Course: Ag stat 5.

Frequency Distribution and

Graphical Representation of
Data

Prepared By:
Nitin Varshney
Assistant Professor (Agricultural Statistics)
College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Waghai.
 Classification
 Classification is the process of arranging things or items in groups or
classes.
 Eg.

 Modes of Classification
 Geographical Classification: The data are classified according to
geographical region, place or area

• Eg. Production of Paddy in different district of Gujarat, Production of

wheat in different states of India
Contd…
■ Chronological Classification: Data is arranged according to the time period viz.
weeks, months and years. Eg.
– Weekly temperature of Waghai
– Monthly rain fall data of Dang District.
– Yearly Sales data of a company
– Annual import & export data of India.
■ Qualitative Classification: Data are classified according to attribute of the items.
Eg. Sex, Marital Status, Qualification
■ Quantitative Classification: Data are classified according to magnitude of the
numerical values. Eg. Age, Income, Height, weight etc. It can be divided into two
parts
– Discrete : no. of petals, no. of insects etc.
– Continuous: length, width etc.
Contd…
Classification

One way Two way Tree way

Sex Sex & Marital Status Sex, Marital Status &

Educational qualification

Population Male Married High

Medium
Low
Unmarried High
Medium
Low
Female Married High
Medium
Low
Unmarried High
Medium
 Frequency Distribution
■ What is frequency? Frequency is defined as the number of times a particular
value is repeated
■ Frequency Distribution: When data (discrete or continuous) are available on
single characteristics of a large number of individuals (Eg. Marks in Statistics
obtained by 50 students) arranged in tabular form with there particular
frequencies is known as frequency distribution.
Marks in Statistics of 50 students

44 47 48 55 62 70 62 68 55 48

47 48 55 48 47 55 68 55 62 48

44 47 43 55 48 62 55 68 55 58

58 48 55 44 62 64 58 55 68 71

48 55 58 46 44 60 62 55 52 70
Contd… Marks No. of Students Frequency
44 |||| 5
46 | 1
47 |||| 4
48 |||| ||| 8
52 | 1
55 |||| |||| || 12
58 |||| 4
60 | 1
62 |||| | 6
64 | 1
68 |||| 4
70 || 2
71 | 1
Total 50
 Types of Frequency Distribution
■ Discrete or ungrouped frequency distribution:
In this form of frequency distribution, data are discrete in nature (Eg. no. of
students in class, no. of agricultural universities in India, no. of children in a
family etc.)
■ Example In a survey of 40 families in a village, the number of children per
family were recorded and the following data obtained.

1 0 3 2 1 5 6 2
2 1 0 3 4 2 1 6
3 2 1 5 3 3 2 4
2 2 3 0 2 1 4 5
3 3 4 4 1 2 4 5
Contd…

No. of Children Tally marks Frequency

0 ||| 3
1 |||| || 7
2 |||| |||| 10
3 |||| ||| 8
4 |||| | 6
5 |||| 4
6 || 2
Total 40
Contd…
■ Continuous Frequency Distribution: In this type of frequency distribution all
the fraction of data are grouped into classes.
■ Discrete data can also be presented in the form of continuous frequency
distribution.
No. of Children Tally marks Frequency
0-2 |||| |||| |||| |||| 20
3-5 |||| |||| |||| ||| 18
6-8 || 2
Total 40

■ Example Score obtained out of 100 marks in Statistics of 100 students (Freq.
Table) Score Obtained No. of Students
0-20 5
20-40 12
40-60 26
60-80 40
80-100 17
Total 100
 Some Terminology used in continuous frequency distribution
■ Class Limits:
■ Class Interval (CI):
■ Class width (Size of CI) i=Range/k
■ Range
■ Mid value of the class
■ Frequency of the class
■ Frequency Density
■ Number of Classes (k) by Sturges formula (neither too long nor too small- 5-50)
k=1+3.322 log10N
■ Number of Classes (k) by Yules formula
k=2.5 x N1/4
 Types of Class interval

■ Three methods of classifying the data according to class interval

i. Exclusive method
ii. Inclusive method
iii. Open end classes
■ Points while deciding class interval/classes
i. It should be uniform width
ii. Range should cover all the data
iii. Data should be continuous
iv. It should not be overlapping
■ Exclusive Method: Upper limit of one class is lower limit of the next class (for
continuous data)
Wages (Rs/day) Frequency
0-100 40
100-200 58
200-300 20
300-400 20
400-500 12
Total 150

■ Inclusive Method:
– Both the limits (Upper and lower) are included in the class
– Overlapping of the class intervals is avoided
– Used for discrete data (family members, no. of workers)
No. of Workers Frequency
0-100 40
101-200 58
201-300 20
301-400 20
401-500 12
Total 130
■ Open End Classes:
– Class limit is missing, either at lower end of the first class or at upper end of the
last class or both
Wages (Rs/day) Frequency
Below 100 40
100-200 58
200-300 20
300-400 20
400 and above 12
Total 150
 Graphical Representation of Data
■ A graph/diagram is a visual form of presentation of Statistical Data.
■ Advantages of graphical Representation
– Gives bird’s eye view of complex data
– Attractive & impressive
– Easy to understand
– Save time & labor
■ Types of Diagrams/Graphs
– One Dimensional : magnitude of the observations are presented by only one
dimension e.g. Height, weight
– Two Dimensional: magnitude of the observations are presented by two dimension
e.g. length as well as breadth (Related to rectangle, square, circle, pie diagram).
These diagram also called as the area diagram.
– Three Dimensional: Cubes, sphere
Student ID Height (feet)
1 5
2
3
5.1
5.4
Height (feet)
7
4 5.3
5 6
6 5.7
7 5.8 6
8 5.3
9 4.8
10 5.7 5
11 5.9
12 6.1
13 4.8 4
14 4.9
15 5.6
Height (feet)
16 5.8
17 5 3
18 5.7
19 5.8
20 4.9 2
21 5.4
22 5.5
23 5.6 1
24 5.1
25 5.2
26 5.3
0
27 6.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
28 4.7
29 6
30 5.8
31 5.9
■ Rectangles Diagram
– Values are represented by areas of the rectangles.
area of a rectangle = length X breadth.
– So, rectangles diagram is drawn by taking one of the two variables as lengths and another
variable as breadths of the rectangles along two axes.
– Example: Two companies A and B produce the same item. Company A produced 2000 units in
January 2011 and in the same month company B produced 2400 units. The production cost per
unit for company A and company B was Rs. 12 and Rs. 10.5 respectively.
– Solution: The rectangles for both companies are to be drawn on the following basis:
Company A Company B
Length = 2000 (total produced units) Length = 2400 (total produced units)
Breadth = 12 (per unit production cost) Breadth = 10.5 (per unit production cost)
Area = 2000 X12 = 24000 Area = 2400 X10.5 = 25200
 5
4.5 4.5-5
4 4-4.5
3.5 3.5-4
3 3-3.5
2.5 2.5-3
2 2-2.5
1.5
1.5-2
1 Series 3
1-1.5
0.5
0 Series 2 0.5-1
Category 1 0-0.5
Category 2
Category 3 Series 1
Category 4
 Pie Chart
■ Pie diagram/chart
– is used to know the relationship between whole of a thing and its parts
– pie chart provides us the information that how the entire thing is divided up
into different parts
– Example, if the total monthly expenditure of a family is Rs 1000, out of
which…….items are spent.

Total Expenditure Rs 10000

Food Rs 2500 Food

Education
Education Rs 2000 Rent
Transport
Rent Rs 1500 Miscellaneous

Transport Rs 3000
Miscellaneous Rs 1000
 Graphical Representation of frequency Distribution
■ Histogram
– It is a bar chart
– Showing the frequency of occurrence of each value of the variable
– Class intervals are shown on x-axis and the frequencies on y-axis.
– Height of rectangle represents the frequency of the class interval.
– Can not construct histogram for a distribution with open-end classes.

Wages (Rs/day) Frequency Frequency

70
0-100 40
60
100-200 58
50
200-300 20
40
300-400 20 30 Frequency
400-500 12 20
Total 150 10

0
0-100 100-200 200-300 300-400 400-500
■ Frequency Polygon
■ Frequency Curve
■ Ogives