past perfec had seen et: Present perfect Past perfect have seen had seen past now past now © Who is that woman? I've never seen © I didn’t know who she was. I'd never her before. seen her before. (= before that time) 12 We aren’t hungry. We've just had lunch. = We weren’t hungry. We'd just had lunch. © The house is dirty. They haven't cleaned = The house was dirty. They hadn't it for weeks. cleaned it for weeks. Compare the past simple (left, was etc.) and the past perfect (had left, had been etc.): 1 A: Was Tom there when you arrived? A: Was Tom there when you arrived? Yes, but he left soon afterwards. No, he had already left. Kate wasn't at home when I phoned Kate had just got home when I phoned. She was at her mother’s house. She had been at her mother’s house. 30 Past perfect continuous —> Unit 16 Irregular verbs (gone/seen ete) -* Appendix 1Exercises Unit 15 15.1 Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets. 1 You went ro Sue's house, bur she wasn't there. (she /go/ our) She. had. gone out. ne 2 You went back to your home town after many years, It wasnt the same as before. (it / change /a lot) 3 invited Rachel to the party, but she couldn't come (she / arrange / to do something else) 4 You went to the cinema last night. You got to the cinema late. (the film / already / begin) cst 5 Ie was nice to see Dan again after such a long time. (1/ not / see / him for five years) crn nae 6 offered Sue something to eat, but she wasn't hungry. (she / just / have / breakfast) 15.2. For each situation, write a sentence ending with never ... before. Use the verb in brackets. 1 The man sitting next to you on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight. (fly) He'd never fiown before, 2 A woman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me. (see) I « before. 3 Sam played tennis yesterday. He wasn't very good at it because it was his frst game. (play) He - ——— 4. Last year we went ro Denmark. Ir was our ist time there (be there) We - 15.3. Use the sentences on the left to complete the paragraphs on the right. These sentences are in the order in which they happened ~ so (1) happened before (2), (2) before (3) ete. But your paragraph begins with the underlined sentence, so sometimes you need the past perfect. 1 \1) Somebody broke into the office during) We arrived at work in the morning the night. and found that somebody ..a4_ broken \2) We arrived at work inthe morning. [into the office during the night. So \3) We called the police. Wei cnpascaceni's 2 (1) Laura went out this morning. T tried to phone Laura this morning, but (2) Liried to phone her, nnn MO ANSWET. 13) There was no answer. She mean “ an Out. 34 from holiday a few a alte peices Olea | mer Jim a few days ago. = Lipa : just ne holiday. 3) He looked very well eee roves YEE Well 4 «1 Kevin sent Sally lots of emails. Yesterday Kevin oo 2) She never replied to them. from Sally. He... very surprised. (3) Yesterday he gor a phone call from bet, [He on-soom--ssnemnnnnn lots of emails, \a) He was very surprised. but she - 15.4 Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect (I had done) or past simple (I did). 1 °Was Paul at the party when you arrived?” ‘No, he ../t44._gone... (go) home." 2 Liele very tired when I got home, so 1 (go) straight to bed. 3 The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody...» (go) to bed. 4 Sorry I'm late. The car ~ _——---. (break) down on my way here. 5 We were driving along the road when we (see) a car which (break) down, so we nme (SCOP) £0 help. — Additional exercises 5-8 (pages 304-07) 31Study thie example situation: yesterday morning Yesterday morning I got up and looked out of the ‘window. The sun was shining, but the ground was very wet. Ic had been raining. Ie was nor raining when I looked out of the window: the sun was shining, But it had been raining before. Had been -ing is the past perfect continuous: deing Vwelyoulthey (= 'dete.) reser | P84 | f2 herd ete.) | Poem | working playing etc. Some more examples: ‘G When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was untidy and ‘one of them had a black eye. They'd been fighting. u Iwas very tied when I got home. I'd been working hard all day. c When I went to Madrid a few years ago, I stayed with a friend of mine. She'd been living there only a short time but knew the city very well. You can say that something had been happening for a period of time before something else happened: ‘0 We'd been playing tennis for about half an hour when it started to rain heavily. © George went to the doctor last Friday. He hadn't been feeling well for some time. ‘Compare have been -ing (present perfect continuous) and had been -ing (past perfect continuous): Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous past now past now 15 Thope the bus comes soon. I've been © At last the bus came. I'd been waiting waiting for 20 minutes. (before now) for 20 minutes. (before the bus came) 1D James is out of breath. He has been © James was out of breath, He had been running. running. ‘Compare was -ing (past continuous) and had been -ing: 1 Ie wasn't raining when we went out. The sun was shining. But it had been raining, so the ‘ground was wet. © Cathy was sitting in an armchair resting, She was tired because she'd been working very hase. Some verbs (for example, know and like) are not normally used in the continuous: © We were good friends. We had known each other for years. (not had been knowing) For a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A. Present perfect continuous —> Units 9-10 Past perfect simple —> Unit 15Exercises Unit 16 16.1 Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets. 1 Iwas very tired when I arrived home. (1/ work /hard all day) [been working hard all. day. 2 The two boys came into the house. They had a football and they were both very tired. (they / play / football) * pa 3 Iwas disappointed when I had ro cancel my holiday. (I Hook / forward to it) 4 Ann woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and didn’t know where she was. (she / dream) _ So ‘When I got home, Tom was sitting in front of the TV. He had just turned it off. he / watch /a film) 16.2 Read the situations and complete the sentences. 1 We played tennis yesterday: Half an hour after we began playing, it started to rain We ..ad..been playing. for. half an hour. when it. started. to rain 2 Thad arranged to meet Tom in a restaurant. I arrived and waited for him. After 20 minutes 1 suddenly realised that I was in the wrong restaurant. : for 20 minutes when I 7 — the wrong restaurant. 3 Sarah gor a job in factory. Five years later the factory closed down. [Ar the time the factory | there for five years 4 Lwent to a concert last week, The orchestra began playing. After about ten minutes a man in the audience suddenly started shouting. ‘The orchestra This time make your own sentence: ST began walking along the road. 1 ween eee WHER ee 16.3 Put the verb into the most suitable form, past continuous (I was doing), past perfect (had done) or past perfect continuous (I had been doing). 1 Ir was very noisy next door. Our neighbours ..¥ere having... (have) a party. 2 We were good friends, We —84..néwn.. (know) each other for years. 7 John and I went for a walk. I had difficulty keeping up with him because he na (walk) 50 fast. 4 Sue was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She (run). 5 When I arrived, everybody was siting round the table with their mouths full. They (eat). 6 When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table and talking. Their mouths were empty, but their stomachs were full. They — ~ cs (cat). 7 Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He ven (100K) for his ‘contact lens. 8 When I arrived, Kate __ (wait) for me. She was annoyed with me because I was late and she (ait) for a long time. 9 Iwas sad when I sold my car. I noe (have) it for a very long, time. 10 We were extremely tired at the end of the journey, We onun-—-wnmnm—nvnnnennen (travel) for more than 24 hours. — Additional exercises 5-8 (pages 304-07) 33