Grade

1 11

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

2nd SEMESTER - QUARTER 1 – MODULE 1

Random Variable and Probability

Distribution

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Introduction and Discussion
Lesson 1: Random Variable
In your basic probability class before, you already discussed the following terms: experiments/events,
outcomes, sample, and sample spaces.
Experiments are any movement or activity which can be dome repeatedly under similar or comparative
condition. The outcomes are the result of a given experiment while the sample space is the set of all possible
outcomes of an experiment.
Let us have an example to illustrate this: rolling a die (dice) is an example of experiment. Upon rolling
the die, it is expected that it will show a dot on the top which are either 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, these are what we call
the sample space of the given experiment. If you are only interested on a given value of dots, let say, three dots,
then “3” is what we call the outcome or the sample.
In this module, we are looking for a number that will be assigned for the result of an experiment.
If there are 4 coins instead of three coins tossed, what number or value can be assigned for the frequency
of heads that will occur? If three cards are drawn from a deck of card, what number can be assigned for the
frequency of face cards that will occur? The answer to these questions requires a knowledge of random
variable.
Recall also that a variable is a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values (e.g. in
algebra, variables like x can be any number). We are going to use capital letter (X, Y, Z, and others) to denote or
represent a variable.
Example 1: TOSSING THREE COINS
Suppose you have three coins. We want to find the number of heads that will occur after tossing the coins.
To determine the number of sample space, we are going to use the basic probability rule. Since there are
three coins, and each coin will give us 2 outcomes, then n ( S )= (2 )( 2 ) ( 2 )=23=8 possible outcomes or sample
space.
We are going to use tree diagram to show us the possible outcomes of the said experiment. Tree diagram
is used in probability to show possibilities of an event.

Sample Space/Possible Outcomes Number of Heads

HHH 3
HHT 2
HTH 2
HTT 1
THH 2
THT 1
TTH 1
TTT 0
On the given experiment, there are 8 sample spaces and since we are interested to the number of heads
(H) in each of the possible outcomes, which in this case are 0, 1, 2, and 3. These are what we call the RANDOM
VARIABLE.
A random variable is a capacity that connects a real number with every component in the sample space.
It is a variable whose qualities are controlled by chance. In this manner, a random variable is a numerical
amount that is derived from the results of an arbitrary trial.
Example 2: BOYS or GIRLS?
An experiment consists of studying the number of boys in families with exactly 2 children. The random
variable X may be used to represent the number of boys.
Solution:
Since we are dealing with families with 2 children, and the children can be a boy or a girl, then there are
n S = 2 )( 2 )=22 =4 sample spaces.
( ) (
Let B denote the boy, while G denote the girl.

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 Sample Space/Possible Outcomes Random Variable X (number of boys in the family)
BB 2
BG 1
GB 1
GG 0
Based on the sample space, there are 4 possible outcomes. Since we are only interested with the number
of boys in the family, then the random variable X ={0 , 1 ,2 }. Observed that you cannot have 3 as the value of the
random variable since it is impossible to have 3 boys in the family with two children as what the problem given
as a condition.
Example 3: DEFECTIVE or NON-DEFECTIVE
Suppose 4 laptops are tested at random. Let N represent the non-defective laptops and let D represent the
defective laptops. If we let Z be the random variable for the number of non-defective laptops, determine the value
of the random variable Z.
Solution:
Based on the given problem, there are 4 laptops that we will be tested at random and each laptop can
either be defective or non-defective.
Let us first determine the number of sample space. Since there are 4 laptops and each laptop can be
defective or non-defective, then n ( S )= (2 )( 2 ) ( 2 )( 2 )=24=16 sample space / possible outcomes.

Sample Space/Possible Outcomes Number of Heads

NNNN 4
NNND 3
NNDN 3
NNDD 2
NDNN 3
NDND 2
NDDN 2
NDDD 1
DNNN 3
DNND 2
DNDN 2
DNDD 1
DDNN 2
DDND 1
DDDN 1
DDDD 0
From the table, the values of the random variable Z are 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. This means that it is possible
that out of the 4 laptops you will have, there can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 non-defective. It can also be observed that no
number is greater than 4.

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TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLE
The random variable that we had from the three examples are classified as discrete random variable.
There are two types of random variables and these are the discrete random variable and the continuous
random variable.
Discrete Random Variables are variables that can take on a finite number of distinct values. In easier
definition, discrete random variable is a set of possible outcomes that is countable.
Examples are the number of heads acquired while flipping a coin three times, the number of defective
chairs, the number of boys in the family, the number of students present in the online class, and more.
Continuous Random Variable are random variables that take an infinitely uncountable number of
potential values, regularly measurable amounts.
Often, continuous random variables represent measured data, such as height, weights, and temperature.
Example 3: Am I DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS!
Experiment Random Variable X Types of Random
Discrete
Determine the defective cellphones in
The number of defective phones. (Reason: You can count the
the given shipment
number of defective phones)
Continuous
(Reason: Since we are talking
Buying two rays of eggs in the market The weight of eggs in kilograms.
about the weight of the eggs,
and weight is measurable)
Discrete
(Reason: Since the number of
The sum of the number of dots on
Rolling a pair of dice dots is countable, it takes a
the top faces.
finite number:
2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11, and 12)
Discrete
Vehicular accidents happened in The number of accidents happened
(Reason: Accidents are
Pangasinan in the intersection
countable)
Continuous
Learners will prepare for a quiz in The time spent by the learners
(Reason: Time is a measurable
Mathematics studying for a quiz in Mathematics
unit)
Lesson 2: Probability Distribution and Its Properties
Before we have the definition of probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its properties,
we need to tackle the problem below to show how to deal with probability distribution. Read and analyze the
problem carefully.
Illustrative Example:
In a computer laboratory, the teacher wants to find out if there is a defective keyboard among its
computer set. Supposed three keyboards were tested at random, he asked one of his learners to list all the
possible outcomes, such that D represents the defective keyboard and N represents the non-defective. Let X be
the random variable for the number of defective keyboards. Then, illustrate the probability distribution of the
random variable X.
Based on the given problem above, observe, analyze, and answer the following questions:
a. List the sample space in the given experiment. How many outcomes are possible?
b. Construct a table showing the number of defective keyboards in each outcome and assign this number to this
outcome. What is the value of the random variable X?
c. Illustrate a probability distribution. What is the probability value P ( X ) to each value of the random variable?
d. What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable?
e. What do you notice about the probability of each value of the random variable?
Solutions:
To solve the problem, you must consider first the steps in determining the values of the random variable
that you had learn from your previous discussion.
a. Let D represent the defective keyboard and N for non-defective computer. The number of sample
space of the given problem is 8. This is because there are three keyboards subjected to inspection
whether defective or nondefective, n ( S )= (2 )( 2 ) ( 2 )=23=8 sample space.

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 b. Count the number of defective keyboards in each outcome in the sample space and assign this
number to the outcome. For instance, if you list NND, then the number of defective keyboards is 1.
Random Variable X
Possible Outcomes
(number of defective keyboards)
NNN 0
NND 1
NDN 1
NDD 2
DNN 1
DND 2
DDN 2
DDD 3
There are four possible values of the random variable X representing the number of defective keyboards.
The possible values of X are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
c. Each of these numbers corresponds to an event in the sample space S of equally likely outcomes for
this experiment. Since the value of the random variable X represents the number of defective keyboards.
If each of the outcomes is equally likely to occur, then the probability is:
number of the outcomes ∈the event
P ( E )=
number of the sample space
In assigning probability values for P(X) to each value of the random variable, since we know that the
number of the sample space is 8, then the probability that:
1 1
0 defective keyboard will come out is or P ( 0 )= ;
8 8
3 3
1 defective keyboard will come out is or P ( 1 )= ;
8 8
3 3
2 defective keyboard will come out is or P ( 2 )= ; and
8 8
1 1
3 defective keyboard will come out is or P ( 3 )= .
8 8

You can also construct the table in this form:

X 0 1 2 3
1 3 3 1
P(X) or 0.125 or 0.375 or 0.375 or 0.125
8 8 8 8
d. By adding all the probabilities or the values of P(X):
1 3 3 1 1+3+3+1
+ + + = =1
8 8 8 8 8
You can also use the decimals in determining the sum:
0.125 + 0.375 + 0.375 + 0.125 = 1
If you add all the probabilities, the sum is equal to 1.

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 e. From the given activity, you can observe that the values of the probability ranges from 0 to 1 only. No
values of the probability will be lesser than zero and no values will be greater than 1.
The table given above is what we call the probability distribution or also known as the probability mass
function.
The probability distribution of a discrete random variable X is a list of the possible values of X and the
corresponding probabilities of the values. It specifies the probability associated with each possible value of the
random variable. The distribution is generally known as Probability Mass function.
Properties of Discrete Probability Distribution
1. The probability of each value of the random variable must be between or equal to 0 and 1. In symbol,
0 ≤ P ( X ) ≤ 1.
2. The sum of all the probabilities of all values of the random variable must be equal to 1. In symbol, we write it
as ∑ P ( X )=1.
Example 1:
Determine if the distribution below is a discrete probability distribution:
X 1 5 7 8 9
1 1 1 1 1
P(X)
3 3 3 3 3
The distribution must satisfy the two conditions given, a) the probability value P(X) must be from 0 to 1
and b) the sum of all the values of the probabilities must be equal to 1.
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The first condition is met because =0.33 is from 0 to 1. The second condition is not satisfied because,
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the sum is NOT equal to 1.

1 1 1 1 1 5
∑ P ( X )= 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 3 ∨1.67
Hence, this is NOT a probability distribution.
Example 2:
Determine if the distribution below is a discrete probability distribution:
X 1 3 5 7
P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.28 0.12
Remember, the two conditions that you need to satisfy.
1. Is the value of P(X) between 0 to 1? Based on the table, the values of are P(X) are 0.35, 0.25, 0.28, and 0.12,
and the values are between 0 and 1.
The first condition is SATISFIED.
2. Is the sum of P(X) equal to 1?
0.35 + 0.25 + 0.28 + 0.12 = 1
Since the sum is 1, then second condition is SATISFIED.
Hence, this is a PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION.
Example 3:
Determine whether the given values can serve as the values of a probability distribution.
a. P(1) = 0.05 P(2) = 1.01 P(3) = 0.2
3 7 1
b. P ( 4 )= P ( 5 )= P ( 6 )=
20 20 2
a. The probability of each value of the random variable DOES NOT lie between 0 and 1 because (2) = 1.01.
Therefore, this is not a probability distribution.
b. The probability of each values of the random variable lies between 0 and 1 because
3 7 1
( =0.15 , =0.35 , =0.50). The sum of it probability is equal to 1.
20 20 2
3 7 1 3 7 10
+ + = + + =1
20 20 2 20 20 20
Therefore, this is a probability distribution.
Example 4:
Determine whether the given values can serve as the values of a probability distribution of a random
variable X.
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a. P ( X )= for X = 1,2,3,…,9
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1
This means that the value of P(1) up to P(9) is .
7
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 X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P(X)
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
1
The probability value P(X) lies between 0 and 1 because is equal to 0.14.
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But the sum of its probabilities is not equal to 1.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9
+ + + + + + + + = ∨1.29
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Therefore, this is NOT a probability distribution.
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b. P ( Z )= for Z = 1,2,3,4
25 Z
Evaluating P(Z), given the value of Z:
12 12 12 12 12 12
P ( 1 )= = =0.48 P ( 2 )= = =0.24 P ( 3 )= = =0.16
25(1) 25 25(2) 50 25(3) 75
12 12
P ( 4 )= = =0.12
25(4 ) 100
Illustrating this in a table would give as:
Z 1 2 3 4
P(Z) 0.48 0.24 0.16 0.12

The probability of each value of the random variable lies between 0 and 1 and the sum of its probabilities
is equal to 1. Therefore, this is a probability distribution.
Lesson 3: Computing Probability Corresponding to a Given Random Variable
Illustrative Example 1:
Golden’s Bakery is known for its famous Filipino delicacies. Among these foods which is native delicious
food called “kakanin” is a “leche puto”. The bakeshop owner recorded the number of boxes of “leche puto” that
were delivered each day. The number of boxes delivered for 10 days is shown below:
Day Number of Boxes (X)
1 35
2 37
3 50
4 45
5 37
6 45
7 40
8 42
9 45
10 42
Questions:
a. What is the probability that 40 or more boxes will be delivered on a particular day?
b. What is the probability that the number of boxes delivered will be least 37 but not more than 50?
c. What is the probability that at most 40 boxes will delivered on a particular day?
d. Find P( X ≤ 45)
e. Find P(40) + P(50)
To answer the questions above, let us construct first the probability distribution. Let X be the value of the
random variable represented by the number of boxes of “leche puto”. The probability distribution is shown below.
Number of Boxes (X) Probability P(X)
1
35
10
2 1
37 ∨
10 5
1
40
10
2 1
42 ∨
10 5

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 3
45
10
1
50
10
Solution:
a. The probability that 40 or more boxes will be sold in a particular day means P( X ≥ 40).
This means that you must add P( X =40), P( X =42), P( X =45), and P(X =50)
P ( X ≥ 40 )=P ( 40 )+ P ( 42 )+ P ( 45 )+ P (50) then, substitute its corresponding probability P(X) using the table above:
1 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 7
¿ + + + = + + + = ∨0.7
10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Interpretation: There are 0.7 chance that 40 or more boxes will be sold.
b. The probability that the number of boxes delivered will be at least 37 but not more than 50 means
P(37 ≤ X <50).
Hence, the values included are P(37), P(40), P(42) and P(45), then substitute its corresponding probability.
P(37 ≤ X < 50) = P(37) + P(40) + P(42) + P(45)
1 1 1 3 2 1 2 3 8 4
¿ + + + = + + + = ∨ ∨0.8
5 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 5
Interpretation: There are 0.8 chance that the number of boxes delivered will be at least 37 but not more
than 50.
c. The probability that at most 40 boxes will be delivered in a particular day means
P( X ≥ 40). So the values of X are P(40), P(37), and P(35).
1 1 1 1 2 1 4 2
P (X ≤ 40) = P(40) + P(37) + P(35) ¿ + + = + + = ∨ ∨0.40
10 5 10 10 10 10 10 5
Interpretation: There are 0.40 chance that at most 40 boxes will be delivered.
d. Find P (X ≤ 45) = P(45) + P(42) + P(40) + P(37) + P(35)
3 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 9
¿ + + + + = + + + + = ∨0.90
10 5 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Interpretation: There are 0.90 probability that less than or equal to 45 boxes will be delivered.
1 1 2 1
e. Find P(40) + P(50) ¿ + = ∨ ∨0.10
10 10 10 5
Interpretation: There are 0.10 chance that 40 and 50 boxes will be delivered.

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PART II. ACTIVITIES
Activity 1: CLASSIFY ME!
Directions: Classify whether the following random variables are DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS. Write D or C
only. Write your answer on the space provided.
__________1. The number of deaths per year attributed to lung cancer.
__________2. The average amount of electricity consumed per household per month.
__________3. The number of patient arrivals per hour at a medical clinic.
__________4. The number of bushels of mangoes per hectare this year.
__________5. The number of voters favoring a candidate.
__________6. The number of people who are playing LOTTO each day.
__________7. The amount of sugar in a cup of coffee.
__________8. The time needed to finish the test.
__________9. The number of female athletes in R1AA.
__________10. The speed of a car.
__________11. The number of dropouts in a school district for a period of 10 years.
__________12. The amount of paint utilized in a building project.
__________13. The number of siblings in a family of a region.
__________14. The weight of newborns each year in a hospital.
__________15. The number of COVID-19 cases each day.
Activity 2: AM I A PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION?

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Activity 3: FIND MY VALUE!
Directions: Given the problem below, answer the following questions. Show your solution to each
question.
Number of Absences
The monthly absences of a learner based on his class adviser’s record are presented in the probability
distribution below:
X
0 1 2 3 4
(number of absences)
P(X) 1 3 3 1 1
(Probability) 10 10 10 10 5

Questions:
a. What is the probability that the number of absences is more than 3?
b. What is the probability that the number of absences is at least 2?
c. What is the probability that the number of absences is greater than 1 but less than 4?
Performance Task (Coupon Bond)
Activity I
What you need:
A piece of paper/Bond Paper
Ballpen or any writing material
What you must do:
Read the problem below. After reading, prepare a table just like what we did in the different examples
previously. You are expected to determine the number of possible outcomes or sample space (S). The correct values
of random variables and interpretation of the obtained values (see example 2 and 3 in Lesson 1 as your reference).
You will be scored based on the give rubrics found at the end of the module.
Problem:
Five coins are tossed. Let G be the random variable representing the number of heads (H) that occur. Find the
values of the random variable G.
What to find:
1. The number of possible outcomes or sample space (S).
2. The sample spaces (place in the table).
3. The correct values of random variable G.
4. Interpretation or description about the value of the random variable G.
Activity II
What you need:
A piece of paper/Bond Paper
Ballpen or any writing material
What you must do:
Read and analyze the problem below. After reading, answer the question that follows. You will be scored
based on the give rubrics found at the end of the module.
Problem:
Kate is a boutique shop owner in her town. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, wearing a facemask of a person
is required for their safety. Since there are limited stocks available, she decided to start another business by
making a face mask. She started selling a face mask from day 1 to day 10. The data she collected is shown in the
table below:

What to find:
Illustrate a probability distribution of a random variable X showing the number of face mask sold per day
and its corresponding probabilities. Also, check the two properties of the probability distribution.
Activity 3:
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What you need:
A piece of paper/Bond Paper
Ballpen or any writing material
What you must do:
Read and analyze the problem below. After reading, answer the question that follows. You will be scored
based on the give rubric found at the end of the module.
Problem:
“Bayanihan To Heal as One Act”
In a certain barangay, the DSWD conducted a survey among the ages of senior citizens who will receive cash
assistance or the Social Amelioration Program (SAP). This program is a cash emergency subsidy program for
Filipino families whose lives are greatly affected by the Enhance Community Quarantine (ECQ). It is mandated
by the new law, the “Bayanihan to Heal as One Act”, which was signed by the President on March 25, 2020. The
given data shows the probability distribution among the ages of senior citizens.

Questions:
a. What is the probability that at least 65 years old senior citizen will receive the SAP?
b. What is the probability that at most 70 years old senior citizen will receive the SAP?
c. What is the probability that at least 60 years old but less than 70 years old senior citizen will receive
the SAP?
d. What is the probability that more than 60 years old, but less than 67 years old senior citizen will
receive the SAP?
e. Give interpretations on your answers obtained from questions a to d.
Your output in all PERFORMANCE TASK part will be graded using this rubric.

ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read carefully each item. Write the letter of the best answer for each test item.
_____1. Which of the following statement describe a continuous random variable?
A. The number of students present in a Class Temperance.
B. The average distance travelled by a tricycle in a month.
C. The number of motorcycles owned by a randomly selected household.
D. The number of girls taller than 5 feet in a random sample of 6 girls.
_____2. Which of the following is an example of discrete variable?
A. Distance travelled between cars.
B. Height of the students in a section Prudence.
C. Number of blue marbles in the box.
D. Weight of potatoes in the basket.

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_____3. Which of the following is NOT a continuous random variable?
A. The height of the airplane’s flight
B. The amount of liquid on a container
C. The length of time for the check up in the hospital
D. The number of clients of a certain Insurance Company each day
_____4. Which of the following is discrete random variable?
A. Hipolito weighs 65 kg.
B. Hipolito is 160 cm tall.
C. Hipolito has two brothers.
D. Hipolito ran 100 meters in 10.2 seconds.
_____5. You decided to conduct a survey of families with two children. You are interested in counting the number
of girls (out of 2 children) in each family. Is this a random variable?
A. Yes, it is a random variable. B. Maybe.
C. No, it is not a random variable. D. Cannot be determined.
______6. Which of the following statement DOES NOT describe a continuous random variable?
A. The distance traveled by a truck in an hour.
B. The average height of a coconut tree each day.
C. The number of provinces belong to Region I.
D. The intensity of an earthquake that happens last month.
_____7. Suppose you tossed three coins. What are the sample spaces for the experiment above?
A. HHH, TTT
B. TTT, HHH, TTH, THT, HTH
C. TTT, HHH, HHT, THT, HTH
D. TTT, TTH, THT, HTT, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH
_____8. Suppose three laptops are tested. Let D represent the defective laptop and N for the non-defective laptop.
How many possible outcomes will occur from the experiment?
A. 3 B. 4 C. 8 D. 9
_____9. Based on number 8, if we let X be the random variable representing the number of non-defective laptops.
What are the possible values of the random variable?
A. 0, 1 B. 0, 1, 2 C. 1, 2, 3 D. 0, 1, 2, 3
_____10. Which probability distribution represents the given problem?

_____11. Which of the following values can serve as the values of a probability distribution?
A. P(1) = 0.42, P(2) = 0.31, P(3 ) = 0.37
B. P(1) = 9/14, P(2) = 4/14, P(3) = 1/14
C. P(1) = 0.08, P(2) = 0.12, P(3 ) = 1.03
D. P(1) = 10/33, P(2) = 12/33, P(3) = 10/33
_____12. The probabilities that a customer buys 5, 8, 9, 12, and 15 items in a grocery store are 0.06, 0.14, 0.32,
0.28, and 0.20, respectively. Which probability distribution represents the given problem?

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