NAMA : NURFANIA FADILLAH
NIM : 190220050
PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY
EXERCISE ANSWER
QUESTION :
Describe the consonants in the word skinflint using the chart below. Fill in all five
columns, and put parentheses around the terms that may be left out, as shown for
the first consonant.
ANSWER :
Exercise B S : voiceless alveolar central oral fricative
K : voiceless alveolar central oral stop
N : voiced alveolar central nasal stop
F : voiceless labiodental central oral fricative
L : voiceless alveolar lateral oral approximant
T : voiceless alveolar central oral stop
QUESTION :
Define the consonant sounds in the middle of each of the following words as
indicated in the example:
ANSWER :
Exercise E Father : voiced; dental; fricative
Singing : voiceless; velar; nasal
Etching : voiceless; palato alveolar; affricative
Robber : voiced; bilabilal; stop
Ether : voiced; dental; fricative
QUESTION :
In the following sets of words, the sound of the vowel is the same in every case
but one. Circle the word that has a different vowel sound.
Exercise K ANSWER :
1. pen said death mess mean
2. meat steak weak theme green
3. sane paid eight lace mast
QUESTION :
Find the errors in the transcriptions of the consonant sounds in the following
words. In each word, there is one error, indicating an impossible pronunciation of
that word for a native speaker of English of any variety. Make a correct
transcription in the space provided after the word.case but one. Circle the word
Exercise A that has a different vowel sound.
( Halaman 48 ) ANSWER :
1) Strength [strɛngθ] should be „stɹɛŋkθ
2) Crime [craɪm] should be „kɹaɪm
3) Wishing [wɪshɪŋ] should be „wɪʃɪŋ
4) Wives [waɪvs] should be „waɪvz
5) These [θiz] should be „ðiz
QUESTION :
Now try another ten words in which the errors are all in the vowels. Again,there is
only one possible error, but because of differences in varieties of English, there
are sometimes alternative possible corrections.
ANSWER :
Exercise B 11) Man-made [manmeɪd] should be „mæn,meɪd
12) football [fʊtbol] should be „fʊt,bɔɫ
13) Tea chest [titʃest] should be „ti‟tʃɛst
14) Tomcat [tomkæt] should be „tam,kæt
15) Tiptoe [tiptoʊ) should be „tɪp,toʊ
QUESTION :
Now try another ten words in which the errors are all in the vowels. Again,there is
only one possible error, but because of differences in varieties of English, there
are sometimes alternative possible corrections.
ANSWER :
Exercise C
21) Magnify [„mægnifaɪ] should be „mægnə,faɪ
22) Traffic [„træfic] should be „tɹæfɪk
23) Simplistic [„sɪmplɪstɪk] should be „sɪm‟pɫɪstɪk
24) Irrigate [„ɪrrɪgeɪt] should be „ɪɹə,geɪt
25) Improvement [„ɪm‟prʊvmənt] should be „ɪm‟pɹuvmənt
QUESTION :
Read the following passages in phonetic transcription. The first, which represents
a form of British English of the kind spoken by Peter Ladefoged, is a broad
transcription. The second, which represents an American pronunciation typical of a
Midwestern or Far Western speaker, is slightly narrower, showing a few
allophones. By this time, you should be able to read transcriptions of different
forms of English, although you may have difficulty pronouncing each word exactly
as it is represented. Nevertheless, read each passage several times and try to
Exercise J pronounce it as indicated. Take care to put the stresses on the correct syllables,
and say the unstressed syllables with the vowels as shown. Now listen to these
passages on the CD, and comment on any problems with the transcriptions.
ANSWER :
It is possible to transcript fonetically any entrance, in any languages, in several
different ways all of them use in the alphabet and conventions of the IPA.The
same thing is possible with must the international fonetic alphabets. A
transcription which is made by use in lots of the simplest possible number, its
called a simple fonemik transcription.
QUESTION :
Look at Table 4.1. Find additional examples illustrating the relationship between
Exercise F the words in the second and fourth columns. Transcribe each pair of words as
( Halaman 102 ) shown below for the vowel /i/.
ANSWER :
Vowel stressed syllable reduce syllable
i secrete [sə‟krit] secretive [„sikrətɪv]
ɪ improve im‟proovment
eɪ name [neim] concentrate [kansəntɹeɪt]
ɛ bird [bɛd] longer [longɛ]
æ cat [kæt] magnify [„mægnifaɪ]
ɑ or ɒ got [gɒt] monstority [mʌnstɔɹɪti]
oʊ know [„noʊ] Tiptoe [tiptoʊ]
aɪ like [laɪk] magnify [mægnifaɪ]
QUESTION :
List the strong and weak forms of ten words not mentioned in this chapter.For
each word, transcribe a short utterance illustrating the weak form (as in Table
5.1).
ANSWER :
Example of weak
Word Strong form Weak form
Exercise A form
( Halaman 131 ) a Ei ə We have got a dog
an Æn ən Take an eraser
Give me some
some sʌm səm
cheese
him Him im Give him a book
What you do on
do du: də
monday
QUESTION :
Give two new examples of each of the following kinds of assimilations, one of the
examples involving a change within a word, the other involving a change across
word boundaries.
ANSWER :
A change from an alveolar consonant to a bilabial consonant.
Exercise B 1. Input
2. Cup
3. Tab
A change from an alveolar consonant to a dental consonant.
1. Calender
2.About
3.Suit
QUESTION :
Make up pairs of phrases or sentences that show how each of the following words
can have two different stress patterns.
Exercise D
ANSWER :
Afternoon
1. Sunset appears in the „afternoo‟n.
2. My dad drinks coffee in the „afternoon with my uncle.
3. When in the after‟noon I met my ex.
QUESTION :
Fill in plus and minus signs so as to indicate which syllables in the table below have
tonic accents, which have stress, and which have full vowels. You may find it useful
to refer back to Table 5.4.
Ecercise E ANSWER :
Computation compute inclination incline
Tonic accent --+- -+ --+- -+
Stress +-+- -+ +-+- -+
Full vowel +++- -+ +-+- -+
QUESTION :
List three more sets of words showing the stress alternations of the kind shown in
Table 5.2.
Exercise G ANSWER :
1. „morning mo‟rning morni‟ng
2. „photograph photo‟graph photogra‟ph
3. „understand under‟stand understa‟nd
QUESTION :
Indicate the stress and intonation patterns that might occur in the situations
described for the following utterances. Draw curves indicative of the pitch rather
than using ToBI symbols.
Exercise H ANSWER :
1. Can you pass me that book? (said politely to a friend)
L* L* L* L* H* L*
2. Where were you last night? (angry father to daughter)
L* L* !H* H* H*
QUESTION :
Make a segmental transcription and also show the tone tier with a ToBI
transcription of the following utterances for which the pitch curves have been
drawn in this chapter.
Exercise I
ANSWER :
Will you mail me my money?
Tobi L+H* H* L* L%
Segmental transcription wəɫ ‘ju meɪɫ mi məni
QUESTION :
Give a full description of the following sounds, using one term from each of the
Exercise A
eight columns in the table above.
( Halaman 181 )
ANSWER :
[b] pulmonic egressive voiced bilabial stop
[th] glottalic eggressive laryngealized apical alveolar central oral stop
[t‟] pulmonic egressive voiceless apical alveolar lateral oral fricative
[ɫ] velaric ingressive voiceless laminal palato-alveolar central oral stop
[!] pulmonic egressive voiced laminal uvular central oral trill
[ʀ] velaric ingressive voiced uvular trill
QUESTION :
Look at the positions of the tongue in the English vowels shown in Figure 1.12. It
has been suggested (see “Notes”) that vowels can be described in terms of three
measurements: (1) the area of the vocal tract at the point of maximum
constriction; (2) the distance of this point from the glottis; and (3) a measure of
the degree of lip opening.
1) Which of the first two corresponds to what is traditionally called vowel
Exercise A
height for the vowels in heed, hid, head, had?
( Halaman 237 )
ANSWER :heed
2) Which corresponds to vowel height for the vowels in father, good, food?
ANSWER : food
3) Can these two measurements be used to distinguish front vowels from
back vowels?
ANSWER : yes, because these two measurements can be used to distinguish
front vowels from back vowels.
QUESTION :
People differ in their judgments of the number of syllables there are in the
following words. Ask several people (if possible, include some children) to say
these words and then tell you how many syllables there are in each of them. Try to
explain, for each word, why people may differ in their judgments,even if the
people you ask are all in agreement.
Exercise A ANSWER :
( Halaman 261 ) Laboratory 4 syllable labo-ra-to-ry
Spasm 2 syllable spa-sm
Oven 2 syllable o-ven
Prisoner 2 syllable prison-er
Million 2 syllable mill-ion
Merrier 2 syllable merri-er
Feral 2 syllable fer-al
